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Cagnetta R, Flanagan JG, Sonenberg N. Control of Selective mRNA Translation in Neuronal Subcellular Compartments in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7247-7263. [PMID: 37914402 PMCID: PMC10621772 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2240-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple cell types, mRNAs are transported to subcellular compartments, where local translation enables rapid, spatially localized, and specific responses to external stimuli. Mounting evidence has uncovered important roles played by local translation in vivo in axon survival, axon regeneration, and neural wiring, as well as strong links between dysregulation of local translation and neurologic disorders. Omic studies have revealed that >1000 mRNAs are present and can be selectively locally translated in the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments from development to adulthood in vivo A large proportion of the locally translated mRNAs is specifically upregulated or downregulated in response to distinct extracellular signals. Given that the local translatome is large, selectively translated, and cue-specifically remodeled, a fundamental question concerns how selective translation is achieved locally. Here, we review the emerging regulatory mechanisms of local selective translation in neuronal subcellular compartments, their mRNA targets, and their orchestration. We discuss mechanisms of local selective translation that remain unexplored. Finally, we describe clinical implications and potential therapeutic strategies in light of the latest advances in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cagnetta
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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2
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Pourdashti S, Faridi N, Monem-Homaie F, Yaghooti SH, Soroush A, Bathaie SZ. The size of human subcutaneous adipocytes, but not adiposity, is associated with inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and insulin resistance markers. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5755-5765. [PMID: 37219669 PMCID: PMC10289932 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat storage capacity of the adipose tissue prevents ectopic lipid deposition, which is one of the risk factors for metabolic abnormalities in obesity. This capacity depends upon the adipogenic gene expression and blood supply provision for tissue expansion through angiogenesis. Here, we studied hyperplasia/hypertrophy of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) concerning adipogenic gene expression, angiogenic status, and metabolic parameters in non-obese and different classes of obese individuals. METHODS The scWAT samples were collected from 80 individuals. The anthropometric parameters, adipose tissue cell size, serum biochemistry, ER stress-induced XBP1 splicing, PPARγ2, SFRP1, WNT10B, and VEGFA gene expression levels were studied. In addition, the CD31 level was investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS The obese individuals had greater waist circumferences and higher serum TG, TC, insulin, and HOMA-IR than the non-obese group. However, the largest adipocyte size, increased TNFα, insulin, and HOMA-IR, and the highest expression level of sXBP1, WNT10B, and VEGFA were observed in Class I obese individuals. It means that inflammation, insulin resistance, and ER stress accompany hypertrophic scWAT adipocytes with limited adipose tissue expansion ability. Furthermore, the Class II + III obese individuals showed high PPARγ2 expression and CD31 levels. There is adipogenesis through hyperplasia in this group. The SFRP1 expression was not significantly different in the studied groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the capability of adipogenesis with inadequate angiogenesis is related to the metabolic status, inflammation, and ER function. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that support both angiogenesis and adipogenesis can effectively prevent the complications of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pourdashti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 14155-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nassim Faridi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 14155-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzandeh Monem-Homaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 14155-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hamid Yaghooti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 14155-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Soroush
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular- Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zahra Bathaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 14155-331, Tehran, Iran.
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA, USA.
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Dowdell A, Marsland M, Faulkner S, Gedye C, Lynam J, Griffin CP, Marsland J, Jiang CC, Hondermarck H. Targeting XBP1 mRNA splicing sensitizes glioblastoma to chemotherapy. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:211-220. [PMID: 37151848 PMCID: PMC10158625 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and deadly primary brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard systemic therapy in GBM but has limited and restricted efficacy. Better treatments are urgently needed. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is increasingly described in GBM pathophysiology. A key molecular mediator of ER stress, the spliced form of the transcription factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) may constitute a novel therapeutic target; here we report XBP1s expression and biological activity in GBM. Tumor samples from patients with GBM (n = 85) and low-grade glioma (n = 20) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for XBP1s with digital quantification. XBP1s expression was significantly increased in GBM compared to low-grade gliomas. XBP1s mRNA showed upregulation by qPCR analysis in a panel of patient-derived GBM cell lines. Inhibition of XBP1 splicing using the small molecular inhibitor MKC-3946 significantly reduced GBM cell viability and potentiated the effect of TMZ in GBM cells, particularly in those with methylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase gene promoter. GBM cells resistant to TMZ were also responsive to MKC-3946 and the long-term inhibitory effect of MKC-3946 was confirmed by colony formation assay. In conclusion, this data reveals that XBP1s is overexpressed in GBM and contributes to cancer cell growth. XBP1s warrants further investigation as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiee Dowdell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Craig Gedye
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyCalvary Mater hospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Lynam
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyCalvary Mater hospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Cassandra P. Griffin
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Cancer Biobank: NSW Regional Biospecimen and Research ServicesUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Joanne Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of NewcastleNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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Rohde C, Pfeiffer S, Baumgart S, Becker S, Krähling V. Ebola Virus Activates IRE1α-Dependent XBP1u Splicing. Viruses 2022; 15:122. [PMID: 36680162 PMCID: PMC9863596 DOI: 10.3390/v15010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are highly pathogenic filoviruses that influence cellular signaling according to their own needs. MARV has been shown to regulate the IRE1α-dependent unfolded protein response (UPR) to ensure optimal virus replication. It was not known whether EBOV affects this signaling cascade, which can be beneficial or detrimental for viruses. Activation of IRE1α leads to the expression of the transcription factor XBP1s, which binds to cis-acting UPR elements (UPRE), resulting in the expression of genes aimed at restoring homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. We observed that EBOV infection, in contrast to MARV infection, led to UPR activation by IRE1α-dependent but not ATF6-dependent signaling. We showed an activation of IRE1α, XBP1s and UPRE target genes upon EBOV infection. ATF6, another UPRE transcription factor, was not activated. UPRE activation was mainly attributed to the EBOV nucleoprotein NP and the soluble glycoprotein sGP. Finally, activation of UPR by thapsigargin, a potent ER-stress inducer, in parallel to infection as well as knock-out of XBP1 had no effect on EBOV growth, while MARV proliferation was affected by thapsigargin-dependent UPR activation. Taken together EBOV and MARV differ in their strategy of balancing IRE1α-dependent signaling for their own needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rohde
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen–Marburg–Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pfeiffer
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sara Baumgart
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen–Marburg–Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen–Marburg–Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Gießen–Marburg–Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Francis D, Burguete AS, Ghabrial AS. Regulation of Archease by the mTOR-vATPase axis. Development 2022; 149:dev200908. [PMID: 36111596 PMCID: PMC9641670 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Larval terminal cells of the Drosophila tracheal system generate extensive branched tubes, requiring a huge increase in apical membrane. We discovered that terminal cells compromised for apical membrane expansion - mTOR-vATPase axis and apical polarity mutants - were invaded by the neighboring stalk cell. The invading cell grows and branches, replacing the original single intercellular junction between stalk and terminal cell with multiple intercellular junctions. Here, we characterize disjointed, a mutation in the same phenotypic class. We find that disjointed encodes Drosophila Archease, which is required for the RNA ligase (RtcB) function that is essential for tRNA maturation and for endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated nonconventional splicing of Xbp1 mRNA. We show that the steady-state subcellular localization of Archease is principally nuclear and dependent upon TOR-vATPase activity. In tracheal cells mutant for Rheb or vATPase loci, Archease localization shifted dramatically from nucleus to cytoplasm. Further, we found that blocking tRNA maturation by knockdown of tRNAseZ also induced compensatory branching. Taken together, these data suggest that the TOR-vATPase axis promotes apical membrane growth in part through nuclear localization of Archease, where Archease is required for tRNA maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Francis
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, Department of Biomedicine and Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alondra S. Burguete
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular and Cell Biology, The Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Medical Center, VP&S 5th floor, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amin S. Ghabrial
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 168th Street, Vagellos Physicians and Surgeons 14-401L, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Sidak-Loftis LC, Rosche KL, Pence N, Ujczo JK, Hurtado J, Fisk EA, Goodman AG, Noh SM, Peters JW, Shaw DK. The Unfolded-Protein Response Triggers the Arthropod Immune Deficiency Pathway. mBio 2022; 13:e0070322. [PMID: 35862781 PMCID: PMC9426425 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00703-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is a defense mechanism that senses and responds to Gram-negative bacteria. Ticks lack genes encoding upstream components that initiate the IMD pathway. Despite this deficiency, core signaling molecules are present and functionally restrict tick-borne pathogens. The molecular events preceding activation remain undefined. Here, we show that the unfolded-protein response (UPR) initiates the IMD network. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress receptor IRE1α is phosphorylated in response to tick-borne bacteria but does not splice the mRNA encoding XBP1. Instead, through protein modeling and reciprocal pulldowns, we show that Ixodes IRE1α complexes with TRAF2. Disrupting IRE1α-TRAF2 signaling blocks IMD pathway activation and diminishes the production of reactive oxygen species. Through in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo techniques, we demonstrate that the UPR-IMD pathway circuitry limits the Lyme disease-causing spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and the rickettsial agents Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A. marginale (anaplasmosis). Altogether, our study uncovers a novel linkage between the UPR and the IMD pathway in arthropods. IMPORTANCE The ability of an arthropod to harbor and transmit pathogens is termed "vector competency." Many factors influence vector competency, including how arthropod immune processes respond to the microbe. Divergences in innate immunity between arthropods are increasingly being reported. For instance, although ticks lack genes encoding key upstream molecules of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, it is still functional and restricts causative agents of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum). How the IMD pathway is activated in ticks without classically defined pathway initiators is not known. Here, we found that a cellular stress response network, the unfolded-protein response (UPR), functions upstream to induce the IMD pathway and restrict transmissible pathogens. Collectively, this explains how the IMD pathway can be activated in the absence of canonical pathway initiators. Given that the UPR is highly conserved, UPR-initiated immunity may be a fundamental principle impacting vector competency across arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Sidak-Loftis
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kristin L. Rosche
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Natasha Pence
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jessica K. Ujczo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Joanna Hurtado
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Elis A. Fisk
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Susan M. Noh
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - John W. Peters
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dana K. Shaw
- Program in Vector-borne Disease, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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7
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Barbagallo D, Palermo CI, Barbagallo C, Battaglia R, Caponnetto A, Spina V, Ragusa M, Di Pietro C, Scalia G, Purrello M. Competing endogenous RNA network mediated by circ_3205 in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:75. [PMID: 35039944 PMCID: PMC8763136 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new member of the Betacoronaviridae family, responsible for the recent pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. To start exploring the molecular events that follow host cell infection, we queried VirusCircBase and identified a circular RNA (circRNA) predicted to be synthesized by SARS-CoV-2, circ_3205, which we used to probe: (i) a training cohort comprised of two pools of cells from three nasopharyngeal swabs of SARS-CoV-2 infected (positive) or uninfected (negative, UCs) individuals; (ii) a validation cohort made up of 12 positive and 3 negative samples. The expression of circRNAs, miRNAs and miRNA targets was assayed through real-time PCR. CircRNA-miRNA interactions were predicted by TarpMiR, Analysis of Common Targets for circular RNAs (ACT), and STarMir tools. Enrichment of the biological processes and the list of predicted miRNA targets were retrieved from DIANA miRPath v3.0. Our results showed that the predicted SARS-CoV-2 circ_3205 was expressed only in positive samples and its amount positively correlated with that of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) mRNA and the viral load (r values = 0.80952 and 0.84867, Spearman's correlation test, respectively). Human (hsa) miR-298 was predicted to interact with circ_3205 by all three predictive tools. KCNMB4 and PRKCE were predicted as hsa-miR-298 targets. Interestingly, the function of both is correlated with blood coagulation and immune response. KCNMB4 and PRKCE mRNAs were upregulated in positive samples as compared to UCs (6 and 8.1-fold, p values = 0.049 and 0.02, Student's t test, respectively) and their expression positively correlated with that of circ_3205 (r values = 0.6 and 0.25, Spearman's correlation test, respectively). We propose that our results convincingly suggest that circ_3205 is a circRNA synthesized by SARS-CoV-2 upon host cell infection and that it may behave as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), sponging hsa-miR-298 and contributing to the upregulation of KCNMB4 and PRKCE mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Concetta Ilenia Palermo
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico‑Vittorio Emanuele, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Caponnetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Vittoria Spina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Scalia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics Giovanni Sichel, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Gebert M, Sobolewska A, Bartoszewska S, Cabaj A, Crossman DK, Króliczewski J, Madanecki P, Dąbrowski M, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Genome-wide mRNA profiling identifies X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) as an IRE1 and PUMA repressor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7061-7080. [PMID: 34636989 PMCID: PMC8558229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a multifunctional signaling pathway that is important for cell survival. The UPR is regulated by three ER transmembrane sensors, one of which is inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1). IRE1 activates a transcription factor, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1), by removing a 26-base intron from XBP1 mRNA that generates spliced XBP1 mRNA (XBP1s). To search for XBP1 transcriptional targets, we utilized an XBP1s-inducible human cell line to limit XBP1 expression in a controlled manner. We also verified the identified XBP1-dependent genes with specific silencing of this transcription factor during pharmacological ER stress induction with both an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor (tunicamycin) and a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) (thapsigargin). We then compared those results to the XBP1s-induced cell line without pharmacological ER stress induction. Using next‐generation sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis of XBP1-binding motifs, we defined an XBP1 regulatory network and identified XBP1 as a repressor of PUMA (a proapoptotic gene) and IRE1 mRNA expression during the UPR. Our results indicate impairing IRE1 activity during ER stress conditions accelerates cell death in ER-stressed cells, whereas elevating XBP1 expression during ER stress using an inducible cell line correlated with a clear prosurvival effect and reduced PUMA protein expression. Although further studies will be required to test the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the relationship between these genes with XBP1, these studies identify a novel repressive role of XBP1 during the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gebert
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sobolewska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cabaj
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, Heflin Center for Genomic Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Jarosław Króliczewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Madanecki
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland.
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Hien LT, Back SH. Establishment of a reporter system for monitoring activation of the ER stress transducer ATF6β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:1-7. [PMID: 33894672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ATF6 has two isoforms, ATF6α and ATF6β, which are ubiquitously expressed type II transmembrane glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional roles of ATF6α in response to ER stress have been well-studied, those of its paralogue ATF6β are less understood. Moreover, there is no specific cell-based reporter assay to monitor ATF6β activation. Here, we developed a new cell-based reporter system that can monitor activation of endogenous ATF6β. This system expresses a chimeric protein containing a synthetic transcription factor followed by the transmembrane domain and C-terminal luminal domain of ATF6β. Under ER stress conditions, the chimeric protein was cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) to liberate the N-terminal synthetic transcription factor, which induced luciferase expression in the HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line. This new stable reporter cell line will be an innovative tool to investigate RIP of ATF6β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Hien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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10
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Triazoloacridone C-1305 impairs XBP1 splicing by acting as a potential IRE1α endoribonuclease inhibitor. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:11. [PMID: 33730996 PMCID: PMC7968329 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) is one of three signaling sensors in the unfolding protein response (UPR) that alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells and functions to promote cell survival. During conditions of irrevocable stress, proapoptotic gene expression is induced to promote cell death. One of the three signaling stressors, IRE1α is an serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase) that promotes nonconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA that is translated to spliced XBP1 (XBP1s), an active prosurvival transcription factor. Interestingly, elevated IRE1α and XBP1s are both associated with poor cancer survival and drug resistance. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing analyses to demonstrate that triazoloacridone C-1305, a microtubule stabilizing agent that also has topoisomerase II inhibitory activity, dramatically decreases XBP1s mRNA levels and protein production during ER stress conditions, suggesting that C-1305 does this by decreasing IRE1α’s endonuclease activity.
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The Structure, Activation and Signaling of IRE1 and Its Role in Determining Cell Fate. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020156. [PMID: 33562589 PMCID: PMC7914947 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme type 1 (IRE1) is a serine/threonine kinase acting as one of three branches of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling pathway, which is activated upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. It is known to be capable of inducing both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic cellular responses, which are strictly related to numerous human pathologies. Among others, IRE1 activity has been confirmed to be increased in cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, which are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins within ER lumen and the resulting ER stress conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that genetic or pharmacological modulation of IRE1 may have a significant impact on cell viability, and thus may be a promising step forward towards development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we extensively describe the structural analysis of IRE1 molecule, the molecular dynamics associated with IRE1 activation, and interconnection between it and the other branches of the UPR with regard to its potential use as a therapeutic target. Detailed knowledge of the molecular characteristics of the IRE1 protein and its activation may allow the design of specific kinase or RNase modulators that may act as drug candidates.
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12
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Zhao Y, Aldoss I, Qu C, Crawford JC, Gu Z, Allen EK, Zamora AE, Alexander TB, Wang J, Goto H, Imamura T, Akahane K, Marcucci G, Stein AS, Bhatia R, Thomas PG, Forman SJ, Mullighan CG, Roberts KG. Tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic determinants of response to blinatumomab in adults with B-ALL. Blood 2021; 137:471-484. [PMID: 32881995 PMCID: PMC7845009 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blinatumomab, a bispecific antibody that directs CD3+ T cells to CD19+ tumor cells, shows variable efficacy in B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). To determine tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic determinants of response, we studied 44 adults with relapsed or refractory B-ALL (including 2 minimal residual disease positive) treated with blinatumomab using bulk tumor and single-cell sequencing. The overall response rate in patients with hematological disease was 55%, with a high response rate in those with CRLF2-rearranged Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL (12 [75%] of 16). Pretreatment samples of responders exhibited a tumor-intrinsic transcriptomic signature of heightened immune response. Multiple mechanisms resulted in loss of CD19 expression, including CD19 mutations, CD19-mutant allele-specific expression, low CD19 RNA expression, and mutations in CD19 signaling complex member CD81. Patients with low hypodiploid ALL were prone to CD19- relapse resulting from aneuploidy-mediated loss of the nonmutated CD19 allele. Increased expression of a CD19 isoform with intraexonic splicing of exon 2, CD19 ex2part, at baseline or during therapy was associated with treatment failure. These analyses demonstrate both tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors influence blinatumomab response. We show that CD19 mutations are commonly detected in CD19- relapse during blinatumomab treatment. Identification of the CD19 ex2part splice variant represents a new biomarker predictive of blinatumomab therapy failure.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aneuploidy
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Recurrence
- Retrospective Studies
- Salvage Therapy
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Single-Cell Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Emma K Allen
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jeremy Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hemato-Oncology/Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan; and
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Anthony S Stein
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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13
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Poothong J, Jang I, Kaufman RJ. Defects in Protein Folding and/or Quality Control Cause Protein Aggregation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:115-143. [PMID: 34050864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is now a common hallmark of numerous human diseases, most of which involve cytosolic aggregates including Aβ (AD) and ⍺-synuclein (PD) in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, it is also evident that protein aggregation can also occur in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that leads to specific diseases due to loss of protein function or detrimental effects on the host cell, the former is inherited in a recessive manner where the latter are dominantly inherited. However, the mechanisms of protein aggregation, disaggregation and degradation in the ER are not well understood. Here we provide an overview of factors that cause protein aggregation in the ER and how the ER handles aggregated proteins. Protein aggregation in the ER can result from intrinsic properties of the protein (hydrophobic residues in the ER), oxidative stress or nutrient depletion. The ER has quality control mechanisms [chaperone functions, ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and autophagy] to ensure only correctly folded proteins exit the ER and enter the cis-Golgi compartment. Perturbation of protein folding in the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) that evolved to increase ER protein folding capacity and efficiency and degrade misfolded proteins. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER to a level that exceeds the ER-chaperone folding capacity is a major factor that exacerbates protein aggregation. The most significant ER resident protein that prevents protein aggregation in the ER is the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homologue, BiP/GRP78, which is a peptide-dependent ATPase that binds unfolded/misfolded proteins and releases them upon ATP binding. Since exogenous factors can also reduce protein misfolding and aggregation in the ER, such as chemical chaperones and antioxidants, these treatments have potential therapeutic benefit for ER protein aggregation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthakorn Poothong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Insook Jang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Bashir S, Banday M, Qadri O, Bashir A, Hilal N, Nida-I-Fatima, Rader S, Fazili KM. The molecular mechanism and functional diversity of UPR signaling sensor IRE1. Life Sci 2020; 265:118740. [PMID: 33188833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is primarily responsible for protein folding and maturation. However, the organelle is subject to varied stress conditions from time to time, which lead to the activation of a signaling program known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway. This pathway, upon sensing any disturbance in the protein-folding milieu sends signals to the nucleus and cytoplasm in order to restore homeostasis. One of the prime UPR signaling sensors is Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1); an ER membrane embedded protein with dual enzyme activities, kinase and endoribonuclease. The ribonuclease activity of IRE1 results in Xbp1 splicing in mammals or Hac1 splicing in yeast. However, IRE1 can switch its substrate specificity to the mRNAs that are co-transnationally transported to the ER, a phenomenon known as Regulated IRE1 Dependent Decay (RIDD). IRE1 is also reported to act as a principal molecule that coordinates with other proteins and signaling pathways, which in turn might be responsible for its regulation. The current review highlights studies on IRE1 explaining the structural features and molecular mechanism behind its ribonuclease outputs. The emphasis is also laid on the molecular effectors, which directly or indirectly interact with IRE1 to either modulate its function or connect it to other pathways. This is important in understanding the functional pleiotropy of IRE1, by which it can switch its activity from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic, thus determining the fate of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samirul Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mariam Banday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ozaira Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nazia Hilal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nida-I-Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Stephen Rader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Khalid Majid Fazili
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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15
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Cao XF, Jiang GZ, Xu C, Abasubong KP, Wang CC, Liu WB. Molecular characterization and expression pattern of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala): its role of IRE1 involved in inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:843-860. [PMID: 31981002 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the full-length cDNA of IRE1 from fish Megalobrama amblycephala and investigate its role in the pro-inflammatory response. A full-length cDNA coding IRE1 was cloned from blunt snout bream by RT-PCR and RACE approaches. The cDNA obtained covered 3665 bp with an open reading frame of 3096 bp encoding 1031 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of conservation (74-92%) among various species, retaining one signal peptide, one luminal domain, one serine/threonine kinase domain, one RNase domain, one activation loop, two N-linked glycosylation sites, and several phosphorylation sites. The highest IRE1 expression was observed in the trunk kidney followed by the brain and spleen, whereas relatively low expression levels were detected in the liver, intestine, adipose, skin, and heart. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, the expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) all increased remarkably in the spleen and brain at different sampling time points, while LPS also upregulated all the genes tested in the intestine except C/EBP homologous protein. Overall, the results indicated that the IRE1 gene of Megalobrama amblycephala shared a high similarity compared with other vertebrates including several bony fish species. Its expression in three tissues was induced remarkably by the LPS challenge, which indicated that IRE1 played a vital role in LPS-induced inflammation on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Autophagy as a Cellular Stress Response Mechanism in the Nervous System. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2560-2588. [PMID: 31962122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells of an organism face with various types of insults during their lifetime. Exposure to toxins, metabolic problems, ischaemia/reperfusion, physical trauma, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases are among the conditions that trigger cellular stress responses. In this context, autophagy is one of the mechanisms that supports cell survival under stressful conditions. Autophagic vesicle engulfs the cargo and transports it to lysosome for degradation and turnover. As such, autophagy eliminates abnormal proteins, clears damaged organelles, limits oxidative stress and helps to improve metabolic balance. Nervous system cells and particularly postmitotic neurons are highly sensitive to a spectrum of insults, and autophagy emerges as one of the key stress response mechanism, ensuring health and survival of these vulnerable cell types. In this review, we will overview mechanisms through which cells cope with stress, and how these stress responses regulate autophagy, with a special focus on the nervous system.
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17
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Heydari S, Hedayati Ch M, Saadat F, Abedinzade M, Nikokar I, Aboutaleb E, Khafri A, Mokarram AR. Diphtheria toxoid nanoparticles improve learning and memory impairment in animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 72:814-826. [PMID: 32048245 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving memory. The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of encapsulated diphtheria toxoid (DT) on behavioral learning impairment, and XBP1 mRNA splicing in AD. METHODS A DT-loaded nanoparticle (NP) carrier was prepared using the ionic gelation method. Sixty-three rats were divided into nine groups: (1) healthy, (2-4) sham, and (5-9) AD models: (5) AD was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42. (6) The rats received a subcutaneous diphtheria vaccine only 28 days before Aβ injection. (7) The rats received an intranasal diphtheria vaccine, in group 8, induced by administering empty chitosan NPs. 9) it was induced by administering chitosan NPs carrying DT. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to examine the animals' learning and memory. Also, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) mRNA gene splicing was studied in the hippocampus by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS For the first time, chitosan NPs were prepared with an average diameter size of 40 nm and the effectiveness of approximately 70% during DT encapsulation. In comparison with the healthy group, the AD models exhibited significant impairment of learning and memory (P < 0.05), while DT-administrated animals showed significant improvements in learning and memory impairment (P < 0.05). XBP-1 mRNA gene splicing was only detected in an untreated AD group, while encapsulated DT completely inhibited splicing. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effects of DT chitosan NPs against learning and memory impairment were observed in this study, and XBP1 mRNA splicing was reported in the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Heydari
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farshid Saadat
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmood Abedinzade
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Iraj Nikokar
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aboutaleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khafri
- Quality Control of Bacterial and Parasitic Vaccine Department, Quality Control Management, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei Mokarram
- Quality Control of Bacterial and Parasitic Vaccine Department, Quality Control Management, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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18
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Kim JI, Kaufman RJ, Back SH, Moon JY. Development of a Reporter System Monitoring Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of the Transmembrane bZIP Transcription Factor ATF6α. Mol Cells 2019; 42:783-793. [PMID: 31707777 PMCID: PMC6883980 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions are perturbed, the ER induces several signaling pathways called unfolded protein response to reestablish ER homeostasis through three ER transmembrane proteins: inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Although it is important to measure the activity of ATF6 that can indicate the status of the ER, no specific cell-based reporter assay is currently available. Here, we report a new cell-based method for monitoring ER stress based on the cleavage of ATF6α by sequential actions of proteases at the Golgi apparatus during ER stress. A new expressing vector was constructed by using fusion gene of GAL4 DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD) and activation domain derived from herpes simplex virus VP16 protein (VP16AD) followed by a human ATF6α N-terminal deletion variant. During ER stress, the GAL4DBD-VP16AD(GV)-hATF6α deletion variant was cleaved to liberate active transcription activator encompassing GV-hATF6α fragment which could translocate into the nucleus. The translocated GV-hATF6α fragment strongly induced the expression of firefly luciferase in HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line containing a stably integrated 5X GAL4 site-luciferase gene. The established double stable reporter cell line HLR-GV-hATF6α(333) represents an innovative tool to investigate regulated intramembrane proteolysis of ATF6α. It can substitute active pATF6(N) binding motif-based reporter cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Ja-Young Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Health Sciences, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140,
Korea
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19
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Sprooten J, Garg AD. Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:63-118. [PMID: 32138904 PMCID: PMC7104985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed, by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing to this broad range of influence, type I IFNs also exhibit critical functions in many sterile inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, especially those associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven signaling pathways. Indeed, over the years accumulating evidence has indicated that the presence of ER stress can influence the production, or sensing of, type I IFNs induced by perturbations like pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic) or autoimmunity. In this article we discuss the link between type I IFNs and ER stress in various diseased contexts. We describe how ER stress regulates type I IFNs production or sensing, or how type I IFNs may induce ER stress, in various circumstances like microbial infections, autoimmunity, diabetes, cancer and other ER stress-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Constitutive XBP-1s-mediated activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response protects against pathological tau. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4443. [PMID: 31570707 PMCID: PMC6768869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To endure over the organismal lifespan, neurons utilize multiple strategies to achieve protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Some homeostatic mechanisms act in a subcellular compartment-specific manner, but others exhibit trans-compartmental mechanisms of proteostasis. To identify pathways protecting neurons from pathological tau protein, we employed a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of human tauopathy exhibiting proteostatic disruption. We show normal functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER) promotes clearance of pathological tau, and loss of the three UPRER branches differentially affects tauopathy phenotypes. Loss of function of xbp-1 and atf-6 genes, the two main UPRER transcription factors, exacerbates tau toxicity. Furthermore, constitutive activation of master transcription factor XBP-1 ameliorates tauopathy phenotypes. However, both ATF6 and PERK branches of the UPRER participate in amelioration of tauopathy by constitutively active XBP-1, possibly through endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Understanding how the UPRER modulates pathological tau accumulation will inform neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.
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21
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TMEM203 is a binding partner and regulator of STING-mediated inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16479-16488. [PMID: 31346090 PMCID: PMC6697806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activators of interferons have received a great deal of interest in recent decades, both due to the central role they play in host defense against a range of pathogens, as well as the now well-recognized importance of dysregulated interferon activation/signaling in the pathogenesis of a number of highly prevalent and hard-to-treat diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, novel regulators of interferon activation are being sought as they may provide better targets to treat these diseases. We report the discovery of TMEM203 as an SLE-associated gene and a regulator of ligand-dependent activation of interferon production via STING. Thus, our work could form the basis of a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of interferonopathies, including SLE. Regulation of IFN signaling is critical in host recognition and response to pathogens while its dysregulation underlies the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. STimulator of IFN Genes (STING) has been identified as a critical mediator of IFN inducing innate immune pathways, but little is known about direct coregulators of this protein. We report here that TMEM203, a conserved putative transmembrane protein, is an intracellular regulator of STING-mediated signaling. We show that TMEM203 interacts, functionally cooperates, and comigrates with STING following cell stimulation, which in turn leads to the activation of the kinase TBK1, and the IRF3 transcription factor. This induces target genes in macrophages, including IFN-β. Using Tmem203 knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages and transient knockdown of TMEM203 in human monocyte-derived macrophages, we show that TMEM203 protein is required for cGAMP-induced STING activation. Unlike STING, TMEM203 mRNA levels are elevated in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease characterized by the overexpression of type I interferons. Moreover, TMEM203 mRNA levels are associated with disease activity, as assessed by serum levels of the complement protein C3. Identification of TMEM203 sheds light into the control of STING-mediated innate immune responses, providing a potential novel mechanism for therapeutic interventions in STING-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Bartoszewska S, Cabaj A, Dąbrowski M, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. miR-34c-5p modulates X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) expression during the adaptive phase of the unfolded protein response. FASEB J 2019; 33:11541-11554. [PMID: 31314593 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900600rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions, an adaptive signaling network termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. The UPR's function is to increase ER protein-folding capacity in order to attenuate ER stress, restore ER homeostasis, and, most importantly, promote cell survival. X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) is one component of the UPR and is a proadaptive transcription factor that is subject to transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational control. In the present study, we identified a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by miR-34c-5p that governs the expression of both the spliced (active) and unspliced (latent) forms of XBP1 mRNAs. We showed that miR-34c-5p directly attenuates spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) mRNA levels during ER stress and thus regulates the proadaptive component of the UPR that is mediated by XBP1s without interfering with the induction of apoptotic responses.-Bartoszewska, S., Cabaj, A., Dąbrowski, M., Collawn, J. F., Bartoszewski, R. miR-34c-5p modulates X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) expression during the adaptive phase of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cabaj
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Survival, Dormancy, Immunosuppression, Metastasis, and Treatments of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102518. [PMID: 31121863 PMCID: PMC6566956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has diverse functions, and especially misfolded protein modification is in the focus of this review paper. With a highly regulatory mechanism, called unfolded protein response (UPR), it protects cells from the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Nevertheless, not only does UPR modify improper proteins, but it also degrades proteins that are unable to recover. Three pathways of UPR, namely PERK, IRE-1, and ATF6, have a significant role in regulating stress-induced physiological responses in cells. The dysregulated UPR may be involved in diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cancer. Here, we discuss the relation between UPR and cancer, considering several aspects including survival, dormancy, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Although several moderate adversities can subject cancer cells to a hostile environment, UPR can ensure their survival. Excessive unfavorable conditions, such as overloading with misfolded proteins and nutrient deprivation, tend to trigger cancer cell death signaling. Regarding dormancy and immunosuppression, cancer cells can survive chemotherapies and acquire drug resistance through dormancy and immunosuppression. Cancer cells can also regulate the downstream of UPR to modulate angiogenesis and promote metastasis. In the end, regulating UPR through different molecular mechanisms may provide promising anticancer treatment options by suppressing cancer proliferation and progression.
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Groenendyk J, Fan X, Peng Z, Kurgan L, Michalak M. Endoplasmic reticulum and the microRNA environment in the cardiovascular system 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:515-527. [PMID: 31063413 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses are important to human physiology and pathology, and the inability to adapt to cellular stress leads to cell death. To mitigate cellular stress and re-establish homeostasis, cells, including those in the cardiovascular system, activate stress coping response mechanisms. The endoplasmic reticulum, a component of the cellular reticular network in cardiac cells, mobilizes so-called endoplasmic reticulum stress coping responses, such as the unfolded protein response. MicroRNAs play an important part in the maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis, perform a central role in the biology of the cardiac myocyte, and are involved in pathological cardiac function and remodeling. In this paper, we review a link between endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and microRNA with an emphasis on the impact on stress responses in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- a Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Xiao Fan
- b Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhenling Peng
- c Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- d Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.,e Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- a Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S7, Canada
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25
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Groenendyk J, Paskevicius T, Urra H, Viricel C, Wang K, Barakat K, Hetz C, Kurgan L, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Cyclosporine A binding to COX-2 reveals a novel signaling pathway that activates the IRE1α unfolded protein response sensor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16678. [PMID: 30420769 PMCID: PMC6232179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine, a widely used immunosuppressant in organ transplantation and in treatment of various autoimmune diseases, activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), an ER stress coping response. In this study we discovered a new and unanticipated cyclosporine-dependent signaling pathway, with cyclosporine triggering direct activation of the UPR. COX-2 binds to and activates IRE1α, leading to IRE1α splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Molecular interaction and modeling analyses identified a novel interaction site for cyclosporine with COX-2 which caused enhancement of COX-2 enzymatic activity required for activation of the IRE1α branch of the UPR. Cyclosporine-dependent activation of COX-2 and IRE1α in mice indicated that cyclosporine-COX-2-IRE1α signaling pathway was functional in vivo. These findings identify COX-2 as a new IRE1α binding partner and regulator of the IRE1α branch of the UPR pathway, and establishes the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity associated with chronic cyclosporine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Tautvydas Paskevicius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Hery Urra
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clement Viricel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,The Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, USA
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S7, Canada.
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26
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Zheng Q, Tong M, Ou B, Liu C, Hu C, Yang Y. Isorhamnetin protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:117-126. [PMID: 30387812 PMCID: PMC6257865 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether isorhamnetin (Isor), a natural antioxidant polyphenol, has antifibrotic effects in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A C57 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of bleomycin (3.5 U/kg), and then Isor (10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically. The level of fibrosis was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen levels in lung tissues were determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and related signaling pathways were examined by western blotting and IHC. In vitro, human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and A549 cells were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 with or without Isor, and collagen deposition and the expression levels of EMT- and ERS-related genes or proteins were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that Isor inhibited bleomycin-induced collagen deposition, reduced type I collagen and α-SMA expression, and alleviated EMT and ERS in vivo. Furthermore, incubation of HBECs and A549 cells with TGFβ1 activated EMT and ERS, and this effect was reversed by Isor. In conclusion, Isor treatment attenuated bleomycin-induced EMT and pulmonary fibrosis and suppressed bleomycin-induced ERS and the activation of PERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Baiqing Ou
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Cuizhong Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Shi S, Tang M, Li H, Ding H, Lu Y, Gao L, Wu Q, Zhou L, Fu Y, Xiao B, Zhang M. X‐box binding protein l splicing attenuates brain microvascular endothelial cell damage induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation through the activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9316-9327. [PMID: 30317635 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Shi
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Honglei Li
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yangfan Lu
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University Kunming China
| | - Luo Zhou
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yujiao Fu
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
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28
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Wong MY, DiChiara AS, Suen PH, Chen K, Doan ND, Shoulders MD. Adapting Secretory Proteostasis and Function Through the Unfolded Protein Response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 414:1-25. [PMID: 28929194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells address challenges to protein folding in the secretory pathway by engaging endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protective mechanisms that are collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). By the action of the transmembrane signal transducers IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, the UPR induces networks of genes whose products alleviate the burden of protein misfolding. The UPR also plays instructive roles in cell differentiation and development, aids in the response to pathogens, and coordinates the output of professional secretory cells. These functions add to and move beyond the UPR's classical role in addressing proteotoxic stress. Thus, the UPR is not just a reaction to protein misfolding, but also a fundamental driving force in physiology and pathology. Recent efforts have yielded a suite of chemical genetic methods and small molecule modulators that now provide researchers with both stress-dependent and -independent control of UPR activity. Such tools provide new opportunities to perturb the UPR and thereby study mechanisms for maintaining proteostasis in the secretory pathway. Numerous observations now hint at the therapeutic potential of UPR modulation for diseases related to the misfolding and aggregation of ER client proteins. Growing evidence also indicates the promise of targeting ER proteostasis nodes downstream of the UPR. Here, we review selected advances in these areas, providing a resource to inform ongoing studies of secretory proteostasis and function as they relate to the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Andrew S DiChiara
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Patreece H Suen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Kenny Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Ngoc-Duc Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Matthew D Shoulders
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA.
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29
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Burman A, Tanjore H, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:355-365. [PMID: 29567124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with development and progression of fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ER stress was first implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF >15 years ago with the discovery of disease-causing mutations in surfactant protein C, which result in a misfolded gene product in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to lung fibrosis through regulation of AEC apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast differentiation, and M2 macrophage polarization. Although progress has been made in understanding the causes and consequences of ER stress in IPF and a number of chronic fibrotic disorders, further studies are needed to identify key factors that induce ER stress in important cell types and define critical down-stream processes and effector molecules that mediate ER stress-related phenotypes. This review discusses potential causes of ER stress induction in the lungs and current evidence linking ER stress to fibrosis in the context of individual cell types: AECs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. As our understanding of the relationship between ER stress and lung fibrosis continues to evolve, future studies will examine new strategies to modulate UPR pathways for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Burman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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30
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Giannelli SG, Luoni M, Castoldi V, Massimino L, Cabassi T, Angeloni D, Demontis GC, Leocani L, Andreazzoli M, Broccoli V. Cas9/sgRNA selective targeting of the P23H Rhodopsin mutant allele for treating retinitis pigmentosa by intravitreal AAV9.PHP.B-based delivery. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:761-779. [PMID: 29281027 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
P23H is the most common mutation in the RHODOPSIN (RHO) gene leading to a dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a rod photoreceptor degeneration that invariably causes vision loss. Specific disruption of the disease P23H RHO mutant while preserving the wild-type (WT) functional allele would be an invaluable therapy for this disease. However, various technologies tested in the past failed to achieve effective changes and consequently therapeutic benefits. We validated a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy to specifically inactivate the P23H RHO mutant, while preserving the WT allele in vitro. We, then, translated this approach in vivo by delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 components in murine Rho+/P23H mutant retinae. Targeted retinae presented a high rate of cleavage in the P23H but not WT Rho allele. This gene manipulation was sufficient to slow photoreceptor degeneration and improve retinal functions. To improve the translational potential of our approach, we tested intravitreal delivery of this system by means of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). To this purpose, the employment of the AAV9-PHP.B resulted the most effective in disrupting the P23H Rho mutant. Finally, this approach was translated successfully in human cells engineered with the homozygous P23H RHO gene mutation. Overall, this is a significant proof-of-concept that gene allele specific targeting by CRISPR/Cas9 technology is specific and efficient and represents an unprecedented tool for treating RP and more broadly dominant genetic human disorders affecting the eye, as well as other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena G Giannelli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Luoni
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Castoldi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cabassi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Angeloni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 20129 Milan, Italy
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31
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Opposite Roles of RNase and Kinase Activities of Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) on HSV-1 Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090235. [PMID: 28832521 PMCID: PMC5618002 DOI: 10.3390/v9090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, host cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce the protein-folding burden in the ER. The regulation of UPR upon HSV-1 infection is complex, and the downstream effectors can be detrimental to viral replication. Therefore, HSV-1 copes with the UPR to create a beneficial environment for its replication. UPR has three branches, including protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6). IRE1α is the most conserved branch of UPR which has both RNase and kinase activities. Previous studies have shown that IRE1α RNase activity was inactivated during HSV-1 infection. However, the effect of the two activities of IRE1α on HSV-1 replication remains unknown. Results in this study showed that IRE1α expression was up-regulated during HSV-1 infection. We found that in HEC-1-A cells, increasing RNase activity, or inhibiting kinase activity of IRE1α led to viral suppression, indicating that the kinase activity of IRE1α was beneficial, while the RNase activity was detrimental to viral replication. Further evidence showed that the kinase activity of IRE1α leads to the activation of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) pathway, which enhances viral replication. Taken together, our evidence suggests that IRE1α is involved in HSV-1 replication, and its RNase and kinase activities play differential roles during viral infection.
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32
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Choi WG, Han J, Kim JH, Kim MJ, Park JW, Song B, Cha HJ, Choi HS, Chung HT, Lee IK, Park TS, Hatzoglou M, Choi HS, Yoo HJ, Kaufman RJ, Back SH. eIF2α phosphorylation is required to prevent hepatocyte death and liver fibrosis in mice challenged with a high fructose diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:48. [PMID: 28781602 PMCID: PMC5537942 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fructose can rapidly cause fatty liver in animals through de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and contribute to the development and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In response to diverse cellular insults including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit (eIF2α) attenuates general translation initiation, allowing cells to conserve resources and initiate adaptive gene expression to restore homeostasis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of eIF2α phosphorylation in protecting against NAFLD induced by high fructose ingestion in a hepatocyte-specific eIF2α-phosphorylation-deficient mouse model. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific non-phosphorylatable (S51A) eIF2α knock-in (A/A;fTg/0;CreHep/0, A/AHep ) mice were generated by crossing A/A;fTg/fTg mice with the floxed WT eIF2α transgene (fTg) with Alfp-Cre recombinase transgenic S/A;CreHep/0 (S/A-CreHep ) mice. Hepatocyte-specific eIF2α-phosphorylation-deficient 3-month-old mice or 12-month-old mice were fed a 60% high fructose diet (HFrD) for 16 or 5 wks, and the effects of eIF2α-phosphorylation deficiency on NADP/NADPH and GSSG/GSH levels, ROS-defense gene expression, oxidative damage, cell death, and fibrosis were observed. RESULTS Prolonged fructose feeding to mice caused dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor activation and UPR gene expression, and then led to decreased expression of several ROS defense genes including glutathione biogenesis genes. Nonetheless, these changes were not sufficient to induce the death of eIF2α phosphorylation-sufficient hepatocytes. However, there was a substantial increase in hepatocyte death and liver fibrosis in fructose-fed middle-aged mice deficient in hepatocyte-specific eIF2α phosphorylation because of diminished antioxidant capacity due to reduced expression of antioxidant enzymes (GPX1 and HO-1) and lower NADPH and glutathione levels, as well as a possible increase in ROS-induced damage from infiltrating NOX2-expressing leukocytes; all this led to a vicious cycle of hepatocyte death and leukocyte infiltration. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that eIF2α phosphorylation maintains NADPH and GSH levels and controls the expression of ROS-defense genes, thereby protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stresses induced by fructose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Gyun Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do, 31151 Republic of Korea.,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ji-Hyeon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - Benbo Song
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., 333 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Hee-Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, 44043 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
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Plate L, Wiseman RL. Regulating Secretory Proteostasis through the Unfolded Protein Response: From Function to Therapy. Trends Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28647092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in secretory proteostasis induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related insults are pathologically associated with etiologically diverse protein misfolding diseases. To protect the secretory proteome from these insults, organisms evolved stress-responsive signaling pathways that regulate the composition and activity of biologic pathways involved in secretory proteostasis maintenance. The most prominent of these is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR), which functions to regulate ER proteostasis in response to ER stress. While the signaling mechanisms involved in UPR activation are well defined, the impact of UPR activation on secretory proteostasis is only now becoming clear. Here, we highlight recent reports defining how activation of select UPR signaling pathways influences proteostasis within the ER and downstream secretory environments. Furthermore, we describe recent evidence that highlights the therapeutic potential for targeting UPR signaling pathways to correct pathologic disruption in secretory proteostasis associated with diverse types of protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Plate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Tungkum W, Jumnongprakhon P, Tocharus C, Govitrapong P, Tocharus J. Melatonin suppresses methamphetamine-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress in C6 cells glioma cell lines. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:63-71. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Tungkum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science Naresuan University, Thailand
| | | | | | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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Khongwichit S, Wikan N, Abere B, Thepparit C, Kuadkitkan A, Ubol S, Smith DR. Cell-type specific variation in the induction of ER stress and downstream events in chikungunya virus infection. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:104-118. [PMID: 27863885 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade infections with the mosquito transmitted chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have become a major worldwide concern, and considerable efforts have been made in understanding the interaction of this virus with the host cell machinery. Studies have documented the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR), as well as the induction of apoptosis and autophagy in response to CHIKV infection. This study comparatively analysed these three processes in two cell lines, Hela and HepG2. Infection of Hela cells was characterized by activation of the PERK/eIF2α branch of the UPR, the induction of autophagy and early apoptosis, while infection of HepG2 cells was characterized by activation of the IRE/XBP1 branch of the UPR, limited or no activation of autophagy and comparatively later apoptosis. These results show that the specific cell context is an important mediator of the host cell response to CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Khongwichit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bizunesh Abere
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chutima Thepparit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atichat Kuadkitkan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Xiao X, Jones G, Sevilla WA, Stolz DB, Magee KE, Haughney M, Mukherjee A, Wang Y, Lowe ME. A Carboxyl Ester Lipase (CEL) Mutant Causes Chronic Pancreatitis by Forming Intracellular Aggregates That Activate Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23224-23236. [PMID: 27650499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) frequently have genetic risk factors for disease. Many of the identified genes have been connected to trypsinogen activation or trypsin inactivation. The description of CP in patients with mutations in the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) domain of carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) presents an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of CP independently of trypsin pathways. We tested the hypothesis that a deletion and frameshift mutation (C563fsX673) in the CEL VNTR causes CP through proteotoxic gain-of-function activation of maladaptive cell signaling pathways including cell death pathways. HEK293 or AR42J cells were transfected with constructs expressing CEL with 14 repeats in the VNTR (CEL14R) or C563fsX673 CEL (CEL maturity onset diabetes of youth with a deletion mutation in the VNTR (MODY)). In both cell types, CEL MODY formed intracellular aggregates. Secretion of CEL MODY was decreased compared with that of CEL14R. Expression of CEL MODY increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, activated the unfolded protein response, and caused cell death by apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that disorders of protein homeostasis can lead to CP and suggest that novel therapies to decrease the intracellular accumulation of misfolded protein may be successful in some patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Xiao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Gabrielle Jones
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Wednesday A Sevilla
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kelsey E Magee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Margaret Haughney
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Yan Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Mark E Lowe
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
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Bai Y, Kinne J, Donham B, Jiang F, Ding L, Hassler JR, Kaufman RJ. Read-Split-Run: an improved bioinformatics pipeline for identification of genome-wide non-canonical spliced regions using RNA-Seq data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17 Suppl 7:503. [PMID: 27556805 PMCID: PMC5001233 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most existing tools for detecting next-generation sequencing-based splicing events focus on generic splicing events. Consequently, special types of non-canonical splicing events of short mRNA regions (IRE1α targeted) have not yet been thoroughly addressed at a genome-wide level using bioinformatics approaches in conjunction with next-generation technologies. During endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the gene encoding the RNase Ire1α is known to splice out a short 26 nt region from the mRNA of the transcription factor Xbp1 non-canonically within the cytosol. This causes an open reading frame-shift that induces expression of many downstream genes in reaction to ER stress as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We previously published an algorithm termed “Read-Split-Walk” (RSW) to identify non-canonical splicing regions using RNA-Seq data and applied it to ER stress-induced Ire1α heterozygote and knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines. In this study, we have developed an improved algorithm “Read-Split-Run” (RSR) for detecting genome-wide Ire1α-targeted genes with non-canonical spliced regions at a faster speed. We applied the RSR algorithm using different combinations of several parameters to the previously RSW tested mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF) and the human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) RNA-Seq data. We also compared the performance of RSR with two other alternative splicing events identification tools (TopHat (Trapnell et al., Bioinformatics 25:1105–1111, 2009) and Alt Event Finder (Zhou et al., BMC Genomics 13:S10, 2012)) utilizing the context of the spliced Xbp1 mRNA as a positive control in the data sets we identified it to be the top cleavage target present in Ire1α+/− but absent in Ire1α−/− MEF samples and this comparison was also extended to human ENCODE RNA-Seq data. Results Proof of principle came in our results by the fact that the 26 nt non-conventional splice site in Xbp1 was detected as the top hit by our new RSR algorithm in heterozygote (Het) samples from both Thapsigargin (Tg) and Dithiothreitol (Dtt) treated experiments but absent in the negative control Ire1α knock-out (KO) samples. Applying different combinations of parameters to the mouse MEF RNA-Seq data, we suggest a General Linear Model (GLM) for both Tg and Dtt treated experiments. We also ran RSR for a human ENCODE RNA-Seq dataset and identified 32,597 spliced regions for regular chromosomes. TopHat (Trapnell et al., Bioinformatics 25:1105–1111, 2009) and Alt Event Finder (Zhou et al., BMC Genomics 13:S10, 2012) identified 237,155 spliced junctions and 9,129 exon skipping events (excluding chr14), respectively. Our Read-Split-Run algorithm also outperformed others in the context of ranking Xbp1 gene as the top cleavage target present in Ire1α+/− but absent in Ire1α−/− MEF samples. The RSR package including source codes is available at http://bioinf1.indstate.edu/RSR and its pipeline source codes are also freely available at https://github.com/xuric/read-split-run for academic use. Conclusions Our new RSR algorithm has the capability of processing massive amounts of human ENCODE RNA-Seq data for identifying novel splice junction sites at a genome-wide level in a much more efficient manner when compared to the previous RSW algorithm. Our proposed model can also predict the number of spliced regions under any combinations of parameters. Our pipeline can detect novel spliced sites for other species using RNA-Seq data generated under similar conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2896-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Bai
- Department of Biology, Terre Haute, USA. .,The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, 600 Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA.
| | - Jeff Kinne
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Indiana State University, 200 North Seventh Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Brandon Donham
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Indiana State University, 200 North Seventh Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Indiana State University, 200 North Seventh Street, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | | | - Justin R Hassler
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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Plate L, Cooley CB, Chen JJ, Paxman RJ, Gallagher CM, Madoux F, Genereux JC, Dobbs W, Garza D, Spicer TP, Scampavia L, Brown SJ, Rosen H, Powers ET, Walter P, Hodder P, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW. Small molecule proteostasis regulators that reprogram the ER to reduce extracellular protein aggregation. eLife 2016; 5:e15550. [PMID: 27435961 PMCID: PMC4954754 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis are associated with etiologically-diverse degenerative diseases linked to excessive extracellular protein misfolding and aggregation. Reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment through genetic activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 attenuates secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we employed a screening approach that included complementary arm-specific UPR reporters and medium-throughput transcriptional profiling to identify non-toxic small molecules that phenocopy the ATF6-mediated reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment. The ER reprogramming afforded by our molecules requires activation of endogenous ATF6 and occurs independent of global ER stress. Furthermore, our molecules phenocopy the ability of genetic ATF6 activation to selectively reduce secretion and extracellular aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. These results show that small molecule-dependent ER reprogramming, achieved through preferential activation of the ATF6 transcriptional program, is a promising strategy to ameliorate imbalances in ER function associated with degenerative protein aggregation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Christina B Cooley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - John J Chen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ryan J Paxman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ciara M Gallagher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Franck Madoux
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Joseph C Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Wesley Dobbs
- Proteostasis Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, United States
| | - Dan Garza
- Proteostasis Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, United States
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Steven J Brown
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Peter Hodder
- The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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Merlot AM, Shafie NH, Yu Y, Richardson V, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Lane DJ, Kovacevic Z, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Mechanism of the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress by the anti-cancer agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT): Activation of PERK/eIF2α, IRE1α, ATF6 and calmodulin kinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 109:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, Hannig M, Haikel Y, Brodell RT, Megahed M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pathways to both apoptosis and autophagy: Significance for melanoma treatment. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:206-217. [PMID: 26618107 PMCID: PMC4655250 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i4.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic basis for resistance to both chemo- and radiation therapy is rooted in altered genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that, in turn, result in the impairing of cell death machinery and/or excessive activation of cell growth and survival-dependent pathways. Although most current melanoma therapies target mitochondrial dysregulation, there is increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated pathways play a role in the potentiation, initiation and maintenance of cell death machinery and autophagy. This review focuses on the reliability of ER-associated pathways as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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Zeng L, Li Y, Yang J, Wang G, Margariti A, Xiao Q, Zampetaki A, Yin X, Mayr M, Mori K, Wang W, Hu Y, Xu Q. XBP 1-Deficiency Abrogates Neointimal Lesion of Injured Vessels Via Cross Talk With the PDGF Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2134-44. [PMID: 26315405 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation play an essential role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. In this study, we intended to investigate whether the X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) was involved in these processes. APPROACH AND RESULTS In vivo studies on femoral artery injury models revealed that vascular injury triggered an immediate upregulation of XBP1 expression and splicing in vascular SMCs and that XBP1 deficiency in SMCs significantly abrogated neointimal formation in the injured vessels. In vitro studies indicated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB triggered XBP1 splicing in SMCs via the interaction between platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α. The spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) increased SMC migration via PI3K/Akt activation and proliferation via downregulating calponin h1 (CNN1). XBP1s directed the transcription of mir-1274B that targeted CNN1 mRNA degradation. Proteomic analysis of culture media revealed that XBP1s decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins secretion via transcriptional suppression. TGF-β3 but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 attenuated XBP1s-induced CNN1 decrease and SMC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that XBP1 is crucial for SMC proliferation via modulating the platelet-derived growth factor/TGF-β pathways, leading to neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Zeng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.).
| | - Yi Li
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Juanyao Yang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Gang Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Andriana Margariti
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Wen Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (L.Z., Y.L., J.Y., A.Z., X.Y., M.M., Y.H., Q.X.); Institute of Bioengineering (J.Y., W.W.) and Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Q.X.), Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (G.W.); Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom (A.M.); and Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (K.M.).
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Wang Y, Xing P, Cui W, Wang W, Cui Y, Ying G, Wang X, Li B. Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Independent Unconventional Splicing of XBP1 mRNA in the Nucleus of Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13302-21. [PMID: 26068456 PMCID: PMC4490496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of expression of X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1), a transcriptional factor, involves an unconventional mRNA splicing that removes the 26 nucleotides intron. In contrast to the conventional splicing that exclusively takes place in the nucleus, determining the location of unconventional splicing still remains controversial. This study was designed to examine whether the unconventional spicing of XBP1 mRNA could occur in the nucleus and its possible biological relevance. We use RT-PCR reverse transcription system and the expand high fidelity PCR system to detect spliced XBP1 mRNA, and fraction cells to determine the location of the unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA. We employ reporter constructs to show the presence of unconventional splicing machinery in mammal cells independently of acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Our results reveal the presence of basal unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA in the nucleus that also requires inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase and endonuclease 1α (IRE1α) and can occur independently of acute ER stress. Furthermore, we confirm that acute ER stress induces the splicing of XBP1 mRNA predominantly occurring in the cytoplasm, but it also promotes the splicing in the nucleus. The deletion of 5'-nucleotides in XBP1 mRNA significantly increases its basal unconventional splicing, suggesting that the secondary structure of XBP1 mRNA may determine the location of unconventional splicing. These results suggest that the unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA can take place in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm, which possibly depends on the elaborate regulation. The acute ER stress-independent unconventional splicing in the nucleus is most likely required for the maintaining of day-to-day folding protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
- The First Department of Breast Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Pan Xing
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
- The First Department of Breast Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
- The First Department of Breast Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yanfen Cui
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- The First Department of Breast Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Binghui Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
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Mammalian introns: when the junk generates molecular diversity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4429-52. [PMID: 25710723 PMCID: PMC4394429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introns represent almost half of the human genome, yet their vast majority is eliminated from eukaryotic transcripts through RNA splicing. Nevertheless, they feature key elements and functions that deserve further interest. At the level of DNA, introns are genomic segments that can shelter independent transcription units for coding and non-coding RNAs which transcription may interfere with that of the host gene, and regulatory elements that can influence gene expression and splicing itself. From the RNA perspective, some introns can be subjected to alternative splicing. Intron retention appear to provide some plasticity to the nature of the protein produced, its distribution in a given cell type and timing of its translation. Intron retention may also serve as a switch to produce coding or non-coding RNAs from the same transcription unit. Conversely, splicing of introns has been directly implicated in the production of small regulatory RNAs. Hence, splicing of introns also appears to provide plasticity to the type of RNA produced from a genetic locus (coding, non-coding, short or long). We addressed these aspects to add to our understanding of mechanisms that control the fate of introns and could be instrumental in regulating genomic output and hence cell fate.
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44
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Flaherty DP, Miller JR, Garshott DM, Hedrick M, Gosalia P, Li Y, Milewski M, Sugarman E, Vasile S, Salaniwal S, Su Y, Smith LH, Chung TDY, Pinkerton AB, Aubé J, Callaghan MU, Golden JE, Fribley AM, Kaufman RJ. Discovery of Sulfonamidebenzamides as Selective Apoptotic CHOP Pathway Activators of the Unfolded Protein Response. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1278-1283. [PMID: 25530830 PMCID: PMC4266338 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Cellular proteins that fail to fold
properly result in inactive
or disfunctional proteins that can have toxic functions. The unfolded
protein response (UPR) is a two-tiered cellular mechanism initiated
by eukaryotic cells that have accumulated misfolded proteins within
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An adaptive pathway facilitates the
clearance of the undesired proteins; however, if overwhelmed, cells
trigger apoptosis by upregulating transcription factors such as C/EBP-homologous
protein (CHOP). A high throughput screen was performed directed at
identifying compounds that selectively upregulate the apoptotic CHOP
pathway while avoiding adaptive signaling cascades, resulting in a
sulfonamidebenzamide chemotype that was optimized. These efforts produced
a potent and selective CHOP inducer (AC50 = 0.8 μM;
XBP1 > 80 μM), which was efficacious in both mouse embryonic
fibroblast cells and a human oral squamous cell cancer cell line,
and demonstrated antiproliferative effects for multiple cancer cell
lines in the NCI-60 panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Flaherty
- Delbert
M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Justin R. Miller
- Carmen
and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and
Oncology, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Molecular Therapeutics
Group, Wayne State University, 2228 Elliman Building, 421 East
Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Danielle M. Garshott
- Carmen
and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and
Oncology, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Molecular Therapeutics
Group, Wayne State University, 2228 Elliman Building, 421 East
Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Michael Hedrick
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Palak Gosalia
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yujie Li
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Monika Milewski
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eliot Sugarman
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Stefan Vasile
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Sumeet Salaniwal
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Su
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Thomas D. Y. Chung
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Conrad
Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Delbert
M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Michael U. Callaghan
- Carmen
and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and
Oncology, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Molecular Therapeutics
Group, Wayne State University, 2228 Elliman Building, 421 East
Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Golden
- Delbert
M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Andrew M. Fribley
- Carmen
and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and
Oncology, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Molecular Therapeutics
Group, Wayne State University, 2228 Elliman Building, 421 East
Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Program
in Degenerative Disease Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Bai Y, Hassler J, Ziyar A, Li P, Wright Z, Menon R, Omenn GS, Cavalcoli JD, Kaufman RJ, Sartor MA. Novel bioinformatics method for identification of genome-wide non-canonical spliced regions using RNA-Seq data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100864. [PMID: 24991935 PMCID: PMC4084626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting During endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the endoribonuclease (RNase) Ire1α initiates removal of a 26 nt region from the mRNA encoding the transcription factor Xbp1 via an unconventional mechanism (atypically within the cytosol). This causes an open reading frame-shift that leads to altered transcriptional regulation of numerous downstream genes in response to ER stress as part of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Strikingly, other examples of targeted, unconventional splicing of short mRNA regions have yet to be reported. Objective Our goal was to develop an approach to identify non-canonical, possibly very short, splicing regions using RNA-Seq data and apply it to ER stress-induced Ire1α heterozygous and knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines to identify additional Ire1α targets. Results We developed a bioinformatics approach called the Read-Split-Walk (RSW) pipeline, and evaluated it using two Ire1α heterozygous and two Ire1α-null samples. The 26 nt non-canonical splice site in Xbp1 was detected as the top hit by our RSW pipeline in heterozygous samples but not in the negative control Ire1α knockout samples. We compared the Xbp1 results from our approach with results using the alignment program BWA, Bowtie2, STAR, Exonerate and the Unix “grep” command. We then applied our RSW pipeline to RNA-Seq data from the SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. RSW reported a large number of non-canonical spliced regions for 108 genes in chromosome 17, which were identified by an independent study. Conclusions We conclude that our RSW pipeline is a practical approach for identifying non-canonical splice junction sites on a genome-wide level. We demonstrate that our pipeline can detect novel splice sites in RNA-Seq data generated under similar conditions for multiple species, in our case mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Bai
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Justin Hassler
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ahdad Ziyar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip Li
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Wright
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gilbert S. Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James D. Cavalcoli
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (MAS)
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (MAS)
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Li M, Liu Y, Xia F, Wu Z, Deng L, Jiang R, Guo FJ. Progranulin is required for proper ER stress response and inhibits ER stress-mediated apoptosis through TNFR2. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1539-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Han X, Zhang P, Jiang R, Xia F, Li M, Guo FJ. Explore on the effect of ATF6 on cell growth and apoptosis in cartilage development. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:497-509. [PMID: 24934104 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously report that BMP2 mediates mild ER stress-activated ATF6 and directly regulates XBP1S splicing in the course of chondrogenesis. The mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) protects the cell against the stress of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Failure to adapt to ER stress causes the UPR to trigger apoptosis. The transcription factor activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key regulator of the UPR, is known to be important for ER stress-mediated apoptosis and cell growth, but the molecular mechanism underlying these processes remains unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that ATF6 is differentially expressed during BMP2-stimulated chondrocyte differentiation and exhibits prominent expression in growth plate chondrocytes. ATF6 can enhance the level of IRE1a-spliced XBP1S protein in chondrogenesis. IRE1a and ATF6 can synergistically regulate endogenous XBP1S gene expression in chondrogenesis. Furthermore, overexpression ATF6 inhibited, while ATF6-knockdown enhanced, the cell proliferation in chondrocyte development with G1 phase arresting, S phase reducing and G2-M phase delaying. Besides, Ad-ATF6 can activate, whereas knockdown ATF6 by an siRNA-silencing approach inhibited, ER stress-mediated apoptosis in chondrogenesis induced by BMP2, as assayed by cleaved caspase3, CHOP, p-JNK expression in the course of chondrocyte differentiation. On the other hand, FCM, TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry analysis also proved this result in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that Ad-ATF6 activation of the ER stress-specific caspase cascade in developing chondrocyte tissue. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel critical role of ATF6 in regulating ER stress-mediated apoptosis in chondrocyte differentiation and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Core Facility of Development Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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48
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Groenendyk J, Peng Z, Dudek E, Fan X, Mizianty MJ, Dufey E, Urra H, Sepulveda D, Rojas-Rivera D, Lim Y, Kim DH, Baretta K, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Ahnn J, Kaufman RJ, Lee SK, Hetz C, Kurgan L, Michalak M. Interplay between the oxidoreductase PDIA6 and microRNA-322 controls the response to disrupted endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra54. [PMID: 24917591 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of the energy or nutrient balance triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a process that mobilizes various strategies, collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which reestablish homeostasis of the ER and cell. Activation of the UPR stress sensor IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α) stimulates its endoribonuclease activity, leading to the generation of the mRNA encoding the transcription factor XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), which regulates the transcription of genes encoding factors involved in controlling the quality and folding of proteins. We found that the activity of IRE1α was regulated by the ER oxidoreductase PDIA6 (protein disulfide isomerase A6) and the microRNA miR-322 in response to disruption of ER Ca2+ homeostasis. PDIA6 interacted with IRE1α and enhanced IRE1α activity as monitored by phosphorylation of IRE1α and XBP1 mRNA splicing, but PDIA6 did not substantially affect the activity of other pathways that mediate responses to ER stress. ER Ca2+ depletion and activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry reduced the abundance of the microRNA miR-322, which increased PDIA6 mRNA stability and, consequently, IRE1α activity during the ER stress response. In vivo experiments with mice and worms showed that the induction of ER stress correlated with decreased miR-322 abundance, increased PDIA6 mRNA abundance, or both. Together, these findings demonstrated that ER Ca2+, PDIA6, IRE1α, and miR-322 function in a dynamic feedback loop modulating the UPR under conditions of disrupted ER Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Zhenling Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Dudek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Marcin J Mizianty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Estefanie Dufey
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hery Urra
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Sepulveda
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Rojas-Rivera
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yunki Lim
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Do Han Kim
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Kayla Baretta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, BK21 PLUS Life Science for BDR team, The Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, BK21 PLUS Life Science for BDR team, The Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada.
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Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by IRE1α depends on its enzymatic activity. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1998-2007. [PMID: 24863879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2) is known to activate unfolded protein response (UPR) signal molecules in chondrogenesis. Inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α),as one of three unfolded protein sensors in UPR signaling pathways, can be activated during ER stress. However, the influence on IRE1α in chondrocyte differentiation has not yet been elucidated. Here we present evidence demonstrating that overexpression of IRE1α inhibits chondrocyte differentiation, as revealed by reduced expression of collagen II (ColII), Sox9, collagen X (ColX), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), Indian hedgehog (IHH), Runx2 and enhanced expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). Furthermore, IRE1α-mediated inhibition of chondrogenesis depends on its enzymatic activity, since its point mutant lacking enzymatic activity completely loses this activity. The RNase and Kinase domains of IRE1α C-terminal are necessary for its full enzymatic activity and inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation. Mechanism studies demonstrate that granulin-epithelin precursor(GEP), a growth factor known to stimulate chondrogenesis, induced IRE1α expression in chondrogenesis. The expression of IRE1α is depended on GEP signaling, and IRE1α expression is hardly detectable in GEP(-/-) embryos. In addition, IRE1α inhibits GEP-mediated chondrocyte differentiation as a negative regulator. Altered expression of IRE1α in chondrocyte hypertrophy was accompanied by altered levels of IHH and PTHrP. Collectively, IRE1α may be a novel regulator of chondrocyte differentiation by 1) inhibition GEP-mediated chondrocyte differentiation as a negative regulator; 2) promoting IHH/PTHrP signaling.
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50
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Guo FJ, Xiong Z, Han X, Liu C, Liu Y, Jiang R, Zhang P. XBP1S, a BMP2-inducible transcription factor, accelerates endochondral bone growth by activating GEP growth factor. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1157-71. [PMID: 24636354 PMCID: PMC4508155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that transcription factor XBP1S binds to RUNX2 and enhances chondrocyte hypertrophy through acting as a cofactor of RUNX2. Herein, we report that XBP1S is a key downstream molecule of BMP2 and is required for BMP2-mediated chondrocyte differentiation. XBP1S is up-regulated during chondrocyte differentiation and demonstrates the temporal and spatial expression pattern during skeletal development. XBP1S stimulates chondrocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and endochondral ossification ex vivo. In addition, XBP1S activates granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP), a growth factor known to stimulate chondrogenesis, and endogenous GEP is required, at least in part, for XBP1S-stimulated chondrocyte hypertrophy, mineralization and endochondral bone formation. Furthermore, XBP1S enhances GEP-stimulated chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that XBP1S, a BMP2-inducible transcription factor, positively regulates endochondral bone formation by activating GEP chondrogenic growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jin Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Core Facility of Development Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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