1
|
Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chi H, Tian G. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38877498 PMCID: PMC11177389 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious brain disorder characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The presence of chronic neuroinflammation, breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and increased levels of inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of AD. These factors promote the penetration of immune cells into the brain, potentially exacerbating clinical symptoms and neuronal death in AD patients. While microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in AD, recent evidence suggests the infiltration of cerebral vessels and parenchyma by peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in AD. These cells participate in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, which is expected to play a huge role in future immunotherapy. Given the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in AD, this article seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of their contributions to neuroinflammation in the disease. Understanding the role of these cells in the neuroinflammatory response is vital for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gericke C, Kirabali T, Flury R, Mallone A, Rickenbach C, Kulic L, Tosevski V, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Treyer V, Ferretti MT, Gietl A. Early β-amyloid accumulation in the brain is associated with peripheral T cell alterations. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5642-5662. [PMID: 37314431 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fast and minimally invasive approaches for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are highly anticipated. Evidence of adaptive immune cells responding to cerebral β-amyloidosis has raised the question of whether immune markers could be used as proxies for β-amyloid accumulation in the brain. METHODS Here, we apply multidimensional mass-cytometry combined with unbiased machine-learning techniques to immunophenotype peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a total of 251 participants in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. RESULTS We show that increases in antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells in the blood, particularly CD45RA-reactivated T effector memory (TEMRA) cells, are associated with early accumulation of brain β-amyloid and with changes in plasma AD biomarkers in still cognitively healthy subjects. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that preclinical AD pathology is linked to systemic alterations of the adaptive immune system. These immunophenotype changes may help identify and develop novel diagnostic tools for early AD assessment and better understand clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gericke
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Tunahan Kirabali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roman Flury
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Mallone
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Rickenbach
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Luka Kulic
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinko Tosevski
- Mass Cytometry Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Center for Prevention and Dementia Therapy, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Neurimmune AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Neurimmune AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Center for Prevention and Dementia Therapy, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Ferretti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland
| | - Anton Gietl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine - IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Center for Prevention and Dementia Therapy, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Loeffler DA. Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Brain Amyloid-β: Mechanisms of Action, Effects of Natural and Monoclonal Anti-Aβ Antibodies, and Downstream Effects. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:873-899. [PMID: 37662616 PMCID: PMC10473157 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic efforts to slow the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by lowering brain amyloid-β (Aβ) have included Aβ vaccination, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products, and anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies. Neither Aβ vaccination nor IVIG slowed disease progression. Despite conflicting phase III results, the monoclonal antibody Aducanumab received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of AD in June 2021. The only treatments unequivocally demonstrated to slow AD progression to date are the monoclonal antibodies Lecanemab and Donanemab. Lecanemab received FDA approval in January 2023 based on phase II results showing lowering of PET-detectable Aβ; phase III results released at that time indicated slowing of disease progression. Topline results released in May 2023 for Donanemab's phase III trial revealed that primary and secondary end points had been met. Antibody binding to Aβ facilitates its clearance from the brain via multiple mechanisms including promoting its microglial phagocytosis, activating complement, dissolving fibrillar Aβ, and binding of antibody-Aβ complexes to blood-brain barrier receptors. Antibody binding to Aβ in peripheral blood may also promote cerebral efflux of Aβ by a peripheral sink mechanism. According to the amyloid hypothesis, for Aβ targeting to slow AD progression, it must decrease downstream neuropathological processes including tau aggregation and phosphorylation and (possibly) inflammation and oxidative stress. This review discusses antibody-mediated mechanisms of Aβ clearance, findings in AD trials involving Aβ vaccination, IVIG, and anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies, downstream effects reported in those trials, and approaches which might improve the Aβ-clearing ability of monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Corewell Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder with multifaceted neuropathological features, including β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has implicated both beneficial and pathological roles for innate immune genes and immune cells, including peripheral immune cells such as T cells, which can infiltrate the brain and either ameliorate or exacerbate AD neuropathogenesis. These findings support a neuroimmune axis of AD, in which the interplay of adaptive and innate immune systems inside and outside the brain critically impacts the etiology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we discuss the complexities of AD neuropathology at the levels of genetics and cellular physiology, highlighting immune signaling pathways and genes associated with AD risk and interactions among both innate and adaptive immune cells in the AD brain. We emphasize the role of peripheral immune cells in AD and the mechanisms by which immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes, influence AD neuropathology, including microglial clearance of amyloid-β peptide, the key component of β-amyloid plaque cores, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of microglia, astrogliosis, and their interactions with the brain vasculature. Finally, we review the challenges and outlook for establishing immune-based therapies for treating and preventing AD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu GY, Liu YH, Zeng XQ, Chen DW, Zeng GH, Fan DY, Liu YH, Wang YJ. The Diagnostic Potential of Circulating Autoantibodies to Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:537-546. [PMID: 37334604 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The profile of naturally occurring antibodies to amyloid-β (NAbs-Aβ) is altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the diagnostic potential of NAbs-Aβ for AD is not clear yet. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the diagnostic capacities of NAbs-Aβ for AD. METHODS A total of 40 AD patients and 40 cognitively normal (CN) controls were enrolled in this study. Levels of NAbs-Aβ were detected by ELISA. The correlations of NAbs-Aβ levels with cognitive function and AD-associated biomarkers were examined by Spearman correlation analysis. Diagnostic abilities of NAbs-Aβ were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The integrative diagnostic models were established by logistic regression models. RESULTS We found that NAbs-Aβ7-18 had the highest diagnostic capability (AUC = 0.72) among all single NAbs-Aβ. The combined model (NAbs-Aβ7-18, NAbs-Aβ19-30, and NAbs-Aβ25-36) had a noticeable improvement (AUC = 0.84) in the diagnostic capacity compared with each single NAbs-Aβ. CONCLUSION NAbs-Aβs are promising in the diagnosis of AD. Further investigations are needed to confirm the translational potential of this diagnostic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Xu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Wan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Hua Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Brain Disease, Chongqing, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kocurova G, Ricny J, Ovsepian SV. Autoantibodies targeting neuronal proteins as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Theranostics 2022; 12:3045-3056. [PMID: 35547759 PMCID: PMC9065204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are associated with the accumulation of a range of misfolded proteins across the central nervous system and related autoimmune responses, including the generation of antibodies and the activation of immune cells. Both innate and adaptive immunity become mobilized, leading to cellular and humoral effects. The role of humoral immunity in disease onset and progression remains to be elucidated with rising evidence suggestive of positive (protection, repair) and negative (injury, toxicity) outcomes. In this study, we review advances in research of neuron-targeting autoantibodies in the most prevalent NDDs. We discuss their biological origin, molecular diversity and changes in the course of diseases, consider their relevance to the initiation and progression of pathology as well as diagnostic and prognostic significance. It is suggested that the emerging autoimmune aspects of NDDs not only could facilitate the early detection but also might help to elucidate previously unknown facets of pathobiology with relevance to the development of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kocurova
- Experimental Neurobiology Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ricny
- Experimental Neurobiology Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ning S, Jorfi M, Patel SR, Kim DY, Tanzi RE. Neurotechnological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:854992. [PMID: 35401082 PMCID: PMC8989850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.854992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, clinically defined by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically, by brain atrophy, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Neurotechnological approaches, including optogenetics and deep brain stimulation, have exploded as new tools for not only the study of the brain but also for application in the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we review the current state of AD therapeutics and recent advancements in both invasive and non-invasive neurotechnologies that can be used to ameliorate AD pathology, including neurostimulation via optogenetics, photobiomodulation, electrical stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, and magnetic neurostimulation, as well as nanotechnologies employing nanovectors, magnetic nanoparticles, and quantum dots. We also discuss the current challenges in developing these neurotechnological tools and the prospects for implementing them in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ning
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehdi Jorfi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Jorfi,
| | - Shaun R. Patel
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Rudolph E. Tanzi,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lichlyter DA, Krumm ZA, Golde TA, Doré S. Role of CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in stroke: revisiting temporal considerations and targeting a new generation of therapeutics. FEBS J 2022; 290:1986-2010. [PMID: 35108458 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic neurovascular stroke represents a leading cause of death in the developed world. Preclinical and human epidemiological evidence implicates the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides as mediators of acute neurovascular injury pathology. Preclinical investigations of the role of CRF, CRF receptors and CRF-dependent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have pointed toward a tissue-specific and temporal relationship between activation of these pathways and physiological outcomes. Based on the literature, the major phases of ischaemic stroke aetiology may be separated into an acute phase in which CRF and anti-inflammatory stress signalling are beneficial and a chronic phase in which these contribute to neural degeneration, toxicity and apoptotic signalling. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the pathway, temporality and systemic impact of CRF signalling and stress biology in neurovascular injury progression. Heterogeneity among experimental designs poses a challenge to defining the apparent reciprocal relationship between neurological injury and stress metabolism. Despite these challenges, it is our opinion that the elucidated temporality may be best matched with an antibody against CRF with a half-life of days to weeks as opposed to minutes to hours as with small-molecule CRF receptor antagonists. This state-of-the-art review will take a multipronged approach to explore the expected potential benefit of a CRF antibody by modulating CRF and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 signalling, glucocorticoids and autonomic nervous system activity. Additionally, this review compares the modulation of CRF and HPA axis activity in neuropsychiatric diseases and their counterpart outcomes post-stroke and assess lessons learned from antibody therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lichlyter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Krumm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd A Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi M, Chu F, Tian X, Aerqin Q, Zhu F, Zhu J. Role of Adaptive Immune and Impacts of Risk Factors on Adaptive Immune in Alzheimer's Disease: Are Immunotherapies Effective or Off-Target? Neuroscientist 2021; 28:254-270. [PMID: 33530843 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420987224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex. Still it remains unclear, which resulted in all efforts for AD treatments with targeting the pathogenic factors unsuccessful over past decades. It has been evidenced that the innate immune is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the role of adaptive immune in AD remains mostly unknown and the results obtained were controversial. In the review, we summarized recent studies and showed that the molecular and cellular alterations in AD patients and its animal models involving T cells and B cells as well as immune mediators of adaptive immune occur not only in the peripheral blood but also in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid. The risk factors that cause AD contribute to AD progress by affecting the adaptive immune, indicating that adaptive immunity proposes a pivotal role in this disease. It may provide a possible basis for applying immunotherapy in AD and further investigates whether the immunotherapies are effective or off-target?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Shi
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fengna Chu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoping Tian
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaolifan Aerqin
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu YH, Wang J, Li QX, Fowler CJ, Zeng F, Deng J, Xu ZQ, Zhou HD, Doecke JD, Villemagne VL, Lim YY, Masters CL, Wang YJ. Association of naturally occurring antibodies to β-amyloid with cognitive decline and cerebral amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabb0457. [PMID: 33523832 PMCID: PMC7775771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathological relevance of naturally occurring antibodies to β-amyloid (NAbs-Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate their levels and associations with Aβ burden and cognitive decline in AD in a cross-sectional cohort from China and a longitudinal cohort from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. NAbs-Aβ levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were tested according to their epitopes. Levels of NAbs targeting the amino terminus of Aβ increased, and those targeting the mid-domain of Aβ decreased in both CSF and plasma in AD patients. Higher plasma levels of NAbs targeting the amino terminus of Aβ and lower plasma levels of NAbs targeting the mid-domain of Aβ were associated with higher brain amyloidosis at baseline and faster cognitive decline during follow-up. Our findings suggest a dynamic response of the adaptive immune system in the progression of AD and are relevant to current passive immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - James D Doecke
- The Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li XW, Li XX, Liu QS, Cheng Y. Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Autoantibody to Aβ Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: a Meta-Analysis Study. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Brinkmalm G, Hong W, Wang Z, Liu W, O'Malley TT, Sun X, Frosch MP, Selkoe DJ, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Walsh DM. Identification of neurotoxic cross-linked amyloid-β dimers in the Alzheimer's brain. Brain 2020; 142:1441-1457. [PMID: 31032851 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of canonical amyloid-β-protein was elucidated more than 30 years ago, yet the forms of amyloid-β that play a role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Studies of Alzheimer's disease brain extracts suggest that amyloid-β, which migrates on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of ∼7 kDa (7kDa-Aβ), is particularly toxic; however, the nature of this species has been controversial. Using sophisticated mass spectrometry and sensitive assays of disease-relevant toxicity we show that brain-derived bioactive 7kDa-Aβ contains a heterogeneous mixture of covalently cross-linked dimers in the absence of any other detectable proteins. The identification of amyloid-β dimers may open a new phase of Alzheimer's research and allow a better understanding of Alzheimer's disease, and how to monitor and treat this devastating disorder. Future studies investigating the bioactivity of individual dimers cross-linked at known sites will be critical to this effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chantran Y, Capron J, Alamowitch S, Aucouturier P. Anti-Aβ Antibodies and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Complications. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1534. [PMID: 31333665 PMCID: PMC6620823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) corresponds to the deposition of amyloid material in the cerebral vasculature, leading to structural modifications of blood vessel walls. The most frequent form of sporadic CAA involves fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposits, mainly the 40 amino acid form (Aβ1-40), which are commonly found in the elderly with or without Alzheimer's disease. Sporadic CAA usually remains clinically silent. However, in some cases, acute complications either hemorrhagic or inflammatory can occur. Similar complications occurred after active or passive immunization against Aβ in experimental animal models exhibiting CAA, and in subjects with Alzheimer's disease during clinical trials. The triggering of these adverse events by active immunization and monoclonal antibody administration in CAA-bearing individuals suggests that analogous mechanisms could be involved during spontaneous CAA complications, drawing particular attention to the role of anti-Aβ antibodies. However, antibodies that react with several monomeric and aggregated forms of Aβ spontaneously occur in virtually all human individuals, hence being part of the "natural antibody" repertoire. Natural antibodies are usually described as having low-affinity and high cross-reactivity toward microbial components and autoantigens. Although frequently of the IgM class, they also belong to IgG and IgA isotypes. They likely display homeostatic functions and protective roles in aging. Until recently, the peculiar properties of these natural antibodies have hindered proper analysis of the Aβ-reactive antibody repertoire and the study of their implication in CAA complications. Herein, we review and comment the evidences of an auto-immune nature of spontaneous CAA complications, and discuss implications for forthcoming research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Chantran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean Capron
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Alamowitch
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Aucouturier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMRS 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao W, Zheng H. Peripheral immune system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:51. [PMID: 30285785 PMCID: PMC6169078 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an urgent public health mandate. AD is no longer considered a neural-centric disease; rather, a plethora of recent studies strongly implicate a critical role played by neuroinflammation in the pathogeneses of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. A close functional connection between the immune system and central nervous system is increasingly recognized. In late-onset AD, aging represents the most significant risk factor. Here, from an immunological perspective, we summarize the prominent molecular and cellular changes in the periphery of aging individuals and AD patients. Moreover, we review the knowledge gained in the past several years that implicate specific arms of the peripheral immune system and other types of immune responses in modulating AD progression. Taken together, these findings collectively emphasize a dynamic role of a concert of brain-extrinsic, peripheral signals in the aging and degenerative processes in the CNS. We believe that a systematic view synthesizing the vast amounts of existing results will help guide the development of next-generation therapeutics and inform future directions of AD investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kantarci A, Aytan N, Palaska I, Stephens D, Crabtree L, Benincasa C, Jenkins BG, Carreras I, Dedeoglu A. Combined administration of resolvin E1 and lipoxin A4 resolves inflammation in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 300:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
O'Malley TT, Linse S, Walsh DM. Production and Use of Recombinant Aβ for Aggregation Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1777:307-320. [PMID: 29744844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7811-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and there is great interest in understanding the process of Aβ aggregation, its underlying mechanism and the species generated during aggregation and their biological activity. Although Aβ has been studied for more than 30 years, analysis of its aggregation has been hampered by structural and chemical impurities. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the expression and purification of chemically and structurally homogeneous Aβ monomer. We also describe a method to produce covalent Aβ dimers linked by phenolic coupling of tyrosine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Williams D, Griffin J, Saito T, Saido TC, Fraser PE, Rogaeva E, Schmitt-Ulms G. Time-course global proteome analyses reveal an inverse correlation between Aβ burden and immunoglobulin M levels in the APPNL-F mouse model of Alzheimer disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182844. [PMID: 28832675 PMCID: PMC5568403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) stands out amongst highly prevalent diseases because there is no effective treatment nor can the disease be reliably diagnosed at an early stage. A hallmark of AD is the accumulation of aggregation-prone amyloid β peptides (Aβ), the main constituent of amyloid plaques. To identify Aβ-dependent changes to the global proteome we used the recently introduced APPNL-F mouse model of AD, which faithfully recapitulates the Aβ pathology of the disease, and a workflow that interrogated the brain proteome of these mice by quantitative mass spectrometry at three different ages. The elevated Aβ burden in these mice was observed to cause almost no changes to steady-state protein levels of the most abundant >2,500 brain proteins, including 12 proteins encoded by well-confirmed AD risk loci. The notable exception was a striking reduction in immunoglobulin heavy mu chain (IGHM) protein levels in homozygote APPNL-F/NL-F mice, relative to APPNL-F/wt littermates. Follow-up experiments revealed that IGHM levels generally increase with age in this model. Although discovered with brain samples, the relative IGHM depletion in APPNL-F/NL-F mice was validated to manifest systemically in the blood, and did not extend to other blood proteins, including immunoglobulin G. Results presented are consistent with a cause-effect relationship between the excessive accumulation of Aβ and the selective depletion of IGHM levels, which may be of relevance for understanding the etiology of the disease and ongoing efforts to devise blood-based AD diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Griffin
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Paul E. Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
O'Malley TT, Witbold WM, Linse S, Walsh DM. The Aggregation Paths and Products of Aβ42 Dimers Are Distinct from Those of the Aβ42 Monomer. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6150-6161. [PMID: 27750419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain that contain what appear to be sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable amyloid β-protein (Aβ) dimers potently block LTP and impair memory consolidation. Brain-derived dimers can be physically separated the Aβ monomer, consist primarily of Aβ42, and resist denaturation by chaotropic agents. In nature, covalently cross-linked Aβ dimers could be generated in two ways: by the formation of a dityrosine (DiY) or an isopeptide ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (Q-K) bond. We enzymatically cross-linked recombinant Aβ42 monomer to produce DiY and Q-K dimers and then used a range of biophysical methods to study their aggregation. Both Q-K and DiY dimers aggregate to form soluble assemblies distinct from the fibrillar aggregates formed by the Aβ monomer. The results suggest that the cross-links disfavor fibril formation from Aβ dimers, thereby enhancing the concentration of soluble aggregates akin to those in aqueous extracts of AD brain. Thus, it seems that Aβ dimers may play an important role in determining the formation of soluble rather than insoluble aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - William M Witbold
- Wyatt Technology Corporation , 18 Commerce Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University , PO Box 124, SE221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kleinschmidt M, Schoenfeld R, Göttlich C, Bittner D, Metzner JE, Leplow B, Demuth HU. Characterizing Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia with Blood-Based Biomarkers and Neuropsychology. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:111-26. [PMID: 26639953 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is initiated at a stage where the brain already has irreversible structural deteriorations. Therefore, the concept of treatment prior to obvious cognitive deficits has become widely accepted, and simple biochemical tests to discriminate normal aging from prodromal or demented stages are now common practice. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was the differentiation of controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients by novel blood-based assays in combination with neuropsychological tests. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 143 subjects aged 18 to 85 years were recruited. All participants were classified by a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Blood samples were analyzed for several amyloid-β (Aβ) species, pro-inflammatory markers, anti-Aβ autoantibodies, and ApoE allele status, respectively. RESULTS Plasma Aβ1-42 was significantly decreased in MCI and AD compared to age-matched controls, whereas Aβ1-40 did not differ, but increases with age in healthy controls. The Aβ1-42 to Aβ1-40 ratio was stepwise decreased from age-matched controls via MCI to AD, and shows a clear correlation with memory scores. Reduced Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42 to Aβ1-40 ratio have strongly correlated with carrying ApoE ɛ4 allele. Autoantibodies against pyroglutamate-modified Aβ, but only a certain subclass, were significantly decreased in AD compared to MCI and age-matched controls, whereas autoantibodies against the unmodified N-terminus of Aβ did not differ. CONCLUSION Comprehensive sample preparation and assay standardization enable reliable usage of plasma Aβ for diagnosis of MCI and AD. Anti-pGlu-Aβ autoantibodies correlate with cognition, but not with ApoE, supporting the associated plasma Aβ analysis with additional and independent information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kleinschmidt
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Current address: Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robby Schoenfeld
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Psychology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Göttlich
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Bittner
- Clinic for Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Leplow
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Psychology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Current address: Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Söllvander S, Ekholm-Pettersson F, Brundin RM, Westman G, Kilander L, Paulie S, Lannfelt L, Sehlin D. Increased Number of Plasma B Cells Producing Autoantibodies Against Aβ42 Protofibrils in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:63-72. [PMID: 26401929 PMCID: PMC4923756 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) has a propensity to aggregate into various assemblies including toxic soluble Aβ protofibrils. Several studies have reported the existence of anti-Aβ antibodies in humans. However, it is still debated whether levels of anti-Aβ antibodies are altered in AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Formation of immune complexes with plasma Aβ makes it difficult to reliably measure the concentration of circulating anti-Aβ antibodies with certain immunoassays, potentially leading to an underestimation. Here we have investigated anti-Aβ antibody production on a cellular level by measuring the amount of anti-Aβ antibody producing cells instead of the plasma level of anti-Aβ antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first time the anti-Aβ antibody response in plasma has been compared in AD patients and age-matched healthy individuals using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) technique. Both AD patients and healthy individuals had low levels of B cells producing antibodies binding Aβ40 monomers, whereas the number of cells producing antibodies toward Aβ42 protofibrils was higher overall and significantly higher in AD compared to healthy controls. This study shows, by an alternative and reliable method, that there is a specific immune response to the toxic Aβ protofibrils, which is significantly increased in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Söllvander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Ekholm-Pettersson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rose-Marie Brundin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Polivka J, Polivka J, Krakorova K, Peterka M, Topolcan O. Current status of biomarker research in neurology. EPMA J 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 27379174 PMCID: PMC4931703 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurology is one of the typical disciplines where personalized medicine has been recently becoming an important part of clinical practice. In this article, the brief overview and a number of examples of the use of biomarkers and personalized medicine in neurology are described. The various issues in neurology are described in relation to the personalized medicine and diagnostic, prognostic as well as predictive blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Such neurological domains discussed in this work are neuro-oncology and primary brain tumors glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma, cerebrovascular diseases focusing on stroke, neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Actual state of the art and future perspectives in diagnostics and personalized treatment in diverse domains of neurology are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Polivka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Plzen, E. Benese 13, 305 99 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Polivka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic ; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Krakorova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Plzen, E. Benese 13, 305 99 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Peterka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Plzen, E. Benese 13, 305 99 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Central Imunoanalytical Laboratory, Faculty Hospital Plzen, E. Benese 13, 305 99 Plzen, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu J, Li L. Autoantibodies in Alzheimer's disease: potential biomarkers, pathogenic roles, and therapeutic implications. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:361-372. [PMID: 27476881 PMCID: PMC5044708 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The etiology of AD has not been fully defined and currently there is no cure for this devastating disease. Compelling evidence suggests that the immune system plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of AD. Autoantibodies against a variety of molecules have been associated with AD. The roles of these autoantibodies in AD, however, are not well understood. This review attempts to summarize recent findings on these autoantibodies and explore their potential as diagnostic/ prognostic biomarkers for AD, their roles in the pathogenesis of AD, and their implications in the development of effective immunotherapies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Späni C, Suter T, Derungs R, Ferretti MT, Welt T, Wirth F, Gericke C, Nitsch RM, Kulic L. Reduced β-amyloid pathology in an APP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease lacking functional B and T cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:71. [PMID: 26558367 PMCID: PMC4642668 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Alzheimer’s disease, accumulation and pathological aggregation of amyloid β-peptide is accompanied by the induction of complex immune responses, which have been attributed both beneficial and detrimental properties. Such responses implicate various cell types of the innate and adaptive arm of the immunesystem, both inside the central nervous system, and in the periphery. To investigate the role of the adaptive immune system in brain β-amyloidosis, PSAPP transgenic mice, an established mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, were crossbred with the recombination activating gene-2 knockout (Rag2 ko) mice lacking functional B and T cells. In a second experimental paradigm, aged PSAPP mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells from either Rag2 ko or wildtype control mice. Results Analyses from both experimental approaches revealed reduced β-amyloid pathology and decreased brain amyloid β-peptide levels in PSAPP mice lacking functional adaptive immune cells. The decrease in brain β-amyloid pathology was associated with enhanced microgliosis and increased phagocytosis of amyloid β-peptide aggregates. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate an impact of the adaptive immunity on cerebral β-amyloid pathology in vivo and suggest an influence on microglia-mediated amyloid β-peptide clearance as a possible underlying mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0251-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mc Donald JM, O'Malley TT, Liu W, Mably AJ, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Wittbold WM, Frosch MP, Walsh DM. The aqueous phase of Alzheimer's disease brain contains assemblies built from ∼4 and ∼7 kDa Aβ species. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1286-305. [PMID: 25846299 PMCID: PMC4592782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much knowledge about amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity has been acquired using synthetic peptides and mouse models, whereas less is known about soluble Aβ in human brain. METHODS We analyzed aqueous extracts from multiple AD brains using an array of techniques. RESULTS Brains can contain at least four different Aβ assembly forms including: (i) monomers, (ii) a ∼7 kDa Aβ species, and larger species (iii) from ∼30-150 kDa, and (iv) >160 kDa. High molecular weight species are by far the most prevalent and appear to be built from ∼7 kDa Aβ species. The ∼7 kDa Aβ species resist denaturation by chaotropic agents and have a higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio than monomers, and are unreactive with antibodies to Asp1 of Ab or APP residues N-terminal of Asp1. DISCUSSION Further analysis of brain-derived ∼7 kDa Aβ species, the mechanism by which they assemble and the structures they form should reveal therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of amyloid beta species and monitoring therapy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26199414 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505420112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging has been widely applied to monitoring therapy of cancer and other diseases in preclinical studies; however, this technology has not been applied successfully to monitoring therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several NIRF probes for detecting amyloid beta (Aβ) species of AD have been reported, none of these probes has been used to monitor changes of Aβs during therapy. In this article, we demonstrated that CRANAD-3, a curcumin analog, is capable of detecting both soluble and insoluble Aβ species. In vivo imaging showed that the NIRF signal of CRANAD-3 from 4-mo-old transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice was 2.29-fold higher than that from age-matched wild-type mice, indicating that CRANAD-3 is capable of detecting early molecular pathology. To verify the feasibility of CRANAD-3 for monitoring therapy, we first used the fast Aβ-lowering drug LY2811376, a well-characterized beta-amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 inhibitor, to treat APP/PS1 mice. Imaging data suggested that CRANAD-3 could monitor the decrease in Aβs after drug treatment. To validate the imaging capacity of CRANAD-3 further, we used it to monitor the therapeutic effect of CRANAD-17, a curcumin analog for inhibition of Aβ cross-linking. The imaging data indicated that the fluorescence signal in the CRANAD-17-treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the result correlated with ELISA analysis of brain extraction and Aβ plaque counting. It was the first time, to our knowledge, that NIRF was used to monitor AD therapy, and we believe that our imaging technology has the potential to have a high impact on AD drug development.
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang L, Liu X, Cheng B, Huang K. How our bodies fight amyloidosis: effects of physiological factors on pathogenic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 568:46-55. [PMID: 25615529 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The process of protein aggregation from soluble amyloidogenic proteins to insoluble amyloid fibrils plays significant roles in the onset of over 30 human amyloidogenic diseases, such as Prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Amyloid deposits are commonly found in patients suffered from amyloidosis; however, such deposits are rarely seen in healthy individuals, which may be largely attributed to the self-regulation in vivo. A vast number of physiological factors have been demonstrated to directly affect the process of amyloid formation in vivo. In this review, physiological factors that influence amyloidosis, including biological factors (chaperones, natural antibodies, enzymes, lipids and saccharides) and physicochemical factors (metal ions, pH environment, crowding and pressure, etc.), together with the mechanisms underlying these proteostasis effects, are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianqi Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, PR China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China; Centre for Biomedicine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aβ dimers differ from monomers in structural propensity, aggregation paths and population of synaptotoxic assemblies. Biochem J 2014; 461:413-26. [PMID: 24785004 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dimers of Aβ (amyloid β-protein) are believed to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease. In the absence of sufficient brain-derived dimers, we studied one of the only possible dimers that could be produced in vivo, [Aβ](DiY) (dityrosine cross-linked Aβ). For comparison, we used the Aβ monomer and a design dimer cross-linked by replacement of Ser²⁶ with cystine [AβS26C]₂. We showed that similar to monomers, unaggregated dimers lack appreciable structure and fail to alter long-term potentiation. Importantly, dimers exhibit subtly different structural propensities from monomers and each other, and can self-associate to form larger assemblies. Although [Aβ](DiY) and [AβS26C]₂ have distinct aggregation pathways, they both populate bioactive soluble assemblies for longer durations than Aβ monomers. Our results indicate that the link between Aβ dimers and Alzheimer's disease results from the ability of dimers to further assemble and form synaptotoxic assemblies that persist for long periods of time.
Collapse
|
28
|
Goure WF, Krafft GA, Jerecic J, Hefti F. Targeting the proper amyloid-beta neuronal toxins: a path forward for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapeutics. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:42. [PMID: 25045405 PMCID: PMC4100318 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Levels of amyloid-beta monomer and deposited amyloid-beta in the Alzheimer’s
disease brain are orders of magnitude greater than soluble amyloid-beta oligomer
levels. Monomeric amyloid-beta has no known direct toxicity. Insoluble fibrillar
amyloid-beta has been proposed to be an in vivo mechanism for removal of
soluble amyloid-beta and exhibits relatively low toxicity. In contrast, soluble
amyloid-beta oligomers are widely reported to be the most toxic amyloid-beta form,
both causing acute synaptotoxicity and inducing neurodegenerative processes. None of
the amyloid-beta immunotherapies currently in clinical development selectively target
soluble amyloid-beta oligomers, and their lack of efficacy is not unexpected
considering their selectivity for monomeric or fibrillar amyloid-beta (or both)
rather than soluble amyloid-beta oligomers. Because they exhibit acute,
memory-compromising synaptic toxicity and induce chronic neurodegenerative toxicity
and because they exist at very low in vivo levels in the Alzheimer’s
disease brain, soluble amyloid-beta oligomers constitute an optimal immunotherapeutic
target that should be pursued more aggressively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William F Goure
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Grant A Krafft
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Jasna Jerecic
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4453 North First Street, #360, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beta-amyloid auto-antibodies are reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:168-73. [PMID: 25022335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta (Aβ) are understood as the major cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is evidence that naturally occurring antibodies against amyloid beta (Aβ) protein play a role in Aβ-clearance, and such a mechanism appears to be impaired in AD. In the present study, the anti-Aβ antibodies in the serum from individuals with and without late onset AD were measured using ELISA and dot-blot methods. Aβ auto-antibodies in serum were mainly targeted to Aβ1-15 epitope and its titer was significantly lower in AD patients than elderly non-AD controls (NC). The dot-blot analysis further demonstrated that auto-antibodies against fibrillar Aβ42, Aβ1-15 and Aβ16-30 epitopes were all in a lower level in AD than in NC. The isotypes of the auto-antibodies were mainly non-inflammatory IgG2 type. We also analyzed the relationship of auto-Aβ antibody levels with the genotypes of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ANKK1/DRD2 gene.
Collapse
|
30
|
Vanderstichele H, Kodadek T. Roadblocks for integration of novel biomarker concepts into clinical routine: the peptoid approach. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:23. [PMID: 25031636 PMCID: PMC4055076 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the field of Alzheimer’s disease, the development of novel biomarker assays is critically needed to improve the early diagnosis of the disease, to estimate the risk of developing the disease, to predict the rate of cognitive decline, and to monitor the response or effectiveness of a therapy. The molecular mechanisms of the disease are becoming more evident. This basic knowledge has yet to be translated into novel biomarker tools with a clinical value for general use by the community. There is therefore high interest in evaluating new technological approaches beside the classical immunoassay approach. The present paper discusses the hypothesis that there might be an adaptive immune response, unique to Alzheimer’s disease, which can be visualized by the presence in body fluids of antibodies against specific analytes. Current technologies to identify such antibodies are reviewed. In addition, the major challenges to transfer discovery results of the novel antibody-based biomarker assays to a clinically relevant test will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA ; Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Immunity and Alzheimer's disease: immunological perspectives on the development of novel therapies. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1212-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Dorothée G, Sarazin M, Aucouturier P. Disease-specific adaptive immune biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and related pathologies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:715-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
33
|
Koehler NKU, Stransky E, Shing M, Gaertner S, Meyer M, Schreitmüller B, Leyhe T, Laske C, Maetzler W, Kahle P, Celej MS, Jovin TM, Fallgatter AJ, Batra A, Buchkremer G, Schott K, Richartz-Salzburger E. Altered serum IgG levels to α-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64649. [PMID: 23741358 PMCID: PMC3669378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural self-reactive antibodies in the peripheral blood may play a considerable role in the control of potentially toxic proteins that may otherwise accumulate in the aging brain. The significance of serum antibodies reactive against α-synuclein is not well known. We explored serum IgG levels to monomeric α-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with a novel and validated highly sensitive ELISA assay. Antibody levels revealed stark differences in patients compared to healthy subjects and were dependent on diagnosis, disease duration and age. Anti-α-synuclein IgG levels were increased in both patient groups, but in early DLB to a much greater extent than in AD. Increased antibody levels were most evident in younger patients, while with advanced age relatively low levels were observed, similar to healthy individuals, exhibiting stable antibody levels independent of age. Our data show the presence of differentially altered IgG levels against α-synuclein in DLB and AD, which may relate to a disturbed α-synuclein homeostasis triggered by the disease process. These observations may foster the development of novel, possibly preclinical biomarkers and immunotherapeutic strategies that target α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K U Koehler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Church MS, Ferry CE, van Giessen AE. Thermodynamics of peptide dimer formation. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:245102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4730169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
35
|
Deng YL, Liu LH, Wang Y, Tang HD, Ren RJ, Xu W, Ma JF, Wang LL, Zhuang JP, Wang G, Chen SD. The prevalence of CD33 and MS4A6A variant in Chinese Han population with Alzheimer's disease. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1245-9. [PMID: 22382309 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CD33 and MS4A6A genes play potential key roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One recent genome-wide association study has revealed that the rs3865444 polymorphism in the CD33 gene and rs610932 polymorphism in the MS4A6A gene are associated with susceptibility to AD in Caucasians. To evaluate the relationship between the polymorphism of the CD33, MS4A6A gene and AD in the ethnic Chinese Han, we conducted a case-control study (n = 383, age > 54) to determine the prevalence of single-nucleotide polymorphism of two genes in patients with AD in Chinese population of Mainland, and clarified whether these polymorphisms are risk factors for AD. The prevalence of the allele (T) in the rs3865444 polymorphism of the CD33 gene and allele (C) in rs610932 polymorphism of the MS4A6A gene was significantly different in AD patients and control subjects (P < 0.001, respectively), and the results were not influenced by age, gender, or APOE status. Our data revealed the allele (T) of the rs3865444 polymorphism of the CD33 gene and the allele (C) of the rs610932 polymorphism of the MS4A6A gene may contribute to AD risk in the Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lane RF, Shineman DW, Steele JW, Lee LBH, Fillit HM. Beyond amyloid: the future of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:213-71. [PMID: 22840749 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the field is awaiting the results of several pivotal Phase III clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials that target amyloid-β (Aβ). In light of the recent biomarker studies that indicate Aβ levels are at their most dynamic 5-10 years before the onset of clinical symptoms, it is becoming uncertain whether direct approaches to target Aβ will achieve desired clinical efficacy. AD is a complex neurodegenerative disease caused by dysregulation of numerous neurobiological networks and cellular functions, resulting in synaptic loss, neuronal loss, and ultimately impaired memory. While it is clear that Aβ plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD, it may be a challenging and inefficient target for mid-to-late stage AD intervention. Throughout the course of AD, multiple pathways become perturbed, presenting a multitude of possible therapeutic avenues for design of AD intervention and prophylactic therapies. In this chapter, we sought to first provide an overview of Aβ-directed strategies that are currently in development, and the pivotal Aβ-targeted trials that are currently underway. Next, we delve into the biology and therapeutic designs associated with other key areas of research in the field including tau, protein trafficking and degradation pathways, ApoE, synaptic function, neurotrophic/neuroprotective strategies, and inflammation and energy utilization. For each area we have provided a comprehensive and balanced overview of the therapeutic strategies currently in preclinical and clinical development, which will shape the future therapeutic landscape of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Lane
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bach JP, Dodel R. Naturally occurring autoantibodies against β-Amyloid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:91-9. [PMID: 22903668 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs) have been described for more than 30 years. Recently, NAbs against β-Amyloid and against other proteins involved in neurodegenerative disorders have been detected in humans. Based on the current evidence, it is hypothesized that anti-Aβ NAbs can inhibit the fibrillation and toxicity of β-aymloid, can improve cognition in a transgenic mouse model and interfere with oligomers of Aβ. Different functions of these NAbs have been described in the current literature. Based on the results of the diverse studies a Phase-III study using IVIG has been initiated in patients with AD. The results will show whether the application of NAbs will change the fate of the disease. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on NAbs against Aβ.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sardi F, Fassina L, Venturini L, Inguscio M, Guerriero F, Rolfo E, Ricevuti G. Alzheimer's disease, autoimmunity and inflammation. The good, the bad and the ugly. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 11:149-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Kapadia M, Sakic B. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms of CNS damage. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:301-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
40
|
Restrepo L, Stafford P, Magee DM, Johnston SA. Application of immunosignatures to the assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:286-95. [PMID: 21823156 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), both presymptomatically and at different disease stages, will become increasingly important with the expanding elderly population. There are a number of indications that the immune system is engaged in AD. Here we explore the ability of an antibody-profiling technology to characterize AD and screen for peptides that may be used for a simple diagnostic test. METHODS We developed an array-based system to profile the antibody repertoire of transgenic mice with cerebral amyloidosis (TG) and elderly individuals with or without AD. The array consists of 10,000 random sequence peptides (20-mers) capable of detecting antibody binding patterns, allowing the identification of peptides that mimic epitopes targeted by a donor's serum. RESULTS TG mice exhibited a distinct immunoprofile compared to nontransgenic littermates. Further, we show that dementia patients, including autopsy-confirmed AD subjects, have distinguishable profiles compared to age-matched nondemented people. Using antibodies to different forms of Aβ peptide and blocking protocols, we demonstrate that most of this signature is not due to the subject's antibodies raised against Aβ. INTERPRETATION We propose that "immunosignaturing" technology may have potential as a diagnostic tool in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Restrepo
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5901, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis and classification of neurodegenerative diseases: current progress and clinical potential. Mol Diagn Ther 2011; 15:83-102. [PMID: 21623645 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker research is a rapidly advancing field in medicine. Recent advances in genomic, genetic, epigenetic, neuroscientific, proteomic, and metabolomic knowledge and technologies have opened the way to thriving research. In the most general sense, a biomarker refers to any useful characteristic that can be measured and used as an indicator of a normal biologic process, a pathogenic process, or a pharmacologic response to a therapeutic agent. Despite the extensive resources concentrated on this area, there are very few biomarkers currently available that qualify and are satisfactorily validated for mental disorders, and there is still a major lack of biomarkers for typifying neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article provides an overview of this field of research and focuses on recent advances in biomarker research in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
42
|
Klaver AC, Coffey MP, Smith LM, Bennett DA, Finke JM, Dang L, Loeffler DA. ELISA measurement of specific non-antigen-bound antibodies to Aβ1-42 monomer and soluble oligomers in sera from Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitively impaired, and noncognitively impaired subjects. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:93. [PMID: 21827691 PMCID: PMC3162899 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The literature contains conflicting results regarding the status of serum anti-Aβ antibody concentrations in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reduced levels of these antibodies have been suggested to contribute to the development of this disorder. The conflicting results may be due to polyvalent antibodies, antibody "masking" due to Aβ binding, methodological differences, and/or small sample sizes. The objectives of this pilot study were to compare serum anti-Aβ antibody concentrations between AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and elderly noncognitively impaired (NCI) subjects while addressing these issues, and to perform power analyses to determine appropriate group sizes for future studies employing this approach. Methods Serum antibodies to Aβ1-42 monomer and soluble oligomers in AD, MCI, and NCI subjects (10/group) were measured by ELISA, subtracting polyvalent antibody binding and dissociating antibody-antigen complexes. Differences in mean antibody levels were assessed for significance with repeated measures ANOVA using restricted maximum likelihood estimation, using Tukey-Kramer tests and confidence intervals for multiple comparisons. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine associations between anti-monomer and anti-oligomer antibody concentrations. Estimated sample sizes required to detect effects of various sizes were calculated. Results There were no significant differences between groups for mean anti-Aβ antibody levels, although these tended to be higher in AD than NCI specimens. Estimated group sizes of 328 and 150 for anti-Aβ monomer and oligomer antibodies, respectively, would have been required for 80% power for significance at 0.05 for a 25% increase in the AD mean relative to the NCI mean. Serum antibody concentrations to Aβ monomer and oligomers were strongly associated (correlations: 0.798 for undissociated sera, 0.564 for dissociated sera). Antibody-antigen dissociation significantly increased anti-Aβ monomer but not anti-Aβ oligomer antibody levels. Conclusions The findings in this pilot study are consistent with relatively similar concentrations of specific, non-antigen-bound antibodies to Aβ1-42 monomer and soluble oligomers in AD, MCI, and NCI sera. The differences between groups for these antibodies would have required approximate group sizes of 328 and 150, respectively, for a high probability for statistical significance. These findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced levels of anti-Aβ antibodies might contribute to AD's pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Klaver
- Department of Neurology Research, William Beaumont Hospital Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Non-conjugated small molecule FRET for differentiating monomers from higher molecular weight amyloid beta species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19362. [PMID: 21559413 PMCID: PMC3084834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic differentiation of amyloid (Aβ) species could be important for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In spite of significant progress, controversies remain regarding which species are the primary contributors to the AD pathology, and which species could be used as the best biomarkers for its diagnosis. These controversies are partially caused by the lack of reliable methods to differentiate the complicated subtypes of Aβ species. Particularly, differentiation of Aβ monomers from toxic higher molecular weight species (HrMW) would be beneficial for drug screening, diagnosis, and molecular mechanism studies. However, fast and cheap methods for these specific aims are still lacking. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We demonstrated the feasibility of a non-conjugated FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) technique that utilized amyloid beta (Aβ) species as intrinsic platforms for the FRET pair assembly. Mixing two structurally similar curcumin derivatives that served as the small molecule FRET pair with Aβ40 aggregates resulted in a FRET signal, while no signal was detected when using Aβ40 monomer solution. Lastly, this FRET technique enabled us to quantify the concentrations of Aβ monomers and high molecular weight species in solution. SIGNIFICANCE We believe that this FRET technique could potentially be used as a tool for screening for inhibitors of Aβ aggregation. We also suggest that this concept could be generalized to other misfolded proteins/peptides implicated in various pathologies including amyloid in diabetes, prion in bovine spongiform encephalopathy, tau protein in AD, and α-synuclein in Parkinson disease.
Collapse
|
44
|
CLU, CR1 and PICALM genes associate with Alzheimer's-related senile plaques. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2011; 3:12. [PMID: 21466683 PMCID: PMC3226274 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION APOE is the strongest risk gene for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) so far. Recent genome wide association studies found links for sporadic AD with CLU and CR1 involved in Aβ clearance, and PICALM affecting intracellular trafficking. METHODS We investigated the associations of senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) with the proposed risk genes and APOE, in the Tampere Autopsy Study (TASTY) series (603 cases), a sample of the general population (0 to 97 yrs), who died out-of-hospital. RESULTS Age and the APOEε4 allele associated strongly with all phenotypes of SP, as expected. In age and APOEε4 adjusted analyses, compared to the most common homozygous genotype, burnt out SP were more common among carriers of the C-allele of CLU, whereas the T-allele of PICALM and C-allele of CR1 were linked with lower SP coverage. We found no significant associations between any of the genetic variants and NFT. CONCLUSIONS Marginal effects from CLU, CR1 and PICALM suggest that these genes have minimal effects on the development of AD lesions.
Collapse
|
45
|
Magga J, Puli L, Pihlaja R, Kanninen K, Neulamaa S, Malm T, Härtig W, Grosche J, Goldsteins G, Tanila H, Koistinaho J, Koistinaho M. Human intravenous immunoglobulin provides protection against Aβ toxicity by multiple mechanisms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:90. [PMID: 21138577 PMCID: PMC3004875 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purified intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) obtained from the plasma of healthy humans is indicated for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency disorders associated with defects in humoral immunity. IVIG contains naturally occurring auto-antibodies, including antibodies (Abs) against β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides accumulating in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. IVIG has been shown to alleviate AD pathology when studied with mildly affected AD patients. Although its mechanisms-of-action have been broadly studied, it remains unresolved how IVIG affects the removal of natively formed brain Aβ deposits by primary astrocytes and microglia, two major cell types involved in the neuroinflammatory responses. Methods We first determined the effect of IVIG on Aβ toxicity in primary neuronal cell culture. The mechanisms-of-action of IVIG in reduction of Aβ burden was analyzed with ex vivo assay. We studied whether IVIG solubilizes natively formed Aβ deposits from brain sections of APP/PS1 mice or promotes Aβ removal by primary glial cells. We determined the role of lysosomal degradation pathway and Aβ Abs in the IVIG-promoted reduction of Aβ. Finally, we studied the penetration of IVIG into the brain parenchyma and interaction with brain deposits of human Aβ in a mouse model of AD in vivo. Results IVIG was protective against Aβ toxicity in a primary mouse hippocampal neuron culture. IVIG modestly inhibited the fibrillization of synthetic Aβ1-42 but did not solubilize natively formed brain Aβ deposits ex vivo. IVIG enhanced microglia-mediated Aβ clearance ex vivo, with a mechanism linked to Aβ Abs and lysosomal degradation. The IVIG-enhanced Aβ clearance appears specific for microglia since IVIG did not affect Aβ clearance by astrocytes. The cellular mechanisms of Aβ clearance we observed have potential relevance in vivo since after peripheral administration IVIG penetrated to mouse brain tissue reaching highest concentrations in the hippocampus and bound selectively to Aβ deposits in co-localization with microglia. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that IVIG promotes recognition and removal of natively formed brain Aβ deposits by primary microglia involving natural Aβ Abs in IVIG. These findings may have therapeutic relevance in vivo as IVIG penetrates through the blood-brain barrier and specifically binds to Aβ deposits in brain parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Magga
- Department of Neurobiology, A, I, Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
O'Nuallain B, Williams AD, McWilliams-Koeppen HP, Acero L, Weber A, Ehrlich H, Schwarz HP, Solomon A. Anti-amyloidogenic activity of IgGs contained in normal plasma. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30 Suppl 1:S37-42. [PMID: 20405179 PMCID: PMC2883095 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously shown that a subpopulation of naturally occurring human IgGs has therapeutic potential for the amyloid-associated disorders. These molecules cross-react with conformational epitopes on amyloidogenic assemblies, including amyloid beta (Abeta) protein fibrils that are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using our europium-linked immunosorbant assay, we established that approximately 95% of 260 screened donor plasma samples had amyloid fibril-reactive IgGs and Abeta conformer-reactive IgGs with minimal binding to Abeta monomers. Anti-amyloidogenic reactivity was diverse and attributed to Abeta targeting multiple fibril-related binding sites and/or variations in multidentate binding. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was no correlation between anti-fibril and anti-oligomer reactivity and donor age (19 to 60 years old) or gender. These findings demonstrate the inherent but diverse anti-amyloidogenic activity of natural IgGs contained in normal plasma. CONCLUSION Our studies provide support for investigating the clinical significance and physiological function of this novel class of antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Nuallain
- Human Immunology and Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cao Z, Lv J, Quan W. Low avidity and level of serum anti-Aβ antibodies in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related cerebral hemorrhage. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120:760-4. [PMID: 20954837 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.520379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of the beta-amyloid protein (Aβ) in small cerebral vessels, which is considered a common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (CAAH) in elderly people. Little is known about the properties of serum naturally occurring anti-Aβ antibodies in patients with CAAH. We investigated the avidity and levels of anti-Aβ antibodies in 20 patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with thiocyanate elution. Our study revealed that both the levels and the avidity of these endogenous anti-Aβ antibodies were lower in patients with CAAH than in controls, which may be a new mechanism for the impaired clearance of cerebral Aβ and have important implications for the development of immune-based therapeutic strategies for CAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Cao
- Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical College, Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Solomon B, Frenkel D. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
49
|
Szabo P, Mujalli DM, Rotondi ML, Sharma R, Weber A, Schwarz HP, Weksler ME, Relkin N. Measurement of anti-beta amyloid antibodies in human blood. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 227:167-74. [PMID: 20638733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human IgG repertoire contains endogenous antibodies against beta amyloid (Aβ) that may be relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. There have been widely disparate estimates of the levels of these antibodies in human plasma. We identify factors that have contributed to these disparities and describe improved methods for measuring anti-Aβ antibodies in blood. These methods include isolating immunoglobulin by thiophilic chromatography and using chaotropic salts to dislodge weakly bound antibodies without significantly reducing the binding of specific anti-Aβ antibodies. Using these methods, we show that human blood contains polyvalent IgG antibodies that bind to Aβ with relatively low avidity and specificity, as well as IgG antibodies that bind to linear and conformational epitopes on amyloid monomers and aggregates with moderate to high avidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szabo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee CYD, Landreth GE. The role of microglia in amyloid clearance from the AD brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:949-60. [PMID: 20552234 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prominent cause of senile dementia, is clinically characterized by the extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. It has been well accepted that AD pathogenesis arises from perturbation in the homeostasis of Abeta in the brain. Abeta is normally produced at high levels in the brain and cleared in an equivalent rate. Thus, even a moderate decrease in the clearance leads to the accumulation of Abeta and subsequent amyloid deposition. Microglia are the tissue macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been shown to play major roles in internalization and degradation of Abeta. Abeta exists in the brain both in soluble and in fibrillar forms. Microglia interact with these two forms of Abeta in different ways. They take up soluble forms of Abeta through macropinocytosis and LDL receptor-related proteins (LRPs) mediated pathway. Fibrillar forms of Abeta interact with the cell surface innate immune receptor complex, initiating intracellular signaling cascades that stimulate phagocytosis. Inflammatory responses influence the activation status of microglia and subsequently regulate their ability to take up and degrade Abeta. ApoE and its receptors have been shown to play critical roles in these processes. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms that microglia utilize to clear Abeta and the effectors that modulate the processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Daniel Lee
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, SOM E649, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4928, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|