1
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Qu L, Lin B, Zeng W, Fan C, Wu H, Ge Y, Li Q, Li C, Wei Y, Xin J, Wang X, Liu D, Cang C. Lysosomal K + channel TMEM175 promotes apoptosis and aggravates symptoms of Parkinson's disease. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53234. [PMID: 35913019 PMCID: PMC9442313 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles and play vital roles in a variety of cellular processes. Ion channels on the lysosomal membrane are key regulators of lysosomal function. TMEM175 has been identified as a lysosomal potassium channel, but its modulation and physiological functions remain unclear. Here, we show that the apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 binds to and inhibits TMEM175 activity. Accordingly, Bcl-2 inhibitors activate the channel in a caspase-independent way. Increased TMEM175 function inhibits mitophagy, disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, and increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS further activates TMEM175 and thus forms a positive feedback loop to augment apoptosis. In a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), knockout (KO) of TMEM175 mitigated motor impairment and dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, suggesting that TMEM175-mediated apoptosis plays an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Overall, our study reveals that TMEM175 is an important regulatory site in the apoptotic signaling pathway and a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bingqian Lin
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenping Zeng
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chunhong Fan
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yushu Ge
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Canjun Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Xin
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xingbing Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chunlei Cang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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2
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Tehrani RR, Sheikhhosseini E, Ghazanfari D, Akhgar M. Synthesis of New Biological Functionalized Tetra Pyrimidodipyrimidines and Tetra Barbituric Moiety Conation Ether Groups. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dadkhoda Ghazanfari
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Akhgar
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
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3
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Bernardi P. Looking Back to the Future of Mitochondrial Research. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682467. [PMID: 33995132 PMCID: PMC8119648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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4
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Ali M, Barakat A, El-Faham A, Al-Rasheed HH, Dahlous K, Al-Majid AM, Sharma A, Yousuf S, Sanam M, Ul-Haq Z, Choudhary MI, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Synthesis and characterisation of thiobarbituric acid enamine derivatives, and evaluation of their α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-glycation activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:692-701. [PMID: 32156165 PMCID: PMC7155210 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1737045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of thiobarbituric (thiopyrimidine trione) enamine derivatives and its analogues barbituric acid derivatives was synthesised, characterised, and screen for in vitro evaluation of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and anti-glycation activity. This series of compounds were found to inhibit α-glucosidase activity in a reversible mixed-type manner with IC50 between 264.07 ± 1.87 and 448.63 ± 2.46 µM. Molecular docking studies indicated that compounds of 3g, 3i, 3j, and 5 are located close to the active site of α-glucosidase, which may cover the active pocket, thereby inhibiting the binding of the substrate to the enzyme. Thiopyrimidine trione derivatives also inhibited the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which cause long-term complications in diabetes. While, compounds 3a-k, 5, and 6 showed significant to moderate anti-glycation activity (IC50 = 31.5 ± 0.81 to 554.76 ± 9.1 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Egypt
| | - Hessa H. Al-Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud Dahlous
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anamika Sharma
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Sanam
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Macasoi I, Mioc A, Mioc M, Racoviceanu R, Soica I, Chevereșan A, Dehelean C, Dumitrașcu V. Targeting Mitochondria through the Use of Mitocans as Emerging Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5730-5757. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players with a multi-functional role in many vital cellular processes,
such as energy metabolism, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) as well as in cell signaling, survival and apoptosis. These functions are mainly regulated
through important enzyme signaling cascades, which if altered may influence the outcome of cell
viability and apoptosis. Therefore some of the key enzymes that are vital for these signaling pathways
are emerging as important targets for new anticancer agent development. Mitocans are compounds
aimed at targeting mitochondria in cancer cells by altering mitochondrial functions thus
causing cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This review summarizes the till present known classes
of mitocans, their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic use in different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Irina Soica
- Earlscliffe Sixth Form, Earlscliffe, 29 Shorncliffe Road, Folkestone, CT20 2NB, United Kingdom
| | - Adelina Chevereșan
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Victor Dumitrașcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
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6
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The chemical biology of apoptosis: Revisited after 17 years. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:63-75. [PMID: 31129454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A balance of Bcl-2 family proteins dictates cell survival or death, as the interactions between these proteins regulate mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways. However, cancer cells frequently show upregulation of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins and sequester activated pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins driven by diverse cytotoxic stresses, resulting in tumor progression and chemoresistance. Synthetic molecules from either structure-based design or screening procedures to engage and inactivate pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins and restore apoptotic process represent a chemical biological means of selectively killing malignant cells. 17 years ago, one of us reviewed on the discovery of novel Bcl-2 targeted agents [1]. Here we revisit this area and examine the progress and current status of small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor development, demonstrating the Bcl-2 family as a valid target for cancer therapy and providing successful examples for the discovery of inhibitors that target protein-protein interactions.
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7
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Leanza L, Checchetto V, Biasutto L, Rossa A, Costa R, Bachmann M, Zoratti M, Szabo I. Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4258-4283. [PMID: 30440086 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has undergone a rapid development during the last three decades, due to the molecular identification of some of the channels residing in the outer and inner membranes. Relevant information about the function of these channels in physiological and pathological settings was gained thanks to genetic models for a few, mitochondria-specific channels. However, many ion channels have multiple localizations within the cell, hampering a clear-cut determination of their function by pharmacological means. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the ins and outs of mitochondrial ion channels, with special focus on the channels that have received much attention in recent years, namely, the voltage-dependent anion channels, the permeability transition pore (also called mitochondrial megachannel), the mitochondrial calcium uniporter and some of the inner membrane-located potassium channels. In addition, possible strategies to overcome the difficulties of specifically targeting mitochondrial channels versus their counterparts active in other membranes are discussed, as well as the possibilities of modulating channel function by small peptides that compete for binding with protein interacting partners. Altogether, these promising tools along with large-scale chemical screenings set up to identify new, specific channel modulators will hopefully allow us to pinpoint the actual function of most mitochondrial ion channels in the near future and to pharmacologically affect important pathologies in which they are involved, such as neurodegeneration, ischaemic damage and cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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8
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Meng L, Xin G, Li B, Li D, Sun X, Yan T, Li L, Shi L, Cao S, Meng X. Anthocyanins Extracted from Aronia melanocarpa Protect SH-SY5Y Cells against Amyloid-beta (1-42)-Induced Apoptosis by Regulating Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Inhibiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12967-12977. [PMID: 30415542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the cytoprotective effects of anthocyanins in Aronia melanocarpa against apoptosis induced by Aβ1-42, a key mediator of AD pathophysiology. We measured intracellular calcium with a colorimetric kit, cellular apoptosis with DAPI, intracellular ROS with the fluorescent marker 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, mitochondrial membrane potential with JC-1, and ATP with a colorimetric kit. Gene transcription and protein expression levels of calmodulin, cytochrome c, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that pretreatment with anthocyanins significantly inhibited Aβ1-42-induced apoptosis, decreased intracellular calcium and ROS, and increased ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential. RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that anthocyanins upregulated the gene transcription and protein expression of calmodulin and Bcl-2 and downregulated those of cytochrome c, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax. A. melanocarpa anthocyanins protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ1-42-induced apoptosis by regulating Ca2+ homeostasis and apoptosis-related genes and inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshuai Meng
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Guang Xin
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Dongnan Li
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Xiyun Sun
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Tingcai Yan
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
| | - Sen Cao
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Guiyang College , Guiyang , Guizhou 550000 , P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Meng
- College of Food Science , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang , Liaoning 110866 , P. R. China
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9
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Li JP, Huang ZJ, Lu XS, Zhou YC, Shao Y, He XP, Chen SR, Wang DD, Qin LS, Sun WH. Pre-clinical characterization of PKC412, a multi-kinase inhibitor, against colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77815-77824. [PMID: 27780925 PMCID: PMC5363623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effect of PKC412, a small molecular multi-kinase inhibitor, in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells was evaluated here. We showed that PKC412 was cytotoxic and anti-proliferative against CRC cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, HT-15 and DLD-1) and primary CRC cells. PKC412 provoked caspase-dependent apoptotic death, and induced G2-M arrest in the CRC cells. AKT activation was inhibited by PKC412 in CRC cells. Reversely, expression of constitutively-active AKT1 (CA-AKT1) decreased the PKC412's cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells. We propose that Bcl-2 could be a primary resistance factor of PKC412. ABT-737, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, or Bcl-2 siRNA knockdown, dramatically potentiated PKC412's lethality against CRC cells. Forced Bcl-2 over-expression, on the other hand, attenuated PKC412's cytotoxicity. Significantly, PKC412 oral administration suppressed AKT activation and inhibited HT-29 tumor growth in nude mice. Mice survival was also improved with PKC412 administration. These results indicate that PKC412 may have potential value for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Li
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Huang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chan Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Shao
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Pu He
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Rong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng Fist People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Li-Sen Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Pavilion Lake District People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Wei-Hao Sun
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Cancer Cell Mitochondria Targeting by Pancratistatin Analogs is Dependent on Functional Complex II and III. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42957. [PMID: 28220885 PMCID: PMC5318952 DOI: 10.1038/srep42957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced mitochondrial stability and decreased dependence on oxidative phosphorylation confer an acquired resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells, but may present opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The compound pancratistatin (PST) has been shown to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, its low availability in nature has hindered its clinical advancement. We synthesized PST analogs and a medium-throughput screen was completed. Analogs SVTH-7, -6, and -5 demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity greater than PST and several standard chemotherapeutics. They disrupted mitochondrial function, activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and reduced growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. Interestingly, the pro-apoptotic effects of SVTH-7 on cancer cells and mitochondria were abrogated with the inhibition of mitochondrial complex II and III, suggesting mitochondrial or metabolic vulnerabilities may be exploited by this analog. This work provides a scaffold for characterizing distinct mitochondrial and metabolic features of cancer cells and reveals several lead compounds with high therapeutic potential.
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11
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Biasutto L, Azzolini M, Szabò I, Zoratti M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in AD 2016: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2515-30. [PMID: 26902508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30years the mitochondrial permeability transition - the permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the opening of a wide pore - has progressed from being considered a curious artifact induced in isolated mitochondria by Ca(2+) and phosphate to a key cell-death-inducing process in several major pathologies. Its relevance is by now universally acknowledged and a pharmacology targeting the phenomenon is being developed. The molecular nature of the pore remains to this day uncertain, but progress has recently been made with the identification of the FOF1 ATP synthase as the probable proteic substrate. Researchers sharing this conviction are however divided into two camps: these believing that only the ATP synthase dimers or oligomers can form the pore, presumably in the contact region between monomers, and those who consider that the ring-forming c subunits in the FO sector actually constitute the walls of the pore. The latest development is the emergence of a new candidate: Spastic Paraplegia 7 (SPG7), a mitochondrial AAA-type membrane protease which forms a 6-stave barrel. This review summarizes recent developments of research on the pathophysiological relevance and on the molecular nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biology, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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12
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Bernardi P, Rasola A, Forte M, Lippe G. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: Channel Formation by F-ATP Synthase, Integration in Signal Transduction, and Role in Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1111-55. [PMID: 26269524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP). After a brief historical introduction, we cover the key regulatory features of the PTP and provide a critical assessment of putative protein components that have been tested by genetic analysis. The discovery that under conditions of oxidative stress the F-ATP synthases of mammals, yeast, and Drosophila can be turned into Ca(2+)-dependent channels, whose electrophysiological properties match those of the corresponding PTPs, opens new perspectives to the field. We discuss structural and functional features of F-ATP synthases that may provide clues to its transition from an energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device as well as recent advances on signal transduction to the PTP and on its role in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michael Forte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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13
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Guzzo G, Sciacovelli M, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 has anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11897-908. [PMID: 25564869 PMCID: PMC4323003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAP1 is a mitochondrial chaperone highly expressed in many tumor types; it inhibits respiratory complex II, down-modulating its succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic activity. SDH inhibition in turn leads to a pseudohypoxic state caused by succinate-dependent HIF1α stabilization and promotes neoplastic growth. Here we report that TRAP1 inhibition of SDH also shields cells from oxidative insults and from the ensuing lethal opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This anti-oxidant activity of TRAP1 protects tumor cells from death in conditions of nutrient paucity that mimic those encountered in the neoplasm during the process of malignant accrual, and it is required for in vitro tumorigenic growth. Our findings demonstrate that SDH inhibition by TRAP1 is oncogenic not only by inducing pseudohypoxia, but also by protecting tumor cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guzzo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sciacovelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy. Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Barakat A, Soliman SM, Al-Majid AM, Lotfy G, Ghabbour HA, Fun HK, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI, Wadood A. Synthesis and structure investigation of novel pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione derivatives of highly potential biological activity as anti-diabetic agent. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Vasaikar SV, Ghosh S, Narain P, Basu A, Gomes J. HSP70 mediates survival in apoptotic cells-Boolean network prediction and experimental validation. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:319. [PMID: 26379495 PMCID: PMC4548197 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal stress or injury results in the activation of proteins, which regulate the balance between survival and apoptosis. However, the complex mechanism of cell signaling involving cell death and survival, activated in response to cellular stress is not yet completely understood. To bring more clarity about these mechanisms, a Boolean network was constructed that represented the apoptotic pathway in neuronal cells. FasL and neurotrophic growth factor (NGF) were considered as inputs in the absence and presence of heat shock proteins known to shift the balance toward survival by rescuing pro-apoptotic cells. The probabilities of survival, DNA repair and apoptosis as cellular fates, in the presence of either the growth factor or FasL, revealed a survival bias encoded in the network. Boolean predictions tested by measuring the mRNA level of caspase-3, caspase-8, and BAX in neuronal Neuro2a (N2a) cell line with NGF and FasL as external input, showed positive correlation with the observed experimental results for survival and apoptotic states. It was observed that HSP70 contributed more toward rescuing cells from apoptosis in comparison to HSP27, HSP40, and HSP90. Overexpression of HSP70 in N2a transfected cells showed reversal of cellular fate from FasL-induced apoptosis to survival. Further, the pro-survival role of the proteins BCL2, IAP, cFLIP, and NFκB determined by vertex perturbation analysis was experimentally validated through protein inhibition experiments using EM20-25, Embelin and Wedelolactone, which resulted in 1.27-, 1.26-, and 1.46-fold increase in apoptosis of N2a cells. The existence of a one-to-one correspondence between cellular fates and attractor states shows that Boolean networks may be employed with confidence in qualitative analytical studies of biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas V Vasaikar
- Computational Biology, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, India
| | | | - Priyam Narain
- Computational Biology, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, India
| | | | - James Gomes
- Computational Biology, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, India
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16
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Bol GM, Vesuna F, Xie M, Zeng J, Aziz K, Gandhi N, Levine A, Irving A, Korz D, Tantravedi S, Heerma van Voss MR, Gabrielson K, Bordt EA, Polster BM, Cope L, van der Groep P, Kondaskar A, Rudek MA, Hosmane RS, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Tran PT, Raman V. Targeting DDX3 with a small molecule inhibitor for lung cancer therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:648-69. [PMID: 25820276 PMCID: PMC4492822 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and is a focus for developing targeted therapies due to its refractory nature to current treatment. We identified a RNA helicase, DDX3, which is overexpressed in many cancer types including lung cancer and is associated with lower survival in lung cancer patients. We designed a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor, RK-33, which binds to DDX3 and abrogates its activity. Inhibition of DDX3 by RK-33 caused G1 cell cycle arrest, induced apoptosis, and promoted radiation sensitization in DDX3-overexpressing cells. Importantly, RK-33 in combination with radiation induced tumor regression in multiple mouse models of lung cancer. Mechanistically, loss of DDX3 function either by shRNA or by RK-33 impaired Wnt signaling through disruption of the DDX3-β-catenin axis and inhibited non-homologous end joining-the major DNA repair pathway in mammalian somatic cells. Overall, inhibition of DDX3 by RK-33 promotes tumor regression, thus providing a compelling argument to develop DDX3 inhibitors for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus M Bol
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Farhad Vesuna
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Khaled Aziz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nishant Gandhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Levine
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Irving
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dorian Korz
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saritha Tantravedi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marise R Heerma van Voss
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan A Bordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie Cope
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Petra van der Groep
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Atul Kondaskar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramachandra S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. Reprint of "The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its adaptive responses in tumor cells". Cell Calcium 2015; 58:18-26. [PMID: 25828565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress on the nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) – a key effector in the mitochondrial pathways to cell death – and on the adaptive responses of tumor cells that desensitize the PTP to Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby playing an important role in the resistance of tumors to cell death. The discovery that the PTP forms from dimers of F-ATP synthase; and the definition of the Ca(2+)- and ROS-dependent signaling pathways affecting the transition of the F-ATP synthase from an energy-conserving to an energy-dissipating device open new perspectives for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
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18
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its adaptive responses in tumor cells. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:437-45. [PMID: 25454774 PMCID: PMC4274314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress on the nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) - a key effector in the mitochondrial pathways to cell death - and on the adaptive responses of tumor cells that desensitize the PTP to Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby playing an important role in the resistance of tumors to cell death. The discovery that the PTP forms from dimers of F-ATP synthase; and the definition of the Ca(2+)- and ROS-dependent signaling pathways affecting the transition of the F-ATP synthase from an energy-conserving to an energy-dissipating device open new perspectives for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
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19
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Tang Q, Zhang G, Du X, Zhu W, Li R, Lin H, Li P, Cheng M, Gong P, Zhao Y. Discovery of novel 6,7-disubstituted-4-phenoxyquinoline derivatives bearing 5-(aminomethylene)pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione moiety as c-Met kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1236-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Ranjan K, Sharma A, Surolia A, Pathak C. Regulation of HA14-1 mediated oxidative stress, toxic response, and autophagy by curcumin to enhance apoptotic activity in human embryonic kidney cells. Biofactors 2014; 40:157-69. [PMID: 23559532 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An alteration in susceptibility to apoptosis not only contributes to promotion of malignancy but can also enhance drug resistance in response to anticancer therapies. HA14-1 is a small molecule which has the potential of inducing apoptosis in cancerous cells. HA14-1 manifests an antagonistic effect on antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and consequently induces cell death in various cancerous cell lines. However, it is also known to generate ROS and toxic response in the cells upon decomposition. Elevated level of ROS is responsible for oxidative stress and other pathological consequences, if not metabolized properly. The aim of the present study was to examine the synergistic effect of curcumin in promoting apoptosis by regulating the HA14-1 mediated ROS generation, toxicity, oxidative stress, and autophagy in human embryonic kidney cells. Our study demonstrates that curcumin efficiently scavenges HA14-1 mediated generation of ROS and toxic response resulting in augmentation of apoptosis in HEK 293T cells by promoting inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins and process of autophagy. Thus curcumin along with HA14-1 regulates cell proliferation by disruption of the antiapoptotic signaling mechanism. This approach could serve as a promising strategy for therapeutic potential to overcome their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishu Ranjan
- Cell Biology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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21
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Abstract
Due to their central role in the regulation of apoptosis, the antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins are highly promising targets for the development of novel anticancer treatments. To this end, several strategies have been developed to inhibit BCL2, BCL-XL, BCL-w, and MCL1. While early clinical trials in haematological malignancies demonstrated exciting single-agent activity of BCL2-inhibitors, the response in solid tumours was limited, indicating that, in solid tumours, different strategies have to be developed in order to successfully treat patients with BCL2-inhibitors. In this review, the function of the different antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins and their role in solid tumours will be discussed. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of current small molecules targeting these antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins (e.g., ABT-737, ABT-263, ABT-199, TW-37, sabutoclax, obatoclax, and MIM1) will be provided including a discussion of the results of any clinical trials. This analysis will summarise the potential of BCL2-inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumours and will unravel novel approaches to utilise these inhibitors in clinical applications.
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22
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Plourde MB, Morchid A, Iranezereza L, Berthoux L. The Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor BH3I-2′ affects the dynamics and subcellular localization of sumoylated proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:826-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Clerc P, Carey GB, Mehrabian Z, Wei M, Hwang H, Girnun GD, Chen H, Martin SS, Polster BM. Rapid detection of an ABT-737-sensitive primed for death state in cells using microplate-based respirometry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42487. [PMID: 22880001 PMCID: PMC3411749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that exhibit an absolute dependence on the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein for survival are termed “primed for death” and are killed by the BCL-2 antagonist ABT-737. Many cancers exhibit a primed phenotype, including some that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy due to high BCL-2 expression. We show here that 1) stable BCL-2 overexpression alone can induce a primed for death state and 2) that an ABT-737-induced loss of functional cytochrome c from the electron transport chain causes a reduction in maximal respiration that is readily detectable by microplate-based respirometry. Stable BCL-2 overexpression sensitized non-tumorigenic MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to ABT-737-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. Mitochondria within permeabilized BCL-2 overexpressing cells were selectively vulnerable to ABT-737-induced cytochrome c release compared to those from control-transfected cells, consistent with a primed state. ABT-737 treatment caused a dose-dependent impairment of maximal O2 consumption in MCF10A BCL-2 overexpressing cells but not in control-transfected cells or in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both BAX and BAK. This impairment was rescued by delivering exogenous cytochrome c to mitochondria via saponin-mediated plasma membrane permeabilization. An ABT-737-induced reduction in maximal O2 consumption was also detectable in SP53, JeKo-1, and WEHI-231 B-cell lymphoma cell lines, with sensitivity correlating with BCL-2:MCL-1 ratio and with susceptibility (SP53 and JeKo-1) or resistance (WEHI-231) to ABT-737-induced apoptosis. Multiplexing respirometry assays to ELISA-based determination of cytochrome c redistribution confirmed that respiratory inhibition was associated with cytochrome c release. In summary, cell-based respiration assays were able to rapidly identify a primed for death state in cells with either artificially overexpressed or high endogenous BCL-2. Rapid detection of a primed for death state in individual cancers by “bioenergetics-based profiling” may eventually help identify the subset of patients with chemoresistant but primed tumors who can benefit from treatment that incorporates a BCL-2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Clerc
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zara Mehrabian
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyehyun Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey D. Girnun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hegang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stuart S. Martin
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schwarzer C, Fu Z, Patanwala M, Hum L, Lopez-Guzman M, Illek B, Kong W, Lynch SV, Machen TE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-associated homoserine lactone C12 rapidly activates apoptosis in airway epithelia. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:698-709. [PMID: 22233488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) forms biofilms in lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, a process regulated by quorum-sensing molecules including N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (C12). C12 (10-100 µM) rapidly triggered events commonly associated with the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in JME (CF ΔF508CFTR, nasal surface) epithelial cells: depolarization of mitochondrial (mito) membrane potential (Δψ(mito)) and release of cytochrome C (cytoC) from mitos into cytosol and activation of caspases 3/7, 8 and 9. C12 also had novel effects on the endoplasmic reticulum (release of both Ca(2+) and ER-targeted GFP and oxidized contents into the cytosol). Effects began within 5 min and were complete in 1-2 h. C12 caused similar activation of caspases and release of cytoC from mitos in Calu-3 (wtCFTR, bronchial gland) cells, showing that C12-triggered responses occurred similarly in different airway epithelial types. C12 had nearly identical effects on three key aspects of the apoptosis response (caspase 3/7, depolarization of Δψ(mito) and reduction of redox potential in the ER) in JME and CFTR-corrected JME cells (adenoviral expression), showing that CFTR was likely not an important regulator of C12-triggered apoptosis in airway epithelia. Exposure of airway cultures to biofilms from PAO1wt caused depolarization of Δψ(mito) and increases in Ca(cyto) like 10-50 µM C12. In contrast, biofilms from PAO1ΔlasI (C12 deficient) had no effect, suggesting that C12 from P. aeruginosa biofilms may contribute to accumulation of apoptotic cells that cannot be cleared from CF lungs. A model to explain the effects of C12 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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25
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Wilkins HM, Marquardt K, Lash LH, Linseman DA. Bcl-2 is a novel interacting partner for the 2-oxoglutarate carrier and a key regulator of mitochondrial glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:410-9. [PMID: 22115789 PMCID: PMC3253244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite making up only a minor fraction of the total cellular glutathione, recent studies indicate that the mitochondrial glutathione pool is essential for cell survival. Selective depletion of mitochondrial glutathione is sufficient to sensitize cells to mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) and intrinsic apoptosis. Glutathione is synthesized exclusively in the cytoplasm and must be actively transported into mitochondria. Therefore, regulation of mitochondrial glutathione transport is a key factor in maintaining the antioxidant status of mitochondria. Bcl-2 resides in the outer mitochondrial membrane where it acts as a central regulator of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. In addition, Bcl-2 displays an antioxidant-like function that has been linked experimentally to the regulation of cellular glutathione content. We have previously demonstrated a novel interaction between recombinant Bcl-2 and reduced glutathione (GSH), which was antagonized by either Bcl-2 homology-3 domain (BH3) mimetics or a BH3-only protein, recombinant Bim. These previous findings prompted us to investigate if this novel Bcl-2/GSH interaction might play a role in regulating mitochondrial glutathione transport. Incubation of primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with the BH3 mimetic HA14-1 induced MOS and caused specific depletion of the mitochondrial glutathione pool. Bcl-2 was coimmunoprecipitated with GSH after chemical cross-linking in CGNs and this Bcl-2/GSH interaction was antagonized by preincubation with HA14-1. Moreover, both HA14-1 and recombinant Bim inhibited GSH transport into isolated rat brain mitochondria. To further investigate a possible link between Bcl-2 function and mitochondrial glutathione transport, we next examined if Bcl-2 associated with the 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), an inner mitochondrial membrane protein known to transport glutathione in liver and kidney. After cotransfection of CHO cells, Bcl-2 was coimmunoprecipitated with OGC and this novel interaction was significantly enhanced by glutathione monoethyl ester. Similarly, recombinant Bcl-2 interacted with recombinant OGC in the presence of GSH. Bcl-2 and OGC cotransfection in CHO cells significantly increased the mitochondrial glutathione pool. Finally, the ability of Bcl-2 to protect CHO cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide was significantly attenuated by the OGC inhibitor phenylsuccinate. These data suggest that GSH binding by Bcl-2 enhances its affinity for the OGC. Bcl-2 and OGC appear to act in a coordinated manner to increase the mitochondrial glutathione pool and enhance resistance of cells to oxidative stress. We conclude that regulation of mitochondrial glutathione transport is a principal mechanism by which Bcl-2 suppresses MOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kristin Marquardt
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Address correspondence to: Daniel Linseman, PhD, Department of Biological Sciences and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO 80208; Tel.: (303) 871-5654; Fax: (303) 871-3471;
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Allaman-Pillet N, Oberson A, Munier F, Schorderet DF. The Bcl-2/Bcl-XL inhibitor ABT-737 promotes death of retinoblastoma cancer cells. Ophthalmic Genet 2011; 34:1-13. [PMID: 21955141 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2011.615077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor that usually develops in early childhood. During retinoblastoma spreading, RB1 gene inactivation is followed by additional genomic modifications which progressively lead to resistance of tumor cells to death. Drugs that act at downstream levels of death signaling pathways should therefore be interesting in killing retinoblastoma cells. ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic molecule effective at the mitochondrial level, has been shown to induce apoptosis in different human tumoral cell lines as well as in primary patient-derived cells, and in a mouse xenograph model. METHODS In this report, we analyzed the pro-death effect of ABT-737 on two human retinoblastoma cell lines, Y79 and WERI-Rb, as well as on the mouse photoreceptor cell line 661W. RESULTS We observed that ABT-737 was very effective as a single agent in inducing human WERI-Rb cells apoptosis without affecting the mouse 661W photoreceptor cells. However human Y79 cells were resistant to ABT-737, as a probable consequence of the absence of Bax. The high sensitivity of WERI-Rb to ABT-737 can be increased by downregulating Mcl-1 using the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Preliminary analysis in primary mouse retinoblastoma tumoral cell lines predicts high sensitivity to ABT-737. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that ABT-737 or related compounds could be a highly effective drug in the treatment of some retinoblastomas.
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27
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Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ. Blockade of electron transport during ischemia preserves bcl-2 and inhibits opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:921-6. [PMID: 21354418 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia damages the electron transport chain and augments cardiomyocyte death during reperfusion. To understand the relationship between ischemic mitochondrial damage and mitochondrial-driven cell death, the isolated perfused heart underwent global stop-flow ischemia with and without mitochondrial protection by reversible blockade of electron transport. Ischemic damage to electron transport depleted bcl-2 content and favored mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Reversible blockade of electron transport preserved bcl-2 content and attenuated calcium-stimulated mitochondrial swelling. Thus, the damaged electron transport chain leads to bcl-2 depletion and MPT opening. Chemical inhibition of bcl-2 with HA14-1 also dramatically increased mitochondrial swelling, augmented by exogenous H(2)O(2) stress, indicating that bcl-2 depleted mitochondria are poised to undergo MPT during the enhanced oxidative stress of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Reiners JJ, Kleinman M, Kessel D, Mathieu PA, Caruso JA. Nonesterified cholesterol content of lysosomes modulates susceptibility to oxidant-induced permeabilization. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:281-94. [PMID: 21074609 PMCID: PMC3018561 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). Photoirradiation of murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cultures preloaded with the photosensitizer NPe6 generates singlet oxygen within acidic organelles and causes LMP and the activation of procaspases. Treatment with the cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) U18666A, imipramine, and clozapine stimulated the accumulation of filipin-stainable nonesterified cholesterol/sterols in late endosomes/lysosomes, but not in mitochondria. Concentration-response studies demonstrated an inverse relationship between lysosomal nonesterified cholesterol/sterol contents and susceptibility to NPe6 photoirradiation-induced intracellular membrane oxidation, LMP, and activation of procaspase-9 and -3. Similarly, the kinetics of restoration of NPe6 photoirradiation-induced LMP paralleled the losses of lysosomal cholesterol that occurred upon replating U18666A-treated cultures in CAD-free medium. Consistent with the oxidation of lysosomal cholesterol, filipin staining in U18666A-treated cultures progressively decreased with increasing photoirradiating light dose. U18666A also suppressed the induction of LMP and procaspase activation by exogenously added hydrogen peroxide. However, neither U18666A nor imipramine suppressed the induction of apoptosis by agents that did not directly induce LMP. These studies indicate that lysosomal nonesterified cholesterol/sterol content modulates susceptibility to ROS-induced LMP and possibly does so by being an alternative target for oxidants and lowering the probability of damage to other lysosomal membrane lipids and/or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Bourke MG, Salwa S, Harrington KJ, Kucharczyk MJ, Forde PF, de Kruijf M, Soden D, Tangney M, Collins JK, O'Sullivan GC. The emerging role of viruses in the treatment of solid tumours. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37:618-32. [PMID: 21232872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing optimism for the use of non-pathogenic viruses in the treatment of many cancers. Initial interest in oncolytic virotherapy was based on the observation of an occasional clinical resolution of a lymphoma after a systemic viral infection. In many cancers, by comparison with normal tissues, the competency of the cellular anti-viral mechanism is impaired, thus creating an exploitable difference between the tumour and normal cells, as an unimpeded viral proliferation in cancer cells is eventually cytocidal. In addition to their oncolytic capability, these particular viruses may be engineered to facilitate gene delivery to tumour cells to produce therapeutic effects such as cytokine secretion and anti -tumour immune responses prior to the eventual cytolysis. There is now promising clinical experience with these viral strategies, particularly as part of multimodal studies, and already several clinical trials are in progress. The limitations of standard cancer chemotherapies, including their lack of specificity with consequent collateral toxicity and the development of cross-resistance, do not appear to apply to viral-based therapies. Furthermore, virotherapy frequently restores chemoradiosensitivity to resistant tumours and has also demonstrated efficacy against cancers that historically have a dismal prognosis. While there is cause for optimism, through continued improvements in the efficiency and safety of systemic delivery, through the emergence of alternative viral agents and through favourable clinical experiences, clinical trials as part of multimodal protocols will be necessary to define clinical utility. Significant progress has been made and this is now a major research area with an increasing annual bibliography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Bourke
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Leslie C. Quick Jnr. Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Kwa FAA, Cole-Sinclair M, Kapuscinski M. Chlorambucil-sensitive and -resistant lymphoid cells display different responses to the histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:288-92. [PMID: 21075074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical chemoresistance is a frequent complication of alkylating agent treatment of malignant tumours. Chromatin remodelling using histone deacetylase inhibitors (e.g., sodium butyrate, NaBu) may increase target cell chemosensitivity. Apoptotic responses and expression of chromatin modifying enzymes in lymphoid cell lines, LP-1 and NCI-H929, to chlorambucil (CLB) and/or NaBu were examined in this study. NaBu augmented the apoptotic response in CLB-resistant LP-1 cells but antagonised it in CLB-sensitive NCI-H929 cells. CLB increased expression of methyltransferase I and histone acetyltransferase I in both cell lines while NaBu had only small effect. CLB-induced increased gene expression was attenuated by NaBu in CLB-sensitive NCI-H929 cells but not in resistant LP-1 cells. These results suggest that chromatin modifying agents may have differential effects on cells depending on their chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A A Kwa
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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Hockenbery DM. Targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:476-489. [PMID: 20213841 DOI: 10.1002/em.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several recent insights into the roles of mitochondria in cancer have renewed efforts to develop nongenotoxic therapies targeting mitochondrial proteins and functions. Mitochondria are central hubs for intrinsic apoptotic pathways that are activated by cellular stress and injury, and as a consequence, cancers often have defects in these pathways. Bcl-2, the first identified regulator of apoptotic cell deaths, was discovered as an oncogene in human cancers. BCL-2 inhibits mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis through local effects at mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Increased expression of BCL-2 and the related antiapoptotic proteins BCL-X(L), MCL-1, and BCL-W occurs in significant subsets of common cancer types (Table I) and is generally correlated with poor response. Although incomplete, the emerging understanding of BCL-2 functions through structural, biochemical, and organelle physiology studies has provided paths for targeting BCL-2 with small molecules. Cancer cells also exhibit metabolic differences with their normal cell counterparts, including aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and unusual dependence on nutrient substrates such as glucose and glutamine. This knowledge has prompted reexamination of the potential cancer selectivity of previously identified mitochondriotoxic compounds, including approved drugs for other indications, and screening programs to identify new compounds with mitochondrial activities.
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Walker B. From sentencing to execution – the processes of apoptosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:547-62. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.05.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Paoluzzi L, O’Connor OA. Targeting Survival Pathways in Lymphoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6706-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Activation of mitochondrial ERK protects cancer cells from death through inhibition of the permeability transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:726-31. [PMID: 20080742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912742107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied human cancer cell models in which we detected constitutive activation of ERK. A fraction of active ERK was found to be located in mitochondria in RWPE-2 cells, obtained by v-Ki-Ras transformation of the epithelial prostate RWPE-1 cell line; in metastatic prostate cancer DU145 cells; and in osteosarcoma SAOS-2 cells. All these tumor cells displayed marked resistance to death caused by apoptotic stimuli like arachidonic acid and the BH3 mimetic EM20-25, which cause cell death through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). PTP desensitization and the ensuing resistance to cell death induced by arachidonic acid or EM20-25 could be ablated by inhibiting ERK with the drug PD98059 or with a selective ERK activation inhibitor peptide. ERK inhibition enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)-dependent phosphorylation of the pore regulator cyclophilin D, whereas GSK-3 inhibition protected from PTP opening. Neither active ERK in mitochondria nor pore desensitization was observed in non-transformed RWPE-1 cells. Thus, in tumor cells mitochondrial ERK activation desensitizes the PTP through a signaling axis that involves GSK-3 and cyclophilin D, a finding that provides a mechanistic basis for increased resistance to apoptosis of neoplastic cells.
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Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Yaniv Y, Nuss HB, Wang S, Sollott SJ. Regulation and pharmacology of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:213-25. [PMID: 19447775 PMCID: PMC2701724 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'mitochondrial permeability transition', characterized by a sudden induced change of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability for water as well as for small substances (=1.5 kDa), has been known for three decades. Research interest in the entity responsible for this phenomenon, the 'mitochondrial permeability transition pore' (mPTP), has dramatically increased after demonstration that it plays a key role in the life and death decision in cells. Therefore, a better understanding of this phenomenon and its regulation by environmental stresses, kinase signalling, and pharmacological intervention is vital. The characterization of the molecular identity of the mPTP will allow identification of possible pharmacological targets and assist in drug design for its precise regulation. However, despite extensive research efforts, at this point the pore-forming core component(s) of the mPTP remain unidentified. Pivotal new genetic evidence has shown that components once believed to be core elements of the mPTP (namely mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator and cyclophilin D) are instead only mPTP regulators (or in the case of voltage-dependent anion channels, probably entirely dispensable). This review provides an update on the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven J. Sollott
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, Box 13, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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Juhaszova M, Zorov DB, Yaniv Y, Nuss HB, Wang S, Sollott SJ. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cardioprotection. Circ Res 2009; 104:1240-52. [PMID: 19498210 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.197996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Limitation of infarct size by ischemic/pharmacological pre- and postconditioning involves activation of a complex set of cell-signaling pathways. Multiple lines of evidence implicate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) as a key end effector of ischemic/pharmacological pre- and postconditioning. Increasing the ROS threshold for mPTP induction enhances the resistance of cardiomyocytes to oxidant stress and results in infarct size reduction. Here, we survey and synthesize the present knowledge about the role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta in cardioprotection, including pre- and postconditioning. Activation of a wide spectrum of cardioprotective signaling pathways is associated with phosphorylation and inhibition of a discrete pool of GSK-3beta relevant to mitochondrial signaling. Therefore, GSK-3beta has emerged as the integration point of many of these pathways and plays a central role in transferring protective signals downstream to target(s) that act at or in proximity to the mPTP. Bcl-2 family proteins and mPTP-regulatory elements, such as adenine nucleotide translocator and cyclophilin D (possibly voltage-dependent anion channel), may be the functional downstream target(s) of GSK-3beta. Gaining a better understanding of these interactions to control and prevent mPTP induction when appropriate will enable us to decrease the negative impact of the reperfusion-induced ROS burst on the fate of mitochondria and perhaps allow us to limit propagation of damage throughout and between cells and consequently, to better limit infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Juhaszova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, Box 13, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA
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Abstract
Several inhibitors of BCL2 proteins have been identified that induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells, indicating their potential in cancer therapy. We investigated the specificity of six putative BCL2 inhibitors (obatoclax, gossypol, apogossypol, EM20-25, chelerythrine and ABT-737). Using cells deficient either for Bax/Bak or caspase-9, we found that only ABT-737 specifically targeted BCL2 proteins and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-9, as only ABT-737 induced apoptosis was completely inhibited in cells deficient for Bax/Bak or caspase-9. Our data show that only ABT-737 is a specific BCL2 inhibitor and all other compounds investigated were not specific for BCL2 proteins. Furthermore, investigations of the effects of these compounds in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemic cells showed that all compounds induced certain biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis, such as release of cytochrome c and caspase cleavage. However, they all caused strikingly different ultrastructural changes. ABT-737 induced all the characteristic ultrastructural changes of apoptosis together with early rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas obatoclax, chlelerythrine and gossypol induced pronounced mitochondrial swelling with formation of phospholipid inclusions. Therefore, we conclude that biochemical measurements used earlier to define apoptosis like mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and caspase cleavage, are insufficient to distinguish between classic apoptosis and other forms of cell death.
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Marinov M, Ziogas A, Pardo OE, Tan LT, Dhillon T, Mauri FA, Lane HA, Lemoine NR, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Seckl MJ, Arcaro A. AKT/mTOR Pathway Activation and BCL-2 Family Proteins Modulate the Sensitivity of Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to RAD001. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1277-87. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sung KF, Odinokova IV, Mareninova OA, Rakonczay Z, Hegyi P, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins stabilize pancreatic mitochondria and protect against necrosis in experimental pancreatitis. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1975-89. [PMID: 19331832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acinar cells in pancreatitis die through apoptosis and necrosis, the roles of which are different. The severity of experimental pancreatitis correlates directly with the extent of necrosis and inversely, with apoptosis. Apoptosis is mediated by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol followed by caspase activation, whereas necrosis is associated with the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) loss leading to ATP depletion. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 proteins in apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatitis. We found up-regulation of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins in pancreas in various experimental models of acute pancreatitis, most pronounced for Bcl-xL. This up-regulation translated into increased levels of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 in pancreatic mitochondria. Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors induced DeltaPsim loss and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Corroborating the results on mitochondria, Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors induced DeltaPsim loss, ATP depletion and necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells, both untreated and hyperstimulated with CCK-8 (in vitro pancreatitis model). Together Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors and CCK induced more necrosis than either treatment alone. Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors also stimulated cytochrome c release in acinar cells leading to caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. However, different from their effect on pronecrotic signals, the stimulation by Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors of apoptotic responses was less in CCK-treated than control cells. Therefore, Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors potentiated CCK-induced necrosis but not apoptosis. Correspondingly, transfection with Bcl-xL siRNA stimulated necrosis but not apoptosis in the in vitro pancreatitis model. Further, in animal models of pancreatitis Bcl-xL up-regulation inversely correlated with necrosis, but not apoptosis. Results indicate that Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 protect acinar cells from necrosis in pancreatitis by stabilizing mitochondria against death signals. We conclude that Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibition would aggravate acute pancreatitis, whereas Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 up-regulation presents a strategy to prevent or attenuate necrosis in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Sung
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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40
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Bernardi P, Bonaldo P. Dysfunction of Mitochondria and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in the Pathogenesis of Collagen VI Muscular Dystrophies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1147:303-11. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Weber SU, Koch A, Kankeleit J, Schewe JC, Siekmann U, Stüber F, Hoeft A, Schröder S. Hyperbaric oxygen induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial mechanism. Apoptosis 2008; 14:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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KATP channel openers have opposite effects on mitochondrial respiration under different energetic conditions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:483-91. [PMID: 18437094 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31816bf4a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial (m) KATP channel opening has been implicated in triggering cardiac preconditioning. Its consequence on mitochondrial respiration, however, remains unclear. We investigated the effects of two different KATP channel openers and antagonists on mitochondrial respiration under two different energetic conditions. Oxygen consumption was measured for complex I (pyruvate/malate) or complex II (succinate with rotenone) substrates in mitochondria from fresh guinea pig hearts. One of two mKATP channel openers, pinacidil or diazoxide, was given before adenosine diphosphate in the absence or presence of an mKATP channel antagonist, glibenclamide or 5-hydroxydecanoate. Without ATP synthase inhibition, both mKATP channel openers differentially attenuated mitochondrial respiration. Neither mKATP channel antagonist abolished these effects. When ATP synthase was inhibited by oligomycin to decrease [ATP], both mKATP channel openers accelerated respiration for both substrate groups. This was abolished by mKATP channel blockade. Thus, under energetically more physiological conditions, the main effect of mKATP channel openers on mitochondrial respiration is differential inhibition independent of mKATP channel opening. In contrast, under energetically less physiological conditions, mKATP channel opening can be evidenced by accelerated respiration and blockade by antagonists. Therefore, the effects of mKATP channel openers on mitochondrial function likely depend on the experimental conditions and the cell's underlying energetic state.
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Bernardo PH, Wan KF, Sivaraman T, Xu J, Moore FK, Hung AW, Mok HYK, Yu VC, Chai CLL. Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Phenanthridine-Based Bcl-XL Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6699-710. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Bernardo
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Kah-Fei Wan
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Felicity K. Moore
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Henry Y. K. Mok
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Victor C. Yu
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Targeting the apoptotic pathway with BCL-2 inhibitors sensitizes primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to vesicular stomatitis virus-induced oncolysis. J Virol 2008; 82:8487-99. [PMID: 18579592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00851-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by clonal accumulation of CD5(+) CD19(+) B lymphocytes that are arrested in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle and fail to undergo apoptosis because of overexpression of the antiapoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein. Oncolytic viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), have emerged as potential anticancer agents that selectively target and kill malignant cells via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Although primary CLL cells are largely resistant to VSV oncolysis, we postulated that targeting the apoptotic pathway via inhibition of BCL-2 may sensitize CLL cells to VSV oncolysis. In the present study, we examined the capacity of EM20-25--a small-molecule antagonist of the BCL-2 protein--to overcome CLL resistance to VSV oncolysis. We demonstrate a synergistic effect of the two agents in primary ex vivo CLL cells (combination index of 0.5; P < 0.0001). In a direct comparison of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers with primary CLL, the two agents combined showed a therapeutic index of 19-fold; furthermore, the combination of VSV and EM20-25 increased apoptotic cell death in Karpas-422 and Granta-519 B-lymphoma cell lines (P < 0.005) via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Mechanistically, EM20-25 blocked the ability of the BCL-2 protein to dimerize with proapoptotic BAX protein, thus sensitizing CLL to VSV oncolytic stress. Together, these data indicate that the use of BCL-2 inhibitors may improve VSV oncolysis in treatment-resistant hematological malignancies, such as CLL, with characterized defects in the apoptotic response.
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Kaminskyy V, Kulachkovskyy O, Stoika R. A decisive role of mitochondria in defining rate and intensity of apoptosis induction by different alkaloids. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:168-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alpha-tocopheryl succinate induces apoptosis by targeting ubiquinone-binding sites in mitochondrial respiratory complex II. Oncogene 2008; 27:4324-35. [PMID: 18372923 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) is a selective inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells, which involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The molecular target of alpha-TOS has not been identified. Here, we show that alpha-TOS inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of complex II (CII) by interacting with the proximal and distal ubiquinone (UbQ)-binding site (Q(P) and Q(D), respectively). This is based on biochemical analyses and molecular modelling, revealing similar or stronger interaction energy of alpha-TOS compared to that of UbQ for the Q(P) and Q(D) sites, respectively. CybL-mutant cells with dysfunctional CII failed to accumulate ROS and underwent apoptosis in the presence of alpha-TOS. Similar resistance was observed when CybL was knocked down with siRNA. Reconstitution of functional CII rendered CybL-mutant cells susceptible to alpha-TOS. We propose that alpha-TOS displaces UbQ in CII causing electrons generated by SDH to recombine with molecular oxygen to yield ROS. Our data highlight CII, a known tumour suppressor, as a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Wan KF, Chan SL, Sukumaran SK, Lee MC, Yu VC. Chelerythrine induces apoptosis through a Bax/Bak-independent mitochondrial mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8423-33. [PMID: 18230621 PMCID: PMC2417179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with Bax or Bak deleted displayed no defect in apoptosis signaling, MEFs with Bax and Bak double knock-out (DKO) showed dramatic resistance to diverse apoptotic stimuli, suggesting that Bax and Bak are redundant but essential regulators for apoptosis signaling. Chelerythrine has recently been identified as a Bcl-xL inhibitor that is capable of triggering apoptosis via direct action on mitochondria. Here we report that in contrast to classic apoptotic stimuli, chelerythrine is fully competent in inducing apoptosis in the DKO MEFs. Wild-type and DKO MEFs are equally sensitive to chelerythrine-induced morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis phenotype. Interestingly, chelerythrine-mediated release of cytochrome c is rapid and precedes Bax translocation and integration. Although the BH3 peptide of Bim is totally inactive in releasing cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria of DKO MEFs, chelerythrine maintains its potency and efficacy in inducing direct release of cytochrome c from these mitochondria. Furthermore, chelerythrine-mediated mitochondrial swelling and loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) are inhibited by cyclosporine A, suggesting that mitochondrial permeability transition pore is involved in chelerythrine-induced apoptosis. Although certain apoptotic stimuli have been shown to elicit cytotoxic effect in the DKO MEFs through alternate death mechanisms, chelerythrine does not appear to engage necrotic or autophagic death mechanism to trigger cell death in the DKO MEFs. These results, thus, argue for the existence of an alternative Bax/Bak-independent apoptotic mechanism that involves cyclosporine A-sensitive mitochondrial membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Fei Wan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr. (Proteos), Singapore
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Juhaszova M, Wang S, Zorov DB, Nuss HB, Gleichmann M, Mattson MP, Sollott SJ. The identity and regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: where the known meets the unknown. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1123:197-212. [PMID: 18375592 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1420.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore complex is a key participant in the machinery that controls mitochondrial fate and, consequently, cell fate. The quest for the pore identity has been ongoing for several decades and yet the main structure remains unknown. Established "dogma" proposes that the core of the MPT pore is composed of an association of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Recent genetic knockout experiments contradict this commonly accepted interpretation and provide a basis for substantial revision of the MPT pore identity. There is now sufficient evidence to exclude VDAC and ANT as the main pore structural components. Regarding MPT pore regulation, the role of cyclophilin D is confirmed and ANT may still serve some regulatory function, although the involvement of hexokinase II and creatine kinase remains unresolved. When cell protection signaling pathways are activated, we have found that the Bcl-2 family members relay the signal from glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta onto a target at or in close proximity to the pore. Our experimental findings in intact cardiac myocytes and neurons indicate that the current "dogma" related to the role of Ca2+ in MPT induction requires reevaluation. Emerging evidence suggests that after injury-producing stresses, reactive oxygen species (but not Ca2+) are largely responsible for the pore induction. In this article we discuss the current state of knowledge and provide new data related to the MPT pore structure and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Juhaszova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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Odinokova IV, Sung KF, Mareninova OA, Hermann K, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Mitochondrial mechanisms of death responses in pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 Suppl 1:S25-30. [PMID: 18336659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a severe and frequently lethal disorder, a major cause of which is alcohol abuse. Parenchymal cell death is a major complication of pancreatitis. In experimental models of acute pancreatitis, acinar cells have been shown to die through both necrosis and apoptosis, the two principal pathways of cell death. The severity of experimental acute pancreatitis correlates directly with the extent of necrosis and inversely with apoptosis. Thus, understanding the regulation of apoptosis and necrosis is becoming exceedingly important in investigations of the pathogenesis and treatment of pancreatitis. Over the past decade, the mitochondria have emerged as a master regulator of cell death in various physiological and pathological processes. Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol is a central event in apoptosis, whereas mitochondrial depolarization resulting in ATP depletion leads to necrosis. The present review focuses on the mitochondrial mechanisms of death responses in pancreatitis, with emphasis on mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its role in the balance between apoptosis and necrosis in acute pancreatitis, and alcohol's effects on death responses of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Odinokova
- USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its involvement in cell death and in disease pathogenesis. Apoptosis 2008; 12:815-33. [PMID: 17294078 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current research on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) and its role in cell death faces a paradox. Initially considered as an in vitro artifact of little pathophysiological relevance, in recent years the PTP has received considerable attention as a potential mechanism for the execution of cell death. The recent successful use of PTP desensitizers in several disease paradigms leaves little doubt about its relevance in pathophysiology; and emerging findings that link the PTP to key cellular signalling pathways are increasing the interest on the pore as a pharmacological target. Yet, recent genetic data have challenged popular views on the molecular nature of the PTP, and called into question many early conclusions about its structure. Here we review basic concepts about PTP structure, function and regulation within the framework of intracellular death signalling, and its role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
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