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Rocha MA, Cardoso AL, Martins C, Mello MLS. Sodium valproate affects the expression of p16 INK4a and p21 WAFI/Cip1 cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitors in HeLa cells. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:432. [PMID: 39049983 PMCID: PMC11268092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
p16INK4a and p21WAF1/Cip1 are cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors involved in cell cycle control, which can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, depending on the context of various extracellular and intracellular signals, and cell type. In human papillomavirus-induced cervical cancer, p16 INK4a shows oncogenic activity and functions as a diagnostic marker of cervical neoplasia, whereas p21 WAF1/Cip1 acts as a tumor suppressor and its downregulation is associated with the progression of malignant transformation. Several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors promote the positive and negative regulation of a number of genes, including p16 INK4a and p21 WAF1/Cip1; however, the effects of sodium valproate (VPA) on these genes and on the proteins they encode remain uncertain in HeLa cervical cancer cells. In the present study, these effects were investigated in HeLa cells treated with 0.5 or 2 mM VPA for 24 h, using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, confocal microscopy and western blotting. The results revealed a decrease in the mRNA expression levels of p16 INK4a and a tendency for p16INK4a protein abundance to decrease in the presence of 2 mM VPA. By contrast, an increase in the protein expression levels of p21WAF1/Cip1 was detected in the presence of 0.5 and 2 mM VPA. Furthermore, VPA was confirmed to inhibit HDAC activity and induce global hyperacetylation of histone H3. Notably, VPA was shown to suppress p16 INK4a, a biomarker gene of cervical carcinoma, and to increase the abundance of the tumor suppressor protein p21WAF1/Cip1, thus contributing to the basic knowledge regarding the antitumorigenic potential of VPA. Exploration of epigenetic changes associated with the promoters of p16 INK4a and p21 WAF1/Cip1, such as histone H3 methylation, may provide further information and improve the understanding of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Amorim Rocha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Adauto Lima Cardoso
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences at Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Cesar Martins
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences at Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza S. Mello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
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2
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Rhinn M, Zapata-Bodalo I, Klein A, Plassat JL, Knauer-Meyer T, Keyes WM. Aberrant induction of p19Arf-mediated cellular senescence contributes to neurodevelopmental defects. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001664. [PMID: 35700169 PMCID: PMC9197032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed drug to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraine. If taken during pregnancy, however, exposure to the developing embryo can cause birth defects, cognitive impairment, and autism spectrum disorder. How VPA causes these developmental defects remains unknown. We used embryonic mice and human organoids to model key features of VPA drug exposure, including exencephaly, microcephaly, and spinal defects. In the malformed tissues, in which neurogenesis is defective, we find pronounced induction of cellular senescence in the neuroepithelial (NE) cells. Critically, through genetic and functional studies, we identified p19Arf as the instrumental mediator of senescence and microcephaly, but, surprisingly, not exencephaly and spinal defects. Together, these findings demonstrate that misregulated senescence in NE cells can contribute to developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Rhinn
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (MR); (WMK)
| | - Irene Zapata-Bodalo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Annabelle Klein
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Luc Plassat
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Knauer-Meyer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
| | - William M. Keyes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illkirch, France
- U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (MR); (WMK)
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3
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Aldaz P, Martín-Martín N, Saenz-Antoñanzas A, Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, Elúa-Pinin A, Pollard SM, Lawrie CH, Moreno-Valladares M, Samprón N, Hench J, Lovell-Badge R, Carracedo A, Matheu A. High SOX9 Maintains Glioma Stem Cell Activity through a Regulatory Loop Involving STAT3 and PML. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094511. [PMID: 35562901 PMCID: PMC9104987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are critical targets for glioma therapy. SOX9 is a transcription factor with critical roles during neurodevelopment, particularly within neural stem cells. Previous studies showed that high levels of SOX9 are associated with poor glioma patient survival. SOX9 knockdown impairs GSCs proliferation, confirming its potential as a target for glioma therapy. In this study, we characterized the function of SOX9 directly in patient-derived glioma stem cells. Notably, transcriptome analysis of GSCs with SOX9 knockdown revealed STAT3 and PML as downstream targets. Functional studies demonstrated that SOX9, STAT3, and PML form a regulatory loop that is key for GSC activity and self-renewal. Analysis of glioma clinical biopsies confirmed a positive correlation between SOX9/STAT3/PML and poor patient survival among the cases with the highest SOX9 expression levels. Importantly, direct STAT3 or PML inhibitors reduced the expression of SOX9, STAT3, and PML proteins, which significantly reduced GSCs tumorigenicity. In summary, our study reveals a novel role for SOX9 upstream of STAT3, as a GSC pathway regulator, and presents pharmacological inhibitors of the signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldaz
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalia Martín-Martín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
| | - Ander Saenz-Antoñanzas
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Steven M. Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine & Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Moreno-Valladares
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Samprón
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943006073
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4
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Auzmendi-Iriarte J, Otaegi-Ugartemendia M, Carrasco-Garcia E, Azkargorta M, Diaz A, Saenz-Antoñanzas A, Andermatten JA, Garcia-Puga M, Garcia I, Elua-Pinin A, Ruiz I, Sampron N, Elortza F, Cuervo AM, Matheu A. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Controls Proteomic and Transcriptomic Pathways to Maintain Glioma Stem Cell Activity. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1283-1297. [PMID: 35131870 PMCID: PMC9359743 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a homeostatic process essential for the lysosomal degradation of a selected subset of the proteome. CMA activity directly depends on the levels of LAMP2A, a critical receptor for CMA substrate proteins at the lysosomal membrane. In glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive brain cancer in adulthood, high levels of LAMP2A in the tumor and tumor-associated pericytes have been linked to temozolomide resistance and tumor progression. However, the role of LAMP2A, and hence CMA, in any cancer stem cell type or in glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) remains unknown. In this work, we show that LAMP2A expression is enriched in patient-derived GSCs, and its depletion diminishes GSC-mediated tumorigenic activities. Conversely, overexpression of LAMP2A facilitates the acquisition of GSC properties. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of LAMP2A-depleted GSCs revealed reduced extracellular matrix interaction effectors in both analyses. Moreover, pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism and the immune system were differentially deregulated at the proteome level. Furthermore, clinical samples of GBM tissue presented overexpression of LAMP2, which correlated with advanced glioma grade and poor overall survival. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of CMA in directly regulating GSCs activity via multiple pathways at the proteome and transcriptome levels. SIGNIFICANCE A receptor of chaperone-mediated autophagy regulates glioblastoma stem cells and may serve as a potential biomarker for advanced tumor grade and poor survival in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Mikel Garcia-Puga
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Irune Ruiz
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Corresponding Author: Ander Matheu, Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n, San Sebastian 20014, Spain. E-mail:
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5
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The putative tumor suppressor gene EphA7 is a novel BMI-1 target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58203-58217. [PMID: 27533460 PMCID: PMC5295425 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmi1 was originally identified as a gene that contributes to the development of mouse lymphoma by inhibiting MYC-induced apoptosis through repression of Ink4a and Arf. It codes for the Polycomb group protein BMI-1 and acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor via chromatin modifications. Although it binds to a large number of genomic regions, the direct BMI-1 target genes described so far do not explain the full spectrum of BMI-1-mediated effects. Here we identify the putative tumor suppressor gene EphA7 as a novel direct BMI-1 target in neural cells and lymphocytes. EphA7 silencing has been reported in several different human tumor types including lymphomas, and our data suggest BMI1 overexpression as a novel mechanism leading to EphA7 inactivation via H3K27 trimethylation and DNA methylation.
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6
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Redjal N, Reinshagen C, Le A, Walcott BP, McDonnell E, Dietrich J, Nahed BV. Valproic acid, compared to other antiepileptic drugs, is associated with improved overall and progression-free survival in glioblastoma but worse outcome in grade II/III gliomas treated with temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:505-14. [PMID: 26830093 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug with properties of a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). HDACi play a key role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and have been increasingly used as anticancer agents. Recent studies suggest that VPA is associated with improved survival in high-grade gliomas. However, effects on lower grade gliomas have not been examined. This study investigates whether use of VPA correlates with tumor grade, histological progression, progression-free and overall survival (OS) in grade II, III, and IV glioma patients. Data from 359 glioma patients (WHO II-IV) treated with temozolomide plus an antiepileptic drug (VPA or another antiepileptic drug) between January 1997 and June 2013 at the Massachusetts General Hospital was analyzed retrospectively. After confounder adjustment, VPA was associated with a 28 % decrease in hazard of death (p = 0.031) and a 28 % decrease in the hazard of progression or death (p = 0.015) in glioblastoma. Additionally, VPA dose correlated with reduced hazard of death by 7 % (p = 0.002) and reduced hazard of progression or death by 5 % (p < 0.001) with each 100 g increase in total dose. Conversely, in grade II and III gliomas VPA was associated with a 118 % increased risk of tumor progression or death (p = 0.014), and every additional 100 g of VPA raised the hazard of progression or death by 4 %, although not statistically significant (p = 0.064). Moreover, grade II and III glioma patients taking VPA had 2.17 times the risk of histological progression (p = 0.020), although this effect was no longer significant after confounder adjustment. In conclusion, VPA was associated with improved survival in glioblastoma in a dose-dependent manner. However, in grade II and III gliomas, VPA was linked to histological progression and decrease in progression-free survival. Prospective evaluation of VPA treatment for glioma patients is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Redjal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room, Gray 502, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room, Gray 502, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Brian P Walcott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room, Gray 502, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erin McDonnell
- MGH Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, White Building Room, Gray 502, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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7
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miR-300 mediates Bmi1 function and regulates differentiation in primitive cardiac progenitors. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1953. [PMID: 26512961 PMCID: PMC4632286 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi1) is a polycomb-family transcriptional factor critical for self-renewal in many adult stem cells and human neoplasia. We sought to identify microRNAs regulated by Bmi1 that could play a role in multipotent cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) decisions. We found that miR-300, a poorly characterized microRNA mapping in the Dlk1-Dio3 microRNA cluster, was positively regulated by Bmi1 in CPCs. Forced expression of miR-300 in CPCs promoted an improved stemness signature with a significant increase in Oct4 levels, a reduction in senescence progression and an enhanced proliferative status via p19 activation and inhibition of p16 accumulation. Endothelial and cardiogenic differentiation were clearly compromised by sustained miR-300 expression. Additionally, RNA and protein analysis revealed a significant reduction in key cardiac transcription factors, including Nkx2.5 and Tbx5. Collectively, these results suggest that some functions attributed to Bmi1 are due to induction of miR-300, which decreases the cardiogenic differentiation potential of multipotent CPCs in vitro and promotes self-renewal.
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8
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Soriano‐Cantón R, Perez‐Villalba A, Morante‐Redolat JM, Marqués‐Torrejón MÁ, Pallás M, Pérez‐Sánchez F, Fariñas I. Regulation of the p19(Arf)/p53 pathway by histone acetylation underlies neural stem cell behavior in senescence-prone SAMP8 mice. Aging Cell 2015; 14:453-62. [PMID: 25728253 PMCID: PMC4406674 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with increased neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis. B1/neural stem cells (B1-NSCs) of the mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) support the ongoing production of olfactory bulb interneurons, but their neurogenic potential is progressively reduced as mice age. Although age-related changes in B1-NSCs may result from increased expression of tumor suppressor proteins, accumulation of DNA damage, metabolic alterations, and microenvironmental or systemic changes, the ultimate causes remain unclear. Senescence-accelerated-prone mice (SAMP8) relative to senescence-accelerated-resistant mice (SAMR1) exhibit signs of hastened senescence and can be used as a model for the study of aging. We have found that the B1-NSC compartment is transiently expanded in young SAMP8 relative to SAMR1 mice, resulting in disturbed cytoarchitecture of the SEZ, B1-NSC hyperproliferation, and higher yields of primary neurospheres. These unusual features are, however, accompanied by premature loss of B1-NSCs. Moreover, SAMP8 neurospheres lack self-renewal and enter p53-dependent senescence after only two passages. Interestingly, in vitro senescence of SAMP8 cells could be prevented by inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and mimicked in SAMR1 cells by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC). Our data indicate that expression of the tumor suppressor p19, but not of p16, is increased in SAMP8 neurospheres, as well as in SAMR1 neurospheres upon HDAC inhibition, and suggest that the SAMP8 phenotype may, at least in part, be due to changes in chromatin status. Interestingly, acute HDAC inhibition in vivo resulted in changes in the SEZ of SAMR1 mice that resembled those found in young SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Soriano‐Cantón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Ana Perez‐Villalba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - José Manuel Morante‐Redolat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - María Ángeles Marqués‐Torrejón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Mercé Pallás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Química Terapéutica Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universidad de Barcelona Barcelona 08028Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez‐Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
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9
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Sachweh MCC, Drummond CJ, Higgins M, Campbell J, Laín S. Incompatible effects of p53 and HDAC inhibition on p21 expression and cell cycle progression. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e533. [PMID: 23470540 PMCID: PMC3613839 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nutlin-3 selectively activates p53 by inhibiting the interaction of this tumor suppressor with its negative regulator murine double minute 2 (mdm2), while trichostatin A (TSA) is one of the most potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors currently available. As both Nutlin-3 and TSA increase the levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(cip1/waf1) in cells, we investigated whether a combination of these compounds would further augment p21 levels. Contrary to expectations, we found that short-term exposure to Nutlin-3 and TSA in combination did not have an additive effect on p21 expression. Instead, we observed that activation of p53 prevented the ability of TSA to increase p21 levels. Furthermore, TSA inhibited Nutlin-3-induced expression of p53-dependent mRNAs including P21. This negative effect of TSA on Nutlin-3 was significantly less pronounced in the case of hdm2, another p53 downstream target. Aside from suggesting a model to explain these incompatible effects of Nutlin-3 and TSA, we discuss the implications of our findings in cancer therapy and cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C C Sachweh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - C J Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - M Higgins
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside DD1 9SY, UK
| | - J Campbell
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside DD1 9SY, UK
| | - S Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside DD1 9SY, UK
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10
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Gan L, Ni PY, Ge Y, Xiao YF, Sun CY, Deng L, Zhang W, Wu SS, Liu Y, Jiang W, Xin HB. Histone deacetylases regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone I gene expression via modulating Otx2-driven transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39770. [PMID: 22761896 PMCID: PMC3382570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis orchestrates the normal reproductive function. As a central regulator, the appropriate synthesis and secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I) from the hypothalamus is essential for the coordination. Recently, emerging evidence indicates that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in maintaining normal reproductive function. In this study, we identify the potential effects of HDACs on Gnrh1 gene transcription. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Inhibition of HDACs activities by trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA) promptly and dramatically repressed transcription of Gnrh1 gene in the mouse immortalized mature GnRH neuronal cells GT1-7. The suppression was connected with a specific region of Gnrh1 gene promoter, which contains two consensus Otx2 binding sites. Otx2 has been known to activate the basal and also enhancer-driven transcription of Gnrh1 gene. The transcriptional activity of Otx2 is negatively modulated by Grg4, a member of the Groucho-related-gene (Grg) family. In the present study, the expression of Otx2 was downregulated by TSA and VPA in GT1-7 cells, accompanied with the opposite changes of Grg4 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the DNA-binding activity of Otx2 to Gnrh1 gene was suppressed by TSA and VPA. Overexpression of Otx2 partly abolished the TSA- and VPA-induced downregulation of Gnrh1 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that HDAC inhibitors downregulate Gnrh1 gene expression via repressing Otx2-driven transcriptional activity. This study should provide an insight for our understanding on the effects of HDACs in the reproductive system and suggests that HDACs could be potential novel targets for the therapy of GnRH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yan Ni
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ge
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fei Xiao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Deng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Si Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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11
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PAI-1 Expression Is Required for HDACi-Induced Proliferative Arrest in ras-Transformed Renal Epithelial Cells. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:710974. [PMID: 21912547 PMCID: PMC3168268 DOI: 10.1155/2011/710974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of mammalian cells with ras family oncogenes results in dramatic changes in cellular architecture and growth traits. The generation of flat revertants of v-K-ras-transformed renal cells by exposure to the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) was previously found to be dependent on transcriptional activation of the PAI-1 (SERPINE1) gene (encoding the type-1 inhibitor of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators). NaB-initiated PAI-1 expression preceded induced cell spreading and entry into G(1) arrest. To assess the relevance of PAI-1 induction to growth arrest in this cell system more critically, two complementary approaches were used. The addition of a stable, long half-life, recombinant PAI-1 mutant to PAI-1-deficient v-K-ras-/c-Ha-ras-transformants or to PAI-1 functionally null, NaB-resistant, 4HH cells (engineered by antisense knockdown of PAI-1 mRNA transcripts) resulted in marked cytostasis in the absence of NaB. The transfection of ras-transformed cells with the Rc/CMVPAI expression construct, moreover, significantly elevated constitutive PAI-1 synthesis (10- to 20-fold) with a concomitant reduction in proliferative rate. These data suggest that high-level PAI-1 expression suppresses growth of chronic ras-oncogene transformed cells and is likely a major cytostatic effector of NaB exposure.
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12
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Kawano Y, Nasu K, Li H, Tsuno A, Abe W, Takai N, Narahara H. Application of the histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis: histone modifications as pathogenesis and novel therapeutic target. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:2486-98. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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13
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Borrás C, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. The dual role of p53: DNA protection and antioxidant. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:643-52. [PMID: 21452930 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.571685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classical functions of p53 protein are those related to its role on DNA damage, cell growth arrest, senescence and apoptosis. For this reason it is called 'the guardian of the genome' and is considered one of the most important players in the development of cancer. However, more recently it has been show that p53 is not only involved in cancer, but also in ageing. p53 is stimulated by stress, which in turn results in the activation of a wide range of transcriptional targets. Low-intensity stress will activate p53 in a manner which results in antioxidant response, thus protecting against ageing because of its antioxidant function. On the contrary, high-intensity activation of p53 will result in an increase of oxidative stress by activation of p53-mediated pro-oxidant targets, thus increasing the rate of ageing, but protecting against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Borrás
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Zeng Y, Kotake Y, Pei XH, Smith MD, Xiong Y. p53 binds to and is required for the repression of Arf tumor suppressor by HDAC and polycomb. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2781-92. [PMID: 21447739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The expression of tumor suppressor Arf is tightly repressed during normal cell growth at a young age and is activated by oncogenic insults, and during aging, results in p53 activation and cell-cycle arrest to prevent hyperproliferation. The mechanisms of both transcriptional repression and activation of Arf are not understood. We show that p53 binds to and represses Arf expression and that this repression requires the function of both histone deacetylases (HDAC) and polycomb group (PcG) proteins. Inactivation of p53 leads to increased Arf transcription in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cultured in vitro and in tissues and organs of p53 null mice. Activation of endogenous p53 enhances Arf repression, and reintroduction of p53 back into p53 null MEFs restores Arf repression. Both DNA binding and transactivation activities of p53 are required for Arf repression. We show that p53 is required for both HDAC and PcG to repress Arf expression. Bindings of both HDAC and PcG to Arf are disrupted by inactivation of p53 and can be restored in p53 null MEFs by the reintroduction of wild-type, but not mutant, p53. These results indicate that p53 recruits both HDAC and PcG to Arf locus to repress its expression, and this repression constitutes a second feedback loop in p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxue Zeng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Lanigan F, Geraghty JG, Bracken AP. Transcriptional regulation of cellular senescence. Oncogene 2011; 30:2901-11. [PMID: 21383691 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible arrest of proliferation. It is activated when a cell encounters stress such as DNA damage, telomere shortening or oncogene activation. Like apoptosis, it impedes tumour progression and acts as a barrier that pre-neoplastic cells must overcome during their evolution toward the full tumourigenic state. This review focuses on the role of transcriptional regulators in the control of cellular senescence, explores how their function is perturbed in cancer and discusses the potential to harness this knowledge for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lanigan
- Smurfit Genetics Department, The Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Strey CW, Schamell L, Oppermann E, Haferkamp A, Bechstein WO, Blaheta RA. Valproate inhibits colon cancer growth through cell cycle modification in vivo and in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:301-307. [PMID: 22977502 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproate (VPA) is a well-characterized histone deacetylase inhibitor with anti-neoplastic properties. We analyzed the growth blocking effects and the molecular mode of action of this compound in colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Caco-2, SW-480, CX-1 or WIDR cell lines were exposed to VPA (0.25-2 mM) for various time periods. Cell growth, cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay and flow cytometry. Cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulating proteins and histone acetylation were assessed by Western blotting. In vivo tumor growth and regulating protein expression under VPA were investigated in a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. VPA inhibited the growth of all cell lines with cell cycle arrest paralleled by the up-regulation of H3 and H4 acetylation. In vivo tumor growth was substantially depressed by VPA (200 mg/kg bw). Cell cycle proteins (cdk1, cdk2, cdk4, cyclin D, cyclin E, p19, p21 and p27) were differentially altered by VPA. Predominantly cdk1 was decreased and p27 was up-regulated in all models. Apoptosis-related proteins were altered in vivo with up-regulation of bax and down-regulation of bcl-2. VPA exerts anti-neoplastic activity in colorectal tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo by altering cell cycle regulation.
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17
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Osorio FG, Varela I, Lara E, Puente XS, Espada J, Santoro R, Freije JMP, Fraga MF, López-Otín C. Nuclear envelope alterations generate an aging-like epigenetic pattern in mice deficient in Zmpste24 metalloprotease. Aging Cell 2010; 9:947-57. [PMID: 20961378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the nuclear envelope protein lamin A or in its processing protease ZMPSTE24 cause human accelerated aging syndromes, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Similarly, Zmpste24-deficient mice accumulate unprocessed prelamin A and develop multiple progeroid symptoms, thus representing a valuable animal model for the study of these syndromes. Zmpste24-deficient mice also show marked transcriptional alterations associated with chromatin disorganization, but the molecular links between both processes are unknown. We report herein that Zmpste24-deficient mice show a hypermethylation of rDNA that reduces the transcription of ribosomal genes, being this reduction reversible upon treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. This alteration has been previously described during physiological aging in rodents, suggesting its potential role in the development of the progeroid phenotypes. We also show that Zmpste24-deficient mice present global hypoacetylation of histones H2B and H4. By using a combination of RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that these histone modifications are associated with changes in the expression of several genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and metabolic processes, which may contribute to the plethora of progeroid symptoms exhibited by Zmpste24-deficient mice. The identification of these altered genes may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying aging and progeroid syndromes as well as to define new targets for the treatment of these dramatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Osorio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Unidad de Epigenética, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Wilting RH, Yanover E, Heideman MR, Jacobs H, Horner J, van der Torre J, DePinho RA, Dannenberg JH. Overlapping functions of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in cell cycle regulation and haematopoiesis. EMBO J 2010; 29:2586-97. [PMID: 20571512 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) counterbalance acetylation of lysine residues, a protein modification involved in numerous biological processes. Here, Hdac1 and Hdac2 conditional knock-out alleles were used to study the function of class I Hdac1 and Hdac2 in cell cycle progression and haematopoietic differentiation. Combined deletion of Hdac1 and Hdac2, or inactivation of their deacetylase activity in primary or oncogenic-transformed fibroblasts, results in a senescence-like G(1) cell cycle arrest, accompanied by up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip). Notably, concomitant genetic inactivation of p53 or p21(Cip) indicates that Hdac1 and Hdac2 regulate p53-p21(Cip)-independent pathways critical for maintaining cell cycle progression. In vivo, we show that Hdac1 and Hdac2 are not essential for liver homeostasis. In contrast, total levels of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in the haematopoietic system are critical for erythrocyte-megakaryocyte differentiation. Dual inactivation of Hdac1 and Hdac2 results in apoptosis of megakaryocytes and thrombocytopenia. Together, these data indicate that Hdac1 and Hdac2 have overlapping functions in cell cycle regulation and haematopoiesis. In addition, this work provides insights into mechanism-based toxicities observed in patients treated with HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel H Wilting
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Polycomb mediated epigenetic silencing and replication timing at the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5622. [PMID: 19462008 PMCID: PMC2680618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The INK4/ARF locus encodes three tumor suppressor genes (p15Ink4b, Arf and p16Ink4a) and is frequently inactivated in a large number of human cancers. Mechanisms regulating INK4/ARF expression are not fully characterized. Principal Findings Here we show that in young proliferating embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) member EZH2 together with PRC1 members BMI1 and M33 are strongly expressed and localized at the INK4/ARF regulatory domain (RD) identified as a DNA replication origin. When cells enter senescence the binding to RD of both PRC1 and PRC2 complexes is lost leading to a decreased level of histone H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). This loss is accompanied with an increased expression of the histone demethylase Jmjd3 and with the recruitment of the MLL1 protein, and correlates with the expression of the Ink4a/Arf genes. Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. Conclusions We identified the replication licencing factor CDC6 as a new partner of the Polycomb group member BMI1. Our results suggest that in young cells Polycomb proteins are recruited to the INK4/ARF locus through CDC6 and the resulting silent locus is replicated during late S-phase. Upon senescence, Jmjd3 is overexpressed and the MLL1 protein is recruited to the locus provoking the dissociation of Polycomb from the INK4/ARF locus, its transcriptional activation and its replication during early S-phase. Together, these results provide a unified model that integrates replication, transcription and epigenetics at the INK4/ARF locus.
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21
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Inhibitory effect of HGF on invasiveness of aggressive MDA-MB231 breast carcinoma cells, and role of HDACs. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1623-34. [PMID: 18941460 PMCID: PMC2584948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), through Met receptor binding, fulfils numerous functions in invasive tumour growth (survival/proliferation, motility, apoptosis), but epigenetic control of gene expression in this process is poorly understood. In HGF-treated breast cancer cells we studied (a) the chemoinvasion towards CXCL12 (ligand of the chemokine-receptor CXCR4) and (b) the mechanistic basis, that is, the transduction pathways that regulate CXCR4-mediated invasion, and the role played by histone deacetylases (HDACs) after blockade with trichostatin A (TSA). In highly invasive and metastatic MDA-MB231 cells HGF had a dual inhibitory effect, reducing spontaneous migration and specific chemoinvasion towards CXCL12, the latter by decreasing CXCR4 transactivation and protein level. After HGF the levels of phosphorylated (therefore active) c-Src and Akt persistently increased, indicating a role of these signal transducers in the HGF-dependent cellular and molecular effects. c-Src wild-type expression vector (Srcwt) increased active c-Src and mimicked the HGF-dependent inhibition of CXCR4 transactivation. Our findings indicate that HDACs participated in the HGF-inhibitory effects. In fact, blockade of HDACs hindered the HGF- and Srcwt-dependent reductions of CXCR4 transactivation and invasiveness, while inhibition of endogenous c-Src was additive with HGF, further reducing specific chemoinvasion. In conclusion, in MDA-MB231 cells HDAC blockade with TSA partly counteracted the HGF-dependent effects through molecular events that included enhancement of the expression of the genes for invasiveness Met and CXCR4 (depending on serum conditions), reduction of endogenous phospho-c-Src/c-Src and phosphoAkt/Akt ratios and triggering of apoptosis. The potential therapeutic use of TSA should take into account the variable aggressiveness of breast carcinoma cells and microenvironment signals such as HGF at the secondary growth site of the tumour. It was interesting that HGF reduced motility and CXCR4 functionality only of MDA-MB231 cells, and not of low-invasive MCF-7 cells, suggesting a mechanism implicated in metastatic cell homing.
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22
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Karrasch S, Holz O, Jörres RA. Aging and induced senescence as factors in the pathogenesis of lung emphysema. Respir Med 2008; 102:1215-30. [PMID: 18617381 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classically, the development of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is believed to involve inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and leukocyte activation, including oxidant-antioxidant and protease-antiprotease imbalances. While there is substantial evidence for this, additional aspects have been suggested by a number of clinical and experimental observations. Smokers exhibit signs of premature aging, particularly obvious in the skin. The link between aging and chronic disease is well-known, e.g., for the brain and musculoskeletal or cardiovascular system, as well as the clinical link between malnutrition and emphysema, and the experimental link to caloric restriction. Interestingly, this intervention also increases lifespan, in parallel with alterations in metabolism, oxidant burden and endocrine signaling. Of special interest is the observation that, even in the absence of an inflammatory environment, lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show persistent alterations, possibly based on epigenetic mechanisms. The importance of these mechanisms for cellular reprogramming and response patterns, individual risk profile and therapeutic options is becoming increasingly recognized. The same applies to cellular senescence. Recent findings from patients and experimental models open novel views into the arena of gene-environment interactions, including the role of systemic alterations, cellular stress, telomeres, CDK inhibitors such as p16, p21, pRb, PI3K, mTOR, FOXO transcription factors, histone modifications, and sirtuins. This article aims to outline this emerging picture and to stimulate the identification of challenging questions. Such insights also bear implications for the long-term course of the disease in relation to existing or future therapies and the exploration of potential lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Karrasch
- Institute for Inhalation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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23
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Makki MS, Heinzel T, Englert C. TSA downregulates Wilms tumor gene 1 (Wt1) expression at multiple levels. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4067-78. [PMID: 18535006 PMCID: PMC2475629 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wilms tumor gene WT1 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is inactivated in a subset of pediatric kidney cancers. During embryogenesis, WT1 is expressed in a time- and tissue-specific manner in various organs including gonads and kidney but also in the hematopoietic system. Although widely regarded as a tumor suppressor gene, wild-type WT1 is overexpressed in a variety of hematologic malignancies, most notably in acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as myelodysplastic syndromes. Reduction of WT1 expression levels leads to decrease of proliferation and apoptosis of leukemic cells, suggesting that in certain contexts WT1 might act as an oncogene. We show here that histone deacetylase inhibitors like Trichostatin A (TSA) can promptly and dramatically downregulate Wt1 expression levels in different cell lines. This effect was mostly due to the cessation of transcription and was mediated by sequences located in intron 3 of Wt1. In addition, TSA also caused enhanced degradation of the Wt1 protein by the proteasome. This was at least in part due to induction of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBCH8. Thus, downregulation of Wt1 expression might contribute to the beneficial effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors that are currently used in clinical trials as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidul Makki
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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24
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Induction of neural stem cell-like cells (NSCLCs) from mouse astrocytes by Bmi1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:267-72. [PMID: 18439910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Bmi1 was shown to control the proliferation and self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs). In this study, we demonstrated the induction of NSC-like cells (NSCLCs) from mouse astrocytes by Bmi1 under NSC culture conditions. These NSCLCs exhibited the morphology and growth properties of NSCs, and expressed NSC marker genes, including nestin, CD133, and Sox2. In vitro differentiation of NSCLCs resulted in differentiated cell populations containing astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Following treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (trichostatin A and valproic acid), the potential of NSCLCs for proliferation, dedifferentiation, and self-renewal was significantly inhibited. Our data indicate that multipotent NSCLCs can be generated directly from astrocytes by the addition of Bmi1.
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Yarosh W, Barrientos T, Esmailpour T, Lin L, Carpenter PM, Osann K, Anton-Culver H, Huang T. TBX3 Is Overexpressed in Breast Cancer and Represses p14ARF by Interacting with Histone Deacetylases. Cancer Res 2008; 68:693-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Matheu A, Maraver A, Klatt P, Flores I, Garcia-Cao I, Borras C, Flores JM, Viña J, Blasco MA, Serrano M. Delayed ageing through damage protection by the Arf/p53 pathway. Nature 2007; 448:375-9. [PMID: 17637672 DOI: 10.1038/nature05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumour-suppressor pathway formed by the alternative reading frame protein of the Cdkn2a locus (Arf) and by p53 (also called Trp53) plays a central part in the detection and elimination of cellular damage, and this constitutes the basis of its potent cancer protection activity. Similar to cancer, ageing also results from the accumulation of damage and, therefore, we have reasoned that Arf/p53 could have anti-ageing activity by alleviating the load of age-associated damage. Here we show that genetically manipulated mice with increased, but otherwise normally regulated, levels of Arf and p53 present strong cancer resistance and have decreased levels of ageing-associated damage. These observations extend the protective role of Arf/p53 to ageing, revealing a previously unknown anti-ageing mechanism and providing a rationale for the co-evolution of cancer resistance and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Matheu
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Yang F, Hao R, Kessler B, Brem G, Wolf E, Zakhartchenko V. Rabbit somatic cell cloning: effects of donor cell type, histone acetylation status and chimeric embryo complementation. Reproduction 2007; 133:219-30. [PMID: 17244748 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic status of a donor nucleus has an important effect on the developmental potential of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In this study, we transferred cultured rabbit cumulus cells (RCC) and fetal fibroblasts (RFF) from genetically marked rabbits (Alicia/Basilea) into metaphase II oocytes and analyzed the levels of histone H3-lysine 9-lysine 14 acetylation (acH3K9/14) in donor cells and cloned embryos. We also assessed the correlation between the histone acetylation status of donor cells and cloned embryos and their developmental potential. To test whether alteration of the histone acetylation status affects development of cloned embryos, we treated donor cells with sodium butyrate (NaBu), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Further, we tried to improve cloning efficiency by chimeric complementation of cloned embryos with blastomeres from in vivo fertilized or parthenogenetic embryos. The levels of acH3K9/14 were higher in RCCs than in RFFs (P<0.05). Although the type of donor cells did not affect development to blastocyst, after transfer into recipients, RCC cloned embryos induced a higher initial pregnancy rate as compared to RFF cloned embryos (40 vs 20%). However, almost all pregnancies with either type of cloned embryos were lost by the middle of gestation and only one fully developed, live RCC-derived rabbit was obtained. Treatment of RFFs with NaBu significantly increased the level of acH3K9/14 and the proportion of nuclear transfer embryos developing to blastocyst (49 vs 33% with non-treated RFF, P<0.05). The distribution of acH3K9/14 in either group of cloned embryos did not resemble that in in vivo fertilized embryos suggesting that reprogramming of this epigenetic mark is aberrant in cloned rabbit embryos and cannot be corrected by treatment of donor cells with NaBu. Aggregation of embryos cloned from NaBu-treated RFFs with blastomeres from in vivo derived embryos improved development to blastocyst, but no cloned offspring were obtained. Two live cloned rabbits were produced from this donor cell type only after aggregation of cloned embryos with a parthenogenetic blastomere. Our study demonstrates that the levels of histone acetylation in donor cells and cloned embryos correlate with their developmental potential and may be a useful epigenetic mark to predict efficiency of SCNT in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feikun Yang
- Department of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Zaveri NT, Waleh N, Toll L. Regulation of the prepronociceptin gene and its effect on neuronal differentiation. Gene 2006; 384:27-36. [PMID: 16935438 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand for the NOP receptor and is processed from a precursor protein in the family of opioid peptides. Prepronociceptin (ppN/OFQ) mRNA has been shown to be upregulated by an increase in cAMP, a treatment that leads to differentiation of NS20Y neuroblastoma cells. Although a large increase in endogenous ppN/OFQ mRNA upon cAMP stimulation can be shown in cellular systems, a similar increase cannot be expressed in pGL3 luciferase vector containing 1.3 kb proximal promoter, suggesting that a larger portion of the sequence or a different chromatin structure is necessary for a fully functional promoter. The induction of ppN/OFQ mRNA by cAMP appears to be mediated by a cAMP-response element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays show that CREB is recruited to the promoter region upon treatment of NS20Y cells with dibutyryl cAMP. In addition, the production of ppN/OFQ mRNA is regulated by histone acetylation, also through CREB, as the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A increases both CREB binding to the promoter and ppN/OFQ mRNA expression. In rat progenitor and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines, agents that increase ppN/OFQ mRNA expression also induce neurite outgrowth, suggesting a close relationship between ppN/OFQ and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naunihal T Zaveri
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Ave, LA214A, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Schmitt CA. Cellular senescence and cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:5-20. [PMID: 17027159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, an irreversible cell-cycle arrest, reflects a safeguard program that limits the proliferative capacity of the cell exposed to endogenous or exogenous stress signals. A number of recent studies have clarified that an acutely inducible form of cellular senescence may act in response to oncogenic activation as a natural barrier to interrupt tumorigenesis at a premalignant level. Paralleling the increasing insights into premature senescence as a tumor suppressor mechanism, a growing line of evidence identifies cellular senescence as a critical effector program in response to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents. This review discusses molecular pathways to stress-induced senescence, the interference of a terminal arrest condition with clinical outcome, and the critical overlap between premature senescence and apoptosis as both tumor suppressive and drug-responsive cellular programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens A Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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