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Noerenberg D, Briest F, Hennch C, Yoshida K, Hablesreiter R, Takeuchi Y, Ueno H, Staiger AM, Ziepert M, Asmar F, Locher BN, Toth E, Weber T, Amini RM, Klapper W, Bouzani M, Poeschel V, Rosenwald A, Held G, Campo E, Ishaque N, Stamatopoulos K, Kanellis G, Anagnostopoulos I, Bullinger L, Goldschmidt N, Zinzani PL, Bödör C, Rosenquist R, Vassilakopoulos TP, Ott G, Ogawa S, Damm F. Genetic Characterization of Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma: Pathogenesis and Patient Outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:452-466. [PMID: 38055913 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a rare aggressive lymphoma predominantly affecting young female patients. Large-scale genomic investigations and genetic markers for risk stratification are lacking. PATIENTS AND METHODS To elucidate the full spectrum of genomic alterations, samples from 340 patients with previously untreated PMBCL were investigated by whole-genome (n = 20), whole-exome (n = 78), and targeted (n = 308) sequencing. Statistically significant prognostic variables were identified using a multivariable Cox regression model and confirmed by L1/L2 regularized regressions. RESULTS Whole-genome sequencing revealed a commonly disrupted p53 pathway with nonredundant somatic structural variations (SVs) in TP53-related genes (TP63, TP73, and WWOX) and identified novel SVs facilitating immune evasion (DOCK8 and CD83). Integration of mutation and copy-number data expanded the repertoire of known PMBCL alterations (eg, ARID1A, P2RY8, and PLXNC1) with a previously unrecognized role for epigenetic/chromatin modifiers. Multivariable analysis identified six genetic lesions with significant prognostic impact. CD58 mutations (31%) showed the strongest association with worse PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.52 [95% CI, 1.50 to 4.21]; P < .001) and overall survival (HR, 2.33 [95% CI, 1.14 to 4.76]; P = .02). IPI high-risk patients with mutated CD58 demonstrated a particularly poor prognosis, with 5-year PFS and OS rates of 41% and 58%, respectively. The adverse prognostic significance of the CD58 mutation status was predominantly observed in patients treated with nonintensified regimens, indicating that dose intensification may, to some extent, mitigate the impact of this high-risk marker. By contrast, DUSP2-mutated patients (24%) displayed durable responses (PFS: HR, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.55]; P = .002) and prolonged OS (HR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.78]; P = .028). Upon CHOP-like treatment, these patients had very favorable outcome, with 5-year PFS and OS rates of 93% and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSION This large-scale genomic characterization of PMBCL identified novel treatment targets and genetic lesions for refined risk stratification. DUSP2 and CD58 mutation analyses may guide treatment decisions between rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone and dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Noerenberg
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Briest
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hennch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Cancer Evolution, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raphael Hablesreiter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Stuttgart, and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marita Ziepert
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fazila Asmar
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin N Locher
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Toth
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Weber
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rose-Marie Amini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Bouzani
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma, BMTU, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Viola Poeschel
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Held
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine I, Westpfalzklinikum Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elías Campo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Oncologia (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Digital Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Kanellis
- Department of Hematopathology, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli," Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Csaba Bödör
- HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theodoros P Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Frederik Damm
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Cheng L, Chang Y, Xia Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Xiong L, Liu C, Zhu X, Wang M, Qiu L. Remote modulation of WWOX by an intronic variant associated with survival of Chinese gastric cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:307-319. [PMID: 37615513 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The protein WWOX was reported to be involved in cancer progression via interaction with mTOR and DNA repair pathway. We previously reported noteworthy association of some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mTOR and DNA repair pathways with gastric cancer (GCa) patients' survival. We hypothesized that genetic variants in WWOX gene could predict the survival of GCa patients. By extracting WWOX genetic variants from our ongoing genome-wide association study including 796 GCa patients from an Eastern Chinese population, we identified 51 out of 1913 SNPs to be significantly associated with survival of GCa patients, which passed the false positive probability tests. In particular, the intronic variant rs9922483, a G>T change, was associated with 21% increased death risk for GCa patients (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.42, P = .015). This locus was predicted to be involved in potential enhancer by bioinformatics analysis. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis revealed decreased expression of WWOX by rs9922483 G>T change. Mechanistically, rs9922483 locus may exhibits long-range interaction with WWOX promoter, and the G>T change inhibited the transcriptional activity driven by WWOX promoter in luciferase reporter system. Especially, the G>T change had an allele-specific negative effect on NR3C1 binding, and NR3C1 promoted the expression of WWOX in GCa cells. Further functional analysis indicated an increase in proliferation, migration and invasion of GCa cells by knockdown of WWOX. In conclusion, WWOX genetic variants may modulate survival of Chinese GCa patients by exerting remote regulatory effect on WWOX expression. Our results highlight the cis-regulatory effect of genetic variants on genes and survival modulation for GCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zuguang Xia
- Department of Lymphoma, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhen Liu
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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Wu YQ, Zhang CS, Xiong J, Cai DQ, Wang CZ, Wang Y, Liu YH, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu J, Wu J, Lan B, Wang X, Chen S, Cao X, Wei X, Hu HH, Guo H, Yu Y, Ghafoor A, Xie C, Wu Y, Xu Z, Zhang C, Zhu M, Huang X, Sun X, Lin SY, Piao HL, Zhou J, Lin SC. Low glucose metabolite 3-phosphoglycerate switches PHGDH from serine synthesis to p53 activation to control cell fate. Cell Res 2023; 33:835-850. [PMID: 37726403 PMCID: PMC10624847 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic intermediary metabolites such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can serve as signals, controlling metabolic states beyond energy metabolism. However, whether glycolytic metabolites also play a role in controlling cell fate remains unexplored. Here, we find that low levels of glycolytic metabolite 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) can switch phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) from cataplerosis serine synthesis to pro-apoptotic activation of p53. PHGDH is a p53-binding protein, and when unoccupied by 3-PGA interacts with the scaffold protein AXIN in complex with the kinase HIPK2, both of which are also p53-binding proteins. This leads to the formation of a multivalent p53-binding complex that allows HIPK2 to specifically phosphorylate p53-Ser46 and thereby promote apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that PHGDH mutants (R135W and V261M) that are constitutively bound to 3-PGA abolish p53 activation even under low glucose conditions, while the mutants (T57A and T78A) unable to bind 3-PGA cause constitutive p53 activation and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, even in the presence of high glucose. In vivo, PHGDH-T57A induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse HCC, whereas PHGDH-R135W prevents apoptosis and promotes HCC growth, and knockout of Trp53 abolishes these effects above. Importantly, caloric restriction that lowers whole-body glucose levels can impede HCC growth dependent on PHGDH. Together, these results unveil a mechanism by which glucose availability autonomously controls p53 activity, providing a new paradigm of cell fate control by metabolic substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinye Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Qi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xianglei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui-Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yaxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Abdul Ghafoor
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zheni Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiufeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianyin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Cheng HC, Huang PH, Lai FJ, Jan MS, Chen YL, Chen SY, Chen WL, Hsu CK, Huang W, Hsu LJ. Loss of fragile WWOX gene leads to senescence escape and genome instability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:338. [PMID: 37897534 PMCID: PMC10613160 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Induction of DNA damage response (DDR) to ensure accurate duplication of genetic information is crucial for maintaining genome integrity during DNA replication. Cellular senescence is a DDR mechanism that prevents the proliferation of cells with damaged DNA to avoid mitotic anomalies and inheritance of the damage over cell generations. Human WWOX gene resides within a common fragile site FRA16D that is preferentially prone to form breaks on metaphase chromosome upon replication stress. We report here that primary Wwox knockout (Wwox-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and WWOX-knockdown human dermal fibroblasts failed to undergo replication-induced cellular senescence after multiple passages in vitro. Strikingly, by greater than 20 passages, accelerated cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis occurred in these late-passage Wwox-/- MEFs. These cells exhibited γH2AX upregulation and microsatellite instability, indicating massive accumulation of nuclear DNA lesions. Ultraviolet radiation-induced premature senescence was also blocked by WWOX knockdown in human HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, overproduction of cytosolic reactive oxygen species caused p16Ink4a promoter hypermethylation, aberrant p53/p21Cip1/Waf1 signaling axis and accelerated p27Kip1 protein degradation, thereby leading to the failure of senescence induction in Wwox-deficient cells after serial passage in culture. We determined that significantly reduced protein stability or loss-of-function A135P/V213G mutations in the DNA-binding domain of p53 caused defective induction of p21Cip1/Waf1 in late-passage Wwox-/- MEFs. Treatment of N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and induced senescence in Wwox-/- MEFs. Our findings support an important role for fragile WWOX gene in inducing cellular senescence for maintaining genome integrity during DDR through alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan.
- Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 71005, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 704302, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Chen
- Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 704302, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Medical Laboratory Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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WWOX Controls Cell Survival, Immune Response and Disease Progression by pY33 to pS14 Transition to Alternate Signaling Partners. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142137. [PMID: 35883580 PMCID: PMC9323965 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor WWOX inhibits cancer growth and retards Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Supporting evidence shows that the more strongly WWOX binds intracellular protein partners, the weaker is cancer cell growth in vivo. Whether this correlates with retardation of AD progression is unknown. Two functional forms of WWOX exhibit opposite functions. pY33-WWOX is proapoptotic and anticancer, and is essential for maintaining normal physiology. In contrast, pS14-WWOX is accumulated in the lesions of cancers and AD brains, and suppression of WWOX phosphorylation at S14 by a short peptide Zfra abolishes cancer growth and retardation of AD progression. In parallel, synthetic Zfra4-10 or WWOX7-21 peptide strengthens the binding of endogenous WWOX with intracellular protein partners leading to cancer suppression. Indeed, Zfra4-10 is potent in restoring memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD (3xTg) by blocking the aggregation of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42), enhancing degradation of aggregated proteins, and inhibiting activation of inflammatory NF-κB. In light of the findings, Zfra4-10-mediated suppression of cancer and AD is due, in part, to an enhanced binding of endogenous WWOX and its binding partners. In this perspective review article, we detail the molecular action of WWOX in the HYAL-2/WWOX/SMAD4 signaling for biological effects, and discuss WWOX phosphorylation forms in interacting with binding partners, leading to suppression of cancer growth and retardation of AD progression.
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Wen J, Wang D. Deciphering the PTM codes of the tumor suppressor p53. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:774-785. [PMID: 34289043 PMCID: PMC8782589 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome guardian p53 functions as a transcription factor that senses numerous cellular stresses and orchestrates the corresponding transcriptional events involved in determining various cellular outcomes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, and metabolic regulation. In response to diverse stresses, p53 undergoes multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that coordinate with intimate interdependencies to precisely modulate its diverse properties in given biological contexts. Notably, PTMs can recruit ‘reader’ proteins that exclusively recognize specific modifications and facilitate the functional readout of p53. Targeting PTM–reader interplay has been developing into a promising cancer therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the advances in deciphering the ‘PTM codes’ of p53, focusing particularly on the mechanisms by which the specific reader proteins functionally decipher the information harbored within these PTMs of p53. We also highlight the potential applications of intervention with p53 PTM–reader interactions in cancer therapy and discuss perspectives on the ‘PTMomic’ study of p53 and other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Donglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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7
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WWOX and Its Binding Proteins in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071781. [PMID: 34359949 PMCID: PMC8304785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is known as one of the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease. WWOX binds Tau via its C-terminal SDR domain and interacts with Tau phosphorylating enzymes ERK, JNK, and GSK-3β, and thereby limits AD progression. Loss of WWOX in newborns leads to severe neural diseases and early death. Gradual loss of WWOX protein in the hippocampus and cortex starting from middle age may slowly induce aggregation of a protein cascade that ultimately causes accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles, along with reduction in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, in AD patients over 70 years old. Age-related increases in pS14-WWOX accumulation in the brain promotes neuronal degeneration. Suppression of Ser14 phosphorylation by a small peptide Zfra leads to enhanced protein degradation, reduction in NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and restoration of memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD. Intriguingly, tumor suppressors p53 and WWOX may counteract each other in vivo, which leads to upregulation of AD-related protein aggregation in the brain and lung. WWOX has numerous binding proteins. We reported that the stronger the binding between WWOX and its partners, the better the suppression of cancer growth and reduction in inflammation. In this regard, the stronger complex formation between WWOX and partners may provide a better blockade of AD progression. In this review, we describe whether and how WWOX and partner proteins control inflammatory response and protein aggregation and thereby limit AD progression.
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Normal cells repel WWOX-negative or -dysfunctional cancer cells via WWOX cell surface epitope 286-299. Commun Biol 2021; 4:753. [PMID: 34140629 PMCID: PMC8211909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are frequently deficient in WWOX protein or express dysfunctional WWOX (designated WWOXd). Here, we determined that functional WWOX-expressing (WWOXf) cells migrate collectively and expel the individually migrating WWOXd cells. For return, WWOXd cells induces apoptosis of WWOXf cells from a remote distance. Survival of WWOXd from the cell-to-cell encounter is due to activation of the survival IκBα/ERK/WWOX signaling. Mechanistically, cell surface epitope WWOX286-299 (repl) in WWOXf repels the invading WWOXd to undergo retrograde migration. However, when epitope WWOX7-21 (gre) is exposed, WWOXf greets WWOXd to migrate forward for merge. WWOX binds membrane type II TGFβ receptor (TβRII), and TβRII IgG-pretreated WWOXf greet WWOXd to migrate forward and merge with each other. In contrast, TβRII IgG-pretreated WWOXd loses recognition by WWOXf, and WWOXf mediates apoptosis of WWOXd. The observatons suggest that normal cells can be activated to attack metastatic cancer cells. WWOXd cells are less efficient in generating Ca2+ influx and undergo non-apoptotic explosion in response to UV irradiation in room temperature. WWOXf cells exhibit bubbling cell death and Ca2+ influx effectively caused by UV or apoptotic stress. Together, membrane WWOX/TβRII complex is needed for cell-to-cell recognition, maintaining the efficacy of Ca2+ influx, and control of cell invasiveness.
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Kołat D, Kałuzińska Ż, Bednarek AK, Płuciennik E. WWOX Loses the Ability to Regulate Oncogenic AP-2γ and Synergizes with Tumor Suppressor AP-2α in High-Grade Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122957. [PMID: 34204827 PMCID: PMC8231628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytogenic locus of the WWOX gene overlaps with the second most active fragile site, FRA16D, which is present at a higher frequency in bladder cancer (BLCA) patients with smoking habit, a known risk factor of this tumor. Recently, we demonstrated the relevance of the role of WWOX in grade 2 BLCA in collaboration with two AP-2 transcription factors whose molecular actions supported or opposed pro-cancerous events, suggesting a distinct character. As further research is needed on higher grades, the aim of the present study was to examine WWOX-AP-2 functionality in grade 3 and 4 BLCA using equivalent in vitro methodology with additional transcriptome profiling of cellular variants. WWOX and AP-2α demonstrated similar anti-cancer functionality in most biological processes with subtle differences in MMP-2/9 regulation; this contradicted that of AP-2γ, whose actions potentiated cancer progression. Simultaneous overexpression of WWOX and AP-2α/AP-2γ revealed that single discrepancies appear in WWOX-AP-2α collaboration but only at the highest BLCA grade; WWOX-AP-2α collaboration was considered anti-cancer. However, WWOX only appeared to have residual activity against oncogenic AP-2γ in grade 3 and 4: variants with either AP-2γ overexpression alone or combined WWOX and AP-2γ overexpression demonstrated similar pro-tumoral behavior. Transcriptome profiling with further gene ontology certified biological processes investigated in vitro and indicated groups of genes consisting of AP-2 targets and molecules worth investigation as biomarkers. In conclusion, tumor suppressor synergism between WWOX and AP-2α is unimpaired in high-grade BLCA compared to intermediate grade, yet the ability of WWOX to guide oncogenic AP-2γ is almost completely lost.
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Taouis K, Driouch K, Lidereau R, Lallemand F. Molecular Functions of WWOX Potentially Involved in Cancer Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051051. [PMID: 33946771 PMCID: PMC8145924 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase gene (WWOX) was cloned 21 years ago as a putative tumor suppressor gene mapping to chromosomal fragile site FRA16D. The localization of WWOX in a chromosomal region frequently altered in human cancers has initiated multiple current studies to establish its role in this disease. All of this work suggests that WWOX, due to its ability to interact with a large number of partners, exerts its tumor suppressive activity through a wide variety of molecular actions that are mostly cell specific.
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Kołat D, Kałuzińska Ż, Bednarek AK, Płuciennik E. Fragile Gene WWOX Guides TFAP2A/ TFAP2C-Dependent Actions Against Tumor Progression in Grade II Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621060. [PMID: 33718178 PMCID: PMC7947623 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of common fragile sites is associated with no-accidental chromosomal instability which occurs prior to carcinogenesis. The WWOX gene spans the second most active fragile site: FRA16D. Chromosomal breakage at this site is more common in bladder cancer patients who are tobacco smokers which suggests the importance of WWOX gene loss regarding bladder carcinogenesis. Tryptophan domains of WWOX are known to recognize motifs of other proteins such as AP-2α and AP-2γ allowing protein-protein interactions. While the roles of both AP-2 transcription factors are important for bladder carcinogenesis, their nature is different. Based on the literature, AP-2γ appears to be oncogenic, whereas AP-2α mainly exhibits tumor suppressor character. Presumably, the interaction between WWOX and both transcription factors regulates thousands of genes, hence the aim of the present study was to determine WWOX, AP-2α, and AP-2γ function in modulating biological processes of bladder cancer. METHODS RT-112 cell line (grade II bladder cancer) was subjected to two stable lentiviral transductions. Overall, this resulted in six variants to investigate distinct WWOX, AP-2α, or AP-2γ function as well as WWOX in collaboration with a particular transcription factor. Cellular models were examined with immunocytochemical staining and in terms of differences in biological processes using assays investigating cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, clonogenicity, migration, activity of metalloproteinases and 3D culture growth. RESULTS WWOX overexpression increased apoptosis but decreased cell viability, migration and large spatial colonies. AP-2α overexpression decreased tumor cell viability, migratory potential, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and clonogenicity. AP-2γ overexpression decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity but increased wound healing, adhesion, clonogenicity and spatial colony formation. WWOX and AP-2α overexpression induced apoptosis but decreased cell viability, adhesion, matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, overall number of cultured colonies and migration rate. WWOX and AP-2γ overexpression decreased tumor cell viability, proliferation potential, adhesion, clonogenicity and the ability to create spatial structures, but also increased apoptosis or migration rate. CONCLUSION Co-overexpression of WWOX with AP-2α or WWOX with AP-2γ resulted in a net anti-tumor effect. However, considering this research findings and the difference between AP-2α and AP-2γ, we suggest that this similarity is due to a divergent behavior of WWOX.
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Chou YT, Lai FJ, Chang NS, Hsu LJ. Wwox Deficiency Causes Downregulation of Prosurvival ERK Signaling and Abnormal Homeostatic Responses in Mouse Skin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:558432. [PMID: 33195192 PMCID: PMC7652735 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.558432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) in humans and animals leads to growth retardation and premature death during postnatal developmental stages. Skin integrity is essential for organism survival due to its protection against dehydration and hypothermia. Our previous report demonstrated that human epidermal suprabasal cells express WWOX protein, and the expression is gradually increased toward the superficial differentiated cells prior to cornification. Here, we investigated whether abnormal skin development and homeostasis occur under Wwox deficiency that may correlate with early death. We determined that keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation were decreased, while apoptosis was increased in Wwox–/– mouse epidermis and primary keratinocyte cultures and WWOX-knockdown human HaCaT cells. Without WWOX, progenitor cells in hair follicle junctional zone underwent massive proliferation in early postnatal developmental stages and the stem/progenitor cell pools were depleted at postnatal day 21. These events lead to significantly decreased epidermal thickness, dehydration state, and delayed hair development in Wwox–/– mouse skin, which is associated with downregulation of prosurvival MEK/ERK signaling in Wwox–/– keratinocytes. Moreover, Wwox depletion results in substantial downregulation of dermal collagen contents in mice. Notably, Wwox–/– mice exhibit severe loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue and significant hypothermia. Collectively, our knockout mouse model supports the validity of WWOX in assisting epidermal and adipose homeostasis, and the involvement of prosurvival ERK pathway in the homeostatic responses regulated by WWOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsen Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Huang S, Hsu L, Chang N. Functional role of WW domain-containing proteins in tumor biology and diseases: Insight into the role in ubiquitin-proteasome system. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:234-253. [PMID: 32259050 PMCID: PMC7133736 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) governs the protein degradation process and balances proteostasis and cellular homeostasis. It is a well-controlled mechanism, in which removal of the damaged or excessive proteins is essential in driving signal pathways for cell survival or death. Accumulation of damaged proteins and failure in removal may contribute to disease initiation such as in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. In this notion, specific protein-protein interaction is essential for the recognition of targeted proteins in UPS. WW domain plays an indispensable role in the protein-protein interactions during signaling. Among the 51 WW domain-containing proteins in the human proteomics, near one-quarter of them are involved in the UPS, suggesting that WW domains are crucial modules for driving the protein-protein binding and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. In this review, we detail a broad spectrum of WW domains in protein-protein recognition, signal transduction, and relevance to diseases. New perspectives in dissecting the molecular interactions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenq‐Shyang Huang
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in MedicineInstitute of Molecular and Cellular BiologyNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan, ROC
| | - Li‐Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyNational Cheng Kung University College of MedicineTainanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Nan‐Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular MedicineNational Cheng Kung University College of MedicineTainanTaiwan, ROC
- Department of NeurochemistryNew York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNYUSA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
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The non-receptor tyrosine kinase ACK: regulatory mechanisms, signalling pathways and opportunities for attACKing cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1715-1731. [PMID: 31845724 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase or ACK, is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an effector protein for the small G protein Cdc42. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated in the past few years heavily implicating ACK as a driver of oncogenic processes. Concomitantly, more is also being revealed regarding the signalling pathways involving ACK and molecular details of its modes of action. Some details are also available regarding the regulatory mechanisms of this kinase, including activation and regulation of its catalytic activity, however, a full understanding of these aspects remains elusive. This review considers the current knowledge base concerning ACK and summarizes efforts and future prospects to target ACK therapeutically in cancer.
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WWOX Possesses N-Terminal Cell Surface-Exposed Epitopes WWOX 7-21 and WWOX 7-11 for Signaling Cancer Growth Suppression and Prevention In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111818. [PMID: 31752354 PMCID: PMC6895976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane hyaluronidase Hyal-2 supports cancer cell growth. Inhibition of Hyal-2 by specific antibody against Hyal-2 or pY216-Hyal-2 leads to cancer growth suppression and prevention in vivo. By immunoelectron microscopy, tumor suppressor WWOX is shown to be anchored, in part, in the cell membrane by Hyal-2. Alternatively, WWOX undergoes self-polymerization and localizes in the cell membrane. Proapoptotic pY33-WWOX binds Hyal-2, and TGF-β induces internalization of the pY33-WWOX/Hyal-2 complex to the nucleus for causing cell death. In contrast, when pY33 is downregulated and pS14 upregulated in WWOX, pS14-WWOX supports cancer growth in vivo. Here, we investigated whether membrane WWOX receives extracellular signals via surface-exposed epitopes, especially at the S14 area, that signals for cancer growth suppression and prevention. By using a simulated 3-dimentional structure and generated specific antibodies, WWOX epitopes were determined at amino acid #7 to 21 and #286 to 299. Synthetic WWOX7-21 peptide, or truncation to 5-amino acid WWOX7-11, significantly suppressed and prevented the growth and metastasis of melanoma and skin cancer cells in mice. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that WWOX7-21 peptide potently enhanced the explosion and death of 4T1 breast cancer stem cell spheres by ceritinib. This is due to rapid upregulation of proapoptotic pY33-WWOX, downregulation of prosurvival pERK, prompt increases in Ca2+ influx, and disruption of the IkBα/WWOX/ERK prosurvival signaling. In contrast, pS14-WWOX7-21 peptide dramatically increased cancer growth in vivo and protected cancer cells from ceritinib-mediated apoptosis in vitro, due to a prolonged ERK phosphorylation. Further, specific antibody against pS14-WWOX significantly enhanced the ceritinib-induced apoptosis. Together, the N-terminal epitopes WWOX7-21 and WWOX7-11 are potent in blocking cancer growth in vivo. WWOX7-21 and WWOX7-11 peptides and pS14-WWOX antibody are of therapeutic values in suppressing and preventing cancer growth in vivo.
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Coetzer WG, Grobler JP. Genetic variation among different springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) colour variants. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chou PY, Lin SR, Lee MH, Schultz L, Sze CI, Chang NS. A p53/TIAF1/WWOX triad exerts cancer suppression but may cause brain protein aggregation due to p53/WWOX functional antagonism. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:76. [PMID: 31315632 PMCID: PMC6637503 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor suppressor WWOX physically binds p53 and TIAF1 and together induces apoptosis and tumor suppression. To understand the molecular action, here we investigated the formation of WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad and its regulation of cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, SMAD promoter activation, apoptosis, and potential role in neurodegeneration. Methods Time-lapse microscopy was used to measure the extent of cell migration. Protein/protein interactions were determined by co-immunoprecipitation, FRET microscopy, and yeast two-hybrid analysis. The WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad-mediated cancer suppression was determined by measuring the extent of cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, SMAD promoter activation, and apoptosis. p53-deficient lung cancer cell growth in nude mice was carried out to assess the tumor suppressor function of ectopic p53 and/or WWOX. Results Wwox-deficient MEF cells exhibited constitutive Smad3 and p38 activation and migrated individually and much faster than wild type cells. TGF-β increased the migration of wild type MEF cells, but significantly suppressed Wwox knockout cell migration. While each of the triad proteins is responsive to TGF-β stimulation, ectopically expressed triad proteins suppressed cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, and SMAD promoter activation, as well as caused apoptosis. The effects are due in part to TIAF1 polymerization and its retention of p53 and WWOX in the cytoplasm. p53 and TIAF1 were effective in suppressing anchorage-independent growth, and WWOX ineffective. p53 and TIAF1 blocked WWOX or Smad4-regulated SMAD promoter activation. WWOX suppressed lung cancer NCI-H1299 growth and inhibited splenomegaly by inflammatory immune response, and p53 blocked the event in nude mice. The p53/WWOX-cancer mice exhibited BACE upregulation, APP degradation, tau tangle formation, and amyloid β generation in the brain and lung. Conclusion The WWOX/TIAF1/p53 triad is potent in cancer suppression by blocking cancer cell migration, anchorage-independent growth and SMAD promoter activation, and causing apoptosis. Yet, p53 may functionally antagonize with WWOX. p53 blocks WWOX inhibition of inflammatory immune response induced by cancer, and this leads to protein aggregation in the brain as seen in the Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0382-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
| | - Sing-Ru Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hui Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
| | - Lori Schultz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, PA, 18840, USA. .,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Strategies by which WWOX-deficient metastatic cancer cells utilize to survive via dodging, compromising, and causing damage to WWOX-positive normal microenvironment. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:97. [PMID: 31123603 PMCID: PMC6529460 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proapoptotic tumor suppressor WWOX is upregulated in the early stage of cancer initiation, which probably provides limitation to cancer growth and progression. Later, WWOX protein is reduced to enhance cancer cell growth, migration, invasiveness and metastasis. To understand how WWOX works in controlling cancer progression, here we demonstrate that apoptotic stress mediated by ectopic WWOX stimulated cancer cells to secrete basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in order to support capillary microtubule formation. This event may occur in the cancer initiation stage. Later, when WWOX loss occurs in cancer cells, hyaluronidase production is then increased in the cancer cells to facilitate metastasis. We determined that inhibition of membrane hyaluronidase Tyr216-phosphorylated Hyal-2 by antibody suppresses cancer growth in vivo. WWOX-negative (WWOX-) cells dodged WWOX+cells in the microenvironment by migrating individually backward to avoid physical contacts and yet significantly upregulating the redox activity of WWOX+parental cells or other WWOX+cell types for causing apoptosis. Upon detecting the presence of WWOX+cells from a distance, WWOX- cells exhibit activation of MIF, Hyal-2, Eph, and Wnt pathways, which converges to MEK/ERK signaling and enables WWOX- cells to evade WWOX+cells. Inhibition of each pathway by antibody or specific chemicals enables WWOX- cells to merge with WWOX+cells. In addition, exogenous TGF-β assists WWOX- cells to migrate collectively forward and merge with WWOX+cells. Metastatic WWOX- cancer cells frequently secrete high levels of TGF-β, which conceivably assists them to merge with WWOX+cells in target organs and secure a new home base in the WWOX+microenvironment. Together, loss of WWOX allows cancer cells to develop strategies to dodge, compromise and even kill WWOX-positive cells in microenvironment.
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Shen R, Wu T, Huang P, Shao Q, Chen M. The clinicopathological significance of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C, leucine-rich repeated-containing G protein-coupled receptor, WW domain-containing oxidoreductase, and vasculogenic mimicry in invasive breast carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15232. [PMID: 31008954 PMCID: PMC6494285 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C), a crucial part of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex, is reported to promote progression of various cancers. Leucine-rich repeated-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR5), a biomarker of cancer stem cells, is reported to be responsible for the initiation and progression of cancers. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), a suppressor of tumor, is reported to inhibit initiation and progression of cancers. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a new blood supply pattern, is associated with progression of cancers. However, the clinicopathological significance of UBE2C, LGR5, WWOX, and VM in invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) remains elusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the positive rate of UBE2C, LGR5, WWOX, and VM in IBC and their clinical significance.Positive rates of UBE2C, LGR5, WWOX, and VM in 247 whole IBC samples were detected through immunohistochemistry. Patients data (including clinical, demography, follow-up) were collected.Levels of UBE2C, LGR5, VM, and microvessel density (MVD) were significantly higher, and level of WWOX was significantly lower in IBC specimens when compared with normal mammary gland tissues. Levels of UBE2C, LGR5, VM, and MVD were all positively associated with tumor stages, lymph node metastasis (LNM) stages, tumor grades, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages, and unfavorably with patients' overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Level of WWOX was negatively associated with tumor stages, LNM stages, grades, and TNM stages, and favorably with patients' OS and DFS. Multivariate analysis indicated that levels of UBE2C, LGR5, VM, MVD, and WWOX, as well as TNM stages were independently prognostic factors for OS and DFS in patients with IBC.UBE2C, LGR5, VM, MVD, and WWOX may be considered as promising indicator of IBC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Affiliated to Jiangsu University
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Affiliated to Jiangsu University
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Affiliated to Jiangsu University
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Jamous A, Salah Z. WW-Domain Containing Protein Roles in Breast Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:580. [PMID: 30619734 PMCID: PMC6300493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are key factors in executing protein function. These interactions are mediated through different protein domains or modules. An important domain found in many different types of proteins is WW domain. WW domain-containing proteins were shown to be involved in many human diseases including cancer. Some of these proteins function as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, while others show dual identity. Some of these proteins act on their own and alter the function(s) of specific or multiple proteins implicated in cancer, others interact with their partners to compose WW domain modular pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of WW domain-containing proteins in breast tumorigenesis. We give examples of specific WW domain containing proteins that play roles in breast tumorigenesis and explain the mechanisms through which these proteins lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. We discuss also the possibility of using these proteins as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Jamous
- Al Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al Quds University, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - Zaidoun Salah
- Al Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al Quds University, Abu Dis, Palestine
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21
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Pospiech K, Płuciennik E, Bednarek AK. WWOX Tumor Suppressor Gene in Breast Cancer, a Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2018; 8:345. [PMID: 30211123 PMCID: PMC6121138 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The WWOX tumor suppressor gene is located at 16q23. 1–23.2, which covers the region of FRA16D—a common fragile sites. Deletions within the WWOX coding sequence are observed in up to 80% of breast cancer cases, which makes it one of the most common genetic alterations in this tumor type. The WWOX gene is known to play a role in breast cancer: increased expression of WWOX inhibits cell proliferation in suspension, reduces tumor growth rates in xenographic transplants, but also enhances cell migration through the basal membrane and contributes to morphological changes in 3D matrix-based cell cultures. The WWOX protein may act in several ways, as it has three functional domains—two WW domains, responsible for protein-protein interactions and an SDR domain (short dehydrogenase/reductase domain) which catalyzes conversions of low molecular weight ligands, most likely steroids. In epithelial cells, WWOX modulates gene transcription through interaction with p73, AP-2γ, and ERBB4 proteins. In steroid hormone-regulated tissues like mammary gland epithelium, the WWOX SDR domain acts as a steroid dehydrogenase. The relationship between WWOX and hormone receptors was shown in an animal model, where WWOX(C3H)+/–mice exhibited loss of both ER and PR receptors. Moreover, in breast cancer specimens, a positive correlation was observed between WWOX expression and ER status. On the other hand, decreased WWOX expression was associated with worse prognosis, namely higher relapse and mortality rates in BC patients. Recently, it was shown that genomic instability might be driven by the loss of WWOX expression. It was reported that WWOX plays role in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair by regulating ATM activation through physical interaction. A genome caretaker function has also been proposed for WWOX, as it was found that WWOX sufficiency decreases homology directed repair (HDR) and supports non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair as the dominant DSB repair pathway by Brca1-Wwox interaction. In breast cancer cells, WWOX was also found to modulate the expression of glycolysis pathway genes, through hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF1α) regulation. The paper presents the current state of knowledge regarding the WWOX tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer, as well as future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pospiech
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Liu CC, Ho PC, Lee IT, Chen YA, Chu CH, Teng CC, Wu SN, Sze CI, Chiang MF, Chang NS. WWOX Phosphorylation, Signaling, and Role in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:563. [PMID: 30158849 PMCID: PMC6104168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous null mutation of tumor suppressor WWOX/Wwox gene leads to severe neural diseases, metabolic disorders and early death in the newborns of humans, mice and rats. WWOX is frequently downregulated in the hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro analysis revealed that knockdown of WWOX protein in neuroblastoma cells results in aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, TIAF1, amyloid β, and Tau in a sequential manner. Indeed, TRAPPC6AΔ and TIAF1, but not tau and amyloid β, aggregates are present in the brains of healthy mid-aged individuals. It is reasonable to assume that very slow activation of a protein aggregation cascade starts sequentially with TRAPPC6AΔ and TIAF1 aggregation at mid-ages, then caspase activation and APP de-phosphorylation and degradation, and final accumulation of amyloid β and Tau aggregates in the brains at greater than 70 years old. WWOX binds Tau-hyperphosphorylating enzymes (e.g., GSK-3β) and blocks their functions, thereby supporting neuronal survival and differentiation. As a neuronal protective hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2) binds WWOX at an NSYK motif in the C-terminal SDR (short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase) domain. In this review, we discuss how WWOX and E2 block protein aggregation during neurodegeneration, and how a 31-amino-acid zinc finger-like Zfra peptide restores memory loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuan Teng
- Department of Nursing, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, United States.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Somatic loss of WWOX is associated with TP53 perturbation in basal-like breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:832. [PMID: 30082886 PMCID: PMC6079009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), the gene product of the common fragile site FRA16D, is a common event in breast cancer and is associated with worse prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). Despite recent progress, the role of WWOX in driving breast carcinogenesis remains unknown. Here we report that ablation of Wwox in mammary tumor-susceptible mice results in increased tumorigenesis, and that the resultant tumors resemble human BLBC. Interestingly, copy number loss of Trp53 and downregulation of its transcript levels were observed in the Wwox knockout tumors. Moreover, tumors isolated from Wwox and Trp53 mutant mice were indistinguishable histologically and transcriptionally. Finally, we find that deletion of TP53 and WWOX co-occurred and is associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients. Altogether, our data uncover an essential role for WWOX as a bona fide breast cancer tumor suppressor through the maintenance of p53 stability.
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Yuan H, Wu Y, Zhang J, Shi G, Liu D, He Y, Lu Z, Wu P, Jiang K, Miao Y. Association between WWOX and the risk of malignant tumor, especially among Asians: evidence from a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1801-1811. [PMID: 29662317 PMCID: PMC5892619 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s152140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Many studies have been carried out to examine whether there are associations between WWOX polymorphisms (rs3764340 C>G, rs12918952 G>A, and rs383362 G>T) and malignant tumor risk, but the results from these studies remained inconsistent and even controversial. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationships comprehensively. Methods Published reports were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Eight eligible case–control studies were included in the final analysis. In the analysis, pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% CIs were calculated in five genetic models to assess the genetic risk. Egger’s regression and Begg’s funnel plots test were conducted to appraise the publication bias. Results We found that rs12918952 G>A and rs383362 G>T polymorphisms were not associated with the susceptibility of malignant tumor. However, a significant correlation was found between WWOX rs3764340 C>G and malignant tumor risk in three genetic models (CG vs CC: OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.12–1.53, P=0.031; GG/CG vs CC: OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.11–1.54, P=0.014; G vs C: OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.09–1.50, P=0.009). Furthermore, when stratified by source of control, the results were significant especially in population-based control for rs3764340. Conclusion In general, our results first indicated that the rs3764340 C>G polymorphism in WWOX gene can increase the susceptibility of tumor, while the others cannot. However, large, well-designed epidemiological studies are required to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Shi
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan He
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zipeng Lu
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuirong Jiang
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Miao
- Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.,Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Chen W, Zhou C, Zhang W, Atyah M, Yin Y, Guo L, Tang W, Dong Q, Ye Q, Ren N. Association of WWOX rs9926344 polymorphism with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:1239-1247. [PMID: 29675105 PMCID: PMC5907672 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), widely expressed in human tissues, is considered as a tumor suppressor gene and plays an important role in the incidence and progression of human cancer, HCC included. This study was to investigate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the WWOX gene and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Materials and Methods: After a total of 152 HCC patients were recruited, 8 cases with tumor recurrence within 2-years after operation and 8 cases without recurrence were selected randomly for SNP genotyping and screening using Affymetrix Array 6.0. And then we confirmed candidate SNPs in the remaining 136 patients by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). Results: In total, 32 SNPs were screened and identified as candidate SNPs with one SNP in particular, (rs9926344), being further verified to be valuable. We found that AA+AG genotype and A allele of WWOX rs9926344 were significantly associated with recurrent risk of HCC (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients carrying rs9926344 AA +AG genotype had poor RFS (P=0.004) and OS (P=0.005) compared to those carrying GG genotypes. The multivariate COX regression analysis showed that the AA+AG genotype were an independent prognostic factor for tumor recurrence (HR 1.787, 95% CI 1.042-3.064, P=0.035). Furthermore, IHC analysis showed that the WWOX protein down-regulation is more frequent in patients with AG genotype compared to those with GG genotype (P=0.023). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that WWOX rs9926344 polymorphism is positively correlated with tumor recurrence and can be used as an independent prognostic marker for HCC patients after operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyong Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Manar Atyah
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yirui Yin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinghai Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Surgery, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
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Huang SS, Chang NS. Phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation in specific sites of tumor suppressor WWOX and control of distinct biological events. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:137-147. [PMID: 29310447 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217752350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal differentiation and growth of hematopoietic stem cells cause the development of hematopoietic diseases and hematopoietic malignancies. However, the molecular events underlying leukemia development are not well understood. In our recent study, we have demonstrated that calcium ionophore and phorbol ester force the differentiation of T lymphoblastic leukemia. The event involves a newly identified IκBα/WWOX/ERK signaling, in which WWOX is Ser14 phosphorylated. Additional evidence also reveals that pS14-WWOX is involved in enhancing cancer progression and metastasis and facilitating neurodegeneration. In this mini-review, we update the current knowledge for the functional roles of WWOX under physiological and pathological settings, and provide new insights regarding pS14-WWOX in T leukemia cell maturation, and switching the anticancer pY33-WWOX to pS14-WWOX for cancer promotion and disease progression. Impact statement WWOX was originally designated as a tumor suppressor. However, human newborns deficient in WWOX do not spontaneously develop tumors. Activated WWOX with Tyr33 phosphorylation is present in normal tissues and organs. However, when pY33-WWOX is overly induced under stress conditions, it becomes apoptotic to eliminate damaged cells. Notably, WWOX with Ser14 phosphorylation is upregulated in the lesions of cancer, as well as in the brain hippocampus and cortex with Alzheimer's disease. Suppression of pS14-WWOX by Zfra reduces cancer growth and mitigates Alzheimer's disease progression, suggesting that pS14-WWOX facilitates disease progression. pS14-WWOX can be regarded as a marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenq-Shyang Huang
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.,2 Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.,3 Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.,4 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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Hyaluronan activates Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 signaling and causes bubbling cell death when the signaling complex is overexpressed. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19137-19155. [PMID: 27845895 PMCID: PMC5386674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancer cells frequently secrete significant amounts of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), hyaluronan (HA) and hyaluronidases to facilitate metastasizing to target organs. In a non-canonical signaling, TGF-β binds membrane hyaluronidase Hyal-2 for recruiting tumor suppressors WWOX and Smad4, and the resulting Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 complex is accumulated in the nucleus to enhance SMAD-promoter dependent transcriptional activity. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that WWOX acts as a bridge to bind both Hyal-2 and Smad4. When WWOX-expressing cells were stimulated with high molecular weight HA, an increased formation of endogenous Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 complex occurred rapidly, followed by relocating to the nuclei in 20-40 min. In WWOX-deficient cells, HA failed to induce Smad2/3/4 relocation to the nucleus. To prove the signaling event, we designed a real time tri-molecular FRET analysis and revealed that HA induces the signaling pathway from ectopic Smad4 to WWOX and finally to p53, as well as from Smad4 to Hyal-2 and then to WWOX. An increased binding of the Smad4/Hyal-2/WWOX complex occurs with time in the nucleus that leads to bubbling cell death. In contrast, HA increases the binding of Smad4/WWOX/p53, which causes membrane blebbing but without cell death. In traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal death, the Hyal-2/WWOX complex was accumulated in the apoptotic nuclei of neurons in the rat brains in 24 hr post injury, as determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Together, HA activates the Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 signaling and causes bubbling cell death when the signaling complex is overexpressed.
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O'Leary VB, Smida J, Matjanovski M, Brockhaus C, Winkler K, Moertl S, Ovsepian SV, Atkinson MJ. The circRNA interactome-innovative hallmarks of the intra- and extracellular radiation response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78397-78409. [PMID: 29108237 PMCID: PMC5667970 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Generated by Quaking (QKI), circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly recognised non-coding RNA (ncRNA) members characterised by tissue specificity, increased stability and enrichment within exosomes. Studies have shown that ionizing radiation (IR) can influence ncRNA transcription. However, it is unknown whether circRNAs or indeed QKI are regulated by IR. Microarray circRNA profiling and next generation sequencing revealed that circRNA expression was altered by low and medium dose exposure sourced predominantly from genes influencing the p53 pathway. CircRNAs KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73 transcribed from the WWOX (WW Domain Containing Oxidoreductase) tumor suppressor (a p53 regulator) responded within hours to IR. KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73 were present in exosomes yet exhibited differential transcript clearance between irradiated cell lines. Dual-quasar labelled probes and in-situ hybridization demonstrated the intercellular distribution of KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73 predominantly within the perinucleus. QKI knockdown removed nuclear expression of these circRNAs with no significant effect on cytosolic KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73. Distinct QKI transcription between cell lines and its augmented interaction with KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73 was noted post IR. This foremost study provides evidence that QKI and circRNAs partake in the cellular irradiation response. KIRKOS-71 and KIRKOS-73 as stable secreted circRNAs may afford vital characteristics worth syphoning as promising diagnostic radiotherapy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Bríd O'Leary
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Smida
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Matjanovski
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Brockhaus
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaudia Winkler
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saak Victor Ovsepian
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Faculty for Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael John Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mutant p53 Protein and the Hippo Transducers YAP and TAZ: A Critical Oncogenic Node in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050961. [PMID: 28467351 PMCID: PMC5454874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 protein is a well-known tumor suppressor factor that regulates cellular homeostasis. As it has several and key functions exerted, p53 is known as “the guardian of the genome” and either loss of function or gain of function mutations in the TP53 coding protein sequence are involved in cancer onset and progression. The Hippo pathway is a key regulator of developmental and regenerative physiological processes but if deregulated can induce cell transformation and cancer progression. The p53 and Hippo pathways exert a plethora of fine-tuned functions that can apparently be in contrast with each other. In this review, we propose that the p53 status can affect the Hippo pathway function by switching its outputs from tumor suppressor to oncogenic activities. In detail, we discuss: (a) the oncogenic role of the protein complex mutant p53/YAP; (b) TAZ oncogenic activation mediated by mutant p53; (c) the therapeutic potential of targeting mutant p53 to impair YAP and TAZ oncogenic functions in human cancers.
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Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010075. [PMID: 28045433 PMCID: PMC5297710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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Hsu LJ, Chiang MF, Sze CI, Su WP, Yap YV, Lee IT, Kuo HL, Chang NS. HYAL-2-WWOX-SMAD4 Signaling in Cell Death and Anticancer Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:141. [PMID: 27999774 PMCID: PMC5138198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidase HYAL-2 is a membrane-anchored protein and also localizes, in part, in the lysosome. Recent study from animal models revealed that both HYAL-1 and HYAL-2 are essential for the metabolism of hyaluronan (HA). Hyal-2 deficiency is associated with chronic thrombotic microangiopathy with hemolytic anemia in mice due to over accumulation of high molecular size HA. HYAL-2 is essential for platelet generation. Membrane HYAL-2 degrades HA bound by co-receptor CD44. Also, in a non-canonical signal pathway, HYAL-2 serves as a receptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) to signal with downstream tumor suppressors WWOX and SMAD4 to control gene transcription. When SMAD4 responsive element is overly driven by the HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling complex, cell death occurs. When rats are subjected to traumatic brain injury, over accumulation of a HYAL-2–WWOX complex occurs in the nucleus to cause neuronal death. HA induces the signaling of HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 and relocation of the signaling complex to the nucleus. If the signaling complex is overexpressed, bubbling cell death occurs in WWOX-expressing cells. In addition, a small synthetic peptide Zfra (zinc finger-like protein that regulates apoptosis) binds membrane HYAL-2 of non-T/non-B spleen HYAL-2+ CD3− CD19− Z lymphocytes and activates the cells to generate memory anticancer response against many types of cancer cells in vivo. Whether the HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling complex is involved is discussed. In this review and opinion article, we have updated the current knowledge of HA, HYAL-2 and WWOX, HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling, bubbling cell death, and Z cell activation for memory anticancer response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, and Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Pei Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten Island, NY, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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32
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WWOX modulates the ATR-mediated DNA damage checkpoint response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4344-55. [PMID: 26675548 PMCID: PMC4826209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades genomic instability is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. Role of the tumor suppressor WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) in DNA damage response upon double strand breaks has been recently revealed. Here we demonstrate unforeseen functions for WWOX upon DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) checkpoint activation. We found that WWOX levels are induced following SSBs and accumulate in the nucleus. WWOX deficiency is associated with reduced activation of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) checkpoint proteins and increased chromosomal breaks. At the molecular level, we show that upon SSBs WWOX is modified at lysine 274 by ubiquitination mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase ITCH and interacts with ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM). Interestingly, ATM inhibition was associated with reduced activation of ATR checkpoint proteins suggesting that WWOX manipulation of ATR checkpoint proteins is ATM-dependent. Taken together, the present findings indicate that WWOX plays a key role in ATR checkpoint activation, while its absence might facilitate genomic instability.
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Huang SS, Su WP, Lin HP, Kuo HL, Wei HL, Chang NS. Role of WW Domain-containing Oxidoreductase WWOX in Driving T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Maturation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17319-31. [PMID: 27339895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether tumor suppressor WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) stimulates immune cell maturation is largely unknown. Here, we determined that Tyr-33-phosphorylated WWOX physically binds non-phosphorylated ERK and IκBα in immature acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 T cells and in the naïve mouse spleen. The IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex was shown to localize, in part, in the mitochondria. WWOX prevents IκBα from proteasomal degradation. Upon stimulating MOLT-4 with ionophore A23187/phorbol myristate acetate, endogenous IκBα and ERK undergo rapid phosphorylation in <5 min, and subsequently WWOX is Tyr-33 and Tyr-287 de-phosphorylated and Ser-14 phosphorylated. Three hours later, IκBα starts to degrade, and ERK returns to basal or non-phosphorylation, and this lasts for the next 12 h. Finally, expression of CD3 and CD8 occurs in MOLT-4 along with reappearance of the IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex near 24 h. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by U0126 or IκBα degradation by MG132 prevents MOLT-4 maturation. By time-lapse FRET microscopy, IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex exhibits an increased binding strength by 1-2-fold after exposure to ionophore A23187/phorbol myristate acetate for 15-24 h. Meanwhile, a portion of ERK and WWOX relocates to the nucleus, suggesting their role in the induction of CD3 and CD8 expression in MOLT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Pei Su
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Nan-Shan Chang
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, New York 10314, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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34
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Chen SJ, Lin PW, Lin HP, Huang SS, Lai FJ, Sheu HM, Hsu LJ, Chang NS. UV irradiation/cold shock-mediated apoptosis is switched to bubbling cell death at low temperatures. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8007-18. [PMID: 25779665 PMCID: PMC4480731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When COS7 fibroblasts and other cells were exposed to UVC irradiation and cold shock at 4°C for 5 min, rapid upregulation and nuclear accumulation of NOS2, p53, WWOX, and TRAF2 occurred in 10-30 min. By time-lapse microscopy, an enlarging gas bubble containing nitric oxide (NO) was formed in the nucleus in each cell that finally popped out to cause "bubbling death". Bubbling occurred effectively at 4 and 22°C, whereas DNA fragmentation was markedly blocked at 4°C. When temperature was increased to 37°C, bubbling was retarded and DNA fragmentation occurred in 1 hr, suggesting that bubbling death is switched to apoptosis with increasing temperatures. Bubbling occurred prior to nuclear uptake of propidium iodide and DAPI stains. Arginine analog Nω-LAME inhibited NO synthase NOS2 and significantly suppressed the bubbling death. Unlike apoptosis, there were no caspase activation and flip-over of membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) during bubbling death. Bubbling death was significantly retarded in Wwox knockout MEF cells, as well as in cells overexpressing TRAF2 and dominant-negative p53. Together, UV/cold shock induces bubbling death at 4°C and the event is switched to apoptosis at 37°C. Presumably, proapoptotic WWOX and p53 block the protective TRAF2 to execute the bubbling death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Jung Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Wen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Ping Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shenq-Shyang Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hamm-Ming Sheu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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35
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Chang NS. Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1306-15. [PMID: 27075929 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216644531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death emanating from the nucleus is largely unknown. In our recent study, we determined that when temperature is lowered in the surrounding environment, apoptosis stops and bubbling cell death (BCD) occurs. The study concerns the severity of frostbite. When exposed to severe cold and strong ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, people may suffer serious damages to the skin and internal organs. This ultimately leads to limb amputations, organ failure, and death. BCD is defined as "formation of a single bubble from the nucleus per cell and release of this swelling bubble from the cell surface to extracellular space that causes cell death." When cells are subjected to UV irradiation and/or brief cold shock (4℃ for 5 min) and then incubated at room temperature or 4℃ for time-lapse microscopy, each cell releases an enlarging nuclear gas bubble containing nitric oxide. Certain cells may simultaneously eject hundreds or thousands of exosome-like particles. Unlike apoptosis, no phosphatidylserine flip-over, mitochondrial apoptosis, damage to Golgi complex, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation are shown in BCD. When the temperature is increased back at 37℃, bubble formation stops and apoptosis restarts. Mechanistically, proapoptotic WW domain-containing oxidoreductase and p53 block the protective TNF receptor adaptor factor 2 that allows nitric oxide synthase 2 to synthesize nitric oxide and bubble formation. In this mini-review, updated knowledge in cell death and the proposed molecular mechanism for BCD are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Department of Neurochemistry, NYS Institute of Basic Research for Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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36
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Ferraiuolo M, Di Agostino S, Blandino G, Strano S. Oncogenic Intra-p53 Family Member Interactions in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2016; 6:77. [PMID: 27066457 PMCID: PMC4814729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 gene family members p53, p73, and p63 display several isoforms derived from the presence of internal promoters and alternative splicing events. They are structural homologs but hold peculiar functional properties. p53, p73, and p63 are tumor suppressor genes that promote differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. p53, unlike p73 and p63, is frequently mutated in cancer often displaying oncogenic “gain of function” activities correlated with the induction of proliferation, invasion, chemoresistance, and genomic instability in cancer cells. These oncogenic functions are promoted either by the aberrant transcriptional cooperation of mutant p53 (mutp53) with transcription cofactors (e.g., NF-Y, E2F1, Vitamin D Receptor, Ets-1, NF-kB and YAP) or by the interaction with the p53 family members, p73 and p63, determining their functional inactivation. The instauration of these aberrant transcriptional networks leads to increased cell growth, low activation of DNA damage response pathways (DNA damage response and DNA double-strand breaks response), enhanced invasion, and high chemoresistance to different conventional chemotherapeutic treatments. Several studies have clearly shown that different cancers harboring mutant p53 proteins exhibit a poor prognosis when compared to those carrying wild-type p53 (wt-p53) protein. The interference of mutantp53/p73 and/or mutantp53/p63 interactions, thereby restoring p53, p73, and p63 tumor suppression functions, could be among the potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of mutant p53 human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ferraiuolo
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Agostino
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
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37
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Chang JY, Lee MH, Lin SR, Yang LY, Sun HS, Sze CI, Hong Q, Lin YS, Chou YT, Hsu LJ, Jan MS, Gong CX, Chang NS. Trafficking protein particle complex 6A delta (TRAPPC6AΔ) is an extracellular plaque-forming protein in the brain. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3578-89. [PMID: 25650666 PMCID: PMC4414138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor WWOX is involved in the progression of cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we examined whether protein aggregation occurs in the brain of nondemented, middle-aged humans and whether this is associated with WWOX downregulation. We isolated an N-terminal internal deletion isoform, TPC6AΔ, derived from alternative splicing of the TRAPPC6A (TPC6A) gene transcript. TPC6AΔ proteins are present as aggregates or plaques in the extracellular matrix of the brain such as in the cortex. Filter retardation assays revealed that aggregate formation of TPC6AΔ occurs preceding Aβ generation in the hippocampi of middle-aged postmortem normal humans. In a Wwox gene knockout mouse model, we showed the plaques of pT181-Tau and TPC6AΔ in the cortex and hippocampus in 3-week-old mice, suggesting a role of WWOX in limiting TPC6AΔ aggregation. To support this hypothesis, in vitro analysis revealed that TGF-β1 induces dissociation of the ectopic complex of TPC6AΔ and WWOX in cells, and then TPC6AΔ undergoes Ser35 phosphorylation-dependent polymerization and induces caspase 3 activation and Aβ production. Similarly, knockdown of WWOX by siRNA resulted in dramatic aggregation of TPC6AΔ. Together, when WWOX is downregulated, TPC6AΔ is phosphorylated at Ser35 and becomes aggregated for causing caspase activation that leads to Tau aggregation and Aβ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yun Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hui Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sing-Ru Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yi Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Qunying Hong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, ROC
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Tsen Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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38
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Choi HJ, Park JH, Park JH, Lee KB, Oh SM. Pc2-mediated SUMOylation of WWOX is essential for its suppression of DU145 prostate tumorigenesis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3977-88. [PMID: 26592150 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is depleted in various cancer types. Here we report that WWOX is modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins and represses DU145 prostate cancer tumorigenesis in a SUMOylation-dependent manner. Ectopic WWOX was shown to associate with SUMO2/3 or E2 Ubc9. Furthermore, we revealed that WWOX SUMOylation was promoted by E3 ligase polycomb2 (Pc2), and that WWOX associated with Pc2. Meanwhile, anisomycin-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity was markedly diminished by co-expression of SUMO and WWOX. Also, WWOX wild type (WT), but not WWOX SUMO mutant (K176A) markedly reduced both DU145 prostate cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumorigenesis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SUMO modification of WWOX is essential for its suppressive activity for DU145 prostate cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-832, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Abu-Remaileh M, Joy-Dodson E, Schueler-Furman O, Aqeilan RI. Pleiotropic Functions of Tumor Suppressor WWOX in Normal and Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30728-35. [PMID: 26499798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.676346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), originally marked as a likely tumor suppressor gene, has over the years become recognized for its role in a much wider range of cellular activities. Phenotypic effects displayed in animal studies, along with resolution of WWOX's architecture, fold, and binding partners, point to the protein's multifaceted biological functions. Results from a series of complementary experiments seem to indicate WWOX's involvement in metabolic regulation. More recently, clinical studies involving cases of severe encephalopathy suggest that WWOX also plays a part in controlling CNS development, further expanding our understanding of the breadth and complexity of WWOX behavior. Here we present a short overview of the various approaches taken to study this dynamic gene, emphasizing the most recent findings regarding WWOX's metabolic- and CNS-associated functions and their underlying molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Joy-Dodson
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- From the Departments of Immunology & Cancer Research and
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40
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Chang HT, Liu CC, Chen ST, Yap YV, Chang NS, Sze CI. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in neuronal injury and neurological diseases. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11792-9. [PMID: 25537520 PMCID: PMC4322972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human and mouse WWOX/Wwox gene encodes a candidate tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase protein. This gene is located on a common fragile site FRA16D. WWOX participates in a variety of cellular events and acts as a transducer in the many signal pathways, including TNF, chemotherapeutic drugs, UV irradiation, Wnt, TGF-β, C1q, Hyal-2, sex steroid hormones, and others. While transiently overexpressed WWOX restricts relocation of transcription factors to the nucleus for suppressing cancer survival, physiological relevance of this regard in vivo has not been confirmed. Unlike many tumor suppressor genes, mutation of WWOX is rare, raising a question whether WWOX is a driver for cancer initiation. WWOX/Wwox was initially shown to play a crucial role in neural development and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and neuronal injury. Later on, WWOX/Wwox was shown to participate in the development of epilepsy, mental retardation, and brain developmental defects in mice, rats and humans. Up to date, most of the research and review articles have focused on the involvement of WWOX in cancer. Here, we review the role of WWOX in neural injury and neurological diseases, and provide perspectives for the WWOX-regulated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shur-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shang Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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41
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Chang JY, Chang NS. WWOX dysfunction induces sequential aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, TIAF1, tau and amyloid β, and causes apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15003. [PMID: 27551439 PMCID: PMC4981022 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated vesicle-trafficking protein isoform TRAPPC6AΔ (TPC6AΔ) has a critical role in causing caspase activation, tau aggregation and Aβ generation in the brains of nondemented middle-aged humans, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 3-week-old Wwox gene knockout mice. WWOX blocks neurodegeneration via interactions with tau and tau-phosphorylating enzymes. WWOX deficiency leads to epilepsy, mental retardation and early death. Here, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 induces shuttling of endogenous wild-type TPC6A and TPC6AΔ in between nucleoli and mitochondria (~40-60 min per round trip), and WWOX reduces the shuttling time by 50%. TGF-β1 initially maximizes the binding of TPC6AΔ to the C-terminal tail of WWOX, followed by dissociation. TPC6AΔ then undergoes aggregation, together with TIAF1 (TGF-β1-induced antiapoptotic factor), in the mitochondria to induce apoptosis. An additional rescue scenario is that TGF-β1 induces Tyr33 phosphorylation and unfolding of WWOX and its the N-terminal WW domain slowly binds TPC6AΔ to block aggregation and apoptosis. Similarly, loss of WWOX induces TPC6AΔ polymerization first, then aggregation of TIAF1, amyloid β and tau, and subsequent cell death, suggesting that a cascade of protein aggregation leads to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N-S Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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42
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Abstract
A number of key regulatory proteins contain one or two copies of the WW domain known to mediate protein-protein interaction via proline-rich motifs, such as PPxY. The Hippo pathway components take advantage of this module to transduce tumor suppressor signaling. It is becoming evident that tyrosine phosphorylation is a critical regulator of the WW proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involved tyrosine kinases and their roles in regulating the WW proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Shanzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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43
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Chiang MF, Chen HH, Chi CW, Sze CI, Hsu ML, Shieh HR, Lin CP, Tsai JT, Chen YJ. Modulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling and WW domain containing oxidoreductase WOX1 expression enhances radiosensitivity of human glioblastoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:392-9. [PMID: 25595187 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214565989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
WW domain containing oxidoreductase, designated WWOX, FOR or WOX1, is a known pro-apoptotic factor when ectopically expressed in various types of cancer cells, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The activation of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, especially paracrine Shh secretion in response to radiation, is associated with impairing the effective irradiation of cancer cells. Here, we examined the role of Shh signaling and WOX1 overexpression in the radiosensitivity of human GBM cells. Our results showed that ionizing irradiation (IR) increased the cytoplasmic Shh and nuclear Gli-1 content in GBM U373MG and U87MG cells. GBM cells with exogenous Shh treatment exhibited similar results. Pretreatment with Shh peptides protected U373MG and U87MG cells against IR in a dose-dependent manner. Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog/Smoothened (SMO) inhibitor, reversed the protective effect of Shh in U87MG cells. Cyclopamine increased Shh plus IR-induced H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, in these cells. To verify the role of Shh signaling in the radiosensitivity of GBM cells, we tested the effect of the Gli family zinc finger 1 (Gli-1) inhibitor zerumbone and found that it could sensitize GBM cells to IR. We next examined the role of WOX1 in radiosensitivity. Overexpression of WOX1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of U87MG (possessing wild type p53 or WTp53) but not U373MG (harboring mutant p53 or MTp53) cells. Pretreatment with Shh peptides protected both WOX1-overexpressed U373MG and U87MG cells against IR and increased the cytoplasmic Shh and nuclear Gli-1 content. Zerumbone enhanced the radiosensitivity of WOX1-overexpressed U373MG and U87MG cells. In conclusion, overexpression of WOX1 preferentially sensitized human GBM cells possessing wild type p53 to radiation therapy. Blocking of Shh signaling may enhance radiosensitivity independently of the expression of p53 and WOX1. The crosstalk between Shh signaling and WOX1 expression in human glioblastoma warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hong Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Shieh
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ting Tsai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
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Lo JY, Chou YT, Lai FJ, Hsu LJ. Regulation of cell signaling and apoptosis by tumor suppressor WWOX. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:383-91. [PMID: 25595191 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214566747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fragile WWOX gene encodes a tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (named WWOX, FOR, or WOX1). Functional suppression of WWOX prevents apoptotic cell death induced by a variety of stress stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor, UV radiation, and chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Loss of WWOX gene expression due to gene deletions, loss of heterozygosity, chromosomal translocations, or epigenetic silencing is frequently observed in human malignant cancer cells. Acquisition of chemoresistance in squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and breast cancer cells is associated with WWOX deficiency. WWOX protein physically interacts with many signaling molecules and exerts its regulatory effects on gene transcription and protein stability and subcellular localization to control cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and metabolism. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which WWOX regulates cellular functions and stress responses. A potential scenario is that activation of WWOX by anticancer drugs is needed to overcome chemoresistance and trigger cancer cell death, suggesting that WWOX can be regarded as a prognostic marker and a candidate molecule for targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yen Lo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tsen Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research and Research Center for Medical Laboratory Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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45
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Chang Y, Lan YY, Hsiao JR, Chang NS. Strategies of oncogenic microbes to deal with WW domain-containing oxidoreductase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:329-37. [PMID: 25488911 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a well-documented tumor suppressor protein that controls growth, survival, and metastasis of malignant cells. To counteract WWOX's suppressive effects, cancer cells have developed many strategies either to downregulate WWOX expression or to functionally inactivate WWOX. Relatively unknown is, in the context of those cancers associated with certain viruses or bacteria, how the oncogenic pathogens deal with WWOX. Here we review recent studies showing different strategies utilized by three cancer-associated pathogens. Helicobactor pylori reduces WWOX expression through promoter hypermethylation, an epigenetic mechanism also occurring in many other cancer cells. WWOX has a potential to block canonical NF-κB activation and tumorigenesis induced by Tax, an oncoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus. Tax successfully overcomes the blockage by inhibiting WWOX expression through activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. On the other hand, latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus physically interacts with WWOX and redirects its function to trigger a signaling pathway that upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 and cancer cell invasion. These reports may be just "the tip of the iceberg" regarding multiple interactions between WWOX and oncogenic microbes. Further studies in this direction should expand our understanding of infection-driven oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yan Lan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Aqeilan RI, Abu-Remaileh M, Abu-Odeh M. The common fragile site FRA16D gene product WWOX: roles in tumor suppression and genomic stability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4589-99. [PMID: 25245215 PMCID: PMC11113097 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fragile WWOX gene, encompassing the chromosomal fragile site FRA16D, is frequently altered in human cancers. While vulnerable to DNA damage itself, recent evidence has shown that the WWOX protein is essential for proper DNA damage response (DDR). Furthermore, the gene product, WWOX, has been associated with multiple protein networks, highlighting its critical functions in normal cell homeostasis. Targeted deletion of Wwox in murine models suggests its in vivo requirement for proper growth, metabolism, and survival. Recent molecular and biochemical analyses of WWOX functions highlighted its role in modulating aerobic glycolysis and genomic stability. Cumulatively, we propose that the gene product of FRA16D, WWOX, is a functionally essential protein that is required for cell homeostasis and that its deletion has important consequences that contribute to the neoplastic process. This review discusses the essential role of WWOX in tumor suppression and genomic stability and how its alteration contributes to cancer transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami I Aqeilan
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91220, Jerusalem, Israel,
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Liu SY, Chiang MF, Chen YJ. Role of WW domain proteins WWOX in development, prognosis, and treatment response of glioma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:315-23. [PMID: 25432984 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant brain tumor. Delicate microenvironment and lineage heterogeneity of GBM cells including infiltration, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and stemness make them highly resistant to current conventional therapies, with an average life expectancy for GBM patients of less than 15 months. Poor response to cytotoxic agents of GBM cells remains the major challenge of GBM treatment. Resistance of GBM to clinical treatment is a result of genomic alternation and deregulated signaling pathways, such as p53 mutation and apoptosis signaling blockage, providing cancer cells more opportunities for survival rather than cell death. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a tumor suppressor gene, commonly downregulated in various types of tumors, including GBM. It has been found that the reintroduction of WWOX induced p53-mutant GBM cells to undergo apoptosis, but not in p53 wild-type GBM cells, indicating WWOX is likely to reopen apoptosis pathways in a p53-independent manner in GBM. Identifying the crucial target modulated by WWOX deficiency provides a potential therapeutic target for GBM treatment. Here, we have reviewed the literatures about the role of WWOX in development, signaling pathway, prognosis, and treatment response in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Abu-Odeh M, Salah Z, Herbel C, Hofmann TG, Aqeilan RI. WWOX, the common fragile site FRA16D gene product, regulates ATM activation and the DNA damage response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4716-25. [PMID: 25331887 PMCID: PMC4226089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409252111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a tumor suppressor spanning the common chromosomal fragile site FRA16D. Here, we report a direct role of WWOX in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. We show that Wwox deficiency results in reduced activation of the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) checkpoint kinase, inefficient induction and maintenance of γ-H2AX foci, and impaired DNA repair. Mechanistically, we show that, upon DNA damage, WWOX accumulates in the cell nucleus, where it interacts with ATM and enhances its activation. Nuclear accumulation of WWOX is regulated by its K63-linked ubiquitination at lysine residue 274, which is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH. These findings identify a novel role for the tumor suppressor WWOX and show that loss of WWOX expression may drive genomic instability and provide an advantage for clonal expansion of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu-Odeh
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Zaidoun Salah
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Al Quds-Bard College, Al-Quds University, Abu Dies, East Jerusalem; and
| | - Christoph Herbel
- German Cancer Research Center, Cellular Senescence Group, German Cancer Research Center-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- German Cancer Research Center, Cellular Senescence Group, German Cancer Research Center-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
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49
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Aldaz CM, Ferguson BW, Abba MC. WWOX at the crossroads of cancer, metabolic syndrome related traits and CNS pathologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:188-200. [PMID: 24932569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
WWOX was cloned as a putative tumor suppressor gene mapping to chromosomal fragile site FRA16D. Deletions affecting WWOX accompanied by loss of expression are frequent in various epithelial cancers. Translocations and deletions affecting WWOX are also common in multiple myeloma and are associated with worse prognosis. Metanalysis of gene expression datasets demonstrates that low WWOX expression is significantly associated with shorter relapse-free survival in ovarian and breast cancer patients. Although somatic mutations affecting WWOX are not frequent, analysis of TCGA tumor datasets led to identifying 44 novel mutations in various tumor types. The highest frequencies of mutations were found in head and neck cancers and uterine and gastric adenocarcinomas. Mouse models of gene ablation led us to conclude that Wwox does not behave as a highly penetrant, classical tumor suppressor gene since its deletion is not tumorigenic in most models and its role is more likely to be of relevance in tumor progression rather than in initiation. Analysis of signaling pathways associated with WWOX expression confirmed previous in vivo and in vitro observations linking WWOX function with the TGFβ/SMAD and WNT signaling pathways and with specific metabolic processes. Supporting these conclusions recently we demonstrated that indeed WWOX behaves as a modulator of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by binding and sequestering SMAD3 in the cytoplasmic compartment. As a consequence progressive loss of WWOX expression in advanced breast cancer would contribute to the pro-metastatic effects resulting from TGFβ/SMAD3 hyperactive signaling in breast cancer. Recently, GWAS and resequencing studies have linked the WWOX locus with familial dyslipidemias and metabolic syndrome related traits. Indeed, gene expression studies in liver conditional KO mice confirmed an association between WWOX expression and lipid metabolism. Finally, very recently the first human pedigrees with probands carrying homozygous germline loss of function WWOX mutations have been identified. These patients are characterized by severe CNS related pathology that includes epilepsy, ataxia and mental retardation. In summary, WWOX is a highly conserved and tightly regulated gene throughout evolution and when defective or deregulated the consequences are important and deleterious as demonstrated by its association not only with poor prognosis in cancer but also with other important human pathologies such as metabolic syndrome and CNS related pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marcelo Aldaz
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| | - Brent W Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Martin C Abba
- CINIBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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50
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Shen J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Han Z, Li X. Upregulation of the putative oncogene COTE1 contributes to human hepatocarcinogenesis through modulation of WWOX signaling. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:719-31. [PMID: 24899407 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 189, also known as COTE1, has been found to be significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and cell lines and is associated with tumor size and differentiation. Furthermore, COTE1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The overexpression of COTE1 enhanced in vitro cell viability and colony formation in soft agar, and in vivo tumorigenicity of HCC-derived Focus and Huh7 cells. In contrast, COTE1 knockdown via RNAi markedly suppressed these phenotypes in YY-8103 and WRL-68 HCC cell lines. Mechanistic analyses indicated that COTE1 physically associated with WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and modulated WWOX tyrosine phosphorylation. The ectopic overexpression of COTE1 inhibited the WWOX-p53 signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of WWOX at the Tyr33 residue in Focus cells. Conversely, COTE1 silencing activated tyrosine 33 phosphorylation of WWOX and induced WWOX-p53 mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in WRL-68 cells. In addition, COTE1 upregulation in Huh7 cells blocked the WWOX-cyclin D1 pathway via dephosphorylation of WWOX Tyr287, stimulating cell cycle progression whereas phosphorylation of Tyr287 of WWOX induced by COTE1 silencing resulted in activation of WWOX-cyclin D1 signaling, leading to cell cycle arrest in YY-8103 cells. Together, our findings suggest that the cytoplasmic protein COTE1 contributes to HCC tumorigenesis by regulating cell proliferation through the modulation of WWOX signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Xu
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zeguang Han
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiangcheng Li
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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