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Greite R, Schott S, Wang L, Gohlke L, Kreimann K, Derlin K, Gutberlet M, Schmidbauer M, Leffler A, Tudorache I, Salman J, Ius F, Natanov R, Fegbeutel C, Haverich A, Lichtinghagen R, Hüsing AM, von Vietinghoff S, Schmitt R, Shushakova N, Rong S, Haller H, Schmidt‐Ott KM, Gram M, Vijayan V, Scheffner I, Gwinner W, Immenschuh S. Free heme and hemopexin in acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass and transient renal ischemia. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2729-2743. [PMID: 37899696 PMCID: PMC10719480 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Free heme is released from hemoproteins during hemolysis or ischemia reperfusion injury and can be pro-inflammatory. Most studies on nephrotoxicity of hemolysis-derived proteins focus on free hemoglobin (fHb) with heme as a prosthetic group. Measurement of heme in its free, non-protein bound, form is challenging and not commonly used in clinical routine diagnostics. In contrast to fHb, the role of free heme in acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery is unknown. Using an apo-horseradish peroxidase-based assay, we identified free heme during CPB surgery as predictor of AKI in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement (n = 37). Free heme levels during CPB surgery correlated with depletion of hemopexin (Hx), a heme scavenger-protein. In mice, the impact of high levels of circulating free heme on the development of AKI following transient renal ischemia and the therapeutic potential of Hx were investigated. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury for 15 min which did not cause AKI. However, additional administration of free heme in this model promoted overt AKI with reduced renal function, increased renal inflammation, and reduced renal perfusion on functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hx treatment attenuated AKI. Free heme administration to sham operated control mice did not cause AKI. In conclusion, free heme is a predictor of AKI in CPB surgery patients and promotes AKI in transient renal ischemia. Depletion of Hx in CPB surgery patients and attenuation of AKI by Hx in the in vivo model encourage further research on Hx therapy in patients with increased free heme levels during CPB surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Greite
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Sebastian Schott
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Lukas Gohlke
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Kirill Kreimann
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Katja Derlin
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Marcel Gutberlet
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Martina Schmidbauer
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Andreas Leffler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Igor Tudorache
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryUniversity Hospital DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany
| | - Jawad Salman
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular SurgeryHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Fabio Ius
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular SurgeryHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Ruslan Natanov
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular SurgeryHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Christine Fegbeutel
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular SurgeryHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular SurgeryHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Anne M. Hüsing
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Nephrology Section, Medical Clinic 1University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Roland Schmitt
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Nelli Shushakova
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Kai M. Schmidt‐Ott
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Magnus Gram
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences LundSkane University Hospital, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Vijith Vijayan
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant EngineeringHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Irina Scheffner
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Wilfried Gwinner
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant EngineeringHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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Vieira D, Barralet J, Harvey EJ, Merle G. Detecting the PEX Like Domain of Matrix Metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) with Therapeutic Conjugated CNTs. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:884. [PMID: 36291022 PMCID: PMC9599479 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential proteins acting directly in the breakdown of the extra cellular matrix and so in cancer invasion and metastasis. Given its impact on tumor angiogenesis, monitoring MMP-14 provides strategic insights on cancer severity and treatment. In this work, we report a new approach to improve the electrochemical interaction of the MMP-14 with the electrode surface while preserving high specificity. This is based on the detection of the hemopexin (PEX) domain of MMP-14, which has a greater availability with a stable and low-cost commercial molecule, as a recognition element. This molecule, called NSC-405020, is specific of the PEX domain of MMP-14 within the binding pocket. Through the covalent grafting of the NSC-405020 molecule on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we were able to detect and quantify MMP-14 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a linear range of detection of 10 ng⋅mL-1 to 100 ng⋅mL-1, and LOD of 7.5 ng⋅mL-1. The specificity of the inhibitory small molecule was validated against the PEX domain of MMP-1. The inhibitor loaded CNTs system showed as a desirable candidate to become an alternative to the conventional recognition bioelements for the detection of MMP-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Vieira
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada; (D.V.); (J.B.); (E.J.H.)
| | - J. Barralet
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada; (D.V.); (J.B.); (E.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - E. J. Harvey
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada; (D.V.); (J.B.); (E.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - G. Merle
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada; (D.V.); (J.B.); (E.J.H.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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3
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Roh H, Park J, Park J, Kim BS, Park CI, Kim DH. Identification and characterization of warm temperature acclimation proteins (Wap65s) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 135:104475. [PMID: 35732223 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin is a vital glycoprotein for processing excessive iron in blood and functions as an iron scavenger in mammals. Teleosts however, unlike mammals, have two known hemopexin paralogs called warm temperature acclimation-related 65 kDa protein (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2, collectively termed Wap65s). Although Wap65s in rainbow trout have been considered notable biomarkers with significantly higher and/or lower expression under conditions of stress or disease, the individual roles, similarities and differences between the two paralogs are not well known. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the characteristics and functions of trout Wap65s from the perspective of iron-metabolism, physiological roles, and relevant immunological responses. The expression of Wap65-1 and -2 in this study was determined in the face of challenges by Aeromonas salmonicida, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and iron-dextran. Immuno-histochemistry (IHC) was employed to localize the major cell types for Wap65-2 expression, and trout leukocytes were isolated and incubated with LPS and OxLDL for comprehending the immunological characteristics of Wap65-2. We demonstrate that Wap65-1 is expressed only in the liver but Wap65-2 is systemically expressed in most organs and tissues. Interestingly, Wap65-1 expression was not significantly changed under A. salmonicida and iron-dextran administration, but was significantly decreased under IHNV. In contrast, Wap65-2 was up-regulated in all challenged groups, however with different expression patterns in the blood and liver. These results suggested that the two paralogs may participate in different biological roles. IHC showed that Wap65-2 antibody had high affinity for leukocyte-like cells, and macrophages but not lymphocytes significantly increased expression under LPS and OxLDL stimulation. These results support the conclusion that trout Wap65-2, not Wap65-1 may have conventional hemopexin functions such as reported in mammals including effects on iron metabolism, inflammation, and acute-phase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeongJin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junewoo Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Seong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Karnaukhova E, Owczarek C, Schmidt P, Schaer DJ, Buehler PW. Human Plasma and Recombinant Hemopexins: Heme Binding Revisited. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031199. [PMID: 33530421 PMCID: PMC7866118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma hemopexin (HPX) is the key antioxidant protein of the endogenous clearance pathway that limits the deleterious effects of heme released from hemoglobin and myoglobin (the term “heme” is used in this article to denote both the ferrous and ferric forms). During intra-vascular hemolysis, heme partitioning to protein and lipid increases as the plasma concentration of HPX declines. Therefore, the development of HPX as a replacement therapy during high heme stress could be a relevant intervention for hemolytic disorders. A logical approach to enhance HPX yield involves recombinant production strategies from human cell lines. The present study focuses on a biophysical assessment of heme binding to recombinant human HPX (rhHPX) produced in the Expi293FTM (HEK293) cell system. In this report, we examine rhHPX in comparison with plasma HPX using a systematic analysis of protein structural and functional characteristics related to heme binding. Analysis of rhHPX by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-HPLC, and catalase-like activity demonstrated a similarity to HPX fractionated from plasma. In particular, the titration of HPX apo-protein(s) with heme was performed for the first time using a wide range of heme concentrations to model HPX–heme interactions to approximate physiological conditions (from extremely low to more than two-fold heme molar excess over the protein). The CD titration data showed an induced bisignate CD Soret band pattern typical for plasma and rhHPX versions at low heme-to-protein molar ratios and demonstrated that further titration is dependent on the amount of protein-bound heme to the extent that the arising opposite CD couplet results in a complete inversion of the observed CD pattern. The data generated in this study suggest more than one binding site in both plasma and rhHPX. Furthermore, our study provides a useful analytical platform for the detailed characterization of HPX–heme interactions and potentially novel HPX fusion constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (P.W.B.)
| | - Catherine Owczarek
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; (C.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Schmidt
- CSL Limited, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; (C.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Dominik J. Schaer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Paul W. Buehler
- Department of Pathology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (P.W.B.)
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Molnarova K, Kozlík P. Comparison of Different HILIC Stationary Phases in the Separation of Hemopexin and Immunoglobulin G Glycopeptides and Their Isomers. Molecules 2020; 25:E4655. [PMID: 33065988 PMCID: PMC7594091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation analysis is challenging due to the structural variety of complex conjugates. However, chromatographically separating glycans attached to tryptic peptides enables their site-specific characterization. For this purpose, we have shown the importance of selecting a suitable hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase in the separation of glycopeptides and their isomers. Three different HILIC stationary phases, i.e., HALO® penta-HILIC, Glycan ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) Amide, and ZIC-HILIC, were compared in the separation of complex N-glycopeptides of hemopexin and Immunoglobulin G glycoproteins. The retention time increased with the polarity of the glycans attached to the same peptide backbone in all HILIC columns tested in this study, except for the ZIC-HILIC column when adding sialic acid to the glycan moiety, which caused electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged sulfobetaine functional group, thereby decreasing retention. The HALO® penta-HILIC column provided the best separation results, and the ZIC-HILIC column the worst. Moreover, we showed the potential of these HILIC columns for the isomeric separation of fucosylated and sialylated glycoforms. Therefore, HILIC is a useful tool for the comprehensive characterization of glycoproteins and their isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128-43 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Kanno T, Yasutake K, Tanaka K, Hadano S, Ikeda JE. A novel function of N-linked glycoproteins, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein and hemopexin: Implications for small molecule compound-mediated neuroprotection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186227. [PMID: 29016670 PMCID: PMC5633190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS) need to be efficiently delivered to the target site of action at appropriate therapeutic levels. However, a limited number of effective drugs for the treatment of neurological diseases has been developed thus far. Further, the pharmacological mechanisms by which such therapeutic agents can protect neurons from cell death have not been fully understood. We have previously reported the novel small-molecule compound, 2-[mesityl(methyl)amino]-N-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl] acetamide trihydrochloride (WN1316), as a unique neuroprotectant against oxidative injury and a highly promising remedy for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One of the remarkable characteristics of WN1316 is that its efficacious doses in ALS mouse models are much less than those against oxidative injury in cultured human neuronal cells. It is also noted that the WN1316 cytoprotective activity observed in cultured cells is totally dependent upon the addition of fetal bovine serum in culture medium. These findings led us to postulate some serum factors being tightly linked to the WN1316 efficacy. In this study, we sieved through fetal bovine serum proteins and identified two N-linked glycoproteins, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) and hemopexin (HPX), requisites to exert the WN1316 cytoprotective activity against oxidative injury in neuronal cells in vitro. Notably, the removal of glycan chains from these molecules did not affect the WN1316 cytoprotective activity. Thus, two glycoproteins, AHSG and HPX, represent a pivotal glycoprotein of the cytoprotective activity for WN1316, showing a concrete evidence for the novel glycan-independent function of serum glycoproteins in neuroprotective drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kanno
- NGP Biomedical Research Institute, Neugen Pharma Inc., Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasutake
- NGP Biomedical Research Institute, Neugen Pharma Inc., Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tanaka
- NGP Biomedical Research Institute, Neugen Pharma Inc., Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Hadano
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joh-E Ikeda
- NGP Biomedical Research Institute, Neugen Pharma Inc., Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sharma U, Katre UV, Suresh CG. Crystal structure of a plant albumin from Cicer arietinum (chickpea) possessing hemopexin fold and hemagglutination activity. Planta 2015; 241:1061-1073. [PMID: 25559942 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structure of a reported PA2 albumin from Cicer arietinum shows that it belongs to hemopexin fold family, has four beta-propeller motifs and possesses hemagglutination activity, making it different from known legume lectins. A plant albumin (PA2) from Cicer arietinum, presumably a lectin (CAL) owing to its hemagglutination activity which is inhibited by complex sugars as well as glycoproteins such as fetuin, desialylated fetuin and fibrinogen. The three-dimensional structure of this homodimeric protein has been determined using X-ray crystallography at 2.2 Å in two crystal forms: orthorhombic (P21212) and trigonal (P3). The structure determined using molecular replacement method and refined in orthorhombic crystal form reached R-factors R free 22.6 % and R work 18.2 % and in trigonal form had 22.3 and 17.9 % in the resolution range of 20.0-2.2 and 35.3-2.2 Å, respectively. Interestingly, unlike the known legume lectin fold, the structure of this homodimeric hemagglutinin belonged to hemopexin fold that consisted of four-bladed β-propeller architecture. Each subunit has a central cavity forming a channel, inside of which is lined with hydrophobic residues. The channel also bears binding sites for ligands such as calcium, sodium and chloride ions, iodine atom in the case of iodine derivative and water molecules. However, none of these ligands seem important for the sugar recognition. No monosaccharide sugar specificity could be detected using hemagglutination inhibition. Chemical modification studies identified a potential sugar-binding site per subunit molecule. Comparison of C-alpha atom positions in subunit structures showed that the deviations between the two crystal forms were more with respect to blades I and IV. Differences also existed between subunits in two forms in terms of type and site of ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Sharma
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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Ugarte-Berzal E, Bailón E, Amigo-Jiménez I, Albar JP, García-Marco JA, García-Pardo A. A novel CD44-binding peptide from the pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 hemopexin domain impairs adhesion and migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15340-9. [PMID: 24739387 PMCID: PMC4140891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
(pro)MMP-9 binds to CLL cells through the PEX9 domain and contributes to CLL progression. To biochemically characterize this interaction and identify potential therapeutic targets, we prepared GST-PEX9 forms containing structural blades B1B2 or B3B4. We recently described a sequence in blade B4 (P3 sequence) that bound α4β1 integrin and partially impaired cell adhesion and migration. We have now studied the possible contribution of the B1B2 region to cell interaction with PEX9. CLL cells bound to GST-B1B2 and CD44 was the primary receptor. GST-B1B2 inhibited CLL cell migration as effectively as GST-B3B4. Overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the B1B2 region identified the sequence FDAIAEIGNQLYLFKDGKYW, present in B1 and contained in peptide P6, as the most effective site. P6 inhibited cell adhesion to PEX9 in a dose-dependent manner and with an IC50 value of 90 μM. P6 also inhibited cell adhesion to hyaluronan but had no effect on adhesion to VCAM-1 (α4β1 integrin ligand), confirming its specific interaction with CD44. Spatial localization analyses mapped P6 to the central cavity of PEX9, in close proximity to the previously identified P3 sequence. Both P6 and P3 equally impaired cell adhesion to (pro)MMP-9. Moreover, P6 synergistically cooperated with P3, resulting in complete inhibition of CLL cell binding to PEX9, chemotaxis, and transendothelial migration. Thus, P6 is a novel sequence in PEX9 involved in cell-PEX9/(pro)MMP-9 binding by interacting with CD44. Targeting both sites, P6 and P3, should efficiently prevent (pro)MMP-9 binding to CLL cells and its pathological consequences.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Drug Design
- Enzyme Precursors/chemistry
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Female
- Hemopexin/chemistry
- Hemopexin/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/chemistry
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Ugarte-Berzal
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Bailón
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Amigo-Jiménez
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Albar
- the Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - José A García-Marco
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles García-Pardo
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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Sanda M, Pompach P, Benicky J, Goldman R. LC-MS3 quantification of O-glycopeptides in human serum. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2342-9. [PMID: 23765987 PMCID: PMC3808000 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of site-specific glycosylation of proteins is a challenging part of glycoproteomic research. Multiple enrichment steps are typically required in the analytical workflows to achieve adequate characterization of the site-specific glycoforms. In spite of recent advances, quantitative workflows need further development. Here, we report a selective and sensitive MS2 followed by further fragmentation in the linear IT-MS analyzer (MS3) multiple reaction monitoring workflow mass spectrometric method for direct analysis of O-glycopeptides in difficult matrix such as serum. Method optimization was performed using two serum glycoproteins, hemopexin (HPX) and sex hormone binding globulin. With the optimized MS3 workflow, we were able to analyze major glycoforms of HPX directly in human serum. Quantification of the minor glycoforms of HPX and glycoforms of sex hormone binding globulin required enrichment of the protein because these analytes were below the sensitivity of the 4000 quadrupole ion trap hybrid mass spectrometer in the complex serum background. In conclusion, we present a quantitative method for site-specific analysis of O-glycosylation with general applicability to mucin-type glycoproteins. Our results document reliable application of the optimized MS3 multiple reaction monitoring workflow to the relative quantification of O-glycosylation microheterogeneity of HPX in human serum. Introduction of isotopically labeled standards would be desirable to achieve absolute quantification of the analytes. The possibility to analyze serum samples directly represents a significant improvement of the quantitative glycopeptide workflows with the potential for use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Ascenzi P, Leboffe L, Polticelli F. Cyanide binding to human plasma heme-hemopexin: a comparative study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:239-244. [PMID: 23068104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX) displays a pivotal role in heme scavenging and delivery to the liver. In turn, heme-Fe-hemopexin (HPX-heme-Fe) displays heme-based spectroscopic and reactivity properties. Here, kinetics and thermodynamics of cyanide binding to ferric and ferrous hexa-coordinate human plasma HPX-heme-Fe (HHPX-heme-Fe(III) and HHPX-heme-Fe(II), respectively), and for the dithionite-mediated reduction of the HHPX-heme-Fe(III)-cyanide complex, at pH 7.4 and 20.0°C, are reported. Values of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for cyanide binding to HHPX-heme-Fe(III) and HHPX-heme-Fe(II) are K = (4.1 ± 0.4) × 10(-6) M, k(on) = (6.9 ± 0.5) × 10(1) M(-1) s(-1), and k(off) = 2.8 × 10(-4) s(-1); and H = (6 ± 1) × 10(-1) M, h(on) = 1.2 × 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1), and h(off) = (7.1 ± 0.8) × 10(-2) s(-1), respectively. The value of the rate constant for the dithionite-mediated reduction of the HHPX-heme-Fe(III)-cyanide complex is l = 8.9 ± 0.8 M(-1/2) s(-1). HHPX-heme-Fe reactivity is modulated by proton acceptor/donor amino acid residue(s) (e.g., His236) assisting the deprotonation and protonation of the incoming and outgoing ligand, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy.
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11
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Cho YS, Kim BS, Kim DS, Nam YK. Modulation of warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein genes (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2) in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes) liver in response to different stimulatory treatments. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 32:662-669. [PMID: 22326761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two paralogous isoform cDNAs of warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2) were isolated from the cypriniform species, mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis), and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two mud loach Wap65 isoforms (mlWap65-1 and mlWap65-2) share moderate levels of sequence homology with their corresponding orthologues from teleosts and with human hemopexin, a possible mammalian homologue. Both isoforms display conserved features, including essential motifs and/or residues that are important for the protein structure of hemopexin. In overall, mlWap65-2 is more homologous to human hemopexin than is mlWap65-1. Both mud loach Wap65 transcripts are predominantly expressed in liver, although the transcripts are ubiquitously detectable in most tissues with variable basal expression. Both mlWap65 isoforms are differentially regulated during embryonic development, and the changes in transcript levels during embryogenesis are greater for mlWap65-2 than for mlWap65-1. The transcription of the mlWap65 genes is differentially modulated by various stimuli, including thermal changes, immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide injection or bacterial infection), and heavy metal exposure (cadmium, copper, or nickel). The isoform mlWap65-1 is more responsive to warm temperature treatments than mlWap65-2, whereas mlWap65-2 is much more strongly stimulated by immune and heavy metal challenges than is mlWap65-1. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that mud loach Wap65 isoforms are potentially involved in multiple cellular pathways and that the two mud loach Wap65 isoforms undergo functional partitioning or subfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Cho
- Institute of Marine Living Modified Organisms, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Remacle AG, Golubkov VS, Shiryaev SA, Dahl R, Stebbins JL, Chernov AV, Cheltsov AV, Pellecchia M, Strongin AY. Novel MT1-MMP small-molecule inhibitors based on insights into hemopexin domain function in tumor growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2339-49. [PMID: 22406620 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a promising drug target in malignancy. The structure of MT1-MMP includes the hemopexin domain (PEX) that is distinct from and additional to the catalytic domain. Current MMP inhibitors target the conserved active site in the catalytic domain and, as a result, repress the proteolytic activity of multiple MMPs instead of MT1-MMP alone. In our search for noncatalytic inhibitors of MT1-MMP, we compared the protumorigenic activity of wild-type MT1-MMP with an MT1-MMP mutant lacking PEX (ΔPEX). In contrast to MT1-MMP, ΔPEX did not support tumor growth in vivo, and its expression resulted in small fibrotic tumors that contained increased levels of collagen. Because these findings suggested an important role for PEX in tumor growth, we carried out an inhibitor screen to identify small molecules targeting the PEX domain of MT1-MMP. Using the Developmental Therapeutics Program (National Cancer Institute/NIH), virtual ligand screening compound library as a source and the X-ray crystal structure of PEX as a target, we identified and validated a novel PEX inhibitor. Low dosage, intratumoral injections of PEX inhibitor repressed tumor growth and caused a fibrotic, ΔPEX-like tumor phenotype in vivo. Together, our findings provide a preclinical proof of principle rationale for the development of novel and selective MT1-MMP inhibitors that specifically target the PEX domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Remacle
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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13
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Scarafoni A, Gualtieri E, Barbiroli A, Carpen A, Negri A, Duranti M. Biochemical and functional characterization of an albumin protein belonging to the hemopexin superfamily from Lens culinaris seeds. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:9637-9644. [PMID: 21819123 DOI: 10.1021/jf202026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the purification and biochemical characterization of an albumin identified in mature lentil seeds with high sequence similarity to pea PA2. These proteins are found in many edible seeds and are considered potentially detrimental for human health due to the potential allergenicity and lectin-like activity. Thus, the description of their possible presence in food and the assessment of the molecular properties are relevant. The M(r), pI, and N-terminal sequence of this protein have been determined. The work included the study of (i) the binding properties to hemine to assess the presence of hemopexin structural domains and (ii) the binding properties of the protein to thiamin. In addition, the structural changes induced by heating have been evaluated by means of spectroscopic techniques. Denaturation temperature has also been determined. The present work provides new insights about the structural molecular features and the ligand-binding properties and dynamics of this kind of seed albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Scarafoni
- Department of AgriFood Molecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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14
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Gaur V, Chanana V, Jain A, Salunke DM. The structure of a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) suggests functional diversity of haemopexins in plants. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:193-200. [PMID: 21301085 PMCID: PMC3034607 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The haemopexin fold is present in almost all life forms and is utilized for carrying out diverse physiological functions. The structure of CP4, a haemopexin-fold protein from cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), was determined at 2.1 Å resolution. The protein exists as a monomer both in solution and in the crystal. The structure revealed a typical four-bladed β-propeller topology. The protein exhibits 42% sequence similarity to LS-24 from Lathyrus sativus, with substantial differences in the surface-charge distribution and in the oligomeric state. A structure-based sequence analysis of haemopexin-fold proteins of plant and mammalian origin established a sequence signature associated with the haemopexin motif. This signature sequence enabled the identification of other proteins with possible haemopexin-like topology of both plant and animal origin. Although CP4 shares a structural fold with LS-24 and other haemopexins, biochemical studies indicated possible functional differences between CP4 and LS-24. While both of these proteins exhibit spermine-binding potential, CP4 does not bind to haem, unlike LS-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Gaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Veenu Chanana
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Abha Jain
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Dinakar M. Salunke
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 180 Udyog Vihar Phase I, Gurgaon 122 016, India
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Gaur V, Qureshi IA, Singh A, Chanana V, Salunke DM. Crystal structure and functional insights of hemopexin fold protein from grass pea. Plant Physiol 2010; 152:1842-50. [PMID: 20147493 PMCID: PMC2850029 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A regulatory protein from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), LS-24, a close homolog of albumin 2 from garden pea (Pisum sativum) that is associated with polyamine biosynthesis, was characterized and the structure of a hemopexin-type fold among plant proteins illustrated. Crystal structure of LS-24 determined at 2.2 A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement phasing showed four-bladed beta-propeller structure having a pseudo 4-fold molecular symmetry along a metal ion-binding central channel. The structure represents typical mammalian hemopexin fold with discernible features correlated with the possible functional variations. The protein was found to exist in the dimeric state. While LS-24 dimer binds to spermine in the crystal structure as well as in solution, binding of heme in solution resulted in the dissociation of the dimer into monomers with concomitant release of bound spermine. Interactions of heme and spermine with LS-24 bear physiological implications. While binding of spermine to LS-24 can be linked with polyamine biosynthesis that of heme correlates with oxidative stress. Mutually exclusive binding of heme and spermine in different oligomeric states suggest a role for LS-24 in sensing oxidative stress through a ligand-regulated monomer-dimer transition switch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dinakar M. Salunke
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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16
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Ezhilarasan R, Jadhav U, Mohanam I, Rao JS, Gujrati M, Mohanam S. The hemopexin domain of MMP-9 inhibits angiogenesis and retards the growth of intracranial glioblastoma xenograft in nude mice. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:306-15. [PMID: 18942717 PMCID: PMC2814063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) consists of a prodomain, catalytic domain with 3 fibronectin-like type II modules and C-terminal hemopexin-like (PEX) domain. These domains play distinct roles in terms of proteolytic activity, substrate binding and interaction with inhibitors and receptors. To assess the potential of the MMP-9-PEX domain to interfere with tumor progression, we stably transfected human glioblastoma cells with an expression vector containing a cDNA sequence of the MMP-9-PEX. The selected clones exhibited decreased MMP-9 activity and reduced invasive capacity. We assessed how secretion of MMP-9-PEX by glioblastoma cells affects angiogenic capabilities of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) in vitro. MMP-9-PEX conditioned medium treatment caused a reduction in migration of HMECs and inhibited capillary-like structure formation in association with suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and VEGF receptor-2 protein level. The suppression of HMECs survival by conditioned medium from MMP-9-PEX stable transfectants was associated with apoptosis induction characterized by an increase in cells with a sub-G0/G1 content, fragmentation of DNA, caspase-3, -8 and -9 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. A significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in intracranial implants of MMP-9-PEX stable transfectants in nude mice with attenuation of CD31 and MMP-9 protein expression. These results demonstrate that MMP-9-PEX inhibits angiogenic features of endothelial cells and retards intracranial glioblastoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravesanker Ezhilarasan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Indra Mohanam
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Jasti S. Rao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Meena Gujrati
- Department of Pathology University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Sanjeeva Mohanam
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria IL 61605 USA
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Aliza D, Ismail IS, Kuah MK, Shu-Chien AC, Tengku Muhammad TS. Identification of Wap65, a human homologue of hemopexin as a copper-inducible gene in swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. Fish Physiol Biochem 2008; 34:129-138. [PMID: 18649030 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-007-9153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the major heavy metal pollutants found in the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is important for determining the genes that play a key role in copper metabolism in aquatic organisms. This study, thus, aimed to identify a new copper-inducible gene in swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. Using ACP-based RT-PCR coupled with RLM-RACE, we cloned Wap65, a mammalian homologue of hemopexin gene. The gene exhibits high identity at amino acid levels with the Wap65 gene of other fish species (42-68%) and mammalian hemopexin gene (35-37%). In addition, ten cysteine and two histidine residues are conserved in the swordtail fish Wap65 gene. These cysteine residues are vital for structural integrity, and histidine residues provide high binding affinity towards heme. As revealed by RT-PCR, the gene was upregulated in swordtail fish that were exposed to copper in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Therefore, the identification of Wap65, a mammalian homologue of hemopexin, as a new copper-inducible gene will provide greater insight into the role of this gene in copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwinna Aliza
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human platelets contain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are secreted during platelet activation. Platelet MMPs have been implicated in the regulation of cellular activation and aggregation. Although the proaggregatory effect of MMP-2 has been demonstrated, the functional mechanism is not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES This work was carried out in order to elucidate the biochemical mechanism of MMP-2-associated platelet activation and aggregation. METHODS MMP-2 binding to the platelet surface was analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell surface target of MMP-2 was identified in thrombin receptor-activating peptide-stimulated platelets by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and fluorescence microscopy. A recombinant hemopexin-like domain was used to characterize the nature of MMP-2 binding to the platelet surface. The functional significance of MMP-2 in platelet activation was investigated by quantitative measurements of the activation markers P-selectin (CD62P) and active alpha(IIb)beta(3). The role of MMP-2 in platelet aggregation was analyzed with an aggregometer. RESULTS ProMMP-2 binds to integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) in stimulated platelets in which proMMP-2 is converted into MMP-2. Fibrinogen was able to replace the alpha(IIb)beta(3)-bound MMP-2. The molecular interaction of MMP-2 and integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) was abrogated by the recombinant human hemopexin-like domain of MMP-2, leading to reduced cell surface expression of activation markers CD62P and active alpha(IIb)beta(3), and resulting in suppressed platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION This work clearly demonstrates that platelet activation and aggregation is regulated by MMP-2 that specifically interacts with integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). The C-terminal hemopexin-like domain of MMP-2 is an essential element for binding to alpha(IIb)beta(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Choi
- National Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Flaherty MM, Rish KR, Smith A, Crumbliss AL. An investigation of hemopexin redox properties by spectroelectrochemistry: biological relevance for heme uptake. Biometals 2007; 21:239-48. [PMID: 17712531 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-007-9112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX) has two principal roles: it sequesters free heme in vivo for the purpose of preventing the toxic effects of this moiety, which is largely due to heme's ability to catalyze free radical formation, and it transports heme intracellularly thus limiting its availability as an iron source for pathogens. Spectroelectrochemistry was used to determine the redox potential for heme and meso-heme (mH) when bound by HPX. At pH 7.2, the heme-HPX assembly exhibits E (1/2) values in the range 45-90 mV and the mH-HPX assembly in the range 5-55 mV, depending on environmental electrolyte identity. The E (1/2) value exhibits a 100 mV positive shift with a change in pH from 7.2 to 5.5 for mH-HPX, suggesting a single proton dependent equilibrium. The E (1/2) values for heme-HPX are more positive in the presence of NaCl than KCl indicating that Na(+), as well as low pH (5.5) stabilizes ferro-heme-HPX. Furthermore, comparing KCl with K(2)HPO(4), the chloride salt containing system has a lower potential, indicating that heme-HPX is easier to oxidize. These physical properties related to ferri-/ferro-heme reduction are both structurally and biologically relevant for heme release from HPX for transport and regulation of heme oxygenase expression. Consistent with this, when the acidification of endosomes is prevented by bafilomycin then heme oxygenase-1 induction by heme-HPX no longer occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Flaherty
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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20
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Abstract
Hemopexin (Hx) functions as a major heme scavenging protein in blood plasma and as such circulates without heme bound. In recent work, we have demonstrated that Hx binds metal ions in vitro in a manner that varies from one metal ion to another and that changes with heme binding. The structural consequences of metal ion binding to the form of Hx that dominates in plasma have now been evaluated by monitoring metal ion-linked changes in tertiary structure of the protein as reflected by changes in the near-UV CD spectrum and the ultraviolet absorption spectrum as a function of temperature. As part of this analysis we have developed thermally induced difference absorption maps (TIDAMs) to afford efficient visualization of temperature-dependent changes in the UV spectrum of Hx that are induced by binding of metal ions. The results are interpreted in terms of recent models proposed for metal ion binding sites on Hx and have implications for the possible modulation of heme binding to Hx by metal ions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico I Rosell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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21
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Rish KR, Swartzlander R, Sadikot TN, Berridge MV, Smith A. Interaction of heme and heme-hemopexin with an extracellular oxidant system used to measure cell growth-associated plasma membrane electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1767:1107-17. [PMID: 17643387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since redox active metals are often transported across membranes into cells in the reduced state, we have investigated whether exogenous ferri-heme or heme bound to hemopexin (HPX), which delivers heme to cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, interact with a cell growth-associated plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) pathway. PMET reduces the cell-impermeable tetrazolium salt, WST-1, in the presence of the mandatory low potential intermediate electron acceptor, mPMS. In human promyelocytic (HL60) cells, protoheme (iron protoporphyrin IX; 2,4-vinyl), mesoheme (2,4-ethyl) and deuteroheme (2,4-H) inhibited reduction of WST-1/mPMS in a saturable manner supporting interaction with a finite number of high affinity acceptor sites (Kd 221 nM for naturally occurring protoheme). A requirement for the redox-active iron was shown using gallium-protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and tin-PPIX. Heme-hemopexin, but not apo-hemopexin, also inhibited WST-1 reduction, and copper was required. Importantly, since neither heme nor heme-hemopexin replace mPMS as an intermediate electron acceptor and since inhibition of WST-1/mPMS reduction requires living cells, the experimental evidence supports the view that heme and heme-hemopexin interact with electrons from PMET. We therefore propose that heme and heme-hemopexin are natural substrates for this growth-associated electron transfer across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Rish
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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22
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Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX), which serves as a scavenger and transporter of toxic plasma heme, has been postulated to play a key role in the homeostasis of NO. In fact, HPX-heme(II) reversibly binds NO and facilitates NO scavenging by O(2). HPX-heme is formed by two four-bladed beta-propeller domains. The heme is bound between the two beta-propeller domains, residues His213 and His266 coordinate the heme iron atom. HPX-heme displays structural features of heme-proteins endowed with (pseudo-)enzymatic activities. In this study, the kinetics of rabbit HPX-heme(III) reductive nitrosylation and peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of HPX-heme(II)-NO are reported. In the presence of excess NO, HPX-heme(III) is converted to HPX-heme(II)-NO by reductive nitrosylation. The second-order rate constant for HPX-heme(III) reductive nitrosylation is (1.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(1) m(-1).s(-1), at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C. NO binding to HPX-heme(III) is rate limiting. In the absence and presence of CO2 (1.2 x 10(-3) m), excess peroxynitrite reacts with HPX-heme(II)-NO (2.6 x 10(-6) m) leading to HPX-heme(III) and NO, via the transient HPX-heme(III)-NO species. Values of the second-order rate constant for HPX-heme(III)-NO formation are (8.6 +/- 0.8) x 10(4) and (1.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(6) m(-1).s(-1) in the absence and presence of CO2, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C. The CO2-independent value of the first-order rate constant for HPX-heme(III)-NO denitrosylation is (4.3 +/- 0.4) x 10(-1) s(-1), at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C. HPX-heme(III)-NO denitrosylation is rate limiting. HPX-heme(II)-NO appears to act as an efficient scavenger of peroxynitrite and of strong oxidants and nitrating species following the reaction of peroxynitrite with CO2 (e.g. ONOOC(O)O-, CO3-, and NO2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Biology and Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
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Piccard H, Van den Steen PE, Opdenakker G. Hemopexin domains as multifunctional liganding modules in matrix metalloproteinases and other proteins. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:870-92. [PMID: 17185359 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1006629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme-binding hemopexin consists of two, four-bladed propeller domains connected by a linker region. Hemopexin domains are found in different species on the phylogenetic tree and in the human species represented in hemopexin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), vitronectin, and products of the proteoglycan 4 gene. Hemopexin and hemopexin domains of human proteins fulfill functions in activation of MMPs, inhibition of MMPs, dimerization, binding of substrates or ligands, cleavage of substrates, and endocytosis by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1; CD91) and LRP-2 (megalin, GP330). Insights into the structures and functions of hemopexin (domains) form the basis for positive or negative interference with the formation of molecular complexes and hence, might be exploited therapeutically in inflammation, cancer, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Piccard
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Atkinson S, Roghi C, Murphy G. MT1-MMP hemopexin domain exchange with MT4-MMP blocks enzyme maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane in MCF7 cells. Biochem J 2006; 398:15-22. [PMID: 16686598 PMCID: PMC1525013 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hemopexin-like domain of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) enables MT1-MMP to form oligomers that facilitate the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (pro-MMP-2) at the cell surface. To investigate the role of the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain in the trafficking of MT1-MMP to the cell surface we have examined the activity of two MT1-MT4-MMP chimaeras in which the hemopexin domain of MT1-MMP has been replaced with that of human or mouse MT4-MMP. We show that MT1-MMP bearing the hemopexin domain of MT4-MMP was incapable of activating pro-MMP-2 or degrading gelatin in cell based assays. Furthermore, cell surface biotinylation and indirect immunofluorescence show that transiently expressed MT1-MT4-MMP chimaeras failed to reach the plasma membrane and were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Functional activity could be restored by replacing the MT4-MMP hemopexin domain with the wild-type MT1-MMP hemopexin domain. Subsequent analysis with an antibody specifically recognising the propeptide of MT1-MMP revealed that the propeptides of the MT1-MT4-MMP chimaeras failed to undergo proper processing. It has previously been suggested that the hemopexin domain of MT4-MMP could exert a regulatory mechanism that prevents MT4-MMP from activating pro-MMP-2. In this report, we demonstrate unambiguously that MT1-MT4-MMP chimaeras do not undergo normal trafficking and are not correctly processed to their fully active forms and, as a consequence, they are unable to activate pro-MMP-2 at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Atkinson
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
| | - Christian Roghi
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Iyer S, Visse R, Nagase H, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of an active form of human MMP-1. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:78-88. [PMID: 16890240 PMCID: PMC1885970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a dynamic environment that constantly undergoes remodelling and degradation during vital physiological processes such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and development. Unbalanced extracellular matrix breakdown is associated with many diseases such as arthritis, cancer and fibrosis. Interstitial collagen is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases with collagenolytic activity by MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13, collectively known as the collagenases. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) plays a pivotal role in degradation of interstitial collagen types I, II, and III. Here, we report the crystal structure of the active form of human MMP-1 at 2.67 Å resolution. This is the first MMP-1 structure that is free of inhibitor and a water molecule essential for peptide hydrolysis is observed coordinated with the active site zinc. Comparing this structure with the human proMMP-1 shows significant structural differences, mainly in the relative orientation of the hemopexin domain, between the pro form and active form of the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Iyer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Robert Visse
- Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Corresponding author.
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26
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Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX), serving as scavenger and transporter of toxic plasma heme, has been postulated to play a key role in the homeostasis of NO. Here, kinetics of HPX-heme(II) nitrosylation and O2-mediated oxidation of HPX-heme(II)-NO are reported. NO reacts reversibly with HPX-heme(II) yielding HPX-heme(II)-NO, according to the minimum reaction scheme: HPX-heme(II)+NO kon<-->koff HPX-heme(II)-NO values of kon, koff, and K (=kon/koff) are (6.3+/-0.3)x10(3)M-1s-1, (9.1+/-0.4)x10(-4)s-1, and (6.9+/-0.6)x10(6)M-1, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C. O2 reacts with HPX-heme(II)-NO yielding HPX-heme(III) and NO3-, by means of the ferric heme-bound peroxynitrite intermediate (HPX-heme(III)-N(O)OO), according to the minimum reaction scheme: HPX-heme(II)-NO+O2 hon<--> HPX-heme(III)-N(O)OO l-->HPX-heme(III)+NO3- the backward reaction rate is negligible. Values of hon and l are (2.4+/-0.3)x10(1)M-1s-1 and (1.4+/-0.2)x10(-3)s-1, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C. The decay of HPX-heme(III)-N(O)OO (i.e., l) is rate limiting. The HPX-heme(III)-N(O)OO intermediate has been characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy in the Soret region (lambdamax=409 nm and epsilon409=1.51x10(5)M-1cm-1). These results, representing the first kinetic evidence for HPX-heme(II) nitrosylation and O2-mediated oxidation of HPX-heme(II)-NO, might be predictive of transient (pseudo-enzymatic) function(s) of heme carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fasano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology and Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, I-21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
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27
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Van den Steen PE, Van Aelst I, Hvidberg V, Piccard H, Fiten P, Jacobsen C, Moestrup SK, Fry S, Royle L, Wormald MR, Wallis R, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. The hemopexin and O-glycosylated domains tune gelatinase B/MMP-9 bioavailability via inhibition and binding to cargo receptors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18626-37. [PMID: 16672230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a key regulator and effector of immunity, contains a C-terminal hemopexin domain preceded by a unique linker sequence of approximately 64 amino acid residues. This linker sequence is demonstrated to be an extensively O-glycosylated (OG) domain with a compact three-dimensional structure. The OG and hemopexin domains have no influence on the cleavage efficiency of MMP-9 substrates. In contrast, the hemopexin domain contains a binding site for the cargo receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Furthermore, megalin/LRP-2 is identified as a new functional receptor for the hemopexin domain of MMP-9, able to mediate the endocytosis and catabolism of the enzyme. The OG domain is required to correctly orient the hemopexin domain for inhibition by TIMP-1 and internalization by LRP-1 and megalin. Therefore, the OG and hemopexin domains down-regulate the bioavailability of active MMP-9 and the interactions with the cargo receptors are proposed to be the original function of hemopexin domains in MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Abstract
Heme released from heme-binding proteins on internal hemorrhage, hemolysis, myolysis, or other cell damage is highly toxic due to oxidative and proinflammatory effects. Complex formation with hemopexin, the high-affinity heme-binding protein in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, dampens these effects and is suggested to facilitate cellular heme metabolism. Using a ligand-affinity approach, we purified the human hemopexin-heme receptor and identified it as the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/CD91, a receptor expressed in several cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes, neurons, and syncytiotrophoblasts. Binding experiments, including Biacore analysis, showed that hemopexin-heme complex formation elicits the high receptor affinity. Uptake studies of radio-labeled hemopexin-heme complex in LRP/CD91-expressing COS cells and confocal microscopy of the cellular processing of fluorescent hemopexin-heme complex established the ability of LRP/CD91 to mediate hemopexin-heme internalization resulting in cellular heme uptake and lysosomal hemopexin degradation. Uptake of hemopexin-heme complex induced LRP/CD91-dependent heme-oxygenase 1 mRNA transcription in cultured monocytes. In conclusion, hemopexin-heme complexes are removed by a receptor-mediated pathway showing striking similarities to the CD163-mediated haptoglobin-hemoglobin clearance in macrophages. Furthermore, the data indicate a hitherto unknown role of LRP/CD91 in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Hvidberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Abstract
Binding of divalent metal ions to human hemopexin (Hx) purified by a new protocol has been characterized by metal ion affinity chromatography and potentiometric titration in the presence and absence of bound protoheme IX. ApoHx was retained by variously charged metal affinity chelate resins in the following order: Ni(2+) > Cu(2+) > Co(2+) > Zn(2+) > Mn(2+). The Hx-heme complex exhibited similar behavior except the order of retention of the complex on Zn(2+)- and Co(2+)-charged columns was reversed. One-dimensional (1)H NMR of apoHx in the presence of Ni(2+) implicates at least two His residues and possibly an Asp, Glu, or Met residue in Ni(2+) binding. Potentiometric titrations establish that apoHx possesses more than two metal ion binding sites and that the capacity and/or affinity for metal ion binding is diminished when heme binds. For most metal ions that have been studied, potentiometric data did not fit to binding isotherms that assume one or two independent binding sites. For Mn(2+), however, these data were consistent with a high-affinity site [K(A) = (15 +/- 3) x 10(6) M(-)(1)] and a low-affinity site (K(A) <or= 2 x10(3) M(-)(1)). Binding of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) to the Hx-heme complex produced significant changes in the Soret-CD spectrum of the Hx-heme complex that were reversed with addition of EDTA. Possibly, these metal ions bind near the heme binding site and perturb the electronic environment of the heme, or their binding induces exchange of one axial His ligand to the heme iron with another adjacent His residue. A possible role for Hx in the maintenance of metal ion homeostasis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Mauk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Tsemakhovich VA, Bamm VV, Shaklai M, Shaklai N. Vascular damage by unstable hemoglobins: The role of heme-depleted globin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 436:307-15. [PMID: 15797243 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the damage inflicted to endothelial cells (ECs) by intact hemoglobin (Hb) and isolated chains. To compare optional in vivo contact of acellular Hb with the endothelium, oxy-forms of Hb and its isolated alpha- and beta-chains existing in the thalassemias were added to primary confluent cultures of bovine aorta EC. Cell damage was followed by morphological changes or leakage of lactic dehydrogenase and pre-inserted 51Cr from the cells, followed for 27 h. Under these experimental conditions, Hb did not affect the cells but its chains inflicted damage, beta- more than alpha-chains. Based on the literature and our data, we hypothesized that hemin and/or globin should be responsible for the increased endothelial damage by beta-chains. While hemin hardly affected ECs, globin, unlike the plasma protein hemopexin, was harmful. Since hemin release leaves globin with a large hydrophobic surface, the globin-damage appears to result from adsorptive pinocytosis to endothelial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Tsemakhovich
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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31
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing endopeptidases that play a key role in both physiological and pathological tissue remodeling. Human fibroblast collagenase (MMP-1) was the first vertebrate collagenase purified as a protein and cloned as a cDNA, and is considered the prototype for all the interstitial collagenases. It is synthesized as a zymogen where N-terminal residues are removed by proteolysis and shares with other MMPs a catalytic domain and a carboxy terminal domain with sequence similarity to hemopexin. Importantly, MMP-1 should be considered a multifunctional molecule since it participates not only in the turnover of collagen fibrils in the extracellular space but also in the cleavage of a number of non-matrix substrates and cell surface molecules suggesting a role in the regulation of cellular behaviour. Furthermore, an extensive body of evidence indicates that MMP-1 plays an important role in diverse physiologic processes such as development, tissue morphogenesis, and wound repair. Likewise, it seems to be implicated in a variety of human diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary emphysema and fibrotic disorders, suggesting that its inhibition or stimulation may open therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Apartado Postal 21-630, Coyoacan, México, DF, CP 04000, Mexico.
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32
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Abstract
Thermal denaturation of the human hemopexin-heme complex was investigated under a variety of solution conditions to identify factors that influence heme release. The midpoint temperature for the transition between the folded and folded states, T(m), of the hemopexin-ferriheme complex exhibits a significant dependence on pH. When the pH is reduced from 7 to 5 (50 mM BisTris buffer and 50 mM NaCl), T(m) decreases by approximately 23 degrees C despite the relatively higher chloride concentration that tends to stabilize the protein. The thermal stability of the hemopexin-ferroheme complex was examined at pH 7.4 to yield a T(m) that is 3.2 degrees C lower than that of the hemopexin-ferriheme complex under identical conditions. The effect of transition metal ions, which hemopexin has recently been shown to bind [Mauk, M. R., Rosell, F. I., Lelj-Garolla, B., Moore, G. R., and Mauk, A. G. (2005) Biochemistry 44, XXXX-XXXX], was also considered. Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) had the greatest effect, reducing T(m) for the transition by 4.8 and 6.5 degrees C, respectively, relative to the value for the protein in the absence of metal ions [T(m) = 64.9 degrees C [10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)]]. These metal ions also interfered significantly with the recovery of the native state from the unfolded protein when the protein on returning to 20 degrees C. The current results demonstrate how the conditions within the endosomes of hepatocytes (pH approximately 5.0, [Cl(-)] approximately 60 mM) and the potential presence of transition metal ions or heme iron reduction contribute to the membrane receptor-mediated process of heme release from hemopexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico I Rosell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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33
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Wang P, Nie J, Pei D. The Hemopexin Domain of Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) Is Not Required for Its Activation of proMMP2 on Cell Surface but Is Essential for MT1-MMP-mediated Invasion in Three-dimensional Type I Collagen. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51148-55. [PMID: 15381707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) plays a key role in tumor invasion and metastasis by degrading the extracellular matrix and activating proMMP2. Here we show that the conserved hemopexin domain is required for MT1-MMP-mediated invasion and growth in three-dimensional type I collagen matrix but not proMMP2 activation. Deletion of the hemopexin domains in MT1-, MT2-, MT3-, MT5-, and MT6-MMP does not impair their abilities to activate proMMP2. In fact, hemopexin-less MT5- and MT6-MMP activate proMMP2 better than their wild type counterparts. On the other hand, hemopexin-less MT1-MMP fails to promote cell invasion into type I collagen but retains the capacity to enhance the growth of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells as cysts in three-dimensional collagen matrix. Moreover, the hemopexin domain is also required for MT1-MMP-mediated invasion/scattering of MCF-7 cells in three-dimensional collagen matrix. Because growth and invasion in a three-dimensional model may correlate with tumor invasiveness in vivo, our data suggest that the hemopexin domains of MT-MMPs should be targeted for the development of anti-cancer therapies by employing screening assays developed for three-dimensional models rather than their enzymatic activity toward proMMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Suenaga N, Mori H, Itoh Y, Seiki M. CD44 binding through the hemopexin-like domain is critical for its shedding by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase. Oncogene 2004; 24:859-68. [PMID: 15558018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a potent modulator of pericellular environment through its proteolytic activity and promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation of tumor cells. During cell migration, MT1-MMP binds to CD44H, a major hyaluronan receptor, through the hemopexin-like (HPX) domain and localizes at the migration front. MT1-MMP is also responsible for shedding CD44H, which supports CD44H-mediated cell migration. In this study, we asked whether the binding of MT1-MMP to CD44H is a prerequisite step for the successive shedding. Deletion of the HPX domain deprived MT1-MMP of its shedding activity. Furthermore, disruption of the CD44H/MT1-MMP complex by overexpressing the HPX fragments resulted in inhibition of the shedding. Thus, the CD44H in the complex appears to be the direct substrate of MT1-MMP for shedding. Interestingly, other members of the MT-MMP family showed varied extents of CD44H shedding. Domain swapping between MT1-MMP and other MT-MMPs revealed that the ability of the HPX domains to bind CD44H is conserved among them. However, the shedding activity was different depending on the catalytic domains. The conserved binding ability of the HPX domains suggests that CD44H may act as a core molecule assembling multiple MT-MMPs on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Suenaga
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX) serves as a trap for toxic plasma heme, ensuring its complete clearance by transportation to the liver. Moreover, HPX-heme has been postulated to play a key role in the homeostasis of nitric oxide (NO). Here, the thermodynamics for NO binding to rabbit ferrous HPX-heme as well as the EPR and optical absorption spectroscopic properties of rabbit ferrous nitrosylated HPX-heme (HPX-heme-NO) are reported. The value of the dissociation equilibrium constant for NO binding to rabbit ferrous HPX-heme (i.e., H) is (1.4+/-0.2)x10(-7) M, at pH 7.0 and 10.0 degrees C; the value of H is unaffected by sodium chloride. At pH 7.0, rabbit ferrous HPX-heme-NO is a six-coordinate heme-iron species, characterized by an X-band EPR spectrum with an axial geometry and by epsilon=146 mM(-1) cm(-1) at 419 nm. At pH 4.0, rabbit ferrous HPX-heme-NO is a five-coordinate heme-iron species, characterized by an X-band EPR spectrum with three-line splitting centered at 334 mT and by epsilon=74 mM(-1) cm(-1) at 387 nm. The p K(a) value of the reversible pH-induced six- to five-coordinate spectroscopic transition is 4.8+/-0.1 in the absence of sodium chloride and 4.3+/-0.1 in the presence of 1.5x10(-1) M sodium chloride. This result is in agreement with the effect of sodium chloride on rabbit HPX-heme stability. The present data have been analyzed in parallel with those of a related heme model compound and heme-protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fasano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
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Anderson NL, Anderson NG, Haines LR, Hardie DB, Olafson RW, Pearson TW. Mass spectrometric quantitation of peptides and proteins using Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA). J Proteome Res 2004; 3:235-44. [PMID: 15113099 DOI: 10.1021/pr034086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method (denoted SISCAPA) for quantitation of peptides in complex digests is described. In the method, anti-peptide antibodies immobilized on 100 nanoliter nanoaffinity columns are used to enrich specific peptides along with spiked stable-isotope-labeled internal standards of the same sequence. Upon elution from the anti-peptide antibody supports, electrospray mass spectrometry is used to quantitate the peptides (natural and labeled). In a series of pilot experiments, tryptic test peptides were chosen for four proteins of human plasma (hemopexin, alpha1 antichymotrypsin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) from a pool of 10,203 in silico tryptic peptide candidates representing 237 known plasma components. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the chosen peptide sequences were affinity purified and covalently immobilized on POROS supports. Binding and elution from these supports was shown to provide an average 120-fold enrichment of the antigen peptide relative to others, as measured by selected ion monitoring (SIM) or selected reaction monitoring (SRM) electrospray mass spectrometry. The columns could be recycled with little loss in binding capacity, and generated peptide ion current measurements with cycle-to-cycle coefficients of variation near 5%. Anti-peptide antibody enrichment will contribute to increased sensitivity of MS-based assays, particularly for lower abundance proteins in plasma, and may ultimately allow substitution of a rapid bind/elute process for the time-consuming reverse phase separation now used as a prelude to online MS peptide assays. The method appears suitable for rapid generation of assays for defined proteins, and should find application in the validation of diagnostic protein panels in large sample sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leigh Anderson
- Plasma Proteome Institute, PO Box 53450, Washington, DC 20009-3450, USA.
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Cao J, Kozarekar P, Pavlaki M, Chiarelli C, Bahou WF, Zucker S. Distinct Roles for the Catalytic and Hemopexin Domains of Membrane Type 1-Matrix Metalloproteinase in Substrate Degradation and Cell Migration. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14129-39. [PMID: 14729674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate degradation and cell migration are key steps in cancer metastasis. Membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been linked with these processes. Using the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled fibronectin degradation assay combined with the phagokinetic cell migration assay, structure-function relationships of MT1-MMP were studied. Our data indicate that MT1-MMP initiates substrate degradation and enhances cell migration; cell migration occurs as a concurrent but independent event. Using recombinant DNA approaches, we demonstrated that the hemopexin-like domain and a nonenzymatic component of the catalytic domain of MT1-MMP are essential for MT1-MMP-mediated cell migration. Because the cytoplasmic domain of MT1-MMP was not required for MT1-MMP-mediated fibronectin degradation and cell migration, it is proposed that cross-talk between the hemopexin domain of MT1-MMP and adjacent cell surface molecules is responsible for outside-in signaling. Employing cDNAs encoding dominant negative mutations, we demonstrated that Rac1 participates in the MT1-MMP signal transduction pathway. These data demonstrated that each domain of MT1-MMP plays a distinct role in substrate degradation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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38
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Abstract
A proteomic approach was employed to elucidate possible differential expression of native and oxidized glycoproteins using pooled plasma samples derived from ten patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and pooled plasma samples from nine normal elderly control (NEC) subjects. The plasma samples were fractionated by sequential affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose (HepA) and concanavalin A-agarose (ConA) columns followed by separation on one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. Carbonylation (oxidation) of proteins was monitored by in-strip derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and anti-DNP immunoblotting. Nine spots representing glycoproteins which showed enrichment or high specific oxidation indices in AD HepA-ConA 2-D gels relative to NEC samples were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight-mass spectrometry and identified with high probability (p < 0.001) as isoforms of human transferrin (Tf), hemopexin (Hpx) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT). These glycoproteins were concentrated, respectively, 5-, 6.5- and 107-fold in HepA-ConA eluates derived from AD plasma relative to the NEC samples. Specific oxidation indices of the identified Tf and Hpx isoforms in AD plasma were respectively, 7.4 and 2.8 relative to NEC. Our findings provide further evidence for systemic derangements in heme/iron/redox homeostasis and activation of the acute phase response in sporadic AD. Moreover, the data implicate isoforms of Tf, Hpx and alpha-1-AT as potential biological markers of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ling Yu
- Centre for Neurotranslational Research and Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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39
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Toth M, Chvyrkova I, Bernardo MM, Hernandez-Barrantes S, Fridman R. Pro-MMP-9 activation by the MT1-MMP/MMP-2 axis and MMP-3: role of TIMP-2 and plasma membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:386-95. [PMID: 12901881 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MMP-9 (gelatinase B) is produced in a latent form (pro-MMP-9) that requires activation to achieve catalytic activity. Previously, we showed that MMP-2 (gelatinase A) is an activator of pro-MMP-9 in solution. However, in cultured cells pro-MMP-9 remains in a latent form even in the presence of MMP-2. Since pro-MMP-2 is activated on the cell surface by MT1-MMP in a process that requires TIMP-2, we investigated the role of the MT1-MMP/MMP-2 axis and TIMPs in mediating pro-MMP-9 activation. Full pro-MMP-9 activation was accomplished via a cascade of zymogen activation initiated by MT1-MMP and mediated by MMP-2 in a process that is tightly regulated by TIMPs. We show that TIMP-2 by regulating pro-MMP-2 activation can also act as a positive regulator of pro-MMP-9 activation. Also, activation of pro-MMP-9 by MMP-2 or MMP-3 was more efficient in the presence of purified plasma membrane fractions than activation in a soluble phase or in live cells, suggesting that concentration of pro-MMP-9 in the pericellular space may favor activation and catalytic competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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40
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Stute J, Pourmotabbed T, Tschesche H. Kinetic analysis of the binding of hemopexin-like domain of gelatinase B cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1. J Protein Chem 2003; 22:509-14. [PMID: 14703983 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000005499.51466.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The gelatinases are a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinase family. The interaction of their C-terminal hemopexin-like domain with a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is a major part of the regulatory mechanisms of gelatinases. To investigate the interaction of the hemopexin-like domain of gelatinase B (92-Pex) and TIMP-1, we expressed the individual domain in Pichia pastoris. The active refolded domain was purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. We investigated the formation of the 92-Pex/TIMP-1 complex by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The dissociation constant Kd was calculated to be 0.86 nM. Analogous to the complex of the hemopexin-like domain of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 (Olson, M. W. et al., 1997), the binding curves of the 92-Pex/TIMP-1 complex were best fitted with a monophasic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stute
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Iron is essential to life, but poses severe problems because of its toxicity and the insolubility of hydrated ferric ions at neutral pH. In animals, a family of proteins called transferrins are responsible for the sequestration, transport, and distribution of free iron. Comparison of the structure and function of transferrins with a completely unrelated protein hemopexin, which carries out the same function for heme, identifies molecular features that contribute to a successful protein system for iron acquisition, transport, and release. These include a two-domain protein structure with flexible hinges that allow these domains to enclose the bound ligand and provide suitable chemistry for stable binding and an appropriate trigger for release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Baker
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
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42
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Roeb E, Schleinkofer K, Kernebeck T, Pötsch S, Jansen B, Behrmann I, Matern S, Grötzinger J. The matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp-9) hemopexin domain is a novel gelatin binding domain and acts as an antagonist. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50326-32. [PMID: 12384502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207446200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the remodeling processes of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane. Most MMPs are composed of a regulatory, a catalytic, and a hemopexin subunit. In many tumors the expression of MMP-9 correlates with local tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. To analyze the role of the hemopexin domain in these processes, the MMP-9 hemopexin domain (MMP-9-PEX) was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After proteolytic cleavage, the isolated PEX domain was purified by size exclusion chromatography. In a zymography assay, MMP-9-PEX was able to inhibit MMP-9 activity. The association and dissociation rates for the interaction of MMP-9-PEX with gelatin were determined by plasmon resonance. From the measured rate constants, the dissociation constant was calculated to be K(d) = 2,4 x 10(-8) m, demonstrating a high affinity between MMP-9-PEX and gelatin. In Boyden chamber experiments the recombinant MMP-9-PEX was able to inhibit the invasion of melanoma cells secreting high amounts of MMP-9 in a dose-dependent manner. These data demonstrate for the first time that the hemopexin domain of MMP-9 has a high affinity binding site for gelatin, and the particular recombinant domain is able to block MMP-9 activity and tumor cell invasion. Because MMP-9 plays an important role in metastasis, this antagonistic effect may be utilized to design MMP inhibition-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Roeb
- Medizinische Klinik III and the Institut für Biochemie der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany.
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43
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Kai HST, Butler GS, Morrison CJ, King AE, Pelman GR, Overall CM. Utilization of a novel recombinant myoglobin fusion protein expression system to characterize the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 and TIMP-2 C-terminal domain and tails by mutagenesis. The importance of acidic residues in binding the MMP-2 hemopexin C-domain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48696-707. [PMID: 12374789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209177200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 binds pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and efficiently inhibits MT1-MMP, but unlike TIMP-2 neither forms a trimolecular complex nor supports pro-MMP-2 activation. To investigate the structural and functional differences between these two TIMPs, the C-terminal domains (C-TIMP-4 and C-TIMP-2) were expressed independently from their N domains and mutations were introduced into the C-terminal tails. Myoglobin was used as a novel recombinant fusion protein partner because spectroscopic measurement of the heme Soret absorbance at 408 nm readily enabled calculation of the molar equivalent of the red-colored recombinant protein, even in complex protein mixtures. Both C-TIMP-4 and C-TIMP-2 bound pro-MMP-2 and blocked concanavalin A-induced cellular activation of the enzyme. Measurement of k(on) rates revealed that the inhibition of MMP-2 by TIMP-4 is preceded by a C domain docking interaction, but in contrast to TIMP-2, this is not enhanced by a C-terminal tail interaction and so occurs at a slower rate. Indeed, the binding stability of C-TIMP-4 was unaltered by deletion of the C-terminal tail, but replacement with the tail of TIMP-2 increased its affinity for pro-MMP-2 by approximately 2-fold, as did substitution with the TIMP-2 C-terminal tail acidic residues in the tail of C-TIMP-4 (V193E/Q194D). Conversely, substitution of the C-terminal tail of C-TIMP-2 with that of TIMP-4 reduced pro-MMP-2 binding by approximately 75%, as did reduction of its acidic character by mutation to the corresponding TIMP-4 amino acid residues (E192V/D193Q). Together, this shows the importance of Glu(192) and Asp(193) in TIMP-2 binding to pro-MMP-2; the lack of these acidic residues in the TIMP-4 C-terminal tail, which reduces the stability of complex formation with the MMP-2 hemopexin C domain, probably precludes TIMP-4 from supporting the activation of pro-MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S-T Kai
- Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics and the Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Mori H, Tomari T, Koshikawa N, Kajita M, Itoh Y, Sato H, Tojo H, Yana I, Seiki M. CD44 directs membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase to lamellipodia by associating with its hemopexin-like domain. EMBO J 2002; 21:3949-59. [PMID: 12145196 PMCID: PMC126155 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1- MMP) localizes at the front of migrating cells and degrades the extracellular matrix barrier during cancer invasion. However, it is poorly understood how the polarized distribution of MT1-MMP at the migration front is regulated. Here, we demonstrate that MT1-MMP forms a complex with CD44H via the hemopexin-like (PEX) domain. A mutant MT1-MMP lacking the PEX domain failed to bind CD44H and did not localize at the lamellipodia. The cytoplasmic tail of CD44H, which comprises interfaces that associate with the actin cytoskeleton, was important for its localization at lamellipodia. Overexpression of a CD44H mutant lacking the cytoplasmic tail also prevented MT1-MMP from localizing at the lamellipodia. Modulation of F-actin with cytochalasin D revealed that both CD44H and MT1-MMP co-localize closely with the actin cytoskeleton, dependent on the cytoplasmic tail of CD44H. Thus, CD44H appears to act as a linker that connects MT1-MMP to the actin cytoskeleton and to play a role in directing MT1-MMP to the migration front. The PEX domain of MT1-MMP was indispensable in promoting cell migration and CD44H shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan and Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan and Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Hideaki Tojo
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan and Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Motoharu Seiki
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan and Department of Matrix Biology, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK Corresponding author e-mail:
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45
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) are critical for the degradation of extracellular matrix components and, therefore, need to be regulated tightly. Almost all MMPs share a homologous C-terminal haemopexin-like domain (PEX). Besides its role in macromolecular substrate processing, the PEX domains appear to play a major role in regulating MMP activation, localisation and inhibition. One intriguing property of MMP9 is its competence to bind different proteins, involved in these regulatory processes, with high affinity at an overlapping recognition site on its PEX domain. With the crystal structure of the PEX9 dimer, we present the first example of how PEX domains accomplish these diverse roles. Blade IV of PEX9 mediates the non-covalent and predominantly hydrophobic dimerisation contact. Large shifts of blade III and, in particular, blade IV, accompany the dimerisation, resulting in a remarkably asymmetric homodimeric structure. The asymmetry provides a novel mechanism of adaptive protein recognition, where different proteins (PEX9, PEX1, and TIMP1) can bind with high affinity to PEX9 at an overlapping site. Finally, the structure illustrates how the dimerisation generates new properties on both a physico-chemical and functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Cha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Strukturforschung, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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46
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Abstract
Hemopexin (HPX) is the plasma protein with the highest binding affinity to heme among known proteins. It is mainly expressed in liver, and belongs to acute phase reactants, the synthesis of which is induced after inflammation. Heme is potentially highly toxic because of its ability to intercalate into lipid membrane and to produce hydroxyl radicals. The binding strength between heme and HPX, and the presence of a specific heme-HPX receptor able to catabolize the complex and to induce intracellular antioxidant activities, suggest that hemopexin is the major vehicle for the transportation of heme in the plasma, thus preventing heme-mediated oxidative stress and heme-bound iron loss. In this review, we discuss the experimental data that support this view and show that the most important physiological role of HPX is to act as an antioxidant after blood heme overload, rather than to participate in iron metabolism. Particular attention is also put on the structure of the protein and on its regulation during the acute phase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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47
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Lehti K, Lohi J, Juntunen MM, Pei D, Keski-Oja J. Oligomerization through hemopexin and cytoplasmic domains regulates the activity and turnover of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8440-8. [PMID: 11779859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109128200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of multimeric complexes by membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) may facilitate its autocatalytic inactivation or proMMP-2 activation on the cell surface. To characterize these processes, we expressed various glutathione S-transferase/MT1-MMP fusion proteins in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells and SV40-transformed lung fibroblasts and analyzed their effects on MT1-MMP activity and potential homophilic interactions. We report here that MT1-MMP is expressed on the cell surface as oligomeric 200--240-kDa complexes containing both the active 60-kDa and autocatalytically processed 43-kDa species. Overexpression of a glutathione S-transferase/MT1-MMP fusion protein containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of MT1-MMP inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced autocatalytic cleavage of endogenous MT1-MMP to the 43-kDa species, but not proMMP-2 activation. On the other hand, a similar fusion protein with the hemopexin, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains inhibited proMMP-2 activation in a dominant-negative fashion. These results suggest that both the autocatalytic cleavage of MT1-MMP and proMMP-2 activation may be regulated by oligomerization through the cytoplasmic and hemopexin domains. Indeed, either domain, when attached to the cell membrane by a transmembrane domain, formed stable homophilic complexes. Copurification of MT1-MMP with these fusion proteins correlated with their cell-surface co-localization. Thus, MT1-MMP oligomerization through the hemopexin, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains controls its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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48
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Abstract
The role of repeating motifs in protein structures is thought to be as modular building blocks which allow an economic way of constructing complex proteins. In this work novel wavelet transform analysis techniques are used to detect and characterize repeating motifs in protein sequence and structure data, where the Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity scale (Eta Phi) and relative accessible surface area (rASA) data provide residue information about the protein sequence and structure, respectively. We analyze a variety of repeating protein motifs, TIM barrels, propellor blades, coiled coils and leucine-rich repeat structures. Detection and characterization of these motifs is performed using techniques based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Results indicate that the wavelet transform techniques developed herein are a promising approach for the detection and characterization of repeating motifs for both structural and in some instances sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemopexin is a heme-binding plasma glycoprotein which, after haptoglobin, forms the second line of defense against hemoglobin-mediated oxidative damage during intravascular hemolysis. A decrease in plasma hemopexin concentration reflects a recent release of heme compounds in the extracellular compartment. Heme-hemopexin complexes are delivered to hepatocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis after which hemopexin is recycled to the circulation. METHODS OF ANALYSIS Immunonephelometric and -turbidimetric hemopexin assays are available as more precise and rapid alternatives to the radial immunodiffusion technique. INTERPRETATIONS Hemopexin determinations are not subject to interference by in vitro hemolysis. Altered serum or plasma concentrations of hemopexin are found not only in hemolytic anemias but also in other conditions such as chronic neuromuscular diseases and acute intermittent porphyria. In laboratory medicine, while hemopexin determination in tandem with haptoglobin has potential applications in the assessment of intravascular hemolysis and allows for the monitoring of the severity of hemolysis after depletion of haptoglobin, its diagnostic utility is less clear in other pathological conditions. Further studies are necessary to fully establish the clinical significance of hemopexin determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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50
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Patterson ML, Atkinson SJ, Knäuper V, Murphy G. Specific collagenolysis by gelatinase A, MMP-2, is determined by the hemopexin domain and not the fibronectin-like domain. FEBS Lett 2001; 503:158-62. [PMID: 11513874 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In view of the essential role of the hemopexin domain of the traditional interstitial collagenases, MMP-1, -8, -13 and MT1-MMP (MMP-14), in determining specific collagen cleavage we have studied the function of this domain in MMP-2, relative to that of the fibronectin-like domain that promotes gelatinolysis. Although the fibronectin-like domain promotes avid binding to collagen, our data demonstrate that the catalytic and hemopexin domains of MMP-2 are sufficient to effect the critical step in cleavage of rat type I collagen into 3/4 and 1/4 fragments. The mechanism of MMP-2 cleavage of collagen proceeds in two phases, the first resembling that of the interstitial collagenases, followed by gelatinolysis, promoted by the fibronectin-like domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Patterson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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