1
|
Ilg MM, Bustin SA, Ralph DJ, Cellek S. TGF-β1 induces formation of TSG-6-enriched extracellular vesicles in fibroblasts which can prevent myofibroblast transformation by modulating Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12389. [PMID: 38811625 PMCID: PMC11136978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication in the pathophysiology of fibrotic diseases. One such disease is Peyronie's disease (PD), a fibrotic disorder of the penis caused by uncontrolled transformation of resident fibroblasts to alpha-smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblasts. These cells produce large amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to formation of a plaque in the penile tunica albuginea (TA), causing pain, penile curvature, and erectile dysfunction. We have used primary fibroblasts derived from the TA of PD patients to explore the role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a key signalling factor in this process. TGF-β1 treatment elicited a range of responses from the myofibroblasts: (i) they secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) that were more numerous and differed in size and shape from those secreted by fibroblasts, (ii) these EVs prevented TGF-β1-induced transformation of fibroblasts in a manner that was dependent on vesicle uptake and (iii) they prevented phosphorylation of Erk1/2, a critical component in modulating fibrogenic phenotypic responses, but did not affect TGF-β1-induced Smad-signalling. We posit that this effect could be linked to enrichment of TSG-6 in myofibroblast-derived EVs. The ability of myofibroblast-derived vesicles to prevent further myofibroblast transformation may establish them as part of an anti-fibrotic negative feedback loop, with potential to be exploited for future therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Ilg
- Medical Technology Research Centre, HEMS, SoAH, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, HEMS, SoAH, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - David J Ralph
- Medical Technology Research Centre, HEMS, SoAH, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
- Urology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Selim Cellek
- Medical Technology Research Centre, HEMS, SoAH, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An update on the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulating gene-6 in inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:224-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
3
|
Tang F, Brune JE, Chang MY, Reeves SR, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Defining the versican interactome in lung health and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C249-C276. [PMID: 35649251 PMCID: PMC9291419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) imparts critical mechanical and biochemical information to cells in the lungs. Proteoglycans are essential constituents of the ECM and play a crucial role in controlling numerous biological processes, including regulating cellular phenotype and function. Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan required for embryonic development, is almost absent from mature, healthy lungs and is reexpressed and accumulates in acute and chronic lung disease. Studies using genetically engineered mice show that the versican-enriched matrix can be pro- or anti-inflammatory depending on the cellular source or disease process studied. The mechanisms whereby versican develops a contextual ECM remain largely unknown. The primary goal of this review is to provide an overview of the interaction of versican with its many binding partners, the "versican interactome," and how through these interactions, versican is an integrator of complex extracellular information. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will be used to develop future studies to determine how versican and its binding partners can develop contextual ECMs that control select biological processes. Although this review focuses on versican and the lungs, what is described can be extended to other proteoglycans, tissues, and organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Center for Lung Biology, The University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, The University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Y Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, The University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, The University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, The University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papadas A, Arauz G, Cicala A, Wiesner J, Asimakopoulos F. Versican and Versican-matrikines in Cancer Progression, Inflammation, and Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:871-885. [PMID: 32623942 PMCID: PMC7711242 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with key roles in multiple facets of cancer development, ranging from proliferative signaling, evasion of growth-suppressor pathways, regulation of cell death, promotion of neoangiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence implicate versican and its bioactive proteolytic fragments (matrikines) in the regulation of cancer inflammation and antitumor immune responses. The understanding of the dynamics of versican deposition/accumulation and its proteolytic turnover holds potential for the development of novel immune biomarkers as well as approaches to reset the immune thermostat of tumors, thus promoting efficacy of modern immunotherapies. This article summarizes work from several laboratories, including ours, on the role of this central matrix proteoglycan in tumor progression as well as tumor-immune cell cross-talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Garrett Arauz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Wiesner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang K, Li M, Yin L, Fu G, Liu Z. Role of thrombospondin‑1 and thrombospondin‑2 in cardiovascular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1275-1293. [PMID: 32323748 PMCID: PMC7138268 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and TSP-2 are matricellular proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serve a significant role in the pathological processes of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The multiple effects of TSP-1 and TSP-2 are due to their ability to interact with various ligands, such as structural components of the ECM, cytokines, cellular receptors, growth factors, proteases and other stromal cell proteins. TSP-1 and TSP-2 regulate the structure and activity of the aforementioned ligands by interacting directly or indirectly with them, thereby regulating the activity of different types of cells in response to environmental stimuli. The pathological processes of numerous CVDs are associated with the degradation and remodeling of ECM components, and with cell migration, dysfunction and apoptosis, which may be regulated by TSP-1 and TSP-2 through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of TSP-1 and TSP-2 in different CVDs and the potential signaling pathways they are associated with may provide a new perspective on potential therapies for the treatment of CVDs. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles TSP-1 and TSP-2 serve in various CVDs were summarized. In addition, the interacting ligands and the potential pathways associated with these thrombospondins in CVDs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fossati G, Pozzi D, Canzi A, Mirabella F, Valentino S, Morini R, Ghirardini E, Filipello F, Moretti M, Gotti C, Annis DS, Mosher DF, Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Taraboletti G, Mantovani A, Matteoli M, Menna E. Pentraxin 3 regulates synaptic function by inducing AMPA receptor clustering via ECM remodeling and β1-integrin. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899529. [PMID: 30396995 PMCID: PMC6315291 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of synapse number and function in the developing central nervous system is critical to the formation of neural circuits. Astrocytes play a key role in this process by releasing factors that promote the formation of excitatory synapses. Astrocyte‐secreted thrombospondins (TSPs) induce the formation of structural synapses, which however remain post‐synaptically silent, suggesting that completion of early synaptogenesis may require a two‐step mechanism. Here, we show that the humoral innate immune molecule Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is expressed in the developing rodent brain. PTX3 plays a key role in promoting functionally‐active CNS synapses, by increasing the surface levels and synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors. This process involves tumor necrosis factor‐induced protein 6 (TSG6), remodeling of the perineuronal network, and a β1‐integrin/ERK pathway. Furthermore, PTX3 activity is regulated by TSP1, which directly interacts with the N‐terminal region of PTX3. These data unveil a fundamental role of PTX3 in promoting the first wave of synaptogenesis, and show that interplay of TSP1 and PTX3 sets the proper balance between synaptic growth and synapse function in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Fossati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Canzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Valentino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elsa Ghirardini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Moretti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Douglas S Annis
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy .,Institute of Neuroscience - CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy .,Institute of Neuroscience - CNR, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salustri A, Campagnolo L, Klinger FG, Camaioni A. Molecular organization and mechanical properties of the hyaluronan matrix surrounding the mammalian oocyte. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:11-23. [PMID: 29408277 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful ovulation and oocyte fertilization are essential prerequisites for the beginning of life in sexually reproducing animals. In mammalian fertilization, the relevance of the protein coat surrounding the oocyte plasma membrane, known as zona pellucida, has been widely recognized, while, until not too long ago, the general belief was that the cumulus oophorus, consisting of follicle cells embedded in a hyaluronan rich extracellular matrix, was not essential. This opinion was based on in vitro fertilization procedures, in which a large number of sperms are normally utilized and the oocyte can be fertilized even if depleted of cumulus cells. Conversely, in vivo, only very few sperm cells reach the fertilization site, arguing against the possibility of a coincidental encounter with the oocyte. In the last two decades, proteins required for HA organization in the cumulus extracellular matrix have been identified and the study of fertility in mice deprived of the corresponding genes have provided compelling evidence that this jelly-like coat is critical for fertilization. This review focuses on the advances in understanding the molecular interactions making the cumulus environment suitable for oocyte and sperm encounter. Most of the studies on the molecular characterization of the cumulus extracellular matrix have been performed in the mouse and we will refer essentially to findings obtained in this animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Salustri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Camaioni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Histology and Embryology Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Day AJ, Milner CM. TSG-6: A multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:60-83. [PMID: 29362135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated secreted protein that has been implicated as having important and diverse tissue protective and anti-inflammatory properties, e.g. mediating many of the immunomodulatory and beneficial activities of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. TSG-6 is constitutively expressed in some tissues, which are either highly metabolically active or subject to challenges from the environment, perhaps providing protection in these contexts. The diversity of its functions are dependent on the binding of TSG-6 to numerous ligands, including matrix molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, as well as immune regulators and growth factors that themselves interact with these linear polysaccharides. It is becoming apparent that TSG-6 can directly affect matrix structure and modulate the way extracellular signalling molecules interact with matrix. In this review, we focus mainly on the literature for TSG-6 over the last 10 years, summarizing its expression, structure, ligand-binding properties, biological functions and highlighting TSG-6's potential as a therapeutic for a broad range of disease indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaucherand L, Falk BA, Evanko SP, Workman G, Chan CK, Wight TN. Crosstalk Between T Lymphocytes and Lung Fibroblasts: Generation of a Hyaluronan-Enriched Extracellular Matrix Adhesive for Monocytes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2118-2130. [PMID: 27982477 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In immunity and inflammation, T cells are often associated with stromal mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts. Hyaluronan and proteins that associate with hyaluronan such as versican and tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene-6 (TSG-6) are extracellular matrix (ECM) components that promote leukocyte adhesion, accumulation, and activation. However, the factors responsible for producing this specialized ECM and its impact on inflammatory events are not well understood. In this study, we explored the role of T cells in stimulating lung fibroblasts to produce an ECM that impacts monocyte adhesion. We found that CD3/CD28-activated human CD4+ T cells when co-cultured with human lung fibroblasts stimulated the expression of mRNA for hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and decreased the expression of hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2). This led to an increase in the deposition of hyaluronan that formed cable-like structures within the ECM. Co-culturing activated T cells with fibroblasts also led to increased expression and accumulation of TSG-6. Surprisingly, addition of activated CD4+ T cells to the fibroblasts reduced the expression of mRNA for versican, and increased the expression of enzymes that degrade versican, such as ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS9 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type-1 motif) leading to a decrease in versican in the ECM of the co-cultures. Furthermore, addition of human monocytes to these co-cultures resulted in elevated monocyte adhesion to the cable-like structures in the ECM when compared to controls. These results illustrate the importance of crosstalk between T cells and fibroblasts in promoting the generation of a matrix that is adhesive for monocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2118-2130, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Gaucherand
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ben A Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gail Workman
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sapudom J, Ullm F, Martin S, Kalbitzer L, Naab J, Möller S, Schnabelrauch M, Anderegg U, Schmidt S, Pompe T. Molecular weight specific impact of soluble and immobilized hyaluronan on CD44 expressing melanoma cells in 3D collagen matrices. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:259-270. [PMID: 27965172 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and its principal receptor CD44 are known to be involved in regulating tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. The direct correlation of CD44-HA interaction on proliferation and invasion of tumor cells in dependence on the molecular weight and the presentation form of HA is not fully understood because of lack of appropriate matrix models. To address this issue, we reconstituted 3D collagen (Coll I) matrices and functionalized them with HA of molecular weight of 30-50kDa (low molecular weight; LMW-HA) and 500-750kDa (high molecular weight; HMW-HA). A post-modification strategy was applied to covalently immobilize HA to reconstituted fibrillar Coll I matrices, resulting in a non-altered Coll I network microstructure and stable immobilization over days. Functionalized Coll I matrices were characterized regarding topological and mechanical characteristics as well as HA amount using confocal laser scanning microscopy, colloidal probe force spectroscopy and quantitative Alcian blue assay, respectively. To elucidate HA dependent tumor cell behavior, BRO melanoma cell lines with and without CD44 receptor expression were used for in vitro cell experiments. We demonstrated that only soluble LMW-HA promoted cell proliferation in a CD44 dependent manner, while HMW-HA and immobilized LMW-HA did not. Furthermore, an enhanced cell invasion was found only for immobilized LMW-HA. Both findings correlated with a very strong and specific adhesive interaction of LMW-HA and CD44+ cells quantified in single cell adhesion measurements using soft colloidal force spectroscopy. Overall, our results introduce an in vitro biomaterials model allowing to test presentation mode and molecular weight specificity of HA in a 3D fibrillar matrix thus mimicking important in vivo features of tumor microenvironments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Molecular weight and presentation form (bound vs. soluble) of hyaluronan (HA) are intensively discussed as key regulators in tumor progression and inflammation. We introduce 3D fibrillar collagen matrices with defined microstructure and stiffness allowing the presentation of specific molecular weight forms of HA in soluble and bound manner. Mimicking in that way important in vivo features of tumor microenvironments, we found that only low molecular weight HA (LMW-HA) in soluble form promoted proliferation of a melanoma cell line (BRO), while it enhanced cell invasion in bound form. The molecular weight specificity of LMW-HA was verified to be CD44 receptor dependent and was correlated to adhesive ligand-receptor interactions in quantitative colloidal force spectroscopy at single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Franziska Ullm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Steve Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Liv Kalbitzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johanna Naab
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möller
- INNOVENT e. V., Biomaterials Department, Prüssingstraße 27B, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institute for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim DK, Choi H, Nishida H, Oh JY, Gregory C, Lee RH, Yu JM, Watanabe J, An SY, Bartosh TJ, Prockop DJ. Scalable Production of a Multifunctional Protein (TSG-6) That Aggregates with Itself and the CHO Cells That Synthesize It. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147553. [PMID: 26793973 PMCID: PMC4721919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TNFAIP6/TSG-6) is a multifunctional protein that has a number of potential therapeutic applications. Experiments and clinical trials with TSG-6, however, have been limited by the technical difficulties of producing the recombinant protein. We prepared stable clones of CHO cells that expressed recombinant human TSG-6 (rhTSG-6) as a secreted glycoprotein. Paradoxically, both cell number and protein production decreased dramatically when the clones were expanded. The decreases occurred because the protein aggregated the synthesizing CHO cells by binding to the brush border of hyaluronan that is found around many cultured cells. In addition, the rhTSG-6 readily self-aggregated. To address these problems, we added to the medium an inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis and heparin to compete with the binding of TSG-6 to hyaluronan. Also, we optimized the composition of the culture medium, and transferred the CHO cells from a spinner culture system to a bioreactor that controlled pH and thereby decreased pH-dependent binding properties of the protein. With these and other improvements in the culture conditions, we obtained 57.0 mg ± 9.16 S.D. of rhTSG-6 in 5 or 6 liter of medium. The rhTSG-6 accounted for 18.0% ± 3.76 S.D. of the total protein in the medium. We then purified the protein with a Ni-chelate column that bound the His tag engineered into the C-terminus of the protein followed by an anion exchange column. The yield of the purified monomeric rhTSG-6 was 4.1 mg to 5.6 mg per liter of culture medium. After intravenous injection into mice, the protein had a longer plasma half-life than commercially available rhTSG-6 isolated from a mammalian cell lysate, apparently because it was recovered as a secreted glycoprotein. The bioactivity of the rhTSG-6 in suppressing inflammation was demonstrated in a murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ki Kim
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hosoon Choi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carl Gregory
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji Min Yu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Su Yeon An
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Bartosh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darwin J. Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Torihashi S, Ho M, Kawakubo Y, Komatsu K, Nagai M, Hirayama Y, Kawabata Y, Takenaka-Ninagawa N, Wanachewin O, Zhuo L, Kimata K. Acute and temporal expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 product, TSG6, in mesenchymal stem cells creates microenvironments required for their successful transplantation into muscle tissue. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22771-81. [PMID: 26178374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that when mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from mouse ES cells were transplanted into skeletal muscle, more than 60% of them differentiated into muscles in the crush-injured tibialis anterior muscle in vivo, although MSCs neither differentiated nor settled in the intact muscle. Microenvironments, including the extracellular matrix between the injured and intact muscle, were quite different. In the injured muscle, hyaluronan (HA), heavy chains of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), CD44, and TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 product (TSG-6) increased 24-48 h after injury, although basement membrane components of differentiated muscle such as perlecan, laminin, and type IV collagen increased gradually 4 days after the crush. We then investigated the microenvironments crucial for cell transplantation, using the lysate of C2C12 myotubules for mimicking injured circumstances in vivo. MSCs settled in the intact muscle when they were transplanted together with the C2C12 lysate or TSG6. MSCs produced and released TSG6 when they were cultured with C2C12 lysates in vitro. MSCs pretreated with the lysate also settled in the intact muscle. Furthermore, MSCs whose TSG6 was knocked down by shRNA, even if transplanted or pretreated with the lysate, could not settle in the muscle. Immunofluorescent staining showed that HA and IαI always co-localized or were distributed closely, suggesting formation of covalent complexes, i.e. the SHAP-HA complex in the presence of TSG6. Thus, TSG6, HA, and IαI were crucial factors for the settlement and probably the subsequent differentiation of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Torihashi
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Mioko Ho
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuji Kawakubo
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazumi Komatsu
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagai
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawabata
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Nana Takenaka-Ninagawa
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan, the Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, and
| | - Orawan Wanachewin
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anderegg U, Simon JC, Averbeck M. More than just a filler - the role of hyaluronan for skin homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:295-303. [PMID: 24628940 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, hyaluronan (HA) has become an increasingly attractive substance as a non-immunogenic filler and scaffolding material in cosmetic dermatology. Despite its wide use for skin augmentation and rejuvenation, relatively little is known about the molecular structures and interacting proteins of HA in normal and diseased skin. However, a comprehensive understanding of cutaneous HA homeostasis is required for future the development of HA-based applications for skin regeneration. This review provides an update on HA-based structures, expression, metabolism and its regulation, function and pharmacological targeting of HA in skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dyer DP, Thomson JM, Hermant A, Jowitt TA, Handel TM, Proudfoot AEI, Day AJ, Milner CM. TSG-6 inhibits neutrophil migration via direct interaction with the chemokine CXCL8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2177-85. [PMID: 24501198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
TNF-stimulated gene/protein-6 (TSG-6) is expressed by many different cell types in response to proinflammatory cytokines and plays an important role in the protection of tissues from the damaging consequences of acute inflammation. Recently, TSG-6 was identified as being largely responsible for the beneficial effects of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, for example in the treatment of animal models of myocardial infarction and corneal injury/allogenic transplant. The protective effect of TSG-6 is due in part to its inhibition of neutrophil migration, but the mechanisms underlying this activity remain unknown. In this study, we have shown that TSG-6 inhibits chemokine-stimulated transendothelial migration of neutrophils via a direct interaction (KD, ∼ 25 nM) between TSG-6 and the glycosaminoglycan binding site of CXCL8, which antagonizes the association of CXCL8 with heparin. Furthermore, we found that TSG-6 impairs the binding of CXCL8 to cell surface glycosaminoglycans and the transport of CXCL8 across an endothelial cell monolayer. In vivo this could limit the formation of haptotactic gradients on endothelial heparan sulfate proteoglycans and, hence, integrin-mediated tight adhesion and migration. We further observed that TSG-6 suppresses CXCL8-mediated chemotaxis of neutrophils; this lower potency effect might be important at sites where there is high local expression of TSG-6. Thus, we have identified TSG-6 as a CXCL8-binding protein, making it, to our knowledge, the first soluble mammalian chemokine-binding protein to be described to date. We have also revealed a potential mechanism whereby TSG-6 mediates its anti-inflammatory and protective effects. This could inform the development of new treatments for inflammation in the context of disease or following transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Dyer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Resovi A, Pinessi D, Chiorino G, Taraboletti G. Current understanding of the thrombospondin-1 interactome. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:83-91. [PMID: 24476925 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The multifaceted action of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) depends on its ability to physically interact with different ligands, including structural components of the extracellular matrix, other matricellular proteins, cell receptors, growth factors, cytokines and proteases. Through this network, TSP-1 regulates the ligand activity, availability and structure, ultimately tuning the cell response to environmental stimuli in a context-dependent manner, contributing to physiological and pathological processes. Complete mapping of the TSP-1 interactome is needed to understand its diverse functions and to lay the basis for the rational design of TSP-1-based therapeutic approaches. So far, large-scale approaches to identify TSP-1 ligands have been rarely used, but many interactions have been identified in small-scale studies in defined biological systems. This review, based on information from protein interaction databases and the literature, illustrates current knowledge of the TSP-1 interactome map.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Resovi
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Denise Pinessi
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Fondo Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Watanabe J, Shetty AK, Hattiangady B, Kim DK, Foraker JE, Nishida H, Prockop DJ. Administration of TSG-6 improves memory after traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:86-99. [PMID: 23851308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes multiple long-term defects including a loss of working memory that is frequently incapacitating. Administrations of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) previously produced beneficial effects in models of TBI as well as other disease models. In several models, the beneficial effects were explained by the MSCs being activated to express TSG-6, a multifunctional protein that modulates inflammation. In a mouse model of TBI, we found the initial mild phase of the inflammatory response persisted for at least 24h and was followed by secondary severe response that peaked at 3days. Intravenous human MSCs or TSG-6 during initial mild phase decreased neutrophil extravasation, expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by endothelial cells and neutrophils, and the subsequent blood brain barrier leakage in secondary phase. Administration of TSG-6 also decreased the lesion size at 2weeks. Importantly, the acute administration of TSG-6 within 24h of TBI was followed 6 to 10weeks later by improvements in memory, depressive-like behavior and the number of newly born-neurons. The data suggested that acute administration of TSG-6 may be an effective therapy for decreasing some of the long-term consequences of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kultti A, Li X, Jiang P, Thompson CB, Frost GI, Shepard HM. Therapeutic targeting of hyaluronan in the tumor stroma. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:873-903. [PMID: 24213471 PMCID: PMC3712709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor stroma, consisting of non-malignant cells and the extracellular matrix, undergoes significant quantitative and qualitative changes throughout malignant transformation and tumor progression. With increasing recognition of the role of the tumor microenvironment in disease progression, stromal components of the tumor have become attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Stromal accumulation of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan occurs in many tumor types and is frequently associated with a negative disease prognosis. Hyaluronan interacts with other extracellular molecules as well as cellular receptors to form a complex interaction network influencing physicochemical properties, signal transduction, and biological behavior of cancer cells. In preclinical animal models, enzymatic removal of hyaluronan is associated with remodeling of the tumor stroma, reduction of tumor interstitial fluid pressure, expansion of tumor blood vessels and facilitated delivery of chemotherapy. This leads to inhibition of tumor growth and increased survival. Current evidence shows that abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan may be an important stromal target for cancer therapy. In this review we highlight the role of hyaluronan and hyaluronan-mediated interactions in cancer, and discuss historical and recent data on hyaluronidase-based therapies and the effect of hyaluronan removal on tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kultti
- Department of Research, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mails: (H.M.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-858-704-8339; Fax: +1-858-704-8311
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Safety Assessment, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mails: (X.L.); (P.J.); (C.B.T.)
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Safety Assessment, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mails: (X.L.); (P.J.); (C.B.T.)
| | - Curtis B. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Safety Assessment, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mails: (X.L.); (P.J.); (C.B.T.)
| | - Gregory I. Frost
- Department of General and Administrative, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mail: (G.I.F.)
| | - H. Michael Shepard
- Department of Research, Halozyme Therapeutics, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; E-Mails: (H.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trujillo G, Zhang J, Habiel DM, Ge L, Ramadass M, Ghebrehiwet B, Kew RR. Cofactor regulation of C5a chemotactic activity in physiological fluids. Requirement for the vitamin D binding protein, thrombospondin-1 and its receptors. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:495-503. [PMID: 22014686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factors in physiological fluids that regulate the chemotactic activity of complement activation peptides C5a and C5a des Arg are not well understood. The vitamin D binding protein (DBP) has been shown to significantly enhance chemotaxis to C5a/C5a des Arg. More recently, platelet-derived thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been shown to facilitate the augmentation of C5a-induced chemotaxis by DBP. The objective of this study was to better characterize these chemotactic cofactors and investigate the role that cell surface TSP-1 receptors CD36 and CD47 may play in this process. The chemotactic activity in C-activated normal serum, citrated plasma, DBP-depleted serum or C5 depleted serum was determined for both normal human neutrophils and U937 cell line transfected with the C5a receptor (U937-C5aR). In addition, levels of C5a des Arg, DBP and TSP-1 in these fluids were measured by RIA or ELISA. Results show that there is a clear hierarchy with C5a being the essential primary signal (DBP or TSP-1 will not function in the absence of C5a), DBP the necessary cofactor and TSP-1 a dependent tertiary factor, since it cannot function to enhance chemotaxis to C5a without DBP. Measurement of the C5a-induced intracellular calcium flux confirmed the same hierarchy observed with chemotaxis. Moreover, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) demonstrated that C5a-dependent chemotactic activity is significantly decreased after anti-DBP treatment. Finally, results show that TSP-1 utilizes cell surface receptors CD36 and CD47 to augment chemotaxis, but DBP does not bind to TSP-1, CD36 or CD47. The results clearly demonstrate that C5a/C5a des Arg needs both DBP and TSP-1 for maximal chemotactic activity and suggest that the regulation of C5a chemotactic activity in physiological fluids is more complex than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BRAFV600E is a constitutively active onco-kinase and is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma as well, albeit at a lower frequency. The BRAFV600E mutation in some studies has been significantly associated with extra-thyroidal extension, metastases, recurrence, and mortality in patients with PTC. A recent genome-wide expression profiling approach (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)) and in vitro and in vivo functional studies revealed that BRAFV600E affects extracellular matrix composition (i.e. increased expression of some collagens and laminins) and promotes thyroid cancer migration and invasion. BRAFV600E through the phospho-MEK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2 pathway may control a network of genes crucial in integrating and regulating the extracellular and intracellular signaling in thyroid cancer cells, which may be fundamental to trigger an abnormal cell differentiation/totipotency and shape/polarity, and contribute to tumor aggressiveness mechanisms (i.e. cell adhesion, migration, and invasion). Increasing our knowledge of BRAFV600E-modulated ECM genes and targeting the subset of genes essential for tumor aggressiveness will help establish a novel paradigm for treatment of thyroid cancers harboring BRAFV600E. Furthermore, identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.
Collapse
|
20
|
Baranova NS, Nilebäck E, Haller FM, Briggs DC, Svedhem S, Day AJ, Richter RP. The inflammation-associated protein TSG-6 cross-links hyaluronan via hyaluronan-induced TSG-6 oligomers. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25675-86. [PMID: 21596748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that plays important roles in inflammation and ovulation. TSG-6-mediated cross-linking of HA has been proposed as a functional mechanism (e.g. for regulating leukocyte adhesion), but direct evidence for cross-linking is lacking, and we know very little about its impact on HA ultrastructure. Here we used films of polymeric and oligomeric HA chains, end-grafted to a solid support, and a combination of surface-sensitive biophysical techniques to quantify the binding of TSG-6 into HA films and to correlate binding to morphological changes. We find that full-length TSG-6 binds with pronounced positive cooperativity and demonstrate that it can cross-link HA at physiologically relevant concentrations. Our data indicate that cooperative binding of full-length TSG-6 arises from HA-induced protein oligomerization and that the TSG-6 oligomers act as cross-linkers. In contrast, the HA-binding domain of TSG-6 (the Link module) alone binds without positive cooperativity and weaker than the full-length protein. Both the Link module and full-length TSG-6 condensed and rigidified HA films, and the degree of condensation scaled with the affinity between the TSG-6 constructs and HA. We propose that condensation is the result of protein-mediated HA cross-linking. Our findings firmly establish that TSG-6 is a potent HA cross-linking agent and might hence have important implications for the mechanistic understanding of the biological function of TSG-6 (e.g. in inflammation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Baranova
- Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin-Manso G, Calzada MJ, Chuman Y, Sipes JM, Xavier CP, Wolf V, Kuznetsova SA, Rubin JS, Roberts DD. sFRP-1 binds via its netrin-related motif to the N-module of thrombospondin-1 and blocks thrombospondin-1 stimulation of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell adhesion and migration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 509:147-56. [PMID: 21402050 PMCID: PMC3085965 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1 is a Wnt antagonist that inhibits breast carcinoma cell motility, whereas the secreted glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 stimulates adhesion and motility of the same cells. We examined whether thrombospondin-1 and sFRP-1 interact directly or indirectly to modulate cell behavior. Thrombospondin-1 bound sFRP-1 with an apparent K(d)=48nM and the related sFRP-2 with a K(d)=95nM. Thrombospondin-1 did not bind to the more distantly related sFRP-3. The association of thrombospondin-1 and sFRP-1 is primarily mediated by the amino-terminal N-module of thrombospondin-1 and the netrin domain of sFRP-1. sFRP-1 inhibited α3β1 integrin-mediated adhesion of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells to a surface coated with thrombospondin-1 or recombinant N-module, but not adhesion of the cells on immobilized fibronectin or type I collagen. sFRP-1 also inhibited thrombospondin-1-mediated migration of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cells. Although sFRP-2 binds similarly to thrombospondin-1, it did not inhibit thrombospondin-1-stimulated adhesion. Thus, sFRP-1 binds to thrombospondin-1 and antagonizes stimulatory effects of thrombospondin-1 on breast carcinoma cell adhesion and motility. These results demonstrate that sFRP-1 can modulate breast cancer cell responses by interacting with thrombospondin-1 in addition to its known effects on Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Martin-Manso
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Maria J. Calzada
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yoshiro Chuman
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John M. Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Charles P. Xavier
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Vladimir Wolf
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Svetlana A. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey S. Rubin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nucera C, Lawler J, Hodin R, Parangi S. The BRAFV600E mutation: what is it really orchestrating in thyroid cancer? Oncotarget 2010; 1:751-756. [PMID: 21321384 PMCID: PMC3074562 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAFV600E is a constitutively active onco-kinase and is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma as well, albeit at a lower frequency. The BRAFV600E mutation in some studies has been significantly associated with extra-thyroidal extension, metastases, recurrence, and mortality in patients with PTC. A recent genome-wide expression profiling approach (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)) and in vitro and in vivo functional studies revealed that BRAFV600E affects extracellular matrix composition (i.e. increased expression of some collagens and laminins) and promotes thyroid cancer migration and invasion. BRAFV600E through the phospho-MEK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2 pathway may control a network of genes crucial in integrating and regulating the extracellular and intracellular signaling in thyroid cancer cells, which may be fundamental to trigger an abnormal cell differentiation/totipotency and shape/polarity, and contribute to tumor aggressiveness mechanisms (i.e. cell adhesion, migration, and invasion). Increasing our knowledge of BRAFV600E-modulated ECM genes and targeting the subset of genes essential for tumor aggressiveness will help establish a novel paradigm for treatment of thyroid cancers harboring BRAFV600E. Furthermore, identifying downstream events from the BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 pathway will eventually identify novel biomarkers that can be used to correlate with disease outcome and overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Nucera
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Endocrine Surgery Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack Lawler
- Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Hodin
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Endocrine Surgery Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Endocrine Surgery Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuchshofer R, Stephan DA, Russell P, Tamm ER. Gene expression profiling of TGFbeta2- and/or BMP7-treated trabecular meshwork cells: Identification of Smad7 as a critical inhibitor of TGF-beta2 signaling. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:1020-32. [PMID: 19450457 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A distinct structural change in the trabecular meshwork (TM) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the increase in fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) in the juxtacanalicular region of the TM. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 signaling may be involved, as TGF-beta2 is significantly increased in the aqueous humor of patients with POAG. In cultured human TM cells, TGF-beta2 causes an increase in ECM deposition, an effect that is blunted or prevented, if BMP7 is added in combination with TGF-beta2. In order to know more about the signaling network that is induced in HTM cells treated with BMP7, TGF-beta2 or the combination of both factors, we identified differentially regulated genes by microarray analysis, and confirmed selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, or immunohistochemistry. We observed multiple effects of both TGF-beta2 and BMP7 on the expression of a considerable number of genes involved in growth factor signaling, ECM structure and turnover, and modification of the cytoskeleton. Among the genes that were found to be regulated were CAPZA1, CDC42BPB, EFEMP1, FGF5, FSTL3, HBEGF, LTBP1, LTBP2, MATN2, NRP1, SERPINE1, SH3MD1, SMTN, SMAD7, TFPI2, TNFAIP6, and VEGF. Since SMAD7 encodes for Smad7, an inhibitory Smad that acts in a negative-feedback loop to inhibit TGF-beta activity, we silenced Smad7 mRNA in cultured human TM cells by a specific small interfering RNA. Silencing of its mRNA caused a substantial knock down of Smad7 in TM cells. Following combined BMP7/TGF-beta2 treatment, the antagonizing effect of BMP7 on TGF-beta2-induced CTGF expression was abolished. We conclude that Smad7 is the key molecular switch that inhibits TGF-beta2 signaling, and mediates the blunting effects of BMP7 on TGF-beta2 in TM cells. A therapeutic modulation of Smad7 might be a promising approach to influence ECM turnover in the TM and to treat POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mahoney DJ, Mikecz K, Ali T, Mabilleau G, Benayahu D, Plaas A, Milner CM, Day AJ, Sabokbar A. TSG-6 regulates bone remodeling through inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25952-62. [PMID: 18586671 PMCID: PMC2533787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802138200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is an inflammation-induced protein that is produced at pathological
sites, including arthritic joints. In animal models of arthritis, TSG-6
protects against joint damage; this has been attributed to its inhibitory
effects on neutrophil migration and plasmin activity. Here we investigated
whether TSG-6 can directly influence bone erosion. Our data reveal that TSG-6
inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation/activation from human and
murine precursor cells, where elevated dentine erosion by osteoclasts derived
from TSG-6-/- mice is consistent with the very severe
arthritis seen in these animals. However, the long bones from unchallenged
TSG-6-/- mice were found to have higher trabecular mass
than controls, suggesting that in the absence of inflammation TSG-6 has a role
in bone homeostasis; we have detected expression of the TSG-6 protein in the
bone marrow of unchallenged wild type mice. Furthermore, we have observed that
TSG-6 can inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-mediated osteoblast
differentiation. Interaction analysis revealed that TSG-6 binds directly to
RANKL and to BMP-2 (as well as other osteogenic BMPs but not BMP-3) via
composite surfaces involving its Link and CUB modules. Consistent with this,
the full-length protein is required for maximal inhibition of osteoblast
differentiation and osteoclast activation, although the isolated Link module
retains significant activity in the latter case. We hypothesize that TSG-6 has
dual roles in bone remodeling; one protective, where it inhibits RANKL-induced
bone erosion in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and the other
homeostatic, where its interactions with BMP-2 and RANKL help to balance
mineralization by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Mahoney
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Rd., Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nagyova E, Camaioni A, Prochazka R, Day AJ, Salustri A. Synthesis of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Protein 6 in Porcine Preovulatory Follicles: A Study with A38 Antibody1. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:903-9. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
26
|
Kuznetsova SA, Mahoney DJ, Martin-Manso G, Ali T, Nentwich HA, Sipes JM, Zeng B, Vogel T, Day AJ, Roberts DD. TSG-6 binds via its CUB_C domain to the cell-binding domain of fibronectin and increases fibronectin matrix assembly. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:201-10. [PMID: 18042364 PMCID: PMC2384166 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma fibronectin binds with high affinity to the inflammation-induced secreted protein TSG-6. Fibronectin binds to the CUB_C domain of TSG-6 but not to its Link module. TSG-6 can thus act as a bridging molecule to facilitate fibronectin association with the TSG-6 Link module ligand thrombospondin-1. Fibronectin binding to TSG-6 is divalent cation-independent and is conserved in cellular fibronectins. Based on competition binding studies using recombinant and proteolytic fragments of fibronectin, TSG-6 binding localizes to type III repeats 9-14 of fibronectin. This region of fibronectin contains the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence recognized by alpha5beta1 integrin, but deletion of that sequence does not prevent TSG-6 binding, and TSG-6 does not inhibit cell adhesion on fibronectin substrates mediated by this integrin. This region of fibronectin is also involved in fibronectin matrix assembly, and addition of TSG-6 enhances exogenous and endogenous fibronectin matrix assembly by human fibroblasts. Therefore, TSG-6 is a high affinity ligand that can mediate fibronectin interactions with other matrix components and modulate some interactions of fibronectin with cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J. Mahoney
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gema Martin-Manso
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tariq Ali
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hilke A. Nentwich
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - John M. Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bixi Zeng
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tikva Vogel
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony J. Day
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Calzada MJ, Kuznetsova SA, Sipes JM, Rodrigues RG, Cashel JA, Annis DS, Mosher DF, Roberts DD. Calcium indirectly regulates immunochemical reactivity and functional activities of the N-domain of thrombospondin-1. Matrix Biol 2007; 27:339-51. [PMID: 18226512 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conformational changes induced in thrombospondin-1 by removal of calcium regulate interactions with some ligands of its N-modules. Because calcium binds primarily to elements of the C-terminal signature domain of thrombospondin-1, which are distant from the N-modules, such regulation was unexpected. To clarify the mechanism for this regulation, we compared ligand binding to the N-modules of thrombospondin-1 in the full-length protein and recombinant trimeric thrombospondin-1 truncated prior to the signature domain. Three monoclonal antibodies were identified that recognize the N-modules, two of which exhibit calcium-dependent binding to native thrombospondin-1 but not to the truncated trimeric protein. These antibodies or calcium selectively modulate interactions of fibronectin, heparin, sulfatide, alpha3beta1 integrin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene-6 protein, and, to a lesser extent, alpha4beta1 integrin with native thrombospondin-1 but not with the truncated protein. These results indicate connectivity between calcium binding sites in the C-terminal signature domain and the N-modules of thrombospondin-1 that regulates ligand binding and functional activities of the N-modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Calzada
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evanko SP, Tammi MI, Tammi RH, Wight TN. Hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1351-65. [PMID: 17804111 PMCID: PMC2174428 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a multifunctional glycosaminoglycan that forms the structural basis of the pericellular matrix. Hyaluronan is extruded directly through the plasma membrane by one of three hyaluronan synthases and anchored to the cell surface by the synthase or cell surface receptors such as CD44 or RHAMM. Aggregating proteoglycans and other hyaluronan-binding proteins, contribute to the material and biological properties of the matrix and regulate cell and tissue function. The pericellular matrix plays multiple complex roles in cell adhesion/de-adhesion, and cell shape changes associated with proliferation and locomotion. Time-lapse studies show that pericellular matrix formation facilitates cell detachment and mitotic cell rounding. Hyaluronan crosslinking occurs through various proteins, such as tenascin, TSG-6, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, pentraxin and TSP-1. This creates higher order levels of structured hyaluronan that may regulate inflammation and other biological processes. Microvillous or filopodial membrane protrusions are created by active hyaluronan synthesis, and form the scaffold of hyaluronan coats in certain cells. The importance of the pericellular matrix in cellular mechanotransduction and the response to mechanical strain are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Evanko
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Markku I. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija H. Tammi
- Department of Anatomy, Kuopio University, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas N. Wight, The Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9 Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, , Phone: (206) 341-1377, Fax: (206) 341-1370
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Blundell CD, Mahoney DJ, Cordell MR, Almond A, Kahmann JD, Perczel A, Taylor JD, Campbell ID, Day AJ. Determining the molecular basis for the pH-dependent interaction between the link module of human TSG-6 and hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12976-88. [PMID: 17307731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611713200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is an inflammation-associated hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that has anti-inflammatory and protective functions in arthritis and asthma as well as a critical role in mammalian ovulation. The interaction between TSG-6 and HA is pH-dependent, with a marked reduction in affinity on increasing the pH from 6.0 to 8.0. Here we have investigated the mechanism underlying this pH dependence using a combined approach of site-directed mutagenesis, NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry and microtiter plate assays. Analysis of single-site mutants of the TSG-6 Link module indicated that the loss in affinity above pH 6.0 is mediated by the change in ionization state of a histidine residue (His(4)) that is not within the HA-binding site. To understand this in molecular terms, the pH-dependent folding profile and the pK(a) values of charged residues within the Link module were determined using NMR. These data indicated that His(4) makes a salt bridge to one side-chain oxygen atom of a buried aspartate residue (Asp(89)), whereas the other oxygen is simultaneously hydrogen-bonded to a key HA-binding residue (Tyr(12)). This molecular network transmits the change in ionization state of His(4) to the HA-binding site, which explains the loss of affinity at high pH. In contrast, simulations of the pH affinity curves indicate that another histidine residue, His(45), is largely responsible for the gain in affinity for HA between pH 3.5 and 6.0. The pH-dependent interaction of TSG-6 with HA (and other ligands) provides a means of differentially regulating the functional activity of this protein in different tissue microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kuznetsova SA, Issa P, Perruccio EM, Zeng B, Sipes JM, Ward Y, Seyfried NT, Fielder HL, Day AJ, Wight TN, Roberts DD. Versican-thrombospondin-1 binding in vitro and colocalization in microfibrils induced by inflammation on vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4499-509. [PMID: 17046999 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a specific interaction between two secreted proteins, thrombospondin-1 and versican, that is induced during a toll-like receptor-3-dependent inflammatory response in vascular smooth muscle cells. Thrombospondin-1 binding to versican is modulated by divalent cations. This interaction is mediated by interaction of the G1 domain of versican with the N-module of thrombospondin-1 but only weakly with the corresponding N-terminal region of thrombospondin-2. The G1 domain of versican contains two Link modules, which are known to mediate TNFalpha-stimulated gene-6 protein binding to thrombospondin-1, and the related G1 domain of aggrecan is also recognized by thrombospondin-1. Therefore, thrombospondin-1 interacts with three members of the Link-containing hyaladherin family. On the surface of poly-I:C-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells, versican organizes into fibrillar structures that contain elastin but are largely distinct from those formed by hyaluronan. Endogenous and exogenously added thrombospondin-1 incorporates into these structures. Binding of exogenous thrombospondin-1 to these structures, to purified versican and to its G1 domain is potently inhibited by heparin. At higher concentrations, exogenous thrombospondin-1 delays the poly-I:C induced formation of structures containing versican and elastin, suggesting that thrombospondin-1 negatively modulates this component of a vascular smooth muscle inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
TSG-6 is a multifunctional protein that is up-regulated in many pathological and physiological contexts, where it plays important roles in inflammation and tissue remodelling. For example, it is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil migration and can modulate the protease network through inhibition of plasmin. TSG-6 binds a wide range of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) [i.e. HA (hyaluronan), chondroitin 4-sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparin and heparan sulphate] as well as a variety of protein ligands, where these interactions can influence the activities of TSG-6. For example, through its association with HA, TSG-6 can mediate HA cross-linking via several different mechanisms, some of which promote leucocyte adhesion. Binding to heparin, however, enhances the ability of TSG-6 to potentiate the anti-plasmin activity of inter-alpha-inhibitor, which binds non-covalently to TSG-6 via its bikunin chain. Furthermore, although HA and heparin interact with distinct sites on the Link module, the binding of heparin can inhibit subsequent interaction with HA. In addition, the interactions of TSG-6 with HA, heparin and at least some of its protein ligands are sensitive to pH. Therefore it seems that in different tissue micro-environments (characterized, for example, by pH and GAG content), TSG-6 could be partitioned into functional pools with distinct activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Milner
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Garcia GE, Wisniewski HG, Lucia MS, Arevalo N, Slaga TJ, Kraft SL, Strange R, Kumar AP. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits prostate tumor development in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:980-8. [PMID: 16467113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-Methoxyestradiol, an estrogenic metabolite, is in clinical trials for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. However, neither the chemopreventive role nor the mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced biological activities is fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight- and 24-week-old transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were fed a diet containing 50 mg 2-methoxyestradiol/kg body weight for 16 and 8 weeks, respectively. Chemopreventive efficacy was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, determining the prostate-seminal vesicle complex volume and histologic analysis of prostate tumor or tissue. Tumor invasion assays were used to show the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene (TSG-6), a 2-methoxyestradiol-up-regulated gene identified by DNA array analysis. Expression of TSG-6 was analyzed in a human tissue array containing different grades of prostate tumors. RESULTS Dietary administration of 2-methoxyestradiol prevented the development of preneoplastic lesions independent of progression stage. TSG-6 was low or undetectable in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and TRAMP tumors but up-regulated in response to 2-methoxyestradiol. Immunohistochemistry of the human prostate tumor array showed a decrease in TSG-6-positive cells with increasing grade relative to normal prostate (P = 0.0001). Although overexpression of TSG-6 inhibited invasion of androgen-independent cells (P = 0.007), antisense TSG-6 reversed this effect. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the potential of 2-methoxyestradiol as a chemopreventive agent. We have also identified TSG-6 as a potential marker that could be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancerous or precancerous lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Garcia
- Departments of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Day AJ, de la Motte CA. Hyaluronan cross-linking: a protective mechanism in inflammation? Trends Immunol 2005; 26:637-43. [PMID: 16214414 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan is increased at sites of inflammation, often correlating with the accumulation of leukocytes. Mounting evidence suggests that this polysaccharide can be organized into a wide variety of molecular architectures by its association with specific binding proteins, leading to the formation of fibrils and cable-like structures involving a large number of hyaluronan chains. We propose that hyaluronan cross-linking is part of a protective mechanism, promoting adhesion of leukocytes to the hyaluronan complexes rather than enabling contact with inflammation-promoting receptors on the underlying tissues. Leukocytes are thus maintained in a non-activated state by appropriate receptor clustering or receptor co-engagement. Additionally, hyaluronan networks might serve as scaffolds to prevent the loss of extracellular matrix components during inflammation and to sequester proinflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Day
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|