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Valenzise M, Bombaci B, Lombardo F, Passanisi S, Lombardo C, Lugarà C, D'Amico F, Grasso L, Aguennouz M, Catalano A, Salzano G. Association between osteocalcin and residual β-cell function in children and adolescents newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: a pivotal study. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02414-2. [PMID: 38965181 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This pivotal study aimed to evaluate circulating levels of bone remodeling markers in children and adolescents at the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Additionally, we assessed their correlation with glucose control, residual β-cell function, and the severity of presentation. METHODS In this single-center cross-sectional study, we recruited children and adolescents newly diagnosed with T1D at our tertiary-care Diabetes Centre. Anamnestic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data at T1D diagnosis were collected. Basal and stimulated C-peptide levels were assessed, along with the following bone remodeling biomarkers: osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathormone (PTH), 25-OH Vitamin D (25OH-D), and the C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX). RESULTS We enrolled 29 individuals newly diagnosed with T1D, with a slight male prevalence (51.7%). The mean age was 8.4 ± 3.7 years. A positive correlation between OC and stimulated C-peptide (R = 0.538; p = 0.026) and between PTH and serum HCO3- (R = 0.544; p = 0.025) was found. No other correlations between bone remodeling biomarkers and clinical variables were detected. CONCLUSION Our data showed a positive correlation between OC levels and residual β-cell function in children and adolescents at T1D presentation. Further longitudinal studies evaluating OC levels in pediatric subjects with T1D are needed to better understand the complex interaction between bone and glucose metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valenzise
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - B Bombaci
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Lugarà
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F D'Amico
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - L Grasso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Aguennouz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Dey Bhowmik A, Das T, Chattopadhyay A. Chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentration of fluoride impairs osteoblast's collagen synthesis and matrix mineralization: Involvement of epigenetic regulation in skeletal fluorosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116845. [PMID: 37558119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 200 million people are suffering from toxic manifestations of Fluoride(F), dental and skeletal fluorosis; unfortunately, there is no treatment. To unravel the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis, we established fluorosis mice by treating environmentally relevant concentration of F (15 ppm NaF) through drinking water for 4 months. As in skeletal fluorosis, locomotor disability, crippling deformities occur and thus, our hypothesis was F might adversely affects collagen which gives the bone tensile strength. This work inevitably had to be carried out on osteoblast cells, responsible for synthesis, deposition, and mineralization of bone matrix. Isolated osteoblast cells were confirmed by ALP activity and mineralized nodules formation. Expression of collagen Col1a1, Col1a2, COL1A1 was significantly reduced in treated mice. Further, a study revealed the involvement of epigenetic regulation by promoter hypermethylation of Col1a1; expressional alterations of transcription factors, calcium channels and other genes e.g., Cbfa-1, Tgf-β1, Bmp1, Sp1, Sp7, Nf-Kb p65, Bmp-2, Bglap, Gprc6a and Cav1.2 are associated with impairment of collagen synthesis, deposition and decreased mineralization thus, enfeebling bone health. This study indicates the possible association of epigenetic regulation in skeletal fluorosis. However, no association was found between polymorphisms in the Col1a1 (RsaI, HindIII) and Col1a2 (RsaI, HindIII) genes with fluorosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Dey Bhowmik
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanmoy Das
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
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3
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Abstract
Together, loss- and gain-of-function experiments have identified the bone-derived secreted molecule osteocalcin as a hormone with a broad reach in rodents and primates. Following its binding to one of three receptors, osteocalcin exerts a profound influence on various aspects of energy metabolism as well as steroidogenesis, neurotransmitter biosynthesis and thereby male fertility, electrolyte homeostasis, cognition, the acute stress response, and exercise capacity. Although this review focuses mostly on the regulation of energy metabolism by osteocalcin, it also touches on its other functions. Lastly, it proposes what could be a common theme between the functions of osteocalcin and between these functions and the structural functions of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Departments of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;
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Mazmanian K, Grauffel C, Dudev T, Lim C. Protein Ca 2+-Sites Prone to Sr 2+ Substitution: Implications for Strontium Therapy. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37327495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr), an alkali metal with properties similar to calcium, in the form of soluble salts is used to treat osteoporosis. Despite the information accumulated on the role of Sr2+ as a Ca2+ mimetic in biology and medicine, there is no systematic study of how the outcome of the competition between the two dications depends on the physicochemical properties of (i) the metal ions, (ii) the first- and second-shell ligands, and (iii) the protein matrix. Specifically, the key features of a Ca2+-binding protein that enable Sr2+ to displace Ca2+ remain unclear. To address this, we studied the competition between Ca2+ and Sr2+ in protein Ca2+-binding sites using density functional theory combined with the polarizable continuum model. Our findings indicate that Ca2+-sites with multiple strong charge-donating protein ligands, including one or more bidentately bound Asp-/Glu- that are relatively buried and rigid are protected against Sr2+ attack. On the other hand, Ca2+-sites crowded with multiple protein ligands may be prone to Sr2+ displacement if they are solvent-exposed and flexible enough so that an extra backbone ligand from the outer shell can bind to Sr2+. In addition, solvent-exposed Ca2+ sites with only a few weak charge-donating ligands that can rearrange to fit the strontium's coordination requirements are susceptible to Sr2+ displacement. We provide the physical basis of these results and discuss potential novel protein targets of therapeutic Sr2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mazmanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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5
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Lukina Y, Safronova T, Smolentsev D, Toshev O. Calcium Phosphate Cements as Carriers of Functional Substances for the Treatment of Bone Tissue. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4017. [PMID: 37297151 PMCID: PMC10254876 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in calcium phosphate cements as materials for the restoration and treatment of bone tissue defects is still high. Despite commercialization and use in the clinic, the calcium phosphate cements have great potential for development. Existing approaches to the production of calcium phosphate cements as drugs are analyzed. A description of the pathogenesis of the main diseases of bone tissue (trauma, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis and tumor) and effective common treatment strategies are presented in the review. An analysis of the modern understanding of the complex action of the cement matrix and the additives and drugs distributed in it in relation to the successful treatment of bone defects is given. The mechanisms of biological action of functional substances determine the effectiveness of use in certain clinical cases. An important direction of using calcium phosphate cements as a carrier of functional substances is the volumetric incorporation of anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiresorptive and osteogenic functional substances. The main functionalization requirement for carrier materials is prolonged elution. Various release factors related to the matrix, functional substances and elution conditions are considered in the work. It is shown that cements are a complex system. Changing one of the many initial parameters in a wide range changes the final characteristics of the matrix and, accordingly, the kinetics. The main approaches to the effective functionalization of calcium phosphate cements are considered in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Lukina
- National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova 10, 127299 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Digital Technologies and Chemical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Safronova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Building 3, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Building 73, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitriiy Smolentsev
- National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after N.N. Priorov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova 10, 127299 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Otabek Toshev
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Building 73, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Feldthouse MG, Vyleta NP, Smith SM. PLC regulates spontaneous glutamate release triggered by extracellular calcium and readily releasable pool size in neocortical neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1193485. [PMID: 37260580 PMCID: PMC10228687 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1193485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dynamic physiological changes in brain extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) occur when high levels of neuronal activity lead to substantial Ca2+ entry via ion channels reducing local [Ca2+]o. Perturbations of the extracellular microenvironment that increase [Ca2+]o are commonly used to study how [Ca2+] regulates neuronal activity. At excitatory synapses, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) and other G-protein coupled receptors link [Ca2+]o and spontaneous glutamate release. Phospholipase C (PLC) is activated by G-proteins and is hypothesized to mediate this process. Methods Patch-clamping cultured neocortical neurons, we tested how spontaneous glutamate release was affected by [Ca2+]o and inhibition of PLC activity. We used hypertonic sucrose (HS) to evaluate the readily releasable pool (RRP) and test if it was affected by inhibition of PLC activity. Results Spontaneous glutamate release substantially increased with [Ca2+]o, and inhibition of PLC activity, with U73122, abolished this effect. PLC-β1 is an abundant isoform in the neocortex, however, [Ca2+]o-dependent spontaneous release was unchanged in PLC-β1 null mutants (PLC-β1-/-). U73122 completely suppressed this response in PLC-β1-/- neurons, indicating that this residual [Ca2+]o-sensitivity may be mediated by other PLC isoforms. The RRP size was substantially reduced after incubation in U73122, but not U73343. Phorbol esters increased RRP size after PLC inhibition. Discussion Together these data point to a strong role for PLC in mediating changes in spontaneous release elicited by [Ca2+]o and other extracellular cues, possibly by modifying the size of the RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya G. Feldthouse
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Vyleta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stephen M. Smith
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Chiarini A, Gui L, Viviani C, Armato U, Dal Prà I. NLRP3 Inflammasome’s Activation in Acute and Chronic Brain Diseases—An Update on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Respect to Other Inflammasomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11040999. [PMID: 37189617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly prevalent acute and chronic human brain diseases are scourges for the elderly. Besides the lack of therapies, these ailments share a neuroinflammation that is triggered/sustained by different innate immunity-related protein oligomers called inflammasomes. Relevant neuroinflammation players such as microglia/monocytes typically exhibit a strong NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence the idea that NLRP3 suppression might solve neurodegenerative ailments. Here we review the recent Literature about this topic. First, we update conditions and mechanisms, including RNAs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, endogenous compounds, and ethnic/pharmacological agents/extracts regulating NLRP3 function. Second, we pinpoint NLRP3-activating mechanisms and known NLRP3 inhibition effects in acute (ischemia, stroke, hemorrhage), chronic (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, MS, ALS), and virus-induced (Zika, SARS-CoV-2, and others) human brain diseases. The available data show that (i) disease-specific divergent mechanisms activate the (mainly animal) brains NLRP3; (ii) no evidence proves that NLRP3 inhibition modifies human brain diseases (yet ad hoc trials are ongoing); and (iii) no findings exclude that concurrently activated other-than-NLRP3 inflammasomes might functionally replace the inhibited NLRP3. Finally, we highlight that among the causes of the persistent lack of therapies are the species difference problem in disease models and a preference for symptomatic over etiologic therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we posit that human neural cell-based disease models could drive etiological, pathogenetic, and therapeutic advances, including NLRP3’s and other inflammasomes’ regulation, while minimizing failure risks in candidate drug trials.
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8
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GPCR in Adipose Tissue Function-Focus on Lipolysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020588. [PMID: 36831123 PMCID: PMC9953751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue can be divided anatomically, histologically, and functionally into two major entities white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT, respectively). WAT is the primary energy depot, storing most of the bioavailable triacylglycerol molecules of the body, whereas BAT is designed for dissipating energy in the form of heat, a process also known as non-shivering thermogenesis as a defense against a cold environment. Importantly, BAT-dependent energy dissipation directly correlates with cardiometabolic health and has been postulated as an intriguing target for anti-obesity therapies. In general, adipose tissue (AT) lipid content is defined by lipid uptake and lipogenesis on one side, and, on the other side, it is defined by the breakdown of lipids and the release of fatty acids by lipolysis. The equilibrium between lipogenesis and lipolysis is important for adipocyte and general metabolic homeostasis. Overloading adipocytes with lipids causes cell stress, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and adipose tissue inflammation, which can affect the whole organism (metaflammation). The most important consequence of energy and lipid overload is obesity and associated pathophysiologies, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The fate of lipolysis products (fatty acids and glycerol) largely differs between AT: WAT releases fatty acids into the blood to deliver energy to other tissues (e.g., muscle). Activation of BAT, instead, liberates fatty acids that are used within brown adipocyte mitochondria for thermogenesis. The enzymes involved in lipolysis are tightly regulated by the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is activated or inhibited by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that interact with heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins). Thus, GPCRs are the upstream regulators of the equilibrium between lipogenesis and lipolysis. Moreover, GPCRs are of special pharmacological interest because about one third of the approved drugs target GPCRs. Here, we will discuss the effects of some of most studied as well as "novel" GPCRs and their ligands. We will review different facets of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies, obtained with both pharmacological and genetic approaches. Finally, we will report some possible therapeutic strategies to treat obesity employing GPCRs as primary target.
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9
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Franchini L, Orlandi C. Probing the orphan receptors: Tools and directions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:47-76. [PMID: 36707155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous ligands activating a large fraction of the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family members have yet to be identified. These receptors are commonly labeled as orphans (oGPCRs), and because of the absence of available pharmacological tools they are currently understudied. Nonetheless, genome wide association studies, together with research using animal models identified many physiological functions regulated by oGPCRs. Similarly, mutations in some oGPCRs have been associated with rare genetic disorders or with an increased risk of developing pathologies. The once underestimated pharmacological potential of targeting oGPCRs is increasingly being exploited by the development of novel tools to understand their biology and by drug discovery endeavors aimed at identifying new modulators of their activity. Here, we summarize recent advancements in the field of oGPCRs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Franchini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.
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10
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Varani J, McClintock SD, Knibbs RN, Harber I, Zeidan D, Jawad-Makki MAH, Aslam MN. Liver Protein Expression in NASH Mice on a High-Fat Diet: Response to Multi-Mineral Intervention. Front Nutr 2022; 9:859292. [PMID: 35634402 PMCID: PMC9130755 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.859292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male MS-NASH mice were maintained on a high-fat diet for 16 weeks with and without red algae-derived minerals. Obeticholic acid (OCA) was used as a comparator in the same strain and diet. C57BL/6 mice maintained on a standard (low-fat) rodent chow diet were used as a control. At the end of the in-life portion of the study, body weight, liver weight, liver enzyme levels and liver histology were assessed. Samples obtained from individual livers were subjected to Tandem Mass Tag labeling / mass spectroscopy for protein profile determination. As compared to mice maintained on the low-fat diet, all high-fat-fed mice had increased whole-body and liver weight, increased liver enzyme (aminotransferases) levels and widespread steatosis / ballooning hepatocyte degeneration. Histological evidence for liver inflammation and collagen deposition was also present, but changes were to a lesser extent. A moderate reduction in ballooning degeneration and collagen deposition was observed with mineral supplementation. Control mice on the high-fat diet alone demonstrated multiple protein changes associated with dysregulated fat and carbohydrate metabolism, lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Cholesterol metabolism and bile acid formation were especially sensitive to diet. In mice receiving multi-mineral supplementation along with the high-fat diet, there was reduced liver toxicity as evidenced by a decrease in levels of several cytochrome P450 enzymes and other oxidant-generating moieties. Additionally, elevated expression of several keratins was also detected in mineral-supplemented mice. The protein changes observed with mineral supplementation were not seen with OCA. Our previous studies have shown that mice maintained on a high-fat diet for up to 18 months develop end-stage liver injury including hepatocellular carcinoma. Mineral-supplemented mice were substantially protected against tumor formation and other end-state consequences of high-fat feeding. The present study identifies early (16-week) protein changes occurring in the livers of the high-fat diet-fed mice, and how the expression of these proteins is influenced by mineral supplementation. These findings help elucidate early protein changes that contribute to end-stage liver injury and potential mechanisms by which dietary minerals may mitigate such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D McClintock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Randall N Knibbs
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabelle Harber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dania Zeidan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Muhammad N Aslam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Lok KH, Wareham NJ, Nair RS, How CW, Chuah LH. Revisiting the concept of incretin and enteroendocrine L-cells as type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106237. [PMID: 35487405 PMCID: PMC7614293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The significant growth in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence strikes a common threat to the healthcare and economic systems globally. Despite the availability of several anti-hyperglycaemic agents in the market, none can offer T2DM remission. These agents include the prominent incretin-based therapy such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors that are designed primarily to promote GLP-1R activation. Recent interest in various therapeutically useful gastrointestinal hormones in T2DM and obesity has surged with the realisation that enteroendocrine L-cells modulate the different incretins secretion and glucose homeostasis, reflecting the original incretin definition. Targeting L-cells offers promising opportunities to mimic the benefits of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis, bodyweight management, and T2DM remission. Revising the fundamental incretin theory is an essential step for therapeutic development in this area. Therefore, the present review explores enteroendocrine L-cell hormone expression, the associated nutrient-sensing mechanisms, and other physiological characteristics. Subsequently, enteroendocrine L-cell line models and the latest L-cell targeted therapies are reviewed critically in this paper. Bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy and new paradigm of L-cell targeted pharmaceutical formulation are discussed here, offering both clinician and scientist communities a new common interest to push the scientific boundary in T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Hou Lok
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Park D, Kim DY, Byun MR, Hwang H, Ko SH, Baek JH, Baek K. Undercarboxylated, but not Carboxylated, Osteocalcin suppresses TNF-α induced inflammatory signaling pathway in Myoblast. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac084. [PMID: 35702666 PMCID: PMC9188654 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) has been considered to be an important endocrine factor, especially to regulate bone and energy metabolism. Even with the mounting evidence showing the consistent inverse correlation of ucOCN levels in chronic inflammatory diseases, however, the mechanism underlying the involvement of ucOCN in the muscular inflammation has not been fully understood. In the present study, we explored 1) the endocrine role of ucOCN in the regulation of inflammation in C2C12 myoblasts and primary myoblasts and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanisms, and 2) whether G protein–coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is the ucOCN-sensing receptor associated with the ucOCN-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts. ucOCN suppressed the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–induced expressions of major inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inhibited the TNF-α–stimulated activities of transcription factors, including NF-κB, in C2C12 and primary myoblasts. Both knockdown and knockout of GPRC6A, by using siRNA or a CRISPR/CAS9 system, respectively, did not reverse the effect of ucOCN on IL-1β expression in myoblasts. Interestingly, TNF-α–induced IL-1β expression was inhibited by knockdown or deletion of GPRC6A itself, regardless of the ucOCN treatment. ucOCN was rapidly internalized into the cytoplasmic region via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, suggesting the presence of new target proteins in the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm for interaction with ucOCN in myoblasts. Taken together, these findings indicate that ucOCN suppresses the TNF-α–induced inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts. GPRC6A is not a sensing receptor associated with the ucOCN-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyorin Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
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Borciani G, Ciapetti G, Vitale-Brovarone C, Baldini N. Strontium Functionalization of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Purposes: A Biological Point of View. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051724. [PMID: 35268956 PMCID: PMC8911212 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr) is a trace element taken with nutrition and found in bone in close connection to native hydroxyapatite. Sr is involved in a dual mechanism of coupling the stimulation of bone formation with the inhibition of bone resorption, as reported in the literature. Interest in studying Sr has increased in the last decades due to the development of strontium ranelate (SrRan), an orally active agent acting as an anti-osteoporosis drug. However, the use of SrRan was subjected to some limitations starting from 2014 due to its negative side effects on the cardiac safety of patients. In this scenario, an interesting perspective for the administration of Sr is the introduction of Sr ions in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. This strategy has attracted attention thanks to its positive effects on bone formation, alongside the reduction of osteoclast activity, proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. The purpose of this review is to go through the classes of biomaterials most commonly used in BTE and functionalized with Sr, i.e., calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glasses, metal-based materials, and polymers. The works discussed in this review were selected as representative for each type of the above-mentioned categories, and the biological evaluation in vitro and/or in vivo was the main criterion for selection. The encouraging results collected from the in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations are outlined to highlight the potential applications of materials’ functionalization with Sr as an osteopromoting dopant in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Borciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366748
| | - Gabriela Ciapetti
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Laboratory for Nanobiotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale-Brovarone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
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14
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Takashi Y, Kawanami D. The Role of Bone-Derived Hormones in Glucose Metabolism, Diabetic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042376. [PMID: 35216490 PMCID: PMC8879859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone contributes to supporting the body, protecting the central nervous system and other organs, hematopoiesis, the regulation of mineral metabolism (mainly calcium and phosphate), and assists in respiration. Bone has many functions in the body. Recently, it was revealed that bone also works as an endocrine organ and secretes several systemic humoral factors, including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin 2. Bone can communicate with other organs via these hormones. In particular, it has been reported that these bone-derived hormones are involved in glucose metabolism and diabetic complications. Some functions of these bone-derived hormones can become useful biomarkers that predict the incidence of diabetes and the progression of diabetic complications. Furthermore, other functions are considered to be targets for the prevention or treatment of diabetes and its complications. As is well known, diabetes is now a worldwide health problem, and many efforts have been made to treat diabetes. Thus, further investigations of the endocrine system through bone-derived hormones may provide us with new perspectives on the prediction, prevention, and treatment of diabetes. In this review, we summarize the role of bone-derived hormones in glucose metabolism, diabetic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders.
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15
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Ye. M. Makogonenko RYM, Hrabovskyi OO, Bereznytskyj GK, Pyrogova LV, Gogolinskaya GK, Makogonenko YM. Chlorine-binding structures: role and organization in different proteins. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on chloride-binding structures in the proteins of bacteria, plants, viruses and animals. The structure and amino acid composition of the chloride-binding site and its role in the functioning of structural, regulatory, transport, receptor, channel proteins, transcription factors and enzymes are considered. Data on the important role of chloride-binding structures and chloride anions in the polymerization of fibrin are presented.
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16
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Mao H, Li L, Fan Q, Angelini A, Saha PK, Coarfa C, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Cheng J, Wu H, Ballantyne CM, Sun Z, Xie L, Pi X. Endothelium-specific depletion of LRP1 improves glucose homeostasis through inducing osteocalcin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5296. [PMID: 34489478 PMCID: PMC8421392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present within metabolic organs and actively regulates energy metabolism. Here we show osteocalcin, recognized as a bone-secreted metabolic hormone, is expressed in mouse primary endothelial cells isolated from heart, lung and liver. In human osteocalcin promoter-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein signals are enriched in endothelial cells lining aorta, small vessels and capillaries and abundant in aorta, skeletal muscle and eye of adult mice. The depletion of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 induces osteocalcin through a Forkhead box O -dependent pathway in endothelial cells. Whereas depletion of osteocalcin abolishes the glucose-lowering effect of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 depletion, osteocalcin treatment normalizes hyperglycemia in multiple mouse models. Mechanistically, osteocalcin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor are in the same complex with osteocalcin and required for osteocalcin-promoted insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, our results reveal an endocrine/paracrine role of endothelial cells in regulating insulin sensitivity, which may have therapeutic implications in treating diabetes and insulin resistance through manipulating vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luge Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiying Fan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aude Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Jin S, Chang XC, Wen J, Yang J, Ao N, Zhang KY, Suo LN, Du J. Decarboxylated osteocalcin, a possible drug for type 2 diabetes, triggers glucose uptake in MG63 cells. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1102-1115. [PMID: 34326958 PMCID: PMC8311485 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (GluOC) has been reported to improve glucose metabolism, prevent type 2 diabetes, and decrease the severity of obesity in mice with type 2 diabetes. GluOC can increase glucose uptake in a variety of cells. Glucose metabolism is the main source of energy for osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. We hypothesized that decarboxylated osteocalcin (dcOC), a kind of GluOC, can increase glucose uptake in MG63 cells (osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells) and influence their proliferation and differentiation.
AIM To investigate the effects of dcOC on glucose uptake in human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells and the possible signaling pathways involved.
METHODS MG63 cells (human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells) were treated with dcOC (0, 0.3, 3, 10, or 30 ng/mL) for 1 and 72 h, and glucose uptake was measured by flow cytometry. The effect of dcOC on cell proliferation was measured with a CCK-8 assay, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity was measured. PI3K was inhibited with LY294002, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) was silenced with siRNA. Then, GPRC6A (G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 subtype A), total Akt, phosphorylated Akt, HIF-1α, and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) levels were measured by Western blot to elucidate the possible pathways by which dcOC modulates glucose uptake.
RESULTS The glucose uptake of MG63 cells was significantly increased compared with that of the paired control cells after short-term (1 h) treatment with dcOC at different concentrations (0.3, 3, and 10 ng/mL groups, P < 0.01; 30 ng/mL group, P < 0.05). Glucose uptake of MG63 cells was significantly increased compared with that of the paired control cells after long-term (72 h) treatment with dcOC at different concentrations (0.3, 3, and 10 ng/mL groups, P < 0.01; 30 ng/mL group, P < 0.05). DcOC triggered Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, and the most effective stimulatory concentration of dcOC for short-term (1 h) was 3 ng/mL (P < 0.01). LY294002 abolished the dcOC-mediated (1 h) promotion of Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake without affecting GLUT1 protein expression. Long-term dcOC stimulation triggered Akt phosphorylation and increased the protein levels of HIF-1α, GLUT1, and Runx2 in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of HIF-1α with siRNA abolished the dcOC-mediated glucose uptake and substantially decreased GLUT1 protein expression. DcOC intervention promoted cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner as determined by the CCK-8 assay. Treatment with both 3 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL dcOC affected the ALP activity in MG63 cells after 72 h (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION Short- and long-term dcOC treatment can increase glucose uptake and affect proliferation and ALP activity in MG63 cells. This effect may occur through the PI3K/Akt, HIF-1α, and GLUT1 signaling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Cen Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ke-Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang 110023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin-Na Suo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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18
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Romagnoli C, Sharma P, Zonefrati R, Palmini G, Lucattelli E, Ward DT, Ellinger I, Innocenti M, Brandi ML. Study of the Expression and Function of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Human Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147282. [PMID: 34298895 PMCID: PMC8304165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an outstanding capacity for regeneration in response to injuries, but there are disorders in which this process is seriously impaired, such as sarcopenia. Pharmacological treatments to restore muscle trophism are not available, therefore, the identification of suitable therapeutic targets that could be useful for the treatment of skeletal reduced myogenesis is highly desirable. In this in vitro study, we explored the expression and function of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in human skeletal muscle tissues and their derived satellite cells. The results obtained from analyses with various techniques of gene and protein CaSR expression and of its secondary messengers in response to calcium (Ca2+) and CaSR drugs have demonstrated that this receptor is not present in human skeletal muscle tissues, neither in the established satellite cells, nor during in vitro myogenic differentiation. Taken together, our data suggest that, although CaSR is a very important drug target in physiology and pathology, this receptor probably does not have any physiological role in skeletal muscle in normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (P.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (P.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Zonefrati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (P.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.)
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulla Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (P.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Lucattelli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Donald T. Ward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marco Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.R.); (P.S.); (R.Z.); (G.P.)
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulla Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50141 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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19
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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20
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Tan RSG, Lee CHL, Dimke H, Todd Alexander R. The role of calcium-sensing receptor signaling in regulating transepithelial calcium transport. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2407-2419. [PMID: 33926258 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a critical role in sensing extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and signaling to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis. In the parathyroid, the CaSR regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone, which functions to increase extracellular Ca2+ levels. The CaSR is also located in other organs imperative to Ca2+ homeostasis including the kidney and intestine, where it modulates Ca2+ reabsorption and absorption, respectively. In this review, we describe CaSR expression and its function in transepithelial Ca2+ transport in the kidney and intestine. Activation of the CaSR leads to G protein dependent and independent signaling cascades. The known CaSR signal transduction pathways involved in modulating paracellular and transcellular epithelial Ca2+ transport are discussed. Mutations in the CaSR cause a range of diseases that manifest in altered serum Ca2+ levels. Gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR result in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, while loss-of-function mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Additionally, the putative serine protease, FAM111A, is discussed as a potential regulator of the CaSR because mutations in FAM111A cause Kenny Caffey syndrome type 2, gracile bone dysplasia, and osteocraniostenosis, diseases that are characterized by hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and bony abnormalities, i.e. share phenotypic features of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Recent work has helped to elucidate the effect of CaSR signaling cascades on downstream proteins involved in Ca2+ transport across renal and intestinal epithelia; however, much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siu Ga Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1C9, Canada
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21
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Pi M, Nishimoto SK, Darryl Quarles L. Explaining Divergent Observations Regarding Osteocalcin/GPRC6A Endocrine Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6104945. [PMID: 33474566 PMCID: PMC7880225 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new schema proposes that the bone-derived osteocalcin (Ocn) peptide hormone activates the G-protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A to directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in liver, muscle, and fat, and to stimulate the release of metabolism-regulating hormones, including insulin, fibroblast growth factor 21, glucagon-like peptide 1, testosterone, and interleukin 6. Ocn/GPRC6A activation has also been implicated in cancer progression. GPRC6A is activated by cations, amino acids, and testosterone. The multiligand specificity, the regulation of energy metabolism in diverse tissues, and the coordinated release of metabolically active hormones make the GPRC6A endocrine networks unique. Recently, the significance of Ocn/GPRCA has been questioned. There is a lack of metabolic abnormalities in newly created genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mouse models. There are also paradoxical observations that GPRC6A may function as a tumor suppressor. In addition, discordant published studies have cast doubt on the function of the most prevalent uniquely human GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism. Explanations for these divergent findings are elusive. We provide evidence that the metabolic susceptibility of genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mice is influenced by environmental challenges and genetic differences in mouse strains. In addition, the GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism appears to be a gain-of-function variant. Finally, alternatively spliced isoforms of GPRC6A may alter ligand specificity and signaling that modulate oncogenic effects. Thus, genetic, post-translational and environmental factors likely account for the variable results regarding the functions of GPRC6A in animal models. Pending additional information, GPRC6A should remain a potential therapeutic target for regulating energy and fat metabolism, hormone production, and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Satoru Kenneth Nishimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Correspondence: L. Darryl Quarles, MD, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA. . Current Affiliation: 965 Court Ave, Suite B226, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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22
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Wang H, Li J, Xu Z, Wu F, Zhang H, Yang C, Chen J, Ding B, Sui X, Guo Z, Li Y, Dai Z. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin inhibits the early differentiation of osteoclast mediated by Gprc6a. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10898. [PMID: 33717684 PMCID: PMC7934677 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) was the most abundant noncollagen protein and considered as an endocrine factor. However, the functions of Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) on osteoclast and bone resorption are not well understood. In the present study, preosteoclast RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMs) were treated with ucOCN purified from prokaryotic bacteria. Our results showed that ucOCN attenuated the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells with a concentration dependant manner by MTS assay. Scrape wounding assay revealed the decreased motility of RAW264.7 cells after ucOCN treatment. RT-qPCR results manifested the inhibitory effects of ucOCN on the expression of osteoclastic marker genes in RAW264.7 cells during inducing differentiation of RANKL. It was also observed that ucOCN inhibited the formation of multinucleated cells from RAW264.7 cells and BMMs detected by TRAP staining. The number and area of bone resorb pits were also decreased after treatment with ucOCN during their osteoclast induction by toluidine blue staining. The formation and integrity of the osteoclast actin ring were impaired by ucOCN by immunofluorescent staining. Time dependant treatment of ucOCN during osteoclastic induction demonstrated the inhibitory effects mainly occurred at the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. Signaling analysis of luciferase activity of the CRE or SRE reporter and ERK1/2 phosphorylation showed the selective inhibitor or siRNA of Gprc6a (a presumptive ucOCN receptor) could attenuate the promotion of ucOCN on CRE-luciferase activity. Taken together, we provided the first evidence that ucOCN had negative effects on the early differentiation and bone resorption of osteoclasts via Gprc6a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,Space Engineering University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bai Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiukun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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23
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Thorpe J, Frelin LP, McCann M, Pardo CA, Cohen BA, Comi AM, Pevsner J. Identification of a Mosaic Activating Mutation in GNA11 in Atypical Sturge-Weber Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:685-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Sensing and responding to changes in nutrient levels, including those of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, by the body is necessary for survival. Accordingly, perturbations in nutrient sensing are tightly linked with human pathologies, particularly metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other complications of metabolic syndromes. The conventional view is that amino acids are fundamental elements for protein and peptide synthesis, while recent studies have revealed that amino acids are also important bioactive molecules that play key roles in signaling pathways and metabolic regulation. Different pathways that sense intracellular and extracellular levels of amino acids are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level, and, together, these pathways maintain whole metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the studies describing how important sensing signals respond to amino acid availability and how these sensing mechanisms modulate metabolic processes, including energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism. We further discuss whether dysregulation of amino acid sensing signals can be targeted to promote metabolic disorders, and discuss how to translate these mechanisms to treat human diseases. This review will help to enhance our overall understanding of the correlation between amino acid sensing and metabolic homeostasis, which have important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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25
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Blair HC, Schlesinger PH. Survival of the glycosylated. eLife 2021; 10:65719. [PMID: 33480844 PMCID: PMC7822590 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin is a bone matrix protein that acts like a hormone when it reaches the blood, and has different effects in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Blair
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
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26
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De Melo N, Murrell L, Islam MT, Titman JJ, Macri-Pellizzeri L, Ahmed I, Sottile V. Tailoring Pyro-and Orthophosphate Species to Enhance Stem Cell Adhesion to Phosphate Glasses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020837. [PMID: 33467686 PMCID: PMC7829838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate-based glasses (PBGs) offer significant therapeutic potential due to their bioactivity, controllable compositions, and degradation rates. Several PBGs have already demonstrated their ability to support direct cell growth and in vivo cytocompatibility for bone repair applications. This study investigated development of PBG formulations with pyro- and orthophosphate species within the glass system (40 − x)P2O5·(16 + x)CaO·20Na2O·24MgO (x = 0, 5, 10 mol%) and their effect on stem cell adhesion properties. Substitution of phosphate for calcium revealed a gradual transition within the glass structure from Q2 to Q0 phosphate species. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured directly onto discs made from three PBG compositions. Analysis of cells seeded onto the discs revealed that PBG with higher concentration of pyro- and orthophosphate content (61% Q1 and 39% Q0) supported a 4.3-fold increase in adhered cells compared to glasses with metaphosphate connectivity (49% Q2 and 51% Q1). This study highlights that tuning the composition of PBGs to possess pyro- and orthophosphate species only, enables the possibility to control cell adhesion performance. PBGs with superior cell adhesion profiles represent ideal candidates for biomedical applications, where cell recruitment and support for tissue ingrowth are of critical importance for orthopaedic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel De Melo
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (N.D.M.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Lauren Murrell
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (L.M.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Md Towhidul Islam
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (L.M.); (M.T.I.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jeremy J. Titman
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Laura Macri-Pellizzeri
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (N.D.M.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (L.M.); (M.T.I.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (V.S.)
| | - Virginie Sottile
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (N.D.M.); (L.M.-P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (V.S.)
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27
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Mukai S, Mizokami A, Otani T, Sano T, Matsuda M, Chishaki S, Gao J, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Tang R, Kanematsu T, Takeuchi H, Jimi E, Hirata M. Adipocyte-specific GPRC6A ablation promotes diet-induced obesity by inhibiting lipolysis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100274. [PMID: 33428938 PMCID: PMC7949034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein–coupled receptor GPRC6A regulates various physiological processes in response to its interaction with multiple ligands, such as extracellular basic amino acids, divalent cations, testosterone, and the uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin (GluOC). Global ablation of GPRC6A increases the susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, given that GPRC6A is expressed in many tissues and responds to a variety of hormonal and nutritional signals, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic disorders in conventional knockout mice have remained unclear. On the basis of our previous observation that long-term oral administration of GluOC markedly reduced adipocyte size and improved glucose tolerance in WT mice, we examined whether GPRC6A signaling in adipose tissue might be responsible for prevention of metabolic disorders. We thus generated adipocyte-specific GPRC6A knockout mice, and we found that these animals manifested increased adipose tissue weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, and adipose tissue inflammation when fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet compared with control mice. These effects were associated with reduced lipolytic activity because of downregulation of lipolytic enzymes such as adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue of the conditional knockout mice. Given that, among GPR6CA ligands tested, GluOC and ornithine increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a manner dependent on GPRC6A, our results suggest that the constitutive activation of GPRC6A signaling in adipocytes by GluOC or ornithine plays a key role in adipose lipid handling and the prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mukai
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Health and Nutrition care, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakura Chishaki
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ronghao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
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28
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The carboxylation status of osteocalcin has important consequences for its structure and dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129809. [PMID: 33340588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carboxylation status of Osteocalcin (Ocn) not only influences formation and structure in bones but also has important endocrine functions affecting energy metabolism and expenditure. In this study, the role of γ-carboxylation of the glutamate residues in the structure-dynamics-function relationship in Ocn is investigated. METHODS Three forms of Ocn, differentially carboxylated at the Glu-17, 21 and 24 residues, along with a mutated form of Ocn carrying Glu/Ala mutations, are modeled and simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in the presence of calcium ions. RESULTS Characterization of the global conformational dynamics of Ocn, described in terms of the orientational variations within its 3-helical domain, highlights large structural variations in the non-carboxylated osteocalcin (nOcn). The bi-carboxylated Ocn (bOcn) and tri-carboxylated (tOcn) species, in contrast, display relatively rigid tertiary structures, with the dynamics of most regions strongly correlated. Radial distribution functions calculated for both bOcn and tOcn show long-range ordering of the calcium ion distribution around the carboxylated glutamate (γGlu) residues, likely playing an important role in promoting stability of these Ocns. Additionally, the same calcium ions are observed to coordinate with neighboring γGlu, better shielding their negative charges and in turn stabilizing these systems more than do the singly coordinating calcium ions observed in the case of nOcn. bOcn is also found to exhibit a more helical C-terminal structure, that has been shown to activate its cellular receptor GPRC6A, highlighting the allosteric role of Ocn carboxylation in modulating the stability and binding potential of the active C-terminal. CONCLUSIONS The carboxylation status of Ocn as well and its calcium coordination appear to have a direct influence on Ocn structure and dynamics, possibly leading to the known differences in Ocn biological function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Modification of Ocn sequence or its carboxylation state may provide the blueprint for developing high-affinity peptides targeting its cellular receptor GPRC6A, with therapeutic potential for treatment of metabolic disorders.
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29
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Tulipano G. Role of Bioactive Peptide Sequences in the Potential Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Metabolic Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8881. [PMID: 33238654 PMCID: PMC7700308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health benefits and are a well-recognized source of bioactive compounds. A number of dairy protein-derived peptide sequences with the ability to modulate functions related to the control of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis have been isolated and characterized. Their being active in vivo may be questionable mainly due to expected low bioavailability after ingestion, and hence their real contribution to the metabolic impact of dairy protein intake needs to be discussed. Some reports suggest that the differential effects of dairy proteins-in particular whey proteins-on mechanisms underlying energy balance and glucose-homeostasis may be attributed to their unique amino acid composition and hence the release of free amino acid mixtures enriched in essential amino acids (i.e., branched-chain-amino acids) upon digestion. Actually, the research reports reviewed in this article suggest that, among a number of dairy protein-derived peptides isolated and characterized as bioactive compounds in vitro, some peptides can be active in vivo post-oral administration through a local action in the gut, or, alternatively, a systemic action on specific molecular targets after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, these studies highlight the importance of the enteroendocrine system in the cross talk between food proteins and the neuroendocrine network regulating energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tulipano
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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30
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Pi M, Xu F, Ye R, Nishimoto SK, Kesterson RA, Williams RW, Lu L, Quarles LD. Humanized GPRC6A KGKY is a gain-of-function polymorphism in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11143. [PMID: 32636482 PMCID: PMC7341878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPRC6A is proposed to regulate energy metabolism in mice, but in humans a KGKY polymorphism in the third intracellular loop (ICL3) is proposed to result in intracellular retention and loss-of-function. To test physiological importance of this human polymorphism in vivo, we performed targeted genomic humanization of mice by using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9) system to replace the RKLP sequence in the ICL3 of the GPRC6A mouse gene with the uniquely human KGKY sequence to create Gprc6a-KGKY-knockin mice. Knock-in of a human KGKY sequence resulted in a reduction in basal blood glucose levels and increased circulating serum insulin and FGF-21 concentrations. Gprc6a-KGKY-knockin mice demonstrated improved glucose tolerance, despite impaired insulin sensitivity and enhanced pyruvate-mediated gluconeogenesis. Liver transcriptome analysis of Gprc6a-KGKY-knockin mice identified alterations in glucose, glycogen and fat metabolism pathways. Thus, the uniquely human GPRC6A-KGKY variant appears to be a gain-of-function polymorphism that positively regulates energy metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ruisong Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Satoru K Nishimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S Manassas St., Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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31
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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Stancampiano MR, Lucas-Herald AK, Russo G, Rogol AD, Ahmed SF. Testosterone Therapy in Adolescent Boys: The Need for a Structured Approach. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 92:215-228. [PMID: 31851967 DOI: 10.1159/000504670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adolescents, testosterone may have several effects including promotion of secondary sexual characteristics and pubertal growth, attainment of optimal muscle mass and peak bone mass, optimization of the metabolic profile, and psychosocial maturation and well-being. SUMMARY Testosterone therapy is a cornerstone of the management of hypogonadism in boys. Since the initial report of the chemical synthesis of testosterone, several formulations have continued to develop, and although many of these have been used in boys, none of them have been studied in detail in this age group. Given the wide ranging effects of testosterone, the level of evidence for their effects in boys and the heterogeneity of conditions that lead to early-onset hypogonadism, a standardized protocol for monitoring testosterone replacement in this age group is needed. Key Messages: In this review, we focus on the perceived benefits of androgen replacement in boys affected by pubertal delay and highlight the need to improve the health monitoring of boys who receive androgen replacement therapy, proposing different approaches based on the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rita Stancampiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, .,Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Angela K Lucas-Herald
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Pi M, Xu F, Ye R, Nishimoto SK, Williams RW, Lu L, Darryl Quarles L. Role of GPRC6A in Regulating Hepatic Energy Metabolism in Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7216. [PMID: 32350388 PMCID: PMC7190669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPRC6A is a widely expressed G-protein coupled receptor that regulates energy metabolism. Global deletion of Gprc6a in mice is reported to result in a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype and conditional deletion of Gprc6a in pancreatic β-cell and skeletal muscle respectively impair insulin secretion and glucose uptake. In the current study, we explore the hepatic functions of GPRC6A by conditionally deleting Gprc6a in hepatocytes by cross breeding Alb-Cre and Gprc6aflox/flox mice to obtain Gprc6aLiver-cko mice. Gprc6aLiver-cko mice on a normal diet showed excessive hepatic fat accumulation and glycogen depletion. These mice also exhibit impaired glucose and pyruvate tolerance, but normal insulin sensitivity. Decreased circulating FGF-21 levels and FGF-21 message expression in the liver were found in Gprc6aLiver-cko mice. Hepatic transcriptome analysis identified alterations in multiple pathways regulating glucose, fat and glycogen metabolism in Gprc6aLiver-cko mice. Taken together, our studies suggest that GPRC6A directly regulates hepatic metabolism as well as regulates the production and release of FGF-21 to control systemic energy homeostasis. GPRC6A's unique regulation of β-cell, skeletal muscle and hepatic function may represent a new therapeutic target for treating disordered energy metabolism metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, , University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ruisong Ye
- Department of Medicine, , University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Satoru K Nishimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, , University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19S Manassas St, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Marx D, Rahimnejad Yazdi A, Papini M, Towler M. A review of the latest insights into the mechanism of action of strontium in bone. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100273. [PMID: 32395571 PMCID: PMC7210412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in strontium (Sr) has persisted over the last three decades due to its unique mechanism of action: it simultaneously promotes osteoblast function and inhibits osteoclast function. While this mechanism of action is strongly supported by in vitro studies and small animal trials, recent large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that orally administered strontium ranelate (SrRan) may have no anabolic effect on bone formation in humans. Yet, there is a strong correlation between Sr accumulation in bone and reduced fracture risk in post-menopausal women, suggesting Sr acts via a purely physiochemical mechanism to enhance bone strength. Conversely, the local administration of Sr with the use of modified biomaterials has been shown to enhance bone growth, osseointegration and bone healing at the bone-implant interface, to a greater degree than Sr-free materials. This review summarizes current knowledge of the main cellular and physiochemical mechanisms that underly Sr's effect in bone, which center around Sr's similarity to calcium (Ca). We will also summarize the main controversies in Sr research which cast doubt on the 'dual-acting mechanism'. Lastly, we will explore the effects of Sr-modified bone-implant materials both in vitro and in vivo, examining whether Sr may act via an alternate mechanism when administered locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Marx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alireza Rahimnejad Yazdi
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcello Papini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Towler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
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Jørgensen CV, Bräuner‐Osborne H. Pharmacology and physiological function of the orphan GPRC6A receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 126 Suppl 6:77-87. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christinna V. Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner‐Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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36
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Liu C, Liu H, Luo Y, Lu T, Fu X, Cui S, Zhu S, Hou Y. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor promotes porcine egg activation via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:598-606. [PMID: 32017318 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular calcium is required for intracellular Ca2+ oscillations needed for egg activation, but the regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. The present study was designed to demonstrate the function of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), which could recognize extracellular calcium as first messenger, during porcine egg activation. CASR expression was markedly upregulated following egg activation. Functionally, the addition of CASR agonist NPS R-568 significantly enhanced pronuclear formation rate, while supplementation of CASR antagonist NPS2390 compromised egg activation. There was no change in NPS R-568 group compared with control group when the egg activation was performed without extracellular calcium addition. The addition of NPS2390 precluded the activation-dependent [Ca2+ ]i rise. When egg activation was conducted in intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM and NPS R-568 containing medium, CASR function was abolished. Meanwhile, CASR activation increased the level of the [Ca2+ ]i effector p-CAMKII, and the presence of KN-93, an inhibitor of CAMKII, significantly reduced the CASR-mediated increasement of pronuclear formation rate. Furthermore, the increase of CASR expression following activation was reversed by inhibiting CAMKII activity, supporting a positive feedback loop between CAMKII and CASR. Altogether, these findings provide a new pathway of egg activation about CASR, as the extracellular Ca2+ effector, promotes egg activation via its downstream effector and upstream regulator CAMKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huage Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shien Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Russo V, Chen R, Armamento-Villareal R. Hypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607240. [PMID: 33537005 PMCID: PMC7848021 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the complications from chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is the high prevalence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Both T2DM and hypogonadism are associated with impaired bone health and increased fracture risk but whether the combination results in even worse bone disease than either one alone is not well-studied. It is possible that having both conditions predisposes men to an even greater risk for fracture than either one alone. Given the common occurrence of HH or hypogonadism in general in T2DM, a significant number of men could be at risk. To date, there is very little information on the bone health men with both hypogonadism and T2DM. Insulin resistance, which is the primary defect in T2DM, is associated with low testosterone (T) levels in men and may play a role in the bidirectional relationship between these two conditions, which together may portend a worse outcome for bone. The present manuscript aims to review the available evidences on the effect of the combination of hypogonadism and T2DM on bone health and metabolic profile, highlights the possible metabolic role of the skeleton, and examines the pathways involved in the interplay between bone, insulin resistance, and gonadal steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Russo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Reina Armamento-Villareal,
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38
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Carbajal-García A, Reyes-García J, Montaño LM. Androgen Effects on the Adrenergic System of the Vascular, Airway, and Cardiac Myocytes and Their Relevance in Pathological Processes. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8849641. [PMID: 33273918 PMCID: PMC7676939 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8849641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgen signaling comprises nongenomic and genomic pathways. Nongenomic actions are not related to the binding of the androgen receptor (AR) and occur rapidly. The genomic effects implicate the binding to a cytosolic AR, leading to protein synthesis. Both events are independent of each other. Genomic effects have been associated with different pathologies such as vascular ischemia, hypertension, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases. Catecholamines play a crucial role in regulating vascular smooth muscle (VSM), airway smooth muscle (ASM), and cardiac muscle (CM) function and tone. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is an updated analysis of the role of androgens in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes. Body. Testosterone (T) favors vasoconstriction, and its concentration fluctuation during life stages can affect the vascular tone and might contribute to the development of hypertension. In the VSM, T increases α1-adrenergic receptors (α 1-ARs) and decreases adenylyl cyclase expression, favoring high blood pressure and hypertension. Androgens have also been associated with asthma. During puberty, girls are more susceptible to present asthma symptoms than boys because of the increment in the plasmatic concentrations of T in young men. In the ASM, β 2-ARs are responsible for the bronchodilator effect, and T augments the expression of β 2-ARs evoking an increase in the relaxing response to salbutamol. The levels of T are also associated with an increment in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. In the CM, activation of α 1A-ARs and β 2-ARs increases the ionotropic activity, leading to the development of contraction, and T upregulates the expression of both receptors and improves the myocardial performance. CONCLUSIONS Androgens play an essential role in the adrenergic system of vascular, airway, and cardiac myocytes, favoring either a state of health or disease. While the use of androgens as a therapeutic tool for treating asthma symptoms or heart disease is proposed, the vascular system is warmly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
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Qaradakhi T, Gadanec LK, Tacey AB, Hare DL, Buxton BF, Apostolopoulos V, Levinger I, Zulli A. The Effect of Recombinant Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin on Endothelial Dysfunction. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:546-556. [PMID: 31485687 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, yet whether ucOC has a direct effect on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, or in proximity to its postulated receptor, the class CG protein-coupled receptor (GPCR6A), in blood vessels remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays were used to localize the presence of ucOC and GPRC6A and to determine the physical proximity (< 40 nm) in radial artery segments collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 6) which exhibited calcification (determined by Von Kossa) and aorta from New Zealand white rabbits exhibiting atherosclerotic plaques. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was assessed using cumulative doses of acetylcholine in vitro on abdominal aorta of rabbits fed a normal chow diet (n = 10) and a 4-week atherogenic diet (n = 9) pre-incubated with ucOC (10 ng/mL) or vehicle. Both ucOC and GPRC6A were localized in human and rabbit diseased-blood vessels. Proximity ligation assay staining demonstrated physical proximity of ucOC with GPRC6A only within plaques in rabbit arteries and the endothelium layer of rabbit arterioles. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in atherogenic abdominal aorta compared to healthy aorta and ucOC attenuated this impairment. ucOC attenuated impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbit abdominal aorta following an atherogenic diet, however, this effect may be independent of GPRC6A. It is important that future studies determine the underlying cellular mechanisms by which ucOC effects blood vessels as well as whether it can be used as a therapeutic agent against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Laura K Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Alexander B Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Brian F Buxton
- University of Melbourne, Consultant in Cardiac Surgery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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Hu X, Provasi D, Ramsey S, Filizola M. Mechanism of μ-Opioid Receptor-Magnesium Interaction and Positive Allosteric Modulation. Biophys J 2019; 118:909-921. [PMID: 31676132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of opioid abuse epidemics, there is an increased demand for understanding how opioid receptors can be allosterically modulated to guide the development of more effective and safer opioid therapies. Among the modulators of the μ-opioid (MOP) receptor, which is the pharmacological target for the majority of clinically used opioid drugs, are monovalent and divalent cations. Specifically, the monovalent sodium cation (Na+) has been known for decades to affect MOP receptor signaling by reducing agonist binding, whereas the divalent magnesium cation (Mg2+) has been shown to have the opposite effect, notwithstanding the presence of sodium chloride. Although ultra-high-resolution opioid receptor crystal structures have revealed a specific Na+ binding site and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies have supported the idea that this monovalent ion reduces agonist binding by stabilizing the receptor inactive state, the putative binding site of Mg2+ on the MOP receptor, as well as the molecular determinants responsible for its positive allosteric modulation of the receptor, are unknown. In this work, we carried out tens of microseconds of all-atom MD simulations to investigate the simultaneous binding of Mg2+ and Na+ cations to inactive and active crystal structures of the MOP receptor embedded in an explicit lipid-water environment and confirmed adequate sampling of Mg2+ ion binding with a grand canonical Monte Carlo MD method. Analyses of these simulations shed light on 1) the preferred binding sites of Mg2+ on the MOP receptor, 2) details of the competition between Mg2+ and Na+ cations for specific sites, 3) estimates of binding affinities, and 4) testable hypotheses of the molecular mechanism underlying the positive allosteric modulation of the MOP receptor by the Mg2+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Hu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Steven Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Hajj M, De Vita T, Vol C, Renassia C, Bologna JC, Brabet I, Cazade M, Pastore M, Blahos J, Labesse G, Pin JP, Prézeau L. Nonclassical Ligand-Independent Regulation of Go Protein by an Orphan Class C G-Protein–Coupled Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:233-246. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Dey Bhowmik A, Chattopadhyay A. A review on fluoride induced organotoxicity and genotoxicity in mammals and zebrafish. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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43
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Jørgensen CV, Zhou H, Seibel MJ, Bräuner-Osborne H. Label-free dynamic mass redistribution analysis of endogenous adrenergic receptor signaling in primary preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 97:59-66. [PMID: 30946893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose tissues release adipokines, which regulate energy intake and expenditure. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and associated signaling pathways in adipocytes are potentially important drug targets for conditions with disturbed energy metabolism. METHODS The aim of the current study was to compare signaling of endogenously expressed GPCRs between primary preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes using a novel state-of-the-art unbiased method that measures dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) in real-time. Adrenergic agonists were chosen since they control adipocyte functions such as lipolysis and glycogenolysis. RESULTS Isoprenaline (ISO) and phenylephrine (PE) elicited concentration-dependent responses in preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes. The effect of ISO was cholera toxin (CTX)-sensitive, indicating it is Gs-dependent. The effect could also be blocked by propranolol proving the signal is mediated through β-adrenergic receptors. The signaling resulting from PE stimulation was completely abolished by the Gq/11-selective inhibitor FR900359 and CTX in preadipocytes but surprisingly became FR900359-insensitive but remained CTX-sensitive in differentiated adipocytes. The use of prazosin and propranolol revealed that the PE-response in differentiated adipocytes had a β-adrenergic receptor component to it. In addition, we tested the bone-derived peptide osteocalcin, which did not result in DMR changes in preadipocytes or differentiated adipocytes. DISCUSSION In conclusion, this study for the first time demonstrates that DMR assays can be used to assess signaling in differentiated adipocytes. This platform can serve as a tool for future drug screening in primary adipocytes. Furthermore, this study illustrates that PE-induced effects on adipocytes vary by developmental stage and are not as selective as originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christinna V Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lu B, Zhu DY, Yin JH, Xu H, Zhang CQ, Ke QF, Gao YS, Guo YP. Incorporation of cerium oxide in hollow mesoporous bioglass scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration by activating the ERK signaling pathway. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025012. [PMID: 30754024 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous structures and bioactive compositions of artificial biomaterials play a positive role in bone defect healing and new bone regeneration. Herein, cerium oxide nanoparticles-modified bioglass (Ce-BG) scaffolds were firstly constructed by the incorporation of hollow mesoporous Ce-BG microspheres in CTS via a freeze-drying technology. The interconnected macropores in Ce-BG scaffolds facilitated the in-growth of bone cells/tissues from material surfaces into the interiors, while the hollow cores and mesopore shells in Ce-BG microspheres provides more active sites for bone mineralization. The cerium oxide nanoparticles in the scaffolds rapidly promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), as confirmed by the up-regulation of osteogenesis-related markers such as OCN, ALP and COL-1. The enhanced osteoinductivity of Ce-BG scaffolds was mainly related to the activated ERK pathway, and it was blocked by adding a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor (SCH772984). In vivo rat cranial defect models revealed that Ce-BG scaffolds accelerated collagen deposition, osteoblast formation and bone regeneration as compared to BG scaffolds. The exciting results demonstrated that the synergistic effects between hierarchically porous structures and cerium oxide nanoparticles contributed to osteogenic ability, and hollow mesoporous Ce-BG scaffolds would be a novel platform for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
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45
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Ye R, Pi M, Nooh MM, Bahout SW, Quarles LD. Human GPRC6A Mediates Testosterone-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and mTORC1 Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:563-572. [PMID: 30894404 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is activated by testosterone and modulates prostate cancer progression. Most humans have a GPRC6A variant that contains a recently evolved KGKY insertion/deletion in the third intracellular loop (ICL3) (designated as GPRC6AICL3_KGKY) that replaces the ancestral KGRKLP sequence (GPRC6AICL3_RKLP) present in all other species. In vitro assays purport that human GPRC6AICL3_KGKY is retained intracellularly and lacks function. These findings contrast with ligand-dependent activation and coupling to mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling of endogenous human GPRC6AICL3_KGKY in PC-3 cells. To understand these discrepant results, we expressed mouse (mGPRC6AICL3_KGRKLP), human (hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY), and humanized mouse (mGPRC6AICL3_KGKY) GPRC6A into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Our results demonstrate that mGPRC6AICL3_KGRKLP acts as a classic G protein-coupled receptor, which is expressed at the cell membrane and internalizes in response to ligand activation by testosterone. In contrast, hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY and humanized mouse mGPRC6AICL3_KGKY are retained intracellularly in ligand naive cells, yet exhibit β-arrestin-dependent signaling responses, mitogen-activated protein kinase [i.e., extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)], and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in response to testosterone, indicating that hGPRC6AICL3_KGKY is functional. Indeed, testosterone stimulates time- and dose-dependent activation of ERK, protein kinase B, and mTORC1 signaling in wild-type PC-3 cells that express endogenous GPRC6AICL3_KGKY In addition, testosterone stimulates GPRC6A-dependent cell proliferation in wild-type PC-3 cells and inhibits autophagy by activating mTORC1 effectors eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1. Testosterone activation of GPRC6A has the obligate requirement for calcium in the incubation media. In contrast, in GPRC6A-deficient cells, the effect of testosterone to activate downstream signaling is abolished, indicating that human GPRC6A is required for mediating the effects of testosterone on cell proliferation and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Ye
- Departments of Medicine (R.Y., M.P., L.D.Q.) and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.M.N.)
| | - Min Pi
- Departments of Medicine (R.Y., M.P., L.D.Q.) and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.M.N.)
| | - Mohammed M Nooh
- Departments of Medicine (R.Y., M.P., L.D.Q.) and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.M.N.)
| | - Suleiman W Bahout
- Departments of Medicine (R.Y., M.P., L.D.Q.) and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.M.N.)
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Departments of Medicine (R.Y., M.P., L.D.Q.) and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.M.N.)
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Gebhart VM, Caldwell JD, Rodewald A, Kalyvianaki K, Kampa M, Jirikowski GF. Estrogen receptors and sex hormone binding globulin in neuronal cells and tissue. Steroids 2019; 142:94-99. [PMID: 30030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens exert a critical influence on neuronal tissues and cells. As demonstrated in many clinical studies, estrogens are neuroprotective to the extent that they improve prognosis for women with neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, we still do not know exactly how these effects are mediated. Fifty years ago the first estrogen receptor was found, but since then many other new pathways of estrogen action have been identified. This review describes several of these pathways of estrogen effects and provides some conclusions and correlations about these as determined by recent studies with nerve growth factor differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack D Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | | | - Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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Otani T, Matsuda M, Mizokami A, Kitagawa N, Takeuchi H, Jimi E, Inai T, Hirata M. Osteocalcin triggers Fas/FasL-mediated necroptosis in adipocytes via activation of p300. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1194. [PMID: 30546087 PMCID: PMC6294257 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin (GluOC) regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. We previously showed that low-dose (≤10 ng/ml) GluOC induces the expression of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) via a cAMP-PKA-ERK-CREB signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also noticed that high-dose (≥20 ng/ml) GluOC inhibits the expression of adiponectin and PPARγ in these cells. We have here explored the mechanism underlying these effects of high-dose GluOC. High-dose GluOC triggered morphological changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes suggestive of the induction of cell death. It activated the putative GluOC receptor GPRC6A and thereby induced the production of cAMP and activation of protein kinase A (PKA), similar to signaling by low-dose GluOC with the exception that the catalytic subunit of PKA also entered the nucleus. Cytosolic PKA induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) at serine-133 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Nuclear PKA appeared to mediate the inhibitory phosphorylation of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) at serine-358 and thereby to alleviate the inhibitory phosphorylation of the CREB co-activator p300 at serine-89. The activation of CREB and p300 resulted in increased expression of the transcription factor FoxO1 and consequent upregulation of Fas ligand (FasL) at the plasma membrane. The interaction of FasL with Fas on neighboring adipocytes triggered the phosphorylation at threonine-357/serine-358 and homotrimerization of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), a key regulator of necroptosis, as well as Ca2+ influx via transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, and dephosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) at serine-637, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation. Together, our results indicate that high-dose GluOC triggers necroptosis through upregulation of FasL at the plasma membrane in a manner dependent of activation of CREB-p300, followed by the activation of Fas signaling in neighboring adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Otani
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Kitagawa
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- School of Dental Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.
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48
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Moraes PL, Kangussu LM, da Silva LG, Castro CH, Santos RAS, Ferreira AJ. Cardiovascular effects of small peptides of the renin angiotensin system. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/22/e13505. [PMID: 29162655 PMCID: PMC5704081 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is a unique hormonal cascade which is composed by multiple enzymes and effector peptides. Recently, new peptides presenting biological activity have been discovered, increasing the complexity of the RAS. Here, we evaluated the effects of small peptides of the RAS in coronary bed of rats. Firstly, we examined the direct effect of small angiotensinergic peptides [Angiotensin (Ang) ‐(1–5), Ang‐(1–4) Ang‐(1–3), and Ang‐(1–2)] in coronary vessels. Noteworthy, it was observed that Ang‐(1–4), Ang‐(1–3), and Ang‐(1–2) caused a significant reduction in pressure perfusion. Because Ang‐(1–2) was the smallest peptide tested and presented the major effect, we decided to investigate its mechanisms of action. The effect of Ang‐(1–2) was partially dependent on the Mas receptor, nitric oxide release and angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Importantly, Ang‐(1–2) reduced the blood pressure of Wistar rats and SHR. Interestingly, SHR presented a more pronounced decrease in blood pressure levels than Wistar rats. Altogether, these data showed that angiotensinergic small peptides hold biological activities in coronary bed of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia L Moraes
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Kangussu
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga da Silva
- Life Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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49
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Diepenhorst NA, Leach K, Keller AN, Rueda P, Cook AE, Pierce TL, Nowell C, Pastoureau P, Sabatini M, Summers RJ, Charman WN, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ. Divergent effects of strontium and calcium-sensing receptor positive allosteric modulators (calcimimetics) on human osteoclast activity. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4095-4108. [PMID: 29714810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Strontium ranelate, a drug approved and until recently used for the treatment of osteoporosis, mediates its effects on bone at least in part via the calcium-sensing (CaS) receptor. However, it is not known whether bone-targeted CaS receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs; calcimimetics) represent an alternative (or adjunctive) therapy to strontium (Sr2+ o ). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed three structurally distinct calcimimetics [cinacalcet, AC-265347 and a benzothiazole tri-substituted urea (BTU-compound 13)], alone and in combination with extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o ) or Sr2+ o , in G protein-dependent signalling assays and trafficking experiments in HEK293 cells and their effects on cell differentiation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and hydroxyapatite resorption assays in human blood-derived osteoclasts. KEY RESULTS Sr2+ o activated CaS receptor-dependent signalling in HEK293 cells in a similar manner to Ca2+ o , and inhibited the maturation, TRAP expression and hydroxyapatite resorption capacity of human osteoclasts. Calcimimetics potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -mediated CaS receptor signalling in HEK293 cells with distinct biased profiles, and only cinacalcet chaperoned an endoplasmic reticulum-retained CaS mutant receptor to the cell surface in HEK293 cells, indicative of a conformational state different from that engendered by AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13. Intriguingly, only cinacalcet modulated human osteoclast function, reducing TRAP activity and profoundly inhibiting resorption. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Although AC-265347 and BTU-compound 13 potentiated Ca2+ o - and Sr2+ o -induced CaS receptor activation, they neither replicated nor potentiated the ability of Sr2+ o to inhibit human osteoclast function. In contrast, the FDA-approved calcimimetic, cinacalcet, inhibited osteoclast TRAP activity and hydroxyapatite resorption, which may contribute to its clinical effects on bone mineral density LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Diepenhorst
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Rueda
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E Cook
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracie L Pierce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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50
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Han Y, You X, Xing W, Zhang Z, Zou W. Paracrine and endocrine actions of bone-the functions of secretory proteins from osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Bone Res 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 29844945 PMCID: PMC5967329 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Osteoblasts secrete a range of different molecules including RANKL/OPG, M-CSF, SEMA3A, WNT5A, and WNT16 that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts also produce VEGFA that stimulates osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Osteocytes produce sclerostin (SOST) that inhibits osteoblast differentiation and promotes osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts secrete factors including BMP6, CTHRC1, EFNB2, S1P, WNT10B, SEMA4D, and CT-1 that act on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and thereby influenceaA osteogenesis. Osteoclast precursors produce the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB to promote the formation of Type H vessels, which then stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Besides, the evidences over the past decades show that at least three hormones or "osteokines" from bone cells have endocrine functions. FGF23 is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and can regulate phosphate metabolism. Osteocalcin (OCN) secreted by osteoblasts regulates systemic glucose and energy metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is secreted by osteoblasts and can influence energy metabolism by suppressing appetite in the brain. We review the recent progresses in the paracrine and endocrine functions of the secretory proteins of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, revealing connections of the skeleton with other tissues and providing added insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs and the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiuling You
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Wenhui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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