1
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Yang F, Smith MJ. Metal profiling in coronary ischemia-reperfusion injury: Implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:158-171. [PMID: 37989446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Coronary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from a blockage of blood supply to the heart followed by restoration of perfusion, leading to oxidative stress induced pathological processes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master antioxidant transcription factor, plays a key role in regulating redox signaling. Over the past decades, the field of metallomics has provided novel insights into the mechanism of pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathological processes. Both redox-active (e.g. Fe and Cu) and redox-inert (e.g. Zn and Mg) metals play unique roles in establishing redox balance under IR injury. Notably, Zn protects against oxidative stress in coronary IR injury by serving as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD1) and proteins such as metallothionein (MT) and KEAP1/NRF2 mediated antioxidant defenses. An increase in labile Zn2+ inhibits proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2 by modifying KEAP1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) conformations. Fe and Cu catalyse the formation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction and also serve as cofactors of antioxidant enzymes and can activate NRF2 antioxidant signaling. We review the evidence that Zn and redox-active metals Fe and Cu affect redox signaling in coronary cells during IR and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular metal content. In view of the unique double-edged characteristics of metals, we aim to bridge the role of metals and NRF2 regulated redox signaling to antioxidant defenses in IR injury, with a long-term aim of informing the design and application of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Smith
- MSD R&D Innovation Centre, 120 Moorgate, London EC2M 6UR, United Kingdom.
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2
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Abstract
The functions, purposes, and roles of metallothioneins have been the subject of speculations since the discovery of the protein over 60 years ago. This article guides through the history of investigations and resolves multiple contentions by providing new interpretations of the structure-stability-function relationship. It challenges the dogma that the biologically relevant structure of the mammalian proteins is only the one determined by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. The terms metallothionein and thionein are ambiguous and insufficient to understand biological function. The proteins need to be seen in their biological context, which limits and defines the chemistry possible. They exist in multiple forms with different degrees of metalation and types of metal ions. The homoleptic thiolate coordination of mammalian metallothioneins is important for their molecular mechanism. It endows the proteins with redox activity and a specific pH dependence of their metal affinities. The proteins, therefore, also exist in different redox states of the sulfur donor ligands. Their coordination dynamics allows a vast conformational landscape for interactions with other proteins and ligands. Many fundamental signal transduction pathways regulate the expression of the dozen of human metallothionein genes. Recent advances in understanding the control of cellular zinc and copper homeostasis are the foundation for suggesting that mammalian metallothioneins provide a highly dynamic, regulated, and uniquely biological metal buffer to control the availability, fluctuations, and signaling transients of the most competitive Zn(II) and Cu(I) ions in cellular space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Krężel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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3
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Metsla K, Kirss S, Laks K, Sildnik G, Palgi M, Palumaa T, Tõugu V, Palumaa P. α-Lipoic Acid Has the Potential to Normalize Copper Metabolism, Which Is Dysregulated in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:715-728. [PMID: 34864665 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. The treatment and prevention of AD present immense yet unmet needs. One of the hallmarks of AD is the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques in the brain, composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Besides major amyloid-targeting approach there is the necessity to focus also on alternative therapeutic strategies. One factor contributing to the development of AD is dysregulated copper metabolism, reflected in the intracellular copper deficit and excess of extracellular copper. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we follow the widely accepted hypothesis that the normalization of copper metabolism leads to the prevention or slowing of the disease and search for new copper-regulating ligands. METHODS We used cell culture, ICP MS, and Drosophila melanogaster models of AD. RESULTS We demonstrate that the natural intracellular copper chelator, α-lipoic acid (LA) translocates copper from extracellular to intracellular space in an SH-SY5Y-based neuronal cell model and is thus suitable to alleviate the intracellular copper deficit characteristic of AD neurons. Furthermore, we show that supplementation with LA protects the Drosophila melanogaster models of AD from developing AD phenotype by improving locomotor activity of fruit fly with overexpression of human Aβ with Iowa mutation in the fly brain. In addition, LA slightly weakens copper-induced smooth eye phenotype when amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and beta-site AβPP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) are overexpressed in eye photoreceptor cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results provide evidence that LA has the potential to normalize copper metabolism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Metsla
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sigrid Kirss
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrina Laks
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Gertrud Sildnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mari Palgi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Teele Palumaa
- East Tallinn Central Hospital Eye Clinic, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vello Tõugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peep Palumaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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4
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Squitti R, Faller P, Hureau C, Granzotto A, White AR, Kepp KP. Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Link with the Amyloid Hypothesis: Towards a Combined Clinical, Chemical, and Genetic Etiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:23-41. [PMID: 34219710 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incompletely defined. To date, no mono-causal treatment has so far reached its primary clinical endpoints, probably due to the complexity and diverse neuropathology contributing to the neurodegenerative process. In the present paper, we describe the plausible etiological role of copper (Cu) imbalance in the disease. Cu imbalance is strongly associated with neurodegeneration in dementia, but a complete biochemical etiology consistent with the clinical, chemical, and genetic data is required to support a causative association, rather than just correlation with disease. We hypothesize that a Cu imbalance in the aging human brain evolves as a gradual shift from bound metal ion pools, associated with both loss of energy production and antioxidant function, to pools of loosely bound metal ions, involved in gain-of-function oxidative stress, a shift that may be aggravated by chemical aging. We explain how this may cause mitochondrial deficits, energy depletion of high-energy demanding neurons, and aggravated protein misfolding/oligomerization to produce different clinical consequences shaped by the severity of risk factors, additional comorbidities, and combinations with other types of pathology. Cu imbalance should be viewed and integrated with concomitant genetic risk factors, aging, metabolic abnormalities, energetic deficits, neuroinflammation, and the relation to tau, prion proteins, α-synuclein, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) as well as systemic comorbidity. Specifically, the Amyloid Hypothesis is strongly intertwined with Cu imbalance because amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)/Aβ are probable Cu/Zn binding proteins with a potential role as natural Cu/Zn buffering proteins (loss of function), and via the plausible pathogenic role of Cu-Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alberto Granzotto
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhong M, Zhao P, Guo C, Li Y, Xu H, Wang T, Gao H. A Novel Cu(II)-Binding Peptide Identified by Phage Display Inhibits Cu 2+-Mediated Aβ Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6842. [PMID: 34202166 PMCID: PMC8269028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and aggregation of Cu and amyloid β peptide (Aβ) are considered key pathological features of AD. Metal chelators are considered to be potential therapeutic agents for AD because of their capacity to reduce metal ion-induced Aβ aggregation through the regulation of metal ion distribution. Here, we used phage display technology to screen, synthesize, and evaluate a novel Cu(II)-binding peptide that specifically blocked Cu-triggered Aβ aggregation. The Cu(II)-binding peptide (S-A-Q-I-A-P-H, PCu) identified from the phage display heptapeptide library was used to explore the mechanism of PCu inhibition of Cu2+-mediated Aβ aggregation and Aβ production. In vitro experiments revealed that PCu directly inhibited Cu2+-mediated Aβ aggregation and regulated copper levels to reduce biological toxicity. Furthermore, PCu reduced the production of Aβ by inhibiting Cu2+-induced BACE1 expression and improving Cu(II)-mediated cell oxidative damage. Cell culture experiments further demonstrated that PCu had relatively low toxicity. This Cu(II)-binding peptide that we have identified using phage display technology provides a potential therapeutic approach to prevent or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiancheng Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Manli Zhong
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
| | - You Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (P.Z.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (T.W.)
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6
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Wang M, Zuo Y, Li X, Li Y, Thirupathi A, Yu P, Gao G, Zhou C, Chang Y, Shi Z. Effect of sevoflurane on iron homeostasis and toxicity in the brain of mice. Brain Res 2021; 1757:147328. [PMID: 33539795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev), a commonly used volatile anesthetic, could induce nerve damage and cognitive deficiency. Oxidative stress induced by iron overload promotes nerve damage and cell apoptosis in the brain. This study revealed a new toxic mechanism of Sev to the brain occurred through the dysfunction of iron metabolism. Twelve-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the following three groups: control group; 2% Sev (6 h) group; and Sev plus iron deficiency group. Iron levels and iron metabolism-related proteins and apoptosis-related factors in hippocampus and cortex tissues were detected by using synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and western blotting. Our results showed that a decline in cognitive function was observed in mice treated with Sev. Sev significantly induced iron accumulation through upregulating ferritin and downregulating transferrin receptor 1 which involved in ferroportin1 (Fpn1)/hepcidin pathway and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of hippocampus and cortex. Sev aggravated BACE1 expression and Aβ accumulation. Changes in the ratio of Bcl2/Bax and Tau/p-Tau intensified the cell apoptosis in hippocampus and cortex tissues. Interestingly, the cognitive deficiency and neurotoxicity induced by Sev could be ameliorated significantly by feeding a low-iron diet to mice prior to anesthesia. The data uncovered a new lesion mechanism of Sev from the role of iron metabolism. This study also suggested that the reduction in iron levels could protect the brain against neurological damage induced by Sev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xincheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Changhao Zhou
- First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050030, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China.
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7
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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8
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Cilliers K. Trace element alterations in Alzheimer's disease: A review. Clin Anat 2021; 34:766-773. [PMID: 33580904 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dyshomeostasis of trace elements have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. Trace elements are particularly associated with the Aβ plaques. Metal-protein attenuating compounds have been developed to inhibit metals from binding to Aβ proteins, which result in Aβ termination, in the hope of improving cognitive functioning. However, there are still some contradicting reports. This review aims to first establish which trace elements are increased or decreased in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, and secondly, to review the effectiveness of clinical trials with metal-protein attenuating compounds for AD. Studies have consistently reported unchanged or increased iron, contradicting reports for zinc, decreased copper, unchanged or decreased manganese, inconsistent results for calcium, and magnesium seems to be unaffected. However, varied results have been reported for all trace elements. Clinical trials using metal-protein attenuating compounds to treat AD have also reported varied results. Copper chelators have repeatedly been used in clinical trials, even though few studies report increased brain copper levels in AD patients. Homeostasis of copper levels is important since copper has a vital role in several enzymes, such as cytochrome c, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin. Dyshomeostasis of copper levels can lead to increased oxidative stress and neuronal loss. Future studies should assess a variety of trace element levels in moderately and severely affected AD patients since there are contradicting reports. This review thus provides some insight into trace element alterations in the brains of individuals with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cilliers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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9
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Syeda T, Cannon JR. Environmental exposures and the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of BACE1 as a critical neurotoxic target. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22694. [PMID: 33393683 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health crisis due to devastating cognitive symptoms, a lack of curative treatments, and increasing prevalence. Most cases are sporadic (>95% of cases) after the age of 65 years, implicating an important role of environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Environmental neurotoxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's Disease and AD. Animal models of AD and in vitro studies have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms, yet the biochemical and molecular underpinnings of AD-relevant environmental neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a potentially critical pathogenic target of environmentally induced neurotoxicity. BACE1 clearly has a critical role in AD pathophysiology: It is required for amyloid beta production and expression and activity of BACE1 are increased in the AD brain. Though the literature on BACE1 in response to environmental insults is limited, current studies, along with extensive AD neurobiology literature suggest that BACE1 deserves attention as an important neurotoxic target. Here, we critically review research on environmental neurotoxicants such as metals, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, polyfluoroalkyl substances, heterocyclic aromatic amines, advanced glycation end products, and acrolein that modulate BACE1 and potential mechanisms of action. Though more research is needed to clearly understand whether BACE1 is a critical mediator of AD-relevant neurotoxicity, available reports provide convincing evidence that BACE1 is altered by environmental risk factors associated with AD pathology, implying that BACE1 inhibition and its use as a biomarker should be considered in AD management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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10
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The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1415-1429. [PMID: 32506322 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element in cells; it can act as either a recipient or a donor of electrons, participating in various reactions. However, an excess of copper ions in cells is detrimental as these copper ions can generate free radicals and increase oxidative stress. In multicellular organisms, copper metabolism involves uptake, distribution, sequestration, and excretion, at both the cellular and systemic levels. Mammalian enterocytes take in bioavailable copper ions from the diet in a Ctr1-dependent manner. After incorporation, cuprous ions are delivered to ATP7A, which pumps Cu+ from enterocytes into the blood. Copper ions arrive at the liver through the portal vein and are incorporated into hepatocytes by Ctr1. Then, Cu+ can be secreted into the bile or the blood via the Atox1/ATP7B/ceruloplasmin route. In the bloodstream, this micronutrient can reach peripheral tissues and is again incorporated by Ctr1. In peripheral tissue cells, cuprous ions are either sequestrated by molecules such as metallothioneins or targeted to utilization pathways by chaperons such as Atox1, Cox17, and CCS. Copper metabolism must be tightly controlled in order to achieve homeostasis and avoid disorders. A hereditary or acquired copper unbalance, including deficiency, overload, or misdistribution, may cause or aggravate certain diseases such as Menkes disease, Wilson disease, neurodegenerative diseases, anemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. A full understanding of copper metabolism and its roles in diseases underlies the identification of novel effective therapies for such diseases.
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11
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Kepp KP, Squitti R. Copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease: Convergence of the chemistry and the clinic. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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12
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Park G, Amaris ZN, Eiken MK, Baumgartner KV, Johnston KA, Williams MA, Markwordt JG, Millstone JE, Splan KE, Wheeler KE. Emerging investigator series: characterization of silver and silver nanoparticle interactions with zinc finger peptides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2367-2378. [PMID: 31528351 PMCID: PMC6746224 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In biological systems, chemical and physical transformations of engineered silver nanomaterials (AgENMs) are mediated, in part, by proteins and other biomolecules. Metalloprotein interactions with AgENMs are also central in understanding toxicity and antimicrobial and resistance mechanisms. Despite their readily available thiolate and amine ligands, zinc finger (ZF) peptides have thus far escaped study in reaction with AgENMs and their Ag(I) oxidative dissolution product. We report spectroscopic studies that characterize AgENM and Ag(I) interactions with two ZF peptides that differ in sequence, but not in metal binding ligands: the ZF consensus peptide CP-CCHC and the C-terminal zinc finger domain of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein p7 (NCp7_C). Both ZF peptides catalyze AgENM (10 and 40 nm, citrate coated) dissolution and agglomeration, two important AgENM transformations that impact bioreactivity. AgENMs and their oxidative dissolution product, Ag(I)(aq), mediate changes to ZF peptide structure and metalation as well. Spectroscopic titrations of Ag(I) into apo-ZF peptides show an Ag(I)-thiolate charge transfer band, indicative of Ag(I)-ZF binding. Fluorescence studies of the Zn(II)-NCp_7 complex indicate that the Ag(I) also effectively competes with the Zn(II) to drive Zn(II) displacement from the ZFs. Upon interaction with AgENMs, Zn(II) bound ZF peptides show a secondary structural change in circular dichroism spectroscopy toward an apo-like structure. The results suggest that Ag(I) and AgENMs may alter ZF protein function within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Park
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Zoe N Amaris
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Madeline K Eiken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Karl V Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Kathryn A Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mari A Williams
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Jasmine G Markwordt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Jill E Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kathryn E Splan
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | - Korin E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
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13
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Cosín-Tomàs M, Senserrich J, Arumí-Planas M, Alquézar C, Pallàs M, Martín-Requero Á, Suñol C, Kaliman P, Sanfeliu C. Role of Resveratrol and Selenium on Oxidative Stress and Expression of Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Genes in Immortalized Lymphocytes from Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1764. [PMID: 31370365 PMCID: PMC6723840 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is involved in the pathophysiology of age-related ailments, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that the brain tissue and also lymphocytes from AD patients present increased oxidative stress compared to healthy controls (HCs). Here, we use lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from AD patients and HCs to investigate the role of resveratrol (RV) and selenium (Se) in the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated after an oxidative injury. We also studied whether these compounds elicited expression changes in genes involved in the antioxidant cell response and other aging-related mechanisms. AD LCLs showed higher ROS levels than those from HCs in response to H2O2 and FeSO4 oxidative insults. RV triggered a protective response against ROS under control and oxidizing conditions, whereas Se exerted antioxidant effects only in AD LCLs under oxidizing conditions. RV increased the expression of genes encoding known antioxidants (catalase, copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione S-transferase zeta 1) and anti-aging factors (sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3) in both AD and HC LCLs. Our findings support RV as a candidate for inducing resilience and protection against AD, and reinforce the value of LCLs as a feasible peripheral cell model for understanding the protective mechanisms of nutraceuticals against oxidative stress in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cosín-Tomàs
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Júlia Senserrich
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Arumí-Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquézar
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Tang M, Taghibiglou C. The Mechanisms of Action of Curcumin in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:1003-1016. [PMID: 28527218 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly. As the prevalence of AD rises in the 21st century, there is an urgent need for the development of effective pharmacotherapies. Currently, drug treatments target the symptoms of the disease and do not modify or halt the disease progress. Thus, natural compounds have been investigated for their ability to treat AD. This review examines the efficacy of curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric herb, to treat AD. We summarize the in vivo and in vitro research describing the mechanisms of action in which curcumin modifies AD pathology: curcumin inhibits the formation and promotes the disaggregation of amyloid-β plaques, attenuates the hyperphosphorylation of tau and enhances its clearance, binds copper, lowers cholesterol, modifies microglial activity, inhibits acetylcholinesterase, mediates the insulin signaling pathway, and is an antioxidant. In conclusion, curcumin has the potential to be more efficacious than current treatments. However, its usefulness as a therapeutic agent may be hindered by its low bioavailability. If the challenge of low bioavailability is overcome, curcumin-based medications for AD may be in the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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15
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Behzadfar L, Abdollahi M, Sabzevari O, Hosseini R, Salimi A, Naserzadeh P, Sharifzadeh M, Pourahmad J. Potentiating role of copper on spatial memory deficit induced by beta amyloid and evaluation of mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus of rats. Metallomics 2018. [PMID: 28644490 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that copper, a crucial element in normal brain function, plays an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, which is known as a neurodegenerative mitochondrial disorder. However, the precise mechanisms of its effects on cognitive and mitochondrial functions through the CNS have not been thoroughly recognized yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term (3-week) effects of copper sulfate (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 day-1) exposure on learning and memory as well as on mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of rats in the presence and absence of beta amyloid (1 μg μl-1 per side) intrahippocampally (IH). After three weeks of copper exposure through drinking water, acquisition and retention of spatial memory were measured by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Various parameters of mitochondrial function were also evaluated. Our data show that copper damaged the spatial learning and memory and also exacerbated the memory deficit induced by Aβ injection in rats in a dose-dependent manner. Mitochondria isolated from the hippocampus of rats treated with copper showed significant increases in ROS formation, mitochondrial swelling, lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation, outer membrane damage, and collapse of MMP, decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, and finally increased ADP/ATP ratios. Our results indicate that copper overloading in the hippocampus of rats causes mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent oxidative stress leading to cognitive impairment. This study also reveals that copper can potentiate Aβ deleterious effects on spatial memory and brain mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Behzadfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Bittner HJ, Guixà-González R, Hildebrand PW. Structural basis for the interaction of the beta-secretase with copper. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1105-1113. [PMID: 29391167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The β-secretase (BACE1) features a unique sulfur rich motif (M462xxxC466xxxM470xxxC474xxxC478) in its transmembrane helix (BACE1-TM) which is characteristic for proteins involved in copper ion storage and transport. While this motif has been shown to promote BACE1-TM trimerization and binding of copper ions in vitro, the structural basis for the interaction of copper ions with the BACE1-TM is still not well understood. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show that membrane embedded BACE1-TMs adopt a flexible trimeric structure that binds and conducts copper ions through variable coordination. In coarse-grained (CG) MD simulations, the spontaneous assembly of BACE1-TMs trimers results in a right-handed helix packing arrangement. In subsequent atomistic MD simulations the sulfur rich motif defines characteristic copper ion coordination sites along a constricted partially solvated axial pore. Sliding and tilting of BACE1-TMs along smooth A459xxxA463/464xxA467 surfaces, facilitated by a central P472 induced kink, enables copper ions to alternate between different coordination sites, including the prominent C466 and M470. We shed light into the structural arrangement of BACE1-TM trimers and propose a mechanism for copper ion conduction that might also apply to other proteins involved in metal ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Bittner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics {Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik}, AG ProteInFormatics, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics {Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik}, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ramon Guixà-González
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics {Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik}, AG ProteInFormatics, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics {Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik}, AG ProteInFormatics, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics {Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik}, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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GULP1/CED-6 ameliorates amyloid-β toxicity in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99274-99283. [PMID: 29245900 PMCID: PMC5725091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidogenic processing of APP by β- and γ-secretases leads to the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and the accumulation of Aβ in senile plaques is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Understanding the mechanisms of APP processing is therefore paramount. Increasing evidence suggests that APP intracellular domain (AICD) interacting proteins influence APP processing. In this study, we characterized the overexpression of AICD interactor GULP1 in a Drosophila AD model expressing human BACE and APP695. Transgenic GULP1 significantly lowered the levels of both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 without decreasing the BACE and APP695 levels. Overexpression of GULP1 also reduced APP/BACE-mediated retinal degeneration, rescued motor dysfunction and extended longevity of the flies. Our results indicate that GULP1 regulate APP processing and reduce neurotoxicity in a Drosophila AD model.
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18
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Liebsch F, Aurousseau MRP, Bethge T, McGuire H, Scolari S, Herrmann A, Blunck R, Bowie D, Multhaup G. Full-length cellular β-secretase has a trimeric subunit stoichiometry, and its sulfur-rich transmembrane interaction site modulates cytosolic copper compartmentalization. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28637867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-secretase (BACE1) initiates processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into Aβ peptides, which have been implicated as central players in the pathology of Alzheimer disease. BACE1 has been described as a copper-binding protein and its oligomeric state as being monomeric, dimeric, and/or multimeric, but the native cellular stoichiometry has remained elusive. Here, by using single-molecule fluorescence and in vitro cross-linking experiments with photo-activatable unnatural amino acids, we show that full-length BACE1, independently of its subcellular localization, exists as trimers in human cells. We found that trimerization requires the BACE1 transmembrane sequences (TMSs) and cytoplasmic domains, with residues Ala463 and Cys466 buried within the trimer interface of the sulfur-rich core of the TMSs. Our 3D model predicts that the sulfur-rich core of the trimeric BACE1 TMS is accessible to metal ions, but copper ions did not trigger trimerization. The results of functional assays of endogenous BACE1 suggest that it has a role in intracellular copper compartmentalization by transferring cytosolic copper to intracellular compartments, while leaving the overall cellular copper concentration unaltered. Adding to existing physiological models, our results provide novel insight into the atypical interactions between copper and BACE1 and into its non-enzymatic activities. In conclusion, therapeutic Alzheimer disease prevention strategies aimed at decreasing BACE1 protein levels should be regarded with caution, because adverse effects in copper homeostasis may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Liebsch
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Mark R P Aurousseau
- the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tobias Bethge
- the Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugo McGuire
- the Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada, and
| | - Silvia Scolari
- the Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- the Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rikard Blunck
- the Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada, and
| | - Derek Bowie
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada.,the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada, .,the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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19
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Öhrvik H, Aaseth J, Horn N. Orchestration of dynamic copper navigation – new and missing pieces. Metallomics 2017; 9:1204-1229. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A general principle in all cells in the body is that an essential metal – here copper – is taken up at the plasma membrane, directed through cellular compartments for use in specific enzymes and pathways, stored in specific scavenging molecules if in surplus, and finally expelled from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
- Norway
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20
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Krishnamoorthy L, Cotruvo JA, Chan J, Kaluarachchi H, Muchenditsi A, Pendyala VS, Jia S, Aron AT, Ackerman CM, Vander Wal MN, Guan T, Smaga LP, Farhi SL, New EJ, Lutsenko S, Chang CJ. Copper regulates cyclic-AMP-dependent lipolysis. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:586-92. [PMID: 27272565 PMCID: PMC4955676 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling relies extensively on dynamic pools of redox-inactive metal ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and zinc, but their redox-active transition metal counterparts such as copper and iron have been studied primarily as static enzyme cofactors. Here we report that copper is an endogenous regulator of lipolysis, the breakdown of fat, which is an essential process in maintaining body weight and energy stores. Using a mouse model of genetic copper misregulation, in combination with pharmacological alterations in copper status and imaging studies in a 3T3-L1 white adipocyte model, we found that copper regulates lipolysis at the level of the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), by altering the activity of the cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase PDE3B. Biochemical studies of the copper-PDE3B interaction establish copper-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity and identify a key conserved cysteine residue in a PDE3-specific loop that is essential for the observed copper-dependent lipolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Abigael Muchenditsi
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Shang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allegra T. Aron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cheri M. Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark N. Vander Wal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Timothy Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lukas P. Smaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samouil L. Farhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. New
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Kepp KP. Alzheimer's disease due to loss of function: A new synthesis of the available data. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:36-60. [PMID: 27327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical, cellular, and biochemical manifestations that are currently not understood in combination. This has led to many views of AD, e.g. the amyloid, tau, presenilin, oxidative stress, and metal hypotheses. The amyloid hypothesis has dominated the field with its assumption that buildup of pathogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide causes disease. This paradigm has been criticized, yet most data suggest that Aβ plays a key role in the disease. Here, a new loss-of-function hypothesis is synthesized that accounts for the anomalies of the amyloid hypothesis, e.g. the curious pathogenicity of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the loss of Aβ caused by presenilin mutation, the mixed phenotypes of APP mutations, the poor clinical-biochemical correlations for genetic variant carriers, and the failure of Aβ reducing drugs. The amyloid-loss view accounts for recent findings on the structure and chemical features of Aβ variants and their coupling to human patient data. The lost normal function of APP/Aβ is argued to be metal transport across neuronal membranes, a view with no apparent anomalies and substantially more explanatory power than the gain-of-function amyloid hypothesis. In the loss-of-function scenario, the central event of Aβ aggregation is interpreted as a loss of soluble, functional monomer Aβ rather than toxic overload of oligomers. Accordingly, new research models and treatment strategies should focus on remediation of the functional amyloid balance, rather than strict containment of Aβ, which, for reasons rationalized in this review, has failed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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22
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Hare DJ, Rembach A, Roberts BR. The Emerging Role of Metalloproteomics in Alzheimer's Disease Research. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:379-89. [PMID: 26235079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metals are increasingly recognized to have an important role in molecular processes underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). This chapter discusses the current role of metals in AD and expands on the development of metalloproteomics and how the recent advances in analytical technology will allow detailed investigation of metalloproteins. Investigation of individual metalloproteins will yield new mechanistic details about the role of metals in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Torres JB, Andreozzi EM, Dunn JT, Siddique M, Szanda I, Howlett DR, Sunassee K, Blowera PJ. PET Imaging of Copper Trafficking in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:109-14. [PMID: 26449834 PMCID: PMC6207347 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. The lack of reliable and objective diagnostic markers for AD hampers early disease detection and treatment. Growing evidence supports the existence of a dysregulation in brain copper trafficking in AD. The aim of this study was to investigate brain copper trafficking in a transgenic mouse model of AD by PET imaging with (64)Cu, to determine its potential as a diagnostic biomarker of the disorder. METHODS Brain copper trafficking was evaluated in 6- to 8-mo-old TASTPM transgenic mice and age-matched wild-type controls using the (64)Cu bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex (64)Cu-GTSM (glyoxalbis(N(4)-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II)), which crosses the blood-brain barrier and releases (64)Cu bioreductively into cells. Animals were intravenously injected with (64)Cu-GTSM and imaged at 0-30 min and 24-25 h after injection. The images were analyzed by atlas-based quantification and texture analysis. Regional distribution of (64)Cu in the brain 24 h after injection was also evaluated via ex vivo autoradiography and compared with amyloid-β plaque deposition in TASTPM mice. RESULTS Compared with controls, in TASTPM mice PET image analysis demonstrated significantly increased (by a factor of ~1.3) brain concentration of (64)Cu at 30 min (P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.05) after injection of the tracer and faster (by a factor of ~5) (64)Cu clearance from the brain (P < 0.01). Atlas-based quantification and texture analysis revealed significant differences in regional brain uptake of (64)Cu and PET image heterogeneity between the 2 groups of mice. Ex vivo autoradiography showed that regional brain distribution of (64)Cu at 24 h after injection did not correlate with amyloid-β plaque distribution in TASTPM mice. CONCLUSION The trafficking of (64)Cu in the brain after administration of (64)Cu-GTSM is significantly altered by AD-like pathology in the TASTPM mouse model, suggesting that (64)Cu-GTSM PET imaging warrants clinical evaluation as a diagnostic tool for AD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baguña Torres
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Erica M. Andreozzi
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joel T. Dunn
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Muhammad Siddique
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Istvan Szanda
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David R. Howlett
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kavitha Sunassee
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip J. Blowera
- King’s College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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24
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The effects of the cellular and infectious prion protein on the neuronal adaptor protein X11α. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2213-21. [PMID: 26297964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal adaptor protein X11α is a multidomain protein with a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, two PDZ (PSD_95, Drosophila disks-large, ZO-1) domains, a Munc Interacting (MI) domain and a CASK interacting region. Amongst its functions is a role in the regulation of the abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). It also regulates the activity of Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) through binding with its chaperone the copper chaperone for SOD1. How X11α production is controlled has remained unclear. METHODS Using the neuroblastoma cell line, N2a, and knockdown studies, the effect of the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), on X11α is examined. RESULTS We show that X11α expression is directly proportional to the expression of PrP(C), whereas its levels are reduced by PrP(Sc). We also show PrP(Sc) to affect X11α at a functional level. One of the effects of prion infection is lowered cellular SOD1 levels, here by knockdown of X11α we identify that the effect of PrP(Sc) on SOD1 can be reversed indicating that X11α is involved in prion disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS A role for the cellular and infectious prion protein, PrP(C) and PrP(Sc), respectively, in regulating X11α is identified in this work. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to the multiple interacting partners of X11α, dysfunction or alteration in X11α will have a significant cellular effect. This work highlights the role of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) in the regulation of X11α, and provides a new target pathway to control X11α and its related functions.
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Phosphorylation of FE65 Ser610 by serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 modulates Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein processing. Biochem J 2015; 470:303-17. [PMID: 26188042 PMCID: PMC4613528 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of FE65 Ser610 by serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) attenuates amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing via regulation of FE65–APP interaction. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting 36 million people worldwide. Genetic and biochemical research indicate that the excessive generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from amyloid precursor protein (APP), is a major part of AD pathogenesis. FE65 is a brain-enriched adaptor protein that binds to APP. However, the role of FE65 in APP processing and the mechanisms that regulate binding of FE65 to APP are not fully understood. In the present study, we show that serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) phosphorylates FE65 on Ser610 and that this phosphorylation attenuates FE65 binding to APP. We also show that FE65 promotes amyloidogenic processing of APP and that FE65 Ser610 phosphorylation inhibits this effect. Furthermore, we found that the effect of FE65 Ser610 phosphorylation on APP processing is linked to a role of FE65 in metabolic turnover of APP via the proteasome. Thus FE65 influences APP degradation via the proteasome and phosphorylation of FE65 Ser610 by SGK1 regulates binding of FE65 to APP, APP turnover and processing.
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26
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Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wong BX, Hung YH, Bush AI, Duce JA. Metals and cholesterol: two sides of the same coin in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:91. [PMID: 24860500 PMCID: PMC4030154 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. It begins years prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, such as memory loss and cognitive decline. Pathological hallmarks of AD include the accumulation of β-amyloid in plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Copper, iron, and zinc are abnormally accumulated and distributed in the aging brain. These metal ions can adversely contribute to the progression of AD. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has also been implicated in the development of AD pathology. To date, large bodies of research have been carried out independently to elucidate the role of metals or cholesterol on AD pathology. Interestingly, metals and cholesterol affect parallel molecular and biochemical pathways involved in AD pathology. The possible links between metal dyshomeostasis and altered brain cholesterol metabolism in AD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce X Wong
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, North Yorkshire, UK
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28
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Fehse S, Nowag S, Quadir M, Kim KS, Haag R, Multhaup G. Copper Transport Mediated by Nanocarrier Systems in a Blood–Brain Barrier In Vitro Model. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1910-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fehse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade
Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Building, Room 1325, Montreal, QC Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sabrina Nowag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine,
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 200 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade
Sir-William-Osler, McIntyre Building, Room 1325, Montreal, QC Canada H3G 1Y6
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29
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30
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Barnham KJ, Bush AI. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6727-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals are functionally essential, but redistribute in neurodegenerative disease where they induce protein aggregates, catalyze radical formation, and lose bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Melbourne
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31
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Munter LM, Sieg H, Bethge T, Liebsch F, Bierkandt FS, Schleeger M, Bittner HJ, Heberle J, Jakubowski N, Hildebrand PW, Multhaup G. Model Peptides Uncover the Role of the β-Secretase Transmembrane Sequence in Metal Ion Mediated Oligomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19354-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Munter
- Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, H3G 1Y6 Montreal, Canada
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bethge
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filip Liebsch
- Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, H3G 1Y6 Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank S. Bierkandt
- Division 1.1 “Inorganic
Trace Analysis”, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schleeger
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Bittner
- Institut für Medizinische
Physik und Biophysik, ProteInformatics Group, Charité, Charitéplatz
1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Division 1.1 “Inorganic
Trace Analysis”, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter W. Hildebrand
- Institut für Medizinische
Physik und Biophysik, ProteInformatics Group, Charité, Charitéplatz
1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, H3G 1Y6 Montreal, Canada
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Wang CY, Xie JW, Xu Y, Wang T, Cai JH, Wang X, Zhao BL, An L, Wang ZY. Trientine reduces BACE1 activity and mitigates amyloidosis via the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB pathway in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2024-39. [PMID: 23541064 PMCID: PMC3869419 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS There is mounting evidence that the transition metal copper may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trientine), a CuII-selective chelator, is a commonly used treatment for Wilson's disease to decrease accumulated copper, and thereby decreases oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a 3-month treatment course of trientine (Trien) on amyloidosis in 7-month-old β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic (Tg) AD model mice. RESULTS We observed that Trien reduced the level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and decreased Aβ deposition and synapse loss in brain of APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, we found that Trien blocked the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), downregulated β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), inhibited amyloidogenic APP cleavage, and subsequently reduced Aβ levels. In vitro, in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing Swedish mutant APP, Trien-mediated downregulation of BACE1 occurred via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. INNOVATION In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that Trien inhibited amyloidogenic pathway including targeting the downregulation of RAGE and NF-κB. CONCLUSION Trien might mitigate amyloidosis in AD by inhibiting the RAGE/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway. Our study demonstrates that Trien may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the intervention and treatment of AD and other AD-like pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Pathophysiology, China Medical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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33
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Spectroscopic characterization of copper(I) binding to apo and metal-reconstituted zinc finger peptides. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Hung YH, Bush AI, La Fontaine S. Links between copper and cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:111. [PMID: 23720634 PMCID: PMC3655288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered copper homeostasis and hypercholesterolemia have been identified independently as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormal copper and cholesterol metabolism are implicated in the genesis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are two key pathological signatures of AD. Amyloidogenic processing of a sub-population of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that produces Aβ occurs in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in copper deficient AD brains. Co-localization of Aβ and a paradoxical high concentration of copper in lipid rafts fosters the formation of neurotoxic Aβ:copper complexes. These complexes can catalytically oxidize cholesterol to generate H2O2, oxysterols and other lipid peroxidation products that accumulate in brains of AD cases and transgenic mouse models. Tau, the core protein component of NFTs, is sensitive to interactions with copper and cholesterol, which trigger a cascade of hyperphosphorylation and aggregation preceding the generation of NFTs. Here we present an overview of copper and cholesterol metabolism in the brain, and how their integrated failure contributes to development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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35
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Kim DK, Song JW, Park JD, Choi BS. Copper induces the accumulation of amyloid-beta in the brain. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Greenough MA, Camakaris J, Bush AI. Metal dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:540-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Allen S, Badarau A, Dennison C. The influence of protein folding on the copper affinities of trafficking and target sites. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3233-9. [PMID: 23169585 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The relative influence of protein unfolding on the Cu(I) affinity of trafficking and target sites for copper has been determined. For the copper metallochaperone Atx1 from Synechocystis PCC 6803 (a cyanobacterium), Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans unfolding in urea results in a decrease in the Cu(I) affinity from (4-5) × 10(17) M(-1) to (1-3) × 10(16) M(-1) at pH 7. The affinities of the unfolded Atx1s are similar to those for CXXC-containing peptides. Partial unfolding, due to the loop 5 His61Lys mutation in Synechocystis Atx1, gives rise to a more limited decrease in Cu(I) affinity. For the copper target protein plastocyanin from Synechocystis, chemical unfolding results in the Cu(I) affinity decreasing by 5-orders of magnitude. This differential influence of protein unfolding on Cu(I) affinity is due to a more complex copper site structure in the target protein, including numerous interactions of non-coordinating residues with ligating amino acids. This second-coordination sphere is much simpler in the Atx1s with the main interaction provided by the loop 5 residue that tunes the Cu(I) affinity by altering the pK(a) of the C-terminal Cys ligand of the CXXC motif. This interaction and others are absent in the unfolded Atx1s and the two Cys ligands have pK(a) values reminiscent of free thiols (>8) resulting in lowered Cu(I) affinities at pH 7. Residues close to the active site of the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase thioredoxin appear to lower the Cu(I) affinity of its CXXC motif to 3.1 × 10(15) M(-1) at pH 7, presumably to prevent copper binding in vivo. The structure of a copper site, including the number and relative position of ligands in the primary structure and the complexity of the second-coordination sphere, results in dramatically different effects of unfolding on Cu(I) affinity that has important implications for copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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38
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Manso Y, Carrasco J, Comes G, Meloni G, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Vašák M, Hidalgo J. Characterization of the role of metallothionein-3 in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3683-700. [PMID: 22722772 PMCID: PMC11114720 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the dementias, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most commonly diagnosed, but there are still no effective drugs available for its treatment. It has been suggested that metallothionein-3 (MT-3) could be somehow involved in the etiology of AD, and in fact very promising results have been found in in vitro studies, but the role of MT-3 in vivo needs further analysis. In this study, we analyzed the role of MT-3 in a mouse model of AD, Tg2576 mice, which overexpress human Amyloid Precursor Protein (hAPP) with the Swedish mutation. MT-3 deficiency partially rescued the APP-induced mortality of females, and mildly affected APP-induced changes in behavior assessed in the hole-board and plus-maze tests in a gender-dependent manner. Amyloid plaque burden and/or hAPP expression were decreased in the cortex and hippocampus of MT-3-deficient females. Interestingly, exogenously administered Zn(7)MT-3 increased soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 and amyloid plaques and gliosis, particularly in the cortex, and changed several behavioral traits (increased deambulation and exploration and decreased anxiety). These results highlight that the control of the endogenous production and/or action of MT-3 could represent a powerful therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Manso
- Unidad de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Unidad de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Unidad de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Present Address: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Synaptic Neurobiology Laboratory, The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Milan Vašák
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Unidad de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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40
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McHugh PC, Wright JA, Williams RJ, Brown DR. Prion protein expression alters APP cleavage without interaction with BACE-1. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:672-80. [PMID: 22796214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) and the beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) are both copper binding proteins, but are associated with two separate neurodegenerative diseases. The role of BACE-1 in the formation of beta-amyloid has made it a major target in attempts to reduce the formation of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's diseases. However, the suggestion that PrP, normally associated with prion diseases, binds to BACE-1 and reduces its activity has led to the suggestion that the study of this interaction could be of considerable importance to Alzheimer's disease. We therefore undertook to investigate the possible interaction of these two proteins physically and at the level of transcription, translation and APP cleavage. Our findings suggest that mature PrP and BACE-1 do not physically interact, but that altered PrP expression results in altered BACE-1 protein expression and promoter activity. Additionally, overexpression of PrP results in increased cleavage of APP in contrast to previous datas suggesting a reduction. Our findings suggest that any relation between PrP and BACE-1 is indirect. Altered expression of PrP causes changes in the expression of many other proteins which may be as a result of altered copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C McHugh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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41
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Steuble M, Diep TM, Schätzle P, Ludwig A, Tagaya M, Kunz B, Sonderegger P. Calsyntenin-1 shelters APP from proteolytic processing during anterograde axonal transport. Biol Open 2012; 1:761-74. [PMID: 23213470 PMCID: PMC3507217 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is thought to represent the major source of substrate for the production of the amyloidogenic Aβ peptide by the β-secretase BACE1. The irreversible nature of proteolytic cleavage implies the existence of an efficient replenishment route for APP from its sites of synthesis to the cell surface. We recently found that APP exits the trans-Golgi network in intimate association with calsyntenin-1, a transmembrane cargo-docking protein for Kinesin-1-mediated vesicular transport. Here we characterized the function of calsyntenin-1 in neuronal APP transport using selective immunoisolation of intracellular trafficking organelles, immunocytochemistry, live-imaging, and RNAi. We found that APP is co-transported with calsyntenin-1 along axons to early endosomes in the central region of growth cones in carriers that exclude the α-secretase ADAM10. Intriguingly, calsyntenin-1/APP organelles contained BACE1, suggesting premature cleavage of APP along its anterograde path. However, we found that APP contained in calsyntenin-1/APP organelles was stable. We further analyzed vesicular trafficking of APP in cultured hippocampal neurons, in which calsyntenin-1 was reduced by RNAi. We found a markedly increased co-localization of APP and ADAM10 in axons and growth cones, along with increased proteolytic processing of APP and Aβ secretion in these neurons. This suggested that the reduced capacity for calsyntenin-1-dependent APP transport resulted in mis-sorting of APP into additional axonal carriers and, therefore, the premature encounter of unprotected APP with its ectodomain proteases. In combination, our results characterize calsyntenin-1/APP organelles as carriers for sheltered anterograde axonal transport of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steuble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
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42
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Stimulation of the amyloidogenic pathway by cytoplasmic superoxide radicals in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1098-103. [PMID: 22790929 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer as an intermediate of aggregates causes memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have suggested that oxidative stress plays an important role in Aβ oligomerization and cognitive impairment using a human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic AD mice lacking cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (hAPP/Sod1-/-). Recently, clinical trials revealed inhibitors of Aβ production from hAPP as promising therapeutics, but the relationship between oxidative stress and Aβ metabolism remains unclear. Here we found that Sod1 deficiency enhanced β-cleavage of hAPP, suggesting that it increased Aβ production in hAPP/Sod1-/- mice. In contrast, Aβ degradation did not decrease in hAPP/Sod1-/- as compared with hAPP/Sod1+/+ mice. Furthermore, we successfully detected in situ superoxide radicals associated with increased protein carbonylation in hAPP/Sod1-/-. These results suggest that cytoplasmic oxidative stress is involved in Aβ production as well as aggregation during AD progression.
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43
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Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Qian Y. ER chaperone–metal interactions: Links to protein folding disorders. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:545-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Allen S, Badarau A, Dennison C. Cu(I) affinities of the domain 1 and 3 sites in the human metallochaperone for Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1439-48. [PMID: 22320662 DOI: 10.1021/bi201370r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of copper by the human metallochaperone CCS is a key step in the activation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). CCS is a three-domain protein with Cu(I)-binding CXXC and CXC motifs in domains 1 and 3, respectively. A detailed analysis of the binding of copper to CCS, including variants in which the Cys residues from domains 1 and 3 have been mutated to Ser, and also using separate domain 1 and 3 constructs, demonstrates that CCS is able to bind 1 equiv of Cu(I) in both of these domains. The Cu(I) affinity of domain 1 is approximately 5 × 10(17) M(-1) at pH 7.5, while that of domain 3 is at least 1 order of magnitude weaker. The CXXC site will therefore be preferentially loaded with Cu(I), suggesting that domain 1 plays a role in the acquisition of the metal. The delivery of copper to the target occurs via domain 3 whose structural flexibility and ability to be transiently metalated during copper delivery appear to be more important than the Cu(I) affinity of its CXC motif. The Cu(I) affinity of domain 1 of CCS is comparable to that of HAH1, another cytosolic copper metallochaperone. CCS and HAH1 readily exchange Cu(I), providing a mechanism whereby cross-talk can occur between copper trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Murakami K, Murata N, Noda Y, Tahara S, Kaneko T, Kinoshita N, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Barnham KJ, Irie K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T. SOD1 (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) deficiency drives amyloid β protein oligomerization and memory loss in mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44557-68. [PMID: 22072713 PMCID: PMC3247976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers cause cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the relationship between oligomers, oxidative stress, and their localization during disease progression is uncertain. Our previous study demonstrated that mice deficient in cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD, SOD1) have features of drusen formation, a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (Imamura, Y., Noda, S., Hashizume, K., Shinoda, K., Yamaguchi, M., Uchiyama, S., Shimizu, T., Mizushima, Y., Shirasawa, T., and Tsubota, K. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 11282-11287). Amyloid assembly has been implicated as a common mechanism of plaque and drusen formation. Here, we show that Sod1 deficiency in an amyloid precursor protein-overexpressing mouse model (AD mouse, Tg2576) accelerated Aβ oligomerization and memory impairment as compared with control AD mouse and that these phenomena were basically mediated by oxidative damage. The increased plaque and neuronal inflammation were accompanied by the generation of N(ε)-carboxymethyl lysine in advanced glycation end products, a rapid marker of oxidative damage, induced by Sod1 gene-dependent reduction. The Sod1 deletion also caused Tau phosphorylation and the lower levels of synaptophysin. Furthermore, the levels of SOD1 were significantly decreased in human AD patients rather than non-AD age-matched individuals, but mitochondrial SOD (Mn-SOD, SOD2) and extracellular SOD (CuZn-SOD, SOD3) were not. These findings suggest that cytoplasmic superoxide radical plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Activation of Sod1 may be a therapeutic strategy for the inhibition of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- From Molecular Gerontology
- the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nakaba Murata
- From Molecular Gerontology
- Applied Biological Chemistry, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- the Department of Pathology, Bio21 Molecular and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- the Department of Aging Control Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- From Molecular Gerontology
- Applied Biological Chemistry, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Roberts BR, Ryan TM, Bush AI, Masters CL, Duce JA. The role of metallobiology and amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:149-166. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kaden D, Bush AI, Danzeisen R, Bayer TA, Multhaup G. Disturbed copper bioavailability in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:345614. [PMID: 22145082 PMCID: PMC3227474 DOI: 10.4061/2011/345614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data from in vitro, animal, and human studies have shed new light on the positive roles of copper in many aspects of AD. Copper promotes the non-amyloidogenic processing of APP and thereby lowers the Aβ production in cell culture systems, and it increases lifetime and decreases soluble amyloid production in APP transgenic mice. In a clinical trial with Alzheimer patients, the decline of Aβ levels in CSF, which is a diagnostic marker, is diminished in the verum group (8 mg copper/day), indicating a beneficial effect of the copper treatment. These observations are in line with the benefit of treatment with compounds aimed at normalizing metal levels in the brain, such as PBT2. The data reviewed here demonstrate that there is an apparent disturbance in metal homeostasis in AD. More research is urgently needed to understand how this disturbance can be addressed therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kaden
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hua H, Münter L, Harmeier A, Georgiev O, Multhaup G, Schaffner W. Toxicity of Alzheimer's disease-associated Aβ peptide is ameliorated in a Drosophila model by tight control of zinc and copper availability. Biol Chem 2011; 392:919-26. [PMID: 21801085 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques consisting of aggregated Aβ peptide are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Among the different forms of Aβ, the one of 42aa length (Aβ42) is most aggregation-prone and also the most neurotoxic. We find that eye-specific expression of human Aβ42 in Drosophila results in a degeneration of eye structures that progresses with age. Dietary supplements of zinc or copper ions exacerbate eye damage. Positive effects are seen with zinc/copper chelators, or with elevated expression of MTF-1, a transcription factor with a key role in metal homeostasis and detoxification, or with human or fly transgenes encoding metallothioneins, metal scavenger proteins. These results show that a tight control of zinc and copper availability can minimize cellular damage associated with Aβ42 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Hua
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Duce JA, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Role of amyloid-β–metal interactions in Alzheimer’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an evolving field of metallobiology that has begun to describe a key role for bioavailable metals (particularly copper, zinc and iron) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, there is an apparent failure in metal ion homeostasis, potentially caused by a pathological mislocalization of the metals in the brain, which appears to be an obligatory step in both the precipitation and potentiation of the disease. A number of both preclinical and clinical studies have also provided a strong burden of proof that normalizing metal ion homeostasis represents a valid therapeutic target, and may indeed represent the first disease-modifying strategy for AD. The role of metals in the pathophysiology of AD will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Duce
- The Mental Health Research Institute, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Center for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Mental Health Research Institute, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Cole SL, Vassar R. The Basic Biology of BACE1: A Key Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:509-30. [PMID: 19415126 PMCID: PMC2647160 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783769512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an intractable, neurodegenerative disease that appears to be brought about by both genetic and non-genetic factors. The neuropathology associated with AD is complex, although amyloid plaques composed of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) are hallmark neuropathological lesions of AD brain. Indeed, Aβ plays an early and central role in this disease. β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the initiating enzyme in Aβ genesis and BACE1 levels are elevated under a variety of conditions. Given the strong correlation between Aβ and AD, and the elevation of BACE1 in this disease, this enzyme is a prime drug target for inhibiting Aβ production in AD. However, nine years on from the initial identification of BACE1, and despite intense research, a number of key questions regarding BACE1 remain unanswered. Indeed, drug discovery and development for AD continues to be challenging. While current AD therapies temporarily slow cognitive decline, treatments that address the underlying pathologic mechanisms of AD are completely lacking. Here we review the basic biology of BACE1. We pay special attention to recent research that has provided some answers to questions such as those involving the identification of novel BACE1 substrates, the potential causes of BACE1 elevation and the putative function of BACE1 in health and disease. Our increasing understanding of BACE1 biology should aid the development of compounds that interfere with BACE1 expression and activity and may lead to the generation of novel therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Cole
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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