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Boumali R, Urli L, Naim M, Soualmia F, Kinugawa K, Petropoulos I, El Amri C. Kallikrein-related peptidase's significance in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: A comprehensive survey. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00076-2. [PMID: 38608749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias constitute an important global health challenge. Detailed understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis constitutes a clue for the management of the disease. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), a lead family of serine proteases, have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the context of AD and associated cognitive decline. Hence, KLKs were proposed to display multifaceted impacts influencing various aspects of neurodegeneration, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. We propose here a comprehensive survey to summarize recent findings, providing an overview of the main kallikreins implicated in AD pathophysiology namely KLK8, KLK6 and KLK7. We explore the interplay between KLKs and key AD molecular pathways, shedding light on their significance as potential biomarkers for early disease detection. We also discuss their pertinence as therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions to develop innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at halting or ameliorating the progression of AD and associated dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilès Boumali
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Laureline Urli
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Meriem Naim
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Kiyoka Kinugawa
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France; AP-HP, Paris, France; Charles-Foix Hospital, Functional Exploration Unit for Older Patients, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
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2
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Luo YC, Lv YL, He RX, Shi XX, Jiang T. Kallikrein-related peptidase 10 predicts prognosis and mediates tumor immunomodulation in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149217. [PMID: 37972446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have significantly increased in recent years. It has been shown that early diagnosis of CRC improves the five-year survival of patients compared to late diagnosis, as patients with stage I disease have a five-year survival rate as high as 90 %. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified Kallikrein 10 (KLK10), a member of the Kallikrein family, as a reliable predictor of CRC progression, particularly in patients with early-stage CRC. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that KLK10 was highly expressed in tumor and partial immune cells. Analysis of the biological functions of KLK10 using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology indicated that KLK10 plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells, along with the maintenance of tumor function and immune regulation, explicitly by T cells and macrophages. EdU cell proliferation staining, plate clone formation assay, and cell scratch assay demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition by siRNA affected the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Cell cycle detection by flow cytometry demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. In addition, the proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in 45 tumor specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in plasma was identified by flow cytometry, and their correlation with KLK10 was analyzed. The effects of KLK10 on T cells and macrophages were verified in independent cell experiments. The results revealed that KLK10 also activates CD4+ T cells, mediating M2-type macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Luo
- Hunan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruo-Xu He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shi
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Matveev EV, Safronov VV, Ponomarev GV, Kazanov MD. Predicting Structural Susceptibility of Proteins to Proteolytic Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10761. [PMID: 37445939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of 3D protein structure in proteolytic processing is well known. However, despite the plethora of existing methods for predicting proteolytic sites, only a few of them utilize the structural features of potential substrates as predictors. Moreover, to our knowledge, there is currently no method available for predicting the structural susceptibility of protein regions to proteolysis. We developed such a method using data from CutDB, a database that contains experimentally verified proteolytic events. For prediction, we utilized structural features that have been shown to influence proteolysis in earlier studies, such as solvent accessibility, secondary structure, and temperature factor. Additionally, we introduced new structural features, including length of protruded loops and flexibility of protein termini. To maximize the prediction quality of the method, we carefully curated the training set, selected an appropriate machine learning method, and sampled negative examples to determine the optimal positive-to-negative class size ratio. We demonstrated that combining our method with models of protease primary specificity can outperform existing bioinformatics methods for the prediction of proteolytic sites. We also discussed the possibility of utilizing this method for bioinformatics prediction of other post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii V Matveev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow 127051, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow 117998, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Safronov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Gennady V Ponomarev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow 127051, Russia
| | - Marat D Kazanov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow 127051, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow 117998, Russia
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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4
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Zhang L, Lovell S, De Vita E, Jagtap PKA, Lucy D, Goya Grocin A, Kjær S, Borg A, Hennig J, Miller AK, Tate EW. A KLK6 Activity-Based Probe Reveals a Role for KLK6 Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Invasion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22493-22504. [PMID: 36413626 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the lowest survival rate of all common cancers due to late diagnosis and limited treatment options. Serine hydrolases are known to mediate cancer progression and metastasis through initiation of signaling cascades and cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins, and the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family of secreted serine proteases have emerging roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the lack of reliable activity-based probes (ABPs) to profile KLK activity has hindered progress in validation of these enzymes as potential targets or biomarkers. Here, we developed potent and selective ABPs for KLK6 by using a positional scanning combinatorial substrate library and characterized their binding mode and interactions by X-ray crystallography. The optimized KLK6 probe IMP-2352 (kobs/I = 11,000 M-1 s-1) enabled selective detection of KLK6 activity in a variety of PDAC cell lines, and we observed that KLK6 inhibition reduced the invasiveness of PDAC cells that secrete active KLK6. KLK6 inhibitors were combined with N-terminomics to identify potential secreted protein substrates of KLK6 in PDAC cells, providing insights into KLK6-mediated invasion pathways. These novel KLK6 ABPs offer a toolset to validate KLK6 and associated signaling partners as targets or biomarkers across a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Scott Lovell
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, U.K
| | - Elena De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.,Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Annabel Borg
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.,Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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5
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Liu Y, Gong W, Preis S, Dorn J, Kiechle M, Reuning U, Magdolen V, Dreyer TF. A Pair of Prognostic Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: KLK10 and KLK11 mRNA Expression. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101517. [PMID: 36294951 PMCID: PMC9605449 DOI: 10.3390/life12101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor patient prognosis and limited therapeutic options. A lack of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets fuels the need for new approaches to tackle this severe disease. Extracellular matrix degradation, release, and modulation of the activity of growth factors/cytokines/chemokines, and the initiation of signaling pathways by extracellular proteolytic networks, have been identified as major processes in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer. Members of the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family contribute to these tumor-relevant processes, and are associated with breast cancer progression and metastasis. In this study, the clinical relevance of mRNA expression of two members of this family, KLK10 and KLK11, has been evaluated in TNBC. For this, their expression levels were quantified in tumor tissue of a large, well-characterized patient cohort (n = 123) via qPCR. Although, in general, the overall expression of both factors are lower in tumor tissue of breast cancer patients (encompassing all subtypes) compared to normal tissue of healthy donors, in the TNBC subtype, expression is even increased. In our cohort, a significant, positive correlation between the expression levels of both KLKs was detected, indicating a coordinate expression mode of these proteases. Elevated KLK10 and KLK11 mRNA levels were associated with poor patient prognosis. Moreover, both factors were found to be independent of other established clinical factors such as age, lymph node status, or residual tumor mass, as determined by multivariable Cox regression analysis. Thus, both proteases, KLK10 and KLK11, may represent unfavorable prognostic factors for TNBC patients and, furthermore, appear as promising potential targets for therapy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 519041, China
| | - Weiwei Gong
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou 519041, China
| | - Sarah Preis
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dorn
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias F. Dreyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-7408
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6
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Yeruva T, Lee CH. Enzyme Responsive Delivery of Anti-Retroviral Peptide via Smart Hydrogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:234. [PMID: 36002705 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an urgent need for advanced formulations for the delivery of anti-retrovirals, a stimuli-sensitive hydrogel formulation that intravaginally delivers HIV-1 entry inhibitor upon being exposed to a specific protease was developed. The hydrogel formulation consists of PEG-azide and PEG-DBCO covalently linked to the entry inhibitor peptide, enfuvirtide, via substrate linker that is designed to undergo proteolysis by prostate specific antigen (PSA) present in seminal fluid and release innate enfuvirtide. Of the tested PSA substrate linkers (HSSKLQYY, GISSFYSSK, AYLMYY, and AYLMGRR), HSSKLQ was found to be an optimal candidate for PEG-based hydrogel with kcat/KM of 2.2 M-1 s-1. The PEG-based hydrogel displayed a pseudoplastic, thixotropic behavior with overall viscosity varying between 1516 and 2.2 Pa.s, within the biologically relevant shear rates of 0.01-100 s-1. It also exhibited viscoelastic properties appropriate for uniform spreading and being retained in vagina. PEG-based hydrogels were loaded with N3-HSSKLQ-enfuvirtide (HF42) that is customarily synthesized enfuvirtide prodrug with its N-terminus connected to HSSKLQ linker. The stimuli-sensitive PEG-based hydrogel formulations upon being exposed to PSA released 36.5 ± 4.8% of enfuvirtide over 24 h in human ejaculate mimic of vaginal simulant fluid and seminal simulant fluid mixed in 1:3 ratio, which is significantly greater than its IC50. The PEG-based hydrogel was non-cytotoxic to both vaginal epithelial cells (VK2/E6E7) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and did not significantly induce the production of nitric oxide, an inflammatory mediator. The PEG-based hydrogel is found to have suitable physicochemical properties for an intravaginal formulation of the PSA substrate-linked anti-retrovirals and is safe towards vaginal epithelium. It is capable of delivering enfuvirtide with effective concentrations to prevent women from HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Yeruva
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, 2464 Charlotte Street, HSB 4242, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Chi H Lee
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, 2464 Charlotte Street, HSB 4242, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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7
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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8
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De Marco Verissimo C, Jewhurst HL, Tikhonova IG, Urbanus RT, Maule AG, Dalton JP, Cwiklinski K. Fasciola hepatica serine protease inhibitor family (serpins): Purposely crafted for regulating host proteases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008510. [PMID: 32760059 PMCID: PMC7437470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) regulate proteolytic events within diverse biological processes, including digestion, coagulation, inflammation and immune responses. The presence of serpins in Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products indicates that the parasite exploits these to regulate proteases encountered during its development within vertebrate hosts. Interrogation of the F. hepatica genome identified a multi-gene serpin family of seven members that has expanded by gene duplication and divergence to create an array of inhibitors with distinct specificities. We investigated the molecular properties and functions of two representatives, FhSrp1 and FhSrp2, highly expressed in the invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ). Consistent with marked differences in the reactive centre loop (RCL) that executes inhibitor-protease complexing, the two recombinant F. hepatica serpins displayed distinct inhibitory profiles against an array of mammalian serine proteases. In particular, rFhSrp1 efficiently inhibited kallikrein (Ki = 40 nM) whilst rFhSrp2 was a highly potent inhibitor of chymotrypsin (Ki = 0.07 nM). FhSrp1 and FhSrp2 are both expressed on the NEJ surface, predominantly around the oral and ventral suckers, suggesting that these inhibitors protect the parasites from the harmful proteolytic effects of host proteases, such as chymotrypsin, during invasion. Furthermore, the unusual inhibition of kallikrein suggests that rFhSrp1 modulates host responses such as inflammation and vascular permeability by interfering with the kallikrein-kinin system. A vaccine combination of rFhSrp1 and rFhSrp2 formulated in the adjuvant Montanide ISA 206VG elicited modest but non-significant protection against a challenge infection in a rat model, but did induce some protection against liver pathogenesis when compared to a control group and a group vaccinated with two well-studied vaccine candidates, F. hepatica cathepsin L2 and L3. This work highlights the importance of F. hepatica serpins to regulate host responses that enables parasite survival during infection and, coupled with the vaccine data, encourages future vaccine trials in ruminants. Serpins are protease inhibitors that regulate various biological processes, including digestion, blood coagulation, inflammation and immune responses. The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, produces an array of inhibitors to regulate proteolytic enzymes they encounter during development within the mammalian host. In this study, we identified seven different serpins that have evolved to inhibit a range of host proteases. In particular, we characterized two representatives, FhSrp1 and FhSrp2, that we found highly expressed on the surface of the invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ), suggesting that they protect the parasites from harmful proteolytic effects during invasion. Contrasting inhibitory profiles were observed; while recombinant FhSrp1 inhibited kallikrein, recombinant FhSrp2 was a highly potent inhibitor of chymotrypsin. The unusual inhibition of kallikrein suggests that rFhSrp1 influences host responses such as inflammation and vascular permeability by interfering with the kallikrein-kinin system. Conversely, chymotrypsin is typically inhibited by trematode-specific serpins, implying a conserved mechanism to regulate digestive enzymes. The ability of the liver fluke serpin family to inhibit such an array of proteases highlights the importance of these inhibitors in parasite-host interactions and encourages future investigations of serpins as candidate anti-parasite vaccine targets for the control of fasciolosis in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heather L. Jewhurst
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf T. Urbanus
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aaron G. Maule
- Microbe & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Dalton
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Hanke S, Tindall CA, Pippel J, Ulbricht D, Pirotte B, Reboud-Ravaux M, Heiker JT, Sträter N. Structural Studies on the Inhibitory Binding Mode of Aromatic Coumarinic Esters to Human Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5723-5733. [PMID: 32374603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a member of the human tissue kallikreins. Its dysregulation leads to pathophysiological inflammatory processes in the skin. Furthermore, it plays a role in several types of cancer. For the treatment of KLK7-associated diseases, coumarinic esters have been developed as small-molecule enzyme inhibitors. To characterize the inhibition mode of these inhibitors, we analyzed structures of the inhibited protease by X-ray crystallography. Electron density shows the inhibitors covalently attached to His57 of the catalytic triad. This confirms the irreversible character of the inhibition process. Upon inhibitor binding, His57 undergoes an outward rotation; thus, the catalytic triad of the protease is disrupted. Besides, the halophenyl moiety of the inhibitor was absent in the final enzyme-inhibitor complex due to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. With these results, we analyze the structural basis of KLK7 inhibition by the covalent attachment of aromatic coumarinic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A Tindall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Pippel
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Ulbricht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Adaptation biologique et Vieillissement, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Leipzig University and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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De Vita E, Smits N, van den Hurk H, Beck EM, Hewitt J, Baillie G, Russell E, Pannifer A, Hamon V, Morrison A, McElroy SP, Jones P, Ignatenko NA, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of N-(4-Benzamidino)-Oxazolidinones: Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:79-95. [PMID: 31675166 PMCID: PMC7004151 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is a secreted serine protease that belongs to the family of tissue kallikreins. Aberrant expression of KLK6 has been found in different cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and KLK6 is currently studied as a potential target in these pathologies. We report a novel series of KLK6 inhibitors discovered in a high-throughput screen within the European Lead Factory program. Structure-guided design based on docking studies enabled rapid progression of a hit cluster to inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In particular, inhibitors 32 ((5R)-3-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)-N-((S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)propyl)-2-oxooxazolidine-5-carboxamide) and 34 ((5R)-3-(6-carbamimidoylpyridin-3-yl)-N-((1S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)propyl)-2-oxooxazolidine-5-carboxamide) have single-digit nanomolar potency against KLK6, with over 25-fold and 100-fold selectivities against the closely related enzyme trypsin, respectively. The most potent compound, 32, effectively reduces KLK6-dependent invasion of HCT116 cells. The high potency in combination with good solubility and low clearance of 32 make it a good chemical probe for KLK6 target validation in vitro and potentially in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesUniversity of Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Niels Smits
- Pivot Park Screening CentreKloosterstraat 95349 ABOss (TheNetherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Gemma Baillie
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Emily Russell
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Andrew Pannifer
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Véronique Hamon
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Angus Morrison
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Philip Jones
- European Screening Centre Newhouse (ESC) Biocity ScotlandBo'ness RoadML15UHNewhouseScotland
| | - Natalia A. Ignatenko
- University of Arizona Cancer CenterUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
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11
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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12
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Riley BT, Hoke DE, McGowan S, Buckle AM. Crystal structure of the inhibitor-free form of the serine protease kallikrein-4. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:543-546. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19009610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein 4 (KLK4) is a serine protease that is predominantly expressed in the prostate and is overexpressed in prostate cancer. As such, it has gained attention as an attractive target for prostate cancer therapeutics. Currently, only liganded structures of KLK4 exist in the Protein Data Bank. Until now, inferences about the subtle structural changes in KLK4 upon ligand binding have been made by comparison to other liganded forms, rather than to an apo form. In this study, an inhibitor-free form of KLK4 was crystallized. The crystals obtained belonged to space group P1, contained four molecules in the asymmetric unit and diffracted to 1.64 Å resolution. Interestingly, a nonstandard rotamer of the specificity-determining residue Asp189 was observed in all chains. This model will provide a useful unliganded structure for the future structure-guided design of KLK4 inhibitors.
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13
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Ulbricht D, Tindall CA, Oertwig K, Hanke S, Sträter N, Heiker JT. Kallikrein-related peptidase 14 is the second KLK protease targeted by the serpin vaspin. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1079-1084. [PMID: 29494334 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14 are important proteases in skin desquamation and aberrant KLK activity is associated with inflammatory skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome but also with various serious forms of cancer. Previously, we have identified KLK7 as the first protease target of vaspin (Serpin A12). Here, we report KLK14 as a second KLK protease to be inhibited by vaspin. In conclusion, vaspin represents a multi-specific serpin targeting the kallikrein proteases KLK7 and KLK14, with distinct exosites regulating recognition of these target proteases and opposing effects of heparin binding on the inhibition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ulbricht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A Tindall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oertwig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hanke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Thorpe JH, Edgar EV, Smith KJ, Lewell XQ, Rella M, White GV, Polyakova O, Nassau P, Walker AL, Holmes DS, Pearce AC, Wang Y, Liddle J, Hovnanian A. Evaluation of a crystallographic surrogate for kallikrein 5 in the discovery of novel inhibitors for Netherton syndrome. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:385-391. [PMID: 31045568 PMCID: PMC6497096 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19003169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of kallikrein 5 (KLK5) has been identified as a potential strategy for treatment of the genetic skin disorder Netherton syndrome, in which loss-of-function mutations in the SPINK5 gene lead to down-regulation of the endogenous inhibitor LEKTI-1 and profound skin-barrier defects with severe allergic manifestations. To aid in the development of a medicine for this target, an X-ray crystallographic system was developed to facilitate fragment-guided chemistry and knowledge-based drug-discovery approaches. Here, the development of a surrogate crystallographic system in place of KLK5, which proved to be challenging to crystallize, is described. The biochemical robustness of the crystallographic surrogate and the suitability of the system for the study of small nonpeptidic fragments and lead-like molecules are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Thorpe
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Emma V. Edgar
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Kathrine J. Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Xiao Q. Lewell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Monika Rella
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Gemma V. White
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Oxana Polyakova
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Pamela Nassau
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Ann L. Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Duncan S. Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Andrew C. Pearce
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - John Liddle
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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15
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Silva LM, Kryza T, Stoll T, Hoogland C, Dong Y, Stephens CR, Hastie ML, Magdolen V, Kleifeld O, Gorman JJ, Clements JA. Integration of Two In-depth Quantitative Proteomics Approaches Determines the Kallikrein-related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) Degradome in Ovarian Cancer Cell Secretome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:818-836. [PMID: 30705123 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine peptidase that is over expressed in ovarian cancer. In vitro functional analyses have suggested KLK7 to play a cancer progressive role, although monitoring of KLK7 expression has suggested a contradictory protective role for KLK7 in ovarian cancer patients. In order to help delineate its mechanism of action and thereby the functional roles, information on its substrate repertoire is crucial. Therefore, in this study a quantitative proteomics approach-PROtein TOpography and Migration Analysis Platform (PROTOMAP)-coupled with SILAC was used for in-depth analysis of putative KLK7 substrates from a representative ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV-3, secreted proteins. The Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS) approach was used to determine the exact cleavage sites and to validate qPROTOMAP-identified putative substrates. By employing these two technically divergent approaches, exact cleavage sites on 16 novel putative substrates and two established substrates, matrix metalloprotease (MMP) 2 and insulin growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), were identified in the SKOV-3 secretome. Eight of these substrates were also identified on TAILS analysis of another ovarian cancer cell (OVMZ-6) secretome, with a further seven OVMZ-6 substrates common to the SKOV-3 qPROTOMAP profile. Identified substrates were significantly associated with the common processes of cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell migration according to the gene ontology (GO) biological process analysis. Biochemical validation supports a role for KLK7 in directly activating pro-MMP10, hydrolysis of IGFBP6 and cleavage of thrombospondin 1 with generation of a potentially bioactive N-terminal fragment. Overall, this study constitutes the most comprehensive analysis of the putative KLK7 degradome in any cancer to date, thereby opening new avenues for KLK7 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- From the ‡Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia;; ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kryza
- From the ‡Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia;; ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Stoll
- §Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Christine Hoogland
- §Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia;; ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Dong
- From the ‡Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Carson Ryan Stephens
- From the ‡Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia;; ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Lachlan Hastie
- §Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- ¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia 3800;; ‖Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey John Gorman
- §Protein Discovery Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- From the ‡Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia;.
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16
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Arutyunova E, Jiang Z, Yang J, Kulepa AN, Young HS, Verhelst S, O’Donoghue AJ, Lemieux MJ. An internally quenched peptide as a new model substrate for rhomboid intramembrane proteases. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1389-1397. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRhomboids are ubiquitous intramembrane serine proteases that cleave transmembrane substrates. Their functions include growth factor signaling, mitochondrial homeostasis, and parasite invasion. A recent study revealed that theEscherichia colirhomboid protease EcGlpG is essential for its extraintestinal pathogenic colonization within the gut. Crystal structures of EcGlpG and theHaemophilus influenzaerhomboid protease HiGlpG have deciphered an active site that is buried within the lipid bilayer but exposed to the aqueous environment via a cavity at the periplasmic face. A lack of physiological transmembrane substrates has hampered progression for understanding their catalytic mechanism and screening inhibitor libraries. To identify a soluble substrate for use in the study of rhomboid proteases, an array of internally quenched peptides were assayed with HiGlpG, EcGlpG and PsAarA fromProvidencia stuartti. One substrate was identified that was cleaved by all three rhomboid proteases, with HiGlpG having the highest cleavage efficiency. Mass spectrometry analysis determined that all enzymes hydrolyze this substrate between norvaline and tryptophan. Kinetic analysis in both detergent and bicellular systems demonstrated that this substrate can be cleaved in solution and in the lipid environment. The substrate was subsequently used to screen a panel of benzoxazin-4-one inhibitors to validate its use in inhibitor discovery.
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17
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Kahler U, Fuchs JE, Goettig P, Liedl KR. An unexpected switch in peptide binding mode: from simulation to substrate specificity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 36:4072-4084. [PMID: 29210603 PMCID: PMC6334781 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1407674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A ten microsecond molecular dynamics simulation of a kallikrein-related peptidase 7 peptide complex revealed an unexpected change in binding mode. After more than two microseconds unrestrained sampling we observe a spontaneous transition of the binding pose including a 180° rotation around the P1 residue. Subsequently, the substrate peptide occupies the prime side region rather than the cognate non-prime side in a stable conformation. We characterize the unexpected binding mode in terms of contacts, solvent-accessible surface area, molecular interactions and energetic properties. We compare the new pose to inhibitor-bound structures of kallikreins with occupied prime side and find that a similar orientation is adopted. Finally, we apply in silico mutagenesis based on the alternative peptide binding position to explore the prime side specificity of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 and compare it to available experimental data. Our study provides the first microsecond time scale simulation data on a kallikrein protease and shows previously unexplored prime side interactions. Therefore, we expect our study to advance the rational design of inhibitors targeting kallikrein-related peptidase 7, an emerging drug target involved in several skin diseases as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Kahler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, SalzburgA-5020, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
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18
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Guo S, Briza P, Magdolen V, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Activation and activity of glycosylated KLKs 3, 4 and 11. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1009-1022. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases 3, 4, 11, and KLK2, the activator of KLK3/PSA, belong to the prostatic group of the KLKs, whose major physiological function is semen liquefaction during the fertilization process. Notably, these KLKs are upregulated in prostate cancer and are used as clinical biomarkers or have been proposed as therapeutic targets. However, this potential awaits a detailed characterization of these proteases. In order to study glycosylated prostatic KLKs resembling the natural proteases, we used Leishmania (LEXSY) and HEK293 cells for secretory expression. Both systems allowed the subsequent purification of soluble pro-KLK zymogens with correct propeptides and of the mature forms. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction, enzymatic deglycosylation assays, and mass spectrometry confirmed the glycosylation of these KLKs. Activation of glycosylated pro-KLKs 4 and 11 turned out to be most efficient by glycosylated KLK2 and KLK4, respectively. By comparing the glycosylated prostatic KLKs with their non-glycosylated counterparts from Escherichia coli, it was observed that the N-glycans stabilize the KLK proteases and change their activation profiles and their enzymatic activity to some extent. The functional role of glycosylation in prostate-specific KLKs could pave the way to a deeper understanding of their biology and to medical applications.
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19
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Structural determinants of specificity and regulation of activity in the allosteric loop network of human KLK8/neuropsin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10705. [PMID: 30013126 PMCID: PMC6048020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human KLK8/neuropsin, a kallikrein-related serine peptidase, is mostly expressed in skin and the hippocampus regions of the brain, where it regulates memory formation by synaptic remodeling. Substrate profiles of recombinant KLK8 were analyzed with positional scanning using fluorogenic tetrapeptides and the proteomic PICS approach, which revealed the prime side specificity. Enzyme kinetics with optimized substrates showed stimulation by Ca2+ and inhibition by Zn2+, which are physiological regulators. Crystal structures of KLK8 with a ligand-free active site and with the inhibitor leupeptin explain the subsite specificity and display Ca2+ bound to the 75-loop. The variants D70K and H99A confirmed the antagonistic role of the cation binding sites. Molecular docking and dynamics calculations provided insights in substrate binding and the dual regulation of activity by Ca2+ and Zn2+, which are important in neuron and skin physiology. Both cations participate in the allosteric surface loop network present in related serine proteases. A comparison of the positional scanning data with substrates from brain suggests an adaptive recognition by KLK8, based on the tertiary structures of its targets. These combined findings provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enzyme activity of KLK8.
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20
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Ivry SL, Meyer NO, Winter MB, Bohn MF, Knudsen GM, O'Donoghue AJ, Craik CS. Global substrate specificity profiling of post-translational modifying enzymes. Protein Sci 2018; 27:584-594. [PMID: 29168252 PMCID: PMC5818756 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that modify the proteome, referred to as post-translational modifying (PTM) enzymes, are central regulators of cellular signaling. Determining the substrate specificity of PTM enzymes is a critical step in unraveling their biological functions both in normal physiological processes and in disease states. Advances in peptide chemistry over the last century have enabled the rapid generation of peptide libraries for querying substrate recognition by PTM enzymes. In this article, we highlight various peptide-based approaches for analysis of PTM enzyme substrate specificity. We focus on the application of these technologies to proteases and also discuss specific examples in which they have been used to uncover the substrate specificity of other types of PTM enzymes, such as kinases. In particular, we highlight our multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS) assay, which uses a rationally designed, physicochemically diverse library of tetradecapeptides. We show how this method has been applied to PTM enzymes to uncover biological function, and guide substrate and inhibitor design. We also briefly discuss how this technique can be combined with other methods to gain a systems-level understanding of PTM enzyme regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L. Ivry
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate ProgramUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Nicole O. Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Michael B. Winter
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Markus F. Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Giselle M. Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
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21
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Molecular Mechanisms of Vaspin Action - From Adipose Tissue to Skin and Bone, from Blood Vessels to the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:159-188. [PMID: 30051323 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) or SERPINA12 according to the serpin nomenclature was identified together with other genes and gene products that were specifically expressed or overexpressed in the intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue (AT) of the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat. These rats spontaneously develop visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and -glycemia, as well as hypertension and thus represent a well suited animal model of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.The follow-up study reporting the cloning, expression and functional characterization of vaspin suggested the great and promising potential of this molecule to counteract obesity induced insulin resistance and inflammation and has since initiated over 300 publications, clinical and experimental, that have contributed to uncover the multifaceted functions and molecular mechanisms of vaspin action not only in the adipose, but in many different cells, tissues and organs. This review will give an update on mechanistic and structural aspects of vaspin with a focus on its serpin function, the physiology and regulation of vaspin expression, and will summarize the latest on vaspin function in various tissues such as the different adipose tissue depots as well as the vasculature, skin, bone and the brain.
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Solís-Calero C, Carvalho HF. KLK14 interactions with HAI-1 and HAI-2 serine protease inhibitors: A molecular dynamics and relative free-energy calculations study. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1246-1264. [PMID: 28817220 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein 14 (KLK14) is a serine protease linked to several pathologies including prostate cancer and positively correlates with Gleason score. Though KLK14 functioning in cancer is poorly understood, it has been implicated in HGF/Met signaling, given that KLK14 proteolytically inhibits HGF activator-inhibitor 1 (HAI-1), which strongly inhibits pro-HGF activators, thereby contributing to tumor progression. In this work, KLK14 binding to either hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) or type-2 (HAI-2) was essayed using homology modeling, molecular dynamic simulations and free-energy calculations through MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA. KLK14 was successfully modeled. Calculated free energies suggested higher binding affinity for the KLK14/HAI-1 interaction than for KLK14/HAI-2. This difference in binding affinity is largely explained by the higher stability of the hydrogen-bond networks in KLK14/HAI-1 along the simulation trajectory. A key arginine residue in both HAI-1 and HAI-2 is responsible for their interaction with the S1 pocket in KLK14. Additionally, MM/GBSA free-energy decomposition postulates that KLK14 Asp174 and Trp196 are hotspots for binding HAI-1 and HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Solís-Calero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Silva LM, Stoll T, Kryza T, Stephens CR, Hastie ML, Irving-Rodgers HF, Dong Y, Gorman JJ, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry-based determination of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) cleavage preferences and subsite dependency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6789. [PMID: 28754951 PMCID: PMC5533777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage preferences of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) have previously been delineated using synthetic peptide libraries of fixed length, or single protein chains and have suggested that KLK7 exerts a chymotryptic-like cleavage preference. Due to the short length of the peptides utilised, only a limited number of subsites have however been assessed. To determine the subsite preferences of KLK7 in a global setting, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based in-depth proteomics approach that utilises human proteome-derived peptide libraries of varying length, termed Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites (PICS). Consistent with previous findings, KLK7 was found to exert chymotryptic-like cleavage preferences. KLK7 subsite preferences were also characterised in the P2-P2′ region, demonstrating a preference for hydrophobic residues in the non-prime and hydrophilic residues in the prime subsites. Interestingly, single catalytic triad mutant KLK7 (mKLK7; S195A) also showed residual catalytic activity (kcat/KM = 7.93 × 102 s−1M−1). Catalytic inactivity of KLK7 was however achieved by additional mutation in this region (D102N). In addition to characterising the cleavage preferences of KLK7, our data thereby also suggests that the use of double catalytic triad mutants should be employed as more appropriate negative controls in future investigations of KLK7, especially when highly sensitive MS-based approaches are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.,Proteases and Tissue Remodelling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Science, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Stoll
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Carson Ryan Stephens
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Marcus Lachlan Hastie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Helen Frances Irving-Rodgers
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jeffrey John Gorman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Raju I, Kaushal GP, Haun RS. Epigenetic regulation of KLK7 gene expression in pancreatic and cervical cancer cells. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1135-1146. [PMID: 27279059 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease encoded within the kallikrein gene cluster located on human chromosome region 19q13.3-13.4. KLK7 is overexpressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs), but not in normal pancreas. Examination of KLK7 mRNA levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines revealed that it is readily detected in MIA PaCa-2 and PK-1 cells, but not in Panc-1 cells. Treatment of Panc-1 cells with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) significantly induced KLK7 mRNA expression. Similarly, KLK7 is highly expressed in cervical cancer cells, but its expression in the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa is only detected following TSA treatment. Promoter deletion analysis revealed that the proximal -238 promoter region, containing a putative Sp1-binding site, was sufficient for TSA activation of luciferase reporter activity, which was abrogated by the disruption of the Sp1-binding sequence. Consistent with the notion that TSA induced KLK7 expression via Sp1, co-expression of Sp1 with the KLK7-promoter/luciferase construct produced a significant increase in reporter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed enriched Sp1 occupancy on the KLK7 promoter following TSA treatment. Similarly, ChIP analysis showed the histone active mark, H3K4Me3, in the KLK7 promoter region was significantly increased after exposure to TSA.
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25
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Debela M, Magdolen V, Bode W, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Structural basis for the Zn2+ inhibition of the zymogen-like kallikrein-related peptidase 10. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1251-1264. [PMID: 27611765 PMCID: PMC5551965 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) is expressed in a variety of human tissues and body fluids, knowledge of its physiological functions is fragmentary. Similarly, the pathophysiology of KLK10 in cancer is not well understood. In some cancer types, a role as tumor suppressor has been suggested, while in others elevated expression is associated with poor patient prognosis. Active human KLK10 exhibits a unique, three residue longer N-terminus with respect to other serine proteases and an extended 99-loop nearly as long as in tissue kallikrein KLK1. Crystal structures of recombinant ligand-free KLK10 and a Zn2+ bound form explain to some extent the mixed trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrate specificity. Zn2+-inhibition of KLK10 appears to be based on a unique mechanism, which involves direct binding and blocking of the catalytic triad. Since the disordered N-terminus and several loops adopt a zymogen-like conformation, the active protease conformation is very likely induced by interaction with the substrate, in particular at the S1 subsite and at the unusual Ser193 as part of the oxyanion hole. The KLK10 structures indicate that the N-terminus, the nearby 75-, 148-, and the 99-loops are connected in an allosteric network, which is present in other trypsin-like serine proteases with several variations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Wolfram Bode
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Proteinase Research Group, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: An overview. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:655-683. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Dominique P. Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256; Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology; Paris France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
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27
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Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Bouguereau L, Gargaros A, Spina L, Marestaing A, Uzbekova S. Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on single bovine oocyte and follicular cells combined with top-down proteomics: A novel approach to characterise markers of oocyte maturation. J Proteomics 2017; 175:56-74. [PMID: 28385661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) was adapted to bovine follicular cells from individual ovarian follicles to obtain the protein/peptide signatures (<17kDa) of single oocytes, cumulus cells (CC) and granulosa cells (GC), which shared a total of 439 peaks. By comparing the ICM-MS profiles of single oocytes and CC before and after in vitro maturation (IVM), 71 different peaks were characterised, and their relative abundance was found to vary depending on the stage of oocyte meiotic maturation. To identify these endogenous biomolecules, top-down workflow using high resolution MS/MS (TD HR-MS) was performed on the protein extracts from oocytes, CC and GC. The TD HR-MS proteomic approach allowed for: (1) identification of 386 peptide/proteoforms encoded by 194 genes; and (2) characterisation of proteolysis products likely resulting from the action of kallikreins and caspases. In total, 136 peaks observed by ICM-MS were annotated by TD HR-MS (ProteomeXchange PXD004892). Among these, 16 markers of maturation were identified, including IGF2 binding protein 3 and hemoglobin B in the oocyte, thymosins beta-4 and beta-10, histone H2B and ubiquitin in CC. The combination of ICM-MS and TD HR-MS proved to be a suitable strategy to identify non-invasive markers of oocyte quality using limited biological samples. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on single oocytes and their surrounding cumulus cells, coupled to an optimised top-down HR-MS proteomic approach on ovarian follicular cells, was used to identify specific markers of oocyte meiotic maturation represented by whole low molecular weight proteins or products of degradation by specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Labas
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- UMR ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Laura Bouguereau
- UMR ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Audrey Gargaros
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie Spina
- INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INSA/CNRS 5504 - UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Marestaing
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Svetlana Uzbekova
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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28
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Silva RN, Oliveira LCG, Parise CB, Oliveira JR, Severino B, Corvino A, di Vaio P, Temussi PA, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Juliano L, Juliano MA. Activity of human kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) on substrates containing sequences of basic amino acids. Is it a processing protease? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:558-564. [PMID: 28254587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein 6 (KLK6) is highly expressed in the central nervous system and with elevated level in demyelinating disease. KLK6 has a very restricted specificity for arginine (R) and hydrolyses myelin basic protein, protein activator receptors and human ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits. Here we report a previously unreported activity of KLK6 on peptides containing clusters of basic amino acids, as in synthetic fluorogenic peptidyl-Arg-7-amino-4-carbamoylmethylcoumarin (peptidyl-ACC) peptides and FRET peptides in the format of Abz-peptidyl-Q-EDDnp (where Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid and Q-EDDnp=glutaminyl-N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) ethylenediamine), in which pairs or sequences of basic amino acids (R or K) were introduced. Surprisingly, KLK6 hydrolyzed the fluorogenic peptides Bz-A-R↓R-ACC and Z-R↓R-MCA between the two R groups, resulting in non-fluorescent products. FRET peptides containing furin processing sequences of human MMP-14, nerve growth factor (NGF), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) were cleaved by KLK6 at the same position expected by furin. Finally, KLK6 cleaved FRET peptides derived from human proenkephalin after the KR, the more frequent basic residues flanking enkephalins in human proenkephalin sequence. This result suggests the ability of KLK6 to release enkephalin from proenkephalin precursors and resembles furin a canonical processing proteolytic enzyme. Molecular models of peptides were built into the KLK6 structure and the marked preference of the cut between the two R of the examined peptides was related to the extended conformation of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta N Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian C G Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina B Parise
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola di Vaio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Piero A Temussi
- The Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, London SE5 9RT, UK; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Comp. Univ. Monte Sant'Angelo Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kasperkiewicz P, Poreba M, Groborz K, Drag M. Emerging challenges in the design of selective substrates, inhibitors and activity-based probes for indistinguishable proteases. FEBS J 2017; 284:1518-1539. [PMID: 28052575 PMCID: PMC7164106 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze the peptide bond of peptide substrates and proteins. Despite significant progress in recent years, one of the greatest challenges in the design and testing of substrates, inhibitors and activity‐based probes for proteolytic enzymes is achieving specificity toward only one enzyme. This specificity is particularly important if the enzyme is present with other enzymes with a similar catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity but completely different functionality. The cross‐reactivity of substrates, inhibitors and activity‐based probes with other enzymes can significantly impair or even prevent investigations of a target protease. In this review, we describe important concepts and the latest challenges, focusing mainly on peptide‐based substrate specificity techniques used to distinguish individual enzymes within major protease families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Groborz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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30
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Swedberg JE, Li CY, de Veer SJ, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Design of Potent and Selective Cathepsin G Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:658-667. [PMID: 28045523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are directly responsible for destroying invading pathogens via reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Imbalance between NSP activity and endogenous protease inhibitors is associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, and engineered inhibitors of NSPs are a potential therapeutic pathway. In this study we characterized the extended substrate specificity (P4-P1) of the NSP cathepsin G using a peptide substrate library. Substituting preferred cathepsin G substrate sequences into sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) produced a potent cathepsin G inhibitor (Ki = 0.89 nM). Cathepsin G's P2' preference was determined by screening against a P2' diverse SFTI-based library, and the most preferred residue at P2' was combined in SFTI-1 with a preferred substrate sequence (P4-P2) and a nonproteinogenic P1 residue (4-guanidyl-l-phenylalanine) to produce a potent (Ki = 1.6 nM) and the most selective (≥360-fold) engineered cathepsin G inhibitor reported to date. This compound is a promising lead for further development of cathepsin G inhibitors targeting chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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de Veer SJ, Swedberg JE, Brattsand M, Clements JA, Harris JM. Exploring the active site binding specificity of kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) guides the design of new peptide substrates and inhibitors. Biol Chem 2016; 397:1237-1249. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5) is a promising therapeutic target in several skin diseases, including Netherton syndrome, and is emerging as a potential target in various cancers. In this study, we used a sparse matrix library of 125 individually synthesized peptide substrates to characterize the binding specificity of KLK5. The sequences most favored by KLK5 were GRSR, YRSR and GRNR, and we identified sequence-specific interactions involving the peptide N-terminus by analyzing kinetic constants (kcat and KM) and performing molecular dynamics simulations. KLK5 inhibitors were subsequently engineered by substituting substrate sequences into the binding loop (P1, P2 and P4 residues) of sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). These inhibitors were effective against KLK5 but showed limited selectivity, and performing a further substitution at P2′ led to the design of a new variant that displayed improved activity against KLK5 (Ki=4.2±0.2 nm), weak activity against KLK7 and 12-fold selectivity over KLK14. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into the design of highly favored binding sequences for KLK5 and reveal several opportunities for modulating inhibitor selectivity over closely related proteases that will be useful for future studies aiming to develop therapeutic molecules targeting KLK5.
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32
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Marques PI, Fonseca F, Carvalho AS, Puente DA, Damião I, Almeida V, Barros N, Barros A, Carvalho F, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Osório H, Matthiesen R, Quesada V, Seixas S. Sequence variation atKLKandWFDCclusters and its association to semen hyperviscosity and other male infertility phenotypes. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2881-2891. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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33
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Swedberg JE, Munro CA, Brattsand M, Clements JA, Hovnanian A, Harris JM. Selective Substrates and Inhibitors for Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) Shed Light on KLK Proteolytic Activity in the Stratum Corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:430-439. [PMID: 27697464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have pivotal roles in the skin's outermost layer, the epidermis. In the stratum corneum, serine proteases from the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family have been implicated in several key homeostatic processes, including desquamation. However, the precise contribution of specific KLKs to each process remains unclear. To address this, we used a chemical biology approach and designed selective substrates and inhibitors for KLK7, the most abundant KLK protease in the stratum corneum. The resulting KLK7 inhibitor is the most potent inhibitor of this protease reported to date (Ki = 140 pM), and displays at least 1,000-fold selectivity over several proteases that are related by function (KLK5 and KLK14) or specificity (chymotrypsin). We then used substrates and inhibitors for KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 to explore the activity of each protease in the stratum corneum using casein zymography and an ex vivo desquamation assay. These experiments provide the most detailed assessment of each KLK's contribution to corneocyte shedding in the plantar stratum corneum, revealing that inhibition of KLK7 alone is sufficient to block shedding, whereas KLK5 is also a major contributor. Collectively, these findings unveil chemical tools for studying KLK activity and demonstrate their potential for characterizing KLK biological functions in epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Furio
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher A Munro
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Judith A Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163 and Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, Paris, France; Université Paris V Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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de Veer SJ, Ukolova SS, Munro CA, Swedberg JE, Buckle AM, Harris JM. Mechanism-based selection of a potent kallikrein-related peptidase 7 inhibitor from a versatile library based on the sunflower trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1. Biopolymers 2016; 100:510-8. [PMID: 24078181 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potent and specific enzyme inhibition is a key goal in the development of therapeutic inhibitors targeting proteolytic activity. The backbone-cyclized peptide, Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor (SFTI-1) affords a scaffold that can be engineered to achieve both these aims. SFTI-1's mechanism of inhibition is unusual in that it shows fast-on/slow-off kinetics driven by cleavage and religation of a scissile bond. This phenomenon was used to select a nanomolar inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) from a versatile library of SFTI variants with diversity tailored to exploit distinctive surfaces present in the active site of serine proteases. Inhibitor selection was achieved through the use of size exclusion chromatography to separate protease/inhibitor complexes from unbound inhibitors followed by inhibitor identification according to molecular mass ascertained by mass spectrometry. This approach identified a single dominant inhibitor species with molecular weight of 1562.4 Da, which is consistent with the SFTI variant SFTI-WCTF. Once synthesized individually this inhibitor showed an IC50 of 173.9 ± 7.6 nM against chromogenic substrates and could block protein proteolysis. Molecular modeling analysis suggested that selection of SFTI-WCTF was driven by specific aromatic interactions and stabilized by an enhanced internal hydrogen bonding network. This approach provides a robust and rapid route to inhibitor selection and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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Guerrero JL, O’Malley MA, Daugherty PS. Intracellular FRET-based Screen for Redesigning the Specificity of Secreted Proteases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:961-70. [PMID: 26730612 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are attractive as therapeutics given their ability to catalytically activate or inactivate their targets. However, therapeutic use of proteases is limited by insufficient substrate specificity, since off-target activity can induce undesired side-effects. In addition, few methods exist to enhance the activity and specificity of human proteases, analogous to methods for antibody engineering. Given this need, a general methodology termed protease evolution via cleavage of an intracellular substrate (PrECISE) was developed to enable engineering of human protease activity and specificity toward an arbitrary peptide target. PrECISE relies on coexpression of a protease and a peptide substrate exhibiting Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) within the endoplasmic reticulum of yeast. Use of the FRET reporter substrate enabled screening large protease libraries using fluorescence activated cell sorting for the activity of interest. To evolve a human protease that selectively cleaves within the central hydrophobic core (KLVF↓F↓AED) of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, PrECISE was applied to human kallikrein 7, a protease with Aβ cleavage activity but broad selectivity, with a strong preference for tyrosine (Y) at P1. This method yielded a protease variant which displayed up to 30-fold improvements in Aβ selectivity mediated by a reduction in activity toward substrates containing tyrosine. Additionally, the increased selectivity of the variant led to reduced toxicity toward PC12 neuronal-like cells and 16-1000-fold improved resistance to wild-type inhibitors. PrECISE thus provides a powerful high-throughput capability to redesign human proteases for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Guerrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michelle A. O’Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Patrick S. Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Jendrny C, Beck-Sickinger AG. Inhibition of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases 7 and 5 by Grafting Serpin Reactive-Center Loop Sequences onto Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). Chembiochem 2015; 17:719-26. [PMID: 26574674 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Serpin proteins irreversibly inhibit serine proteases, but only a small part of the serpin reactive-center loop (RCL) is responsible for the initial protein-protein interaction (PPI). To develop peptidic protease inhibitors, kallikrein-related peptidases 7 (KLK7) and 5 (KLK5) were chosen. Firstly, we demonstrated that short peptides derived from RCL sequences can be cleaved by KLK7 in a substrate-like manner. Next, these substrates were grafted onto the protease-binding loop of sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1). Peptides based on kallistatin, α1 -antichymotrypsin, and protein C inhibitor (PCI) inhibited KLK7 with Ki =0.4, 0.5, and 0.7 μm, respectively. In contrast, the trypsin-like KLK5 was only blocked by the peptide derived from PCI (Ki =0.6 μm). Thus, serpin function can be mimicked by introducing its PPI site into the rigid structure of the SFTI-1 scaffold. This approach might be applicable not only to KLKs but also to other serine protease members, thus opening up new therapeutic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Jendrny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Yao J, Guihard PJ, Blazquez-Medela AM, Guo Y, Moon JH, Jumabay M, Boström KI, Yao Y. Serine Protease Activation Essential for Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Vascular Calcification. Circ Res 2015; 117:758-69. [PMID: 26265629 PMCID: PMC4600461 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial cells have the ability to undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs), by which they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype and stem cell-like characteristics. We previously found that EndMTs occurred in the endothelium deficient in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein enabling endothelial cells to contribute cells to vascular calcification. However, the mechanism responsible for initiating EndMTs is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of specific serine proteases and sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) in the initiation of EndMTs. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used in vivo and in vitro models of vascular calcification to demonstrate that serine proteases and Sox2 are essential for the initiation of EndMTs in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein-deficient endothelium. We showed that expression of a group of specific serine proteases was highly induced in endothelial cells at sites of vascular calcification in Mgp null aortas. Treatment with serine protease inhibitors decreased both stem cell marker expression and vascular calcification. In human aortic endothelial cells, this group of serine proteases also induced EndMTs, and the activation of proteases was mediated by Sox2. Knockdown of the serine proteases or Sox2 diminished EndMTs and calcification. Endothelial-specific deletion of Sox2 decreased expression of stem cell markers and aortic calcification in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Sox2-mediated activation of specific serine proteases is essential for initiating EndMTs, and thus, may provide new therapeutic targets for treating vascular calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcinosis
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Enzyme Activation
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Elastase/genetics
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Twist-Related Protein 1/genetics
- Twist-Related Protein 1/metabolism
- Matrix Gla Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Pierre J Guihard
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Ana M Blazquez-Medela
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Yina Guo
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Jeremiah H Moon
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Medet Jumabay
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Kristina I Boström
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Yucheng Yao
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.).
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de Veer SJ, Wang CK, Harris JM, Craik DJ, Swedberg JE. Improving the Selectivity of Engineered Protease Inhibitors: Optimizing the P2 Prime Residue Using a Versatile Cyclic Peptide Library. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8257-68. [PMID: 26393374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Standard mechanism inhibitors are attractive design templates for engineering reversible serine protease inhibitors. When optimizing interactions between the inhibitor and target protease, many studies focus on the nonprimed segment of the inhibitor's binding loop (encompassing the contact β-strand). However, there are currently few methods for screening residues on the primed segment. Here, we designed a synthetic inhibitor library (based on sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1) for characterizing the P2' specificity of various serine proteases. Screening the library against 13 different proteases revealed unique P2' preferences for trypsin, chymotrypsin, matriptase, plasmin, thrombin, four kallikrein-related peptidases, and several clotting factors. Using this information to modify existing engineered inhibitors yielded new variants that showed considerably improved selectivity, reaching up to 7000-fold selectivity over certain off-target proteases. Our study demonstrates the importance of the P2' residue in standard mechanism inhibition and unveils a new approach for screening P2' substitutions that will benefit future inhibitor engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4059, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , 306 Carmody Road, Building 80, Queensland Bioscience Presinct, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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39
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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40
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Yu Y, Prassas I, Dimitromanolakis A, Diamandis EP. Novel Biological Substrates of Human Kallikrein 7 Identified through Degradomics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17762-17775. [PMID: 26032414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine proteases widely expressed in various tissues and involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Although our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of most KLKs has blossomed in recent years, identification of the direct endogenous substrates of human KLKs remains an unmet objective. In this study we employed a degradomics approach to systemically investigate the endogenous substrates of KLK7 in an effort to understand the molecular pathways underlying KLK7 action in skin. We identified several previously known as well as novel protein substrates. Our most promising candidates were further validated with the use of targeted quantitative proteomics (selected reaction monitoring methods) and in vitro recombinant protein digestion assays. Our study revealed midkine, CYR61, and tenascin-C as endogenous substrates for KLK7. Interestingly, some of these substrates (e.g. midkine) were prone to proteolytic cleavage only by KLK7 (and not by other skin-associated KLKs), whereas others (e.g. CYR61 and tenascin-C) could be digested by several KLKs. Furthermore, using melanoma cell line, we show that KLK7-mediated cleavage of midkine results in an overall reduction in the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect of midkine. An inverse relation between KLK7 and midkine is also observed in human melanoma tissues. In summary, our degradomics approach revealed three novel endogenous substrates for KLK7, which may shed more light on the pathobiological roles of KLK7 in human skin. Similar substrate screening approaches could be applied for the discovery of biological substrates of other protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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41
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Demidyuk IV, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV, Kostrov SV. Propeptides as modulators of functional activity of proteases. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:305-22. [PMID: 25962005 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteases are synthesized in the cell as precursor-containing propeptides. These structural elements can determine the folding of the cognate protein, function as an inhibitor/activator peptide, mediate enzyme sorting, and mediate the protease interaction with other molecules and supramolecular structures. The data presented in this review demonstrate modulatory activity of propeptides irrespective of the specific mechanism of action. Changes in propeptide structure, sometimes minor, can crucially alter protein function in the living organism. Modulatory activity coupled with high variation allows us to consider propeptides as specific evolutionary modules that can transform biological properties of proteases without significant changes in the highly conserved catalytic domains. As the considered properties of propeptides are not unique to proteases, propeptide-mediated evolution seems to be a universal biological mechanism.
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42
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Lisle JE, Mertens-Walker I, Stephens CR, Stansfield SH, Clements JA, Herington AC, Stephenson SA. Murine, but not human, ephrin-B2 can be efficiently cleaved by the serine protease kallikrein-4: implications for xenograft models of human prostate cancer. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:136-46. [PMID: 25724897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ephrin-B2 is the sole physiologically-relevant ligand of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4, which is over-expressed in many epithelial cancers, including 66% of prostate cancers, and contributes to cancer cell survival, invasion and migration. Crucially, however, the cancer-promoting EphB4 signalling pathways are independent of interaction with its ligand ephrin-B2, as activation of ligand-dependent signalling causes tumour suppression. Ephrin-B2, however, is often found on the surface of endothelial cells of the tumour vasculature, where it can regulate angiogenesis to support tumour growth. Proteolytic cleavage of endothelial cell ephrin-B2 has previously been suggested as one mechanism whereby the interaction between tumour cell-expressed EphB4 and endothelial cell ephrin-B2 is regulated to support both cancer promotion and angiogenesis. METHODS An in silico approach was used to search accessible surfaces of 3D protein models for cleavage sites for the key prostate cancer serine protease, KLK4, and this identified murine ephrin-B2 as a potential KLK4 substrate. Mouse ephrin-B2 was then confirmed as a KLK4 substrate by in vitro incubation of recombinant mouse ephrin-B2 with active recombinant human KLK4. Cleavage products were visualised by SDS-PAGE, silver staining and Western blot and confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. RESULTS At low molar ratios, KLK4 cleaved murine ephrin-B2 but other prostate-specific KLK family members (KLK2 and KLK3/PSA) were less efficient, suggesting cleavage was KLK4-selective. The primary KLK4 cleavage site in murine ephrin-B2 was verified and shown to correspond to one of the in silico predicted sites between extracellular domain residues arginine 178 and asparagine 179. Surprisingly, the highly homologous human ephrin-B2 was poorly cleaved by KLK4 at these low molar ratios, likely due to the 3 amino acid differences at this primary cleavage site. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in in vivo mouse xenograft models, endogenous mouse ephrin-B2, but not human tumour ephrin-B2, may be a downstream target of cancer cell secreted human KLK4. This is a critical consideration when interpreting data from murine explants of human EphB4+/KLK4+ cancer cells, such as prostate cancer cells, where differential effects may be seen in mouse models as opposed to human clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lisle
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - I Mertens-Walker
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - C R Stephens
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - S H Stansfield
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - J A Clements
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Herington
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - S-A Stephenson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and the Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia.
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43
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Prassas I, Eissa A, Poda G, Diamandis EP. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of human kallikrein-related serine proteases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:183-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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44
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Arama DP, Soualmia F, Lisowski V, Longevial JF, Bosc E, Maillard LT, Martinez J, Masurier N, El Amri C. Pyrido-imidazodiazepinones as a new class of reversible inhibitors of human kallikrein 7. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:202-13. [PMID: 25682203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein-7 (KLK7) is a chymotryptic serine protease member of tissue kallikrein family. KLK7 is involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. Excess of KLK7 activity is also associated with tumor metastasis processes, especially in ovarian carcinomas, prostatic and pancreatic cancers. Development of Kallikrein 7 inhibitors is thus of great interest in oncology but also for treating skin diseases. Most of the developed synthetic inhibitors present several drawbacks such as poor selectivity and unsuitable physico-chemical properties for in vivo use. Recently, we described a practical sequence for the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused [1,3]-diazepines. Here, we report the identification of pyrido-imidazodiazepinone core as a new potential scaffold to develop selective and competitive inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidase 7. Structure-activity relationships (SAR), inhibition mechanisms and selectivity as well as cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elodie Bosc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic T Maillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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45
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van Soom J, Cuzzucoli Crucitti G, Gladysz R, van der Veken P, Di Santo R, Stuyver I, Buck V, Lambeir AM, Magdolen V, Joossens J, Augustyns K. The first potent diphenyl phosphonate KLK4 inhibitors with unexpected binding kinetics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the first highly potent and selective small-molecule KLK4 inhibitors, showing surprising reversible binding kinetics.
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46
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Oliveira JR, Bertolin TC, Andrade D, Oliveira LCG, Kondo MY, Santos JAN, Blaber M, Juliano L, Severino B, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Juliano MA. Specificity studies on Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) and effects of osmolytes and glycosaminoglycans on its peptidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:73-83. [PMID: 25448018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
KLK7 substrate specificity was evaluated by families of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from Abz-KLFSSK-Q-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid and Q-EDDnp=glutaminyl-N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl] ethylenediamine), by one bead-one peptide FRET peptide library in PEGA resin, and by the FRET peptide libraries Abz-GXX-Z-XX-Q-EDDnp (Z and X are fixed and random natural amino acids, respectively). KLK7 hydrolyzed preferentially F, Y or M, and its S1' and S2' subsites showed selectivity for hydrophilic amino acids, particularly R and K. This set of specificities was confirmed by the efficient kininogenase activity of KLK7 on Abz-MISLM(↓)KRPPGFSPF(↓)RSSRI-NH2 ((↓)indicates cleavage), hydrolysis of somatostatin and substance P and inhibition by kallistatin. The peptide Abz-NLY(↓)RVE-Q-EDDnp is the best synthetic substrate so far described for KLK7 [kcat/Km=455 (mMs)(-1)] that was designed from the KLK7 substrate specificity analysis. It is noteworthy that the NLYRVE sequence is present in human semaphorin 6B. KLK7 is activated by GAGs, inhibited by neutral salts, and activated by high concentration of kosmotropic salt. Pyroglutamic acid inhibited KLK7 (Ki=33mM) and is present in skin moisturizing factor (124mM). The KLK7 specificity described here and elsewhere reflects its participation in patho-physiological events in skin, the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, where KLK7 is significantly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Bertolin
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Andrade
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian C G Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Y Kondo
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge A N Santos
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, Câmpus Inconfidentes, Brazil
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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47
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Mattsson JM, Ravela S, Hekim C, Jonsson M, Malm J, Närvänen A, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Proteolytic activity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) towards protein substrates and effect of peptides stimulating PSA activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107819. [PMID: 25237904 PMCID: PMC4169579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or kallikrein-related peptidase-3, KLK3) exerts chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity. The main biological function of PSA is the liquefaction of the clot formed after ejaculation by cleavage of semenogelins I and II in seminal fluid. PSA also cleaves several other substrates, which may explain its putative functions in prostate cancer and its antiangiogenic activity. We compared the proteolytic efficiency of PSA towards several protein and peptide substrates and studied the effect of peptides stimulating the activity of PSA with these substrates. An endothelial cell tube formation model was used to analyze the effect of PSA-degraded protein fragments on angiogenesis. We showed that PSA degrades semenogelins I and II much more efficiently than other previously identified protein substrates, e.g., fibronectin, galectin-3 and IGFBP-3. We identified nidogen-1 as a new substrate for PSA. Peptides B2 and C4 that stimulate the activity of PSA towards small peptide substrates also enhanced the proteolytic activity of PSA towards protein substrates. Nidogen-1, galectin-3 or their fragments produced by PSA did not have any effect on endothelial cell tube formation. Although PSA cleaves several other protein substrates, in addition to semenogelins, the physiological importance of this activity remains speculative. The PSA levels in prostate are very high, but several other highly active proteases, such as hK2 and trypsin, are also expressed in the prostate and may cleave protein substrates that are weakly cleaved by PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ravela
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Can Hekim
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Jonsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Lund University and Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ale Närvänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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48
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Bremmer SC, McNeil AJ, Soellner MB. Enzyme-triggered gelation: targeting proteases with internal cleavage sites. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1691-3. [PMID: 24394494 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A generalizable method for detecting protease activity via gelation is described. A recognition sequence is used to target the protease of interest while a second protease is used to remove the residual residues from the gelator scaffold. Using this approach, selective assays for both MMP-9 and PSA are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Bremmer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.
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49
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Fuhrman-Luck RA, Silva ML, Dong Y, Irving-Rodgers H, Stoll T, Hastie ML, Loessner D, Gorman JJ, Clements JA. Proteomic and other analyses to determine the functional consequences of deregulated kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) expression in prostate and ovarian cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:403-15. [PMID: 24535680 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly developing proteomic tools are improving detection of deregulated kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) expression, at the protein level, in prostate and ovarian cancer, as well as facilitating the determination of functional consequences downstream. MS-driven proteomics uniquely allows for the detection, identification, and quantification of thousands of proteins in a complex protein pool, and this has served to identify certain KLKs as biomarkers for these diseases. In this review, we describe applications of this technology in KLK biomarker discovery and elucidate MS-based techniques that have been used for unbiased, global screening of KLK substrates within complex protein pools. Although MS-based KLK degradomic studies are limited to date, they helped to discover an array of novel KLK substrates. Substrates identified by MS-based degradomics are reported with improved confidence over those determined by incubating a purified or recombinant substrate and protease of interest, in vitro. We propose that these novel proteomic approaches represent the way forward for KLK research, in order to correlate proteolysis of biological substrates with tissue-related consequences, toward clinical targeting of KLK expression and function for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Anna Fuhrman-Luck
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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50
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Analysis of prostate-specific antigen transcripts in chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, baboons, and African green monkeys. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94522. [PMID: 24732672 PMCID: PMC3986117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is to liquefy the semen coagulum so that the released sperm can fuse with the ovum. Fifteen spliced variants of the PSA gene have been reported in humans, but little is known about alternative splicing in nonhuman primates. Positive selection has been reported in sex- and reproductive-related genes from sea urchins to Drosophila to humans; however, there are few studies of adaptive evolution of the PSA gene. Here, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product cloning and sequencing, we study PSA transcript variant heterogeneity in the prostates of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis), and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Six PSA variants were identified in the chimpanzee prostate, but only two variants were found in cynomolgus monkeys, baboons, and African green monkeys. In the chimpanzee the full-length transcript is expressed at the same magnitude as the transcripts that retain intron 3. We have found previously unidentified splice variants of the PSA gene, some of which might be linked to disease conditions. Selection on the PSA gene was studied in 11 primate species by computational methods using the sequences reported here for African green monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon, and chimpanzee and other sequences available in public databases. A codon-based analysis (dN/dS) of the PSA gene identified potential adaptive evolution at five residue sites (Arg45, Lys70, Gln144, Pro189, and Thr203).
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