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Jouabadi SM, Ataabadi EA, Golshiri K, Bos D, Stricker BHC, Danser AHJ, Mattace-Raso F, Roks AJM. Clinical Impact and Mechanisms of Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Aging: The New Kid to Be Blocked. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1839-1858. [PMID: 37495207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease and stroke remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. During aging, protective mechanisms in the body gradually deteriorate, resulting in functional, structural, and morphologic changes that affect the vascular system. Because atherosclerotic plaques are not always present along with these alterations, we refer to this kind of vascular aging as nonatherosclerotic vascular aging (NAVA). To maintain proper vascular function during NAVA, it is important to preserve intracellular signalling, prevent inflammation, and block the development of senescent cells. Pharmacologic interventions targeting these components are potential therapeutic approaches for NAVA, with a particular emphasis on inflammation and senescence. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of vascular aging and explores potential pharmacotherapies that can improve the function of aged vasculature, focusing on NAVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mohammadi Jouabadi
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Ataei Ataabadi
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keivan Golshiri
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H C Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Mattace-Raso
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia, Clozapine Resistance, Genetic Associations, and Implications for Precision Psychiatry: A Scoping Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030689. [PMID: 36980961 PMCID: PMC10048540 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is often associated with severe burden of disease, poor quality of life and functional impairment. Clozapine is the gold standard for the treatment of TRS, although it is also known to cause significant side effects in some patients. In view of the burgeoning interest in the role of genetic factors in precision psychiatry, we conducted a scoping review to narratively summarize the current genetic factors associated with TRS, clozapine resistance and side effects to clozapine treatment. We searched PubMed from inception to December 2022 and included 104 relevant studies in this review. Extant evidence comprised associations between TRS and clozapine resistance with genetic factors related to mainly dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems, specifically, TRS and rs4680, rs4818 within COMT, and rs1799978 within DRD2; clozapine resistance and DRD3 polymorphisms, CYP1A2 polymorphisms; weight gain with LEP and SNAP-25 genes; and agranulocytosis risk with HLA-related polymorphisms. Future studies, including replication in larger multi-site samples, are still needed to elucidate putative risk genes and the interactions between different genes and their correlations with relevant clinical factors such as psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, cognition and progressive changes with treatment over time in TRS and clozapine resistance.
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3
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Zhang J, Pan L, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Wang W, Lin N, Zhang S, Wu Q. MFN2 deficiency affects calcium homeostasis in lung adenocarcinoma cells via downregulation of UCP4. FEBS Open Bio 2023. [PMID: 36877954 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a transmembrane GTPase that regulates mitochondrial fusion and thereby modulates mitochondrial function. However, the role of MFN2 in lung adenocarcinoma remains controversial. Here, we investigated the effect of MFN2 regulation on mitochondria in lung adenocarcinoma. We found that MFN2 deficiency resulted in decreased UCP4 expression and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 and H1975 cells. UCP4 overexpression restored ATP and intracellular calcium concentration, but not mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial membrane potential or reactive oxygen species level. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis identified 460 overlapping proteins after independent overexpression of MFN2 and UCP4; these proteins were significantly enriched in the cytoskeleton, energy production, and calponin homology (CH) domains. Moreover, the calcium signaling pathway was confirmed to be enriched in KEGG pathway analysis. We also found by protein-protein interaction network analysis that PINK1 may be a key regulator of MFN2- and UCP4-mediated calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, PINK1 increased MFN2/UCP4-mediated intracellular Ca2+ concentration in A549 and H1975 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that low expression levels of MFN2 and UCP4 in lung adenocarcinoma are associated with poor clinical prognosis. In conclusion, our data suggest not only a potential role of MFN2 and UCP4 in co-regulating calcium homeostasis in lung adenocarcinoma but also their potential use as therapeutic targets in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Pan
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Business Technicians Institute, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
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4
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Unveiling the Role of the Proton Gateway, Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs), in Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051407. [PMID: 36900198 PMCID: PMC10000250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are identified as carriers of proton ions between the mitochondrial inner membrane and the mitochondrial matrix. ATP is mainly generated through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The proton gradient is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial matrix, which facilitates a smooth transfer of electrons across ETC complexes. Until now, it was thought that the role of UCPs was to break the electron transport chain and thereby inhibit the synthesis of ATP. UCPs allow protons to pass from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix and decrease the proton gradient across the membrane, which results in decreased ATP synthesis and increased production of heat by mitochondria. In recent years, the role of UCPs in other physiological processes has been deciphered. In this review, we first highlighted the different types of UCPs and their precise location across the body. Second, we summarized the role of UCPs in different diseases, mainly metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular complications, cancer, wasting syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney complications. Based on our findings, we conclude that UCPs play a major role in maintaining energy homeostasis, mitochondrial functions, ROS production, and apoptosis. Finally, our findings reveal that mitochondrial uncoupling by UCPs may treat many diseases, and extensive clinical studies are required to meet the unmet need of certain diseases.
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5
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Ou M, Dong W, Liu C, Liao M, Zhuang X, Huang L, Liu Y, Liang Q, Wang W. miR-144 and DJ-1/NF-κB regulates UCP4 maintain mitochondrial homeostasis in Penaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1061-1069. [PMID: 35840051 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UCP4, as an uncoupling protein in mitochondrial intima, is closely related to the resistance to oxidative stress and the function of mitochondria. However, whether and how its antioxidant capacity also works in crustaceans has not been reported in detail. This study showed that the expression of PvUCP4 was negatively correlated with the expression of pva-miR-144. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, and apoptosis was significantly increased, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was seriously depolarized, Edema, vacuolation, and ambiguity of cristae and membrane were observed clearly in mitochondria after the knockdown of PvUCP4 induced by V. alginolyticus. The sharp drop in THC and severe damage in the hepatopancreas were all due to the knockout of PvUCP4 under the stress of V. alginolyticus. The co-transfection of pva-miR-144 and PvUCP4 could partially recover MMP compared with the abnormal expression of pva-miR-144. Similarly, co-transfection of pva-miR-144 and PvUCP4 could partially eliminate apoptosis compared with the abnormal expression of pva-miR-144. In addition, PvUCP4 3'-UTR has a pva-miR-144 predicted binding site in 1417-1428, which also was confirmed by the dual luciferase reporter assay. By the way, the results of ROS, MMP, and apoptosis showed that PvDJ-1 regulated the expression of PvUCP4 through PvNF-κB. Altogether, these results indicated that PvUCP4 has the antioxidant function of resisting oxidation reaction and weakening oxidative damage, to protect the normal operation of mitochondrial function and maintaining the cell homeostasis in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuFei Ou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - WenNa Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Can Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - MeiQiu Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - XueQi Zhuang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Lin Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - QingJian Liang
- School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
| | - WeiNa Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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6
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Kumar R, T A, Singothu S, Singh SB, Bhandari V. Uncoupling proteins as a therapeutic target for the development of new era drugs against neurodegenerative disorder. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Role of Bioactive Compounds in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Brain and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020257. [PMID: 35053373 PMCID: PMC8773907 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that participate in a wide range of metabolic processes, including energy production and biomolecule synthesis. The morphology and distribution of intracellular mitochondria change dynamically, reflecting a cell’s metabolic activity. Oxidative stress is defined as a mismatch between the body’s ability to neutralise and eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). A determination of mitochondria failure in increasing oxidative stress, as well as its implications in neurodegenerative illnesses and apoptosis, is a significant developmental process of focus in this review. The neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds linked to neuronal regulation, as well as related neuronal development abnormalities, will be investigated. In conclusion, the study of secondary components and the use of mitochondrial features in the analysis of various neurodevelopmental diseases has enabled the development of a new class of mitochondrial-targeted pharmaceuticals capable of alleviating neurodegenerative disease states and enabling longevity and healthy ageing for the vast majority of people.
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8
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Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs) as Key Modulators of ROS Homeostasis: A Crosstalk between Diabesity and Male Infertility? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111746. [PMID: 34829617 PMCID: PMC8614977 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are transmembrane proteins members of the mitochondrial anion transporter family present in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Currently, six homologs have been identified (UCP1-6) in mammals, with ubiquitous tissue distribution and multiple physiological functions. UCPs are regulators of key events for cellular bioenergetic metabolism, such as membrane potential, metabolic efficiency, and energy dissipation also functioning as pivotal modulators of ROS production and general cellular redox state. UCPs can act as proton channels, leading to proton re-entry the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space and thus collapsing the proton gradient and decreasing the membrane potential. Each homolog exhibits its specific functions, from thermogenesis to regulation of ROS production. The expression and function of UCPs are intimately linked to diabesity, with their dysregulation/dysfunction not only associated to diabesity onset, but also by exacerbating oxidative stress-related damage. Male infertility is one of the most overlooked diabesity-related comorbidities, where high oxidative stress takes a major role. In this review, we discuss in detail the expression and function of the different UCP homologs. In addition, the role of UCPs as key regulators of ROS production and redox homeostasis, as well as their influence on the pathophysiology of diabesity and potential role on diabesity-induced male infertility is debated.
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9
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Ngai TW, Elfar GA, Yeo P, Phua N, Hor JH, Chen S, Ho YS, Cheok CF. Nitro-Deficient Niclosamide Confers Reduced Genotoxicity and Retains Mitochondrial Uncoupling Activity for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10420. [PMID: 34638761 PMCID: PMC8508655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide is an oral anthelmintic drug, approved for use against tapeworm infections. Recent studies suggest however that niclosamide may have broader clinical applications in cancers, spurring increased interest in the functions and mechanisms of niclosamide. Previously, we reported that niclosamide targets a metabolic vulnerability in p53-deficient tumours, providing a basis for patient stratification and personalised treatment strategies. In the present study, we functionally characterised the contribution of the aniline 4'-NO2 group on niclosamide to its cellular activities. We demonstrated that niclosamide induces genome-wide DNA damage that is mechanistically uncoupled from its antitumour effects mediated through mitochondrial uncoupling. Elimination of the nitro group in ND-Nic analogue significantly reduced γH2AX signals and DNA breaks while preserving its antitumour mechanism mediated through a calcium signalling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism. Lipidomics profiling further revealed that ND-Nic-treated cells retained a metabolite profile characteristic of niclosamide-treated cells. Notably, quantitative scoring of drug sensitivity suggests that elimination of its nitro group enhanced the target selectivity of niclosamide against p53 deficiency. Importantly, the results also raise concern that niclosamide may impose a pleiotropic genotoxic effect, which limits its clinical efficacy and warrants further investigation into alternative drug analogues that may ameliorate any potential unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Wai Ngai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Gamal Ahmed Elfar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Pearlyn Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Phua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Analytical Science and Technology (Metabolomics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore; (S.C.); (Y.S.H.)
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Analytical Science and Technology (Metabolomics), Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore; (S.C.); (Y.S.H.)
| | - Chit Fang Cheok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (T.W.N.); (G.A.E.); (P.Y.); (N.P.); (J.H.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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10
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Therapeutic effects of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1100-1112. [PMID: 32963731 PMCID: PMC7491497 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45269.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen bushy shrub which grows along the Mediterranean Sea, and sub-Himalayan areas. In folk medicine, it has been used as an antispasmodic, mild analgesic, to cure intercostal neuralgia, headaches, migraine, insomnia emotional upset, and depression. Different investigations have highlighted rosemary neuropharmacological properties as their main topics. Rosemary has significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumorigenic, antinociceptive, and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, it shows important clinical effects on mood, learning, memory, pain, anxiety, and sleep. The aim of the current work is to review the potential neuropharmacological effects of different rosemary extracts and its active constituents on nervous system disorders, their relevant mechanisms and its preclinical application to recall the therapeutic potential of this herb and more directions of future research projects. The data were gathered by searching the English articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords used as search terms were 'Rosmarinus officinalis', 'rosemary', 'nervous system', 'depression', 'memory', 'Alzheimer's disease' 'epilepsy', 'addiction', 'neuropathic pain', and 'disorders'. All kinds of related articles, abstracts and books were included. No time limitation was considered. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were subjected to this investigation. This review authenticates that rosemary has appeared as a worthy source for curing inflammation, analgesic, anti-anxiety, and memory boosting. It also arranges new perception for further investigations on isolated constituents, especially carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, and essential oil to find exquisite therapeutics and support drug discovery with fewer side effects to help people suffering from nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Early Onset of Sex-Dependent Mitochondrial Deficits in the Cortex of 3xTg Alzheimer's Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061541. [PMID: 32599904 PMCID: PMC7349170 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major public health concern worldwide. Advanced age and female sex are two of the most prominent risk factors for AD. AD is characterized by progressive neuronal loss, especially in the cortex and hippocampus, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed to be an early event in the onset and progression of the disease. Our results showed early perturbations in mitochondrial function in 3xTg mouse brain, with the cortex being more susceptible to mitochondrial changes than the hippocampus. In the cortex of 3xTg females, decreased coupled and uncoupled respiration were evident early (at 2 months of age), while in males it appeared later at 6 months of age. We observed increased coupled respiration in the hippocampus of 2-month-old 3xTg females, but no changes were detected later in life. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics were indicated by decreased mitofusin (Mfn2) and increased dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) (only in females) in the hippocampus and cortex of 3xTg mice. Our findings highlight the importance of controlling and accounting for sex, brain region, and age in studies examining brain bioenergetics using this common AD model in order to more accurately evaluate potential therapies and improve the sex-specific translatability of preclinical findings.
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12
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Cunningham CN, Rutter J. 20,000 picometers under the OMM: diving into the vastness of mitochondrial metabolite transport. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50071. [PMID: 32329174 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic compartmentalization enabled by mitochondria is key feature of many cellular processes such as energy conversion to ATP production, redox balance, and the biosynthesis of heme, urea, nucleotides, lipids, and others. For a majority of these functions, metabolites need to be transported across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane by dedicated carrier proteins. Here, we examine the substrates, structural features, and human health implications of four mitochondrial metabolite carrier families: the SLC25A family, the mitochondrial ABCB transporters, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), and the sideroflexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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13
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Montesanto A, Crocco P, Dato S, Geracitano S, Frangipane F, Colao R, Maletta R, Passarino G, Bruni AC, Rose G. Uncoupling protein 4 ( UCP4) gene variability in neurodegenerative disorders: further evidence of association in Frontotemporal dementia. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3283-3293. [PMID: 30425186 PMCID: PMC6286830 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing research suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is a common hallmark in neurodegenerative diseases, pointing to mitochondrial uncoupling process as a critical player. We recently reported that rs9472817-C/G, an intronic variant of neuronal mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4/SLC25A27) gene affects the risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), and that the variant's effect is strongly dependent on APOE-ε4 status. Here, we extended our analysis to a cohort of 751 subjects including late-onset familial and sporadic cases of frontotemporal dementia (FTD; 213), Parkinson disease (PD;96), and 442 healthy controls. In all subgroups, carriers of APOE-ε4 allele were at higher risk of disease. Regarding the rs9472817, no association was detected in familial FTD and both subgroups of PD patients. In sporadic FTD, as in LOAD, we found that the C allele increased the risk of disease of about 1.51-fold in a dose-dependent manner (p=0.013) independently from that conferred by APOE-ε4. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data of different brain regions suggest that rs9472817 likely exerts its effect by a cis-regulatory mechanism involving modulation of UCP4. If validated, the involvement of UCP4 in both FTD and LOAD might indicate interesting shared etiological factors which might give future therapeutic clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Paolina Crocco
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Serena Dato
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Silvana Geracitano
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP CZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP CZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rose
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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14
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Klaus S, Ost M. Mitochondrial uncoupling and longevity - A role for mitokines? Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110796. [PMID: 31786315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been viewed both as a random process due to accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time and as a programmed process linked to cellular pathway important for growth and maturation. These views converge on mitochondria as both the major producer of damaging reactive oxidant species (ROS) and as signaling organelles. A finite proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a slight uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and according to the "uncoupling to survive" hypothesis it has evolved to protect against ROS production to minimize oxidative damage. This hypothesis is supported by evidence linking an increased endogenous, uncoupling protein (UCP1) mediated, as well as experimentally induced mitochondrial uncoupling to an increased lifespan in rodents. This is possibly due to the synergistic activation of molecular pathways linked to life extending effects of caloric restriction as well as a mitohormetic response. Mitohormesis is an adaptive stress response through mitonuclear signaling which increases stress resistance resulting in health promoting effects. Part of this response is the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), two stress-induced mitokines which elicit beneficial systemic metabolic effects via endocrine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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15
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Kishimoto Y, Johnson J, Fang W, Halpern J, Marosi K, Liu D, Geisler JG, Mattson MP. A mitochondrial uncoupler prodrug protects dopaminergic neurons and improves functional outcome in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 85:123-130. [PMID: 31718928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra is responsible for the motor symptoms that are the clinical hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). As of yet there are no treatments that slow or prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD patients. Here we tested the hypothesis that dopaminergic neurons can be protected by treatment with the mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and the novel DNP prodrug MP201. We found that mice treated with low doses of DNP and MP201 were protected against motor dysfunction and dopamine neuron loss in the 6-hydroxydopamine PD model, with MP201 being more efficacious than DNP. Amelioration of motor deficits and dopamine neuron loss by MP201 treatment was associated with reductions in microglial and astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. These preclinical findings suggest the potential application of mitochondrial uncoupling agents such as MP201 as disease-modifying therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Fang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Halpern
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Zhao RZ, Jiang S, Zhang L, Yu ZB. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review). Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:3-15. [PMID: 31115493 PMCID: PMC6559295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I-IV, as well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron transport pathways in the ETC: Complex I/III/IV, with NADH as the substrate and complex II/III/IV, with succinic acid as the substrate. The electron flow is coupled with the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane and the energy accumulated in the proton gradient is used by complex V (ATP synthase) to produce ATP. The first part of this review briefly introduces the structure and function of complexes I-IV and ATP synthase, including the specific electron transfer process in each complex. Some electrons are directly transferred to O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ETC. The second part of this review discusses the sites of ROS generation in each ETC complex, including sites IF and IQ in complex I, site IIF in complex II and site IIIQo in complex III, and the physiological and pathological regulation of ROS. As signaling molecules, ROS play an important role in cell proliferation, hypoxia adaptation and cell fate determination, but excessive ROS can cause irreversible cell damage and even cell death. The occurrence and development of a number of diseases are closely related to ROS overproduction. Finally, proton leak and uncoupling proteins (UCPS) are discussed. Proton leak consists of basal proton leak and induced proton leak. Induced proton leak is precisely regulated and induced by UCPs. A total of five UCPs (UCP1-5) have been identified in mammalian cells. UCP1 mainly plays a role in the maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment through non-shivering thermogenesis. The core role of UCP2-5 is to reduce oxidative stress under certain conditions, therefore exerting cytoprotective effects. All diseases involving oxidative stress are associated with UCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Zhou Zhao
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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17
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Rothan HA, Akram S. An Overview on the Role of Oligodendrocytes and Mitochondria in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241803011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Ježek P, Holendová B, Garlid KD, Jabůrek M. Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins: Subtle Regulators of Cellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:667-714. [PMID: 29351723 PMCID: PMC6071544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are the energetic, metabolic, redox, and information signaling centers of the cell. Substrate pressure, mitochondrial network dynamics, and cristae morphology state are integrated by the protonmotive force Δp or its potential component, ΔΨ, which are attenuated by proton backflux into the matrix, termed uncoupling. The mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP1-5) play an eminent role in the regulation of each of the mentioned aspects, being involved in numerous physiological events including redox signaling. Recent Advances: UCP2 structure, including purine nucleotide and fatty acid (FA) binding sites, strongly support the FA cycling mechanism: UCP2 expels FA anions, whereas uncoupling is achieved by the membrane backflux of protonated FA. Nascent FAs, cleaved by phospholipases, are preferential. The resulting Δp dissipation decreases superoxide formation dependent on Δp. UCP-mediated antioxidant protection and its impairment are expected to play a major role in cell physiology and pathology. Moreover, UCP2-mediated aspartate, oxaloacetate, and malate antiport with phosphate is expected to alter metabolism of cancer cells. CRITICAL ISSUES A wide range of UCP antioxidant effects and participations in redox signaling have been reported; however, mechanisms of UCP activation are still debated. Switching off/on the UCP2 protonophoretic function might serve as redox signaling either by employing/releasing the extra capacity of cell antioxidant systems or by directly increasing/decreasing mitochondrial superoxide sources. Rapid UCP2 degradation, FA levels, elevation of purine nucleotides, decreased Mg2+, or increased pyruvate accumulation may initiate UCP-mediated redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Issues such as UCP2 participation in glucose sensing, neuronal (synaptic) function, and immune cell activation should be elucidated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 667-714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Keith D Garlid
- 2 UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- 1 Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Preston G, Kirdar F, Kozicz T. The role of suboptimal mitochondrial function in vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:585-596. [PMID: 29594645 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder remains the most significant psychiatric condition associated with exposure to a traumatic event, though rates of traumatic event exposure far outstrip incidence of PTSD. Mitochondrial dysfunction and suboptimal mitochondrial function have been increasingly implicated in several psychopathologies, and recent genetic studies have similarly suggested a pathogenic role of mitochondria in PTSD. Mitochondria play a central role in several physiologic processes underlying PTSD symptomatology, including abnormal fear learning, brain network activation, synaptic plasticity, steroidogenesis, and inflammation. Here we outline several potential mechanisms by which inherited (genetic) or acquired (environmental) mitochondrial dysfunction or suboptimal mitochondrial function, may contribute to PTSD symptomatology and increase susceptibility to PTSD. The proposed pathogenic role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PTSD has important implications for prevention and therapy, as antidepressants commonly prescribed for patients with PTSD have been shown to inhibit mitochondrial function, while alternative therapies shown to improve mitochondrial function may prove more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Preston
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Faisal Kirdar
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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20
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Xu S, Yang X, Qian Y, Xiao Q. Parkinson's disease-related DJ-1 modulates the expression of uncoupling protein 4 against oxidative stress. J Neurochem 2018; 145:312-322. [PMID: 29315581 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Xu
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yiwei Qian
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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21
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Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Mechanisms of Endogenous Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocytes in Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6501031. [PMID: 29805731 PMCID: PMC5901819 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6501031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, once believed to serve only as "glue" for the structural support of neurons, have been demonstrated to serve critical functions for the maintenance and protection of neurons, especially under conditions of acute or chronic injury. There are at least seven distinct mechanisms by which astrocytes protect neurons from damage; these are (1) protection against glutamate toxicity, (2) protection against redox stress, (3) mediation of mitochondrial repair mechanisms, (4) protection against glucose-induced metabolic stress, (5) protection against iron toxicity, (6) modulation of the immune response in the brain, and (7) maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the presence of DNA damage. Astrocytes support these critical functions through specialized responses to stress or toxic conditions. The detoxifying activities of astrocytes are essential for maintenance of the microenvironment surrounding neurons and in whole tissue homeostasis. Improved understanding of the mechanisms by which astrocytes protect the brain could lead to the development of novel targets for the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Bylicky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gregory P. Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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22
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Naderali E, Nikbakht F, Ofogh SN, Rasoolijazi H. The role of rosemary extract in degeneration of hippocampal neurons induced by kainic acid in the rat: A behavioral and histochemical approach. J Integr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jin-170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naderali
- Anatomy Department, Medical school, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Nikbakht
- Physiology Department, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Norouzi Ofogh
- Neuroscience Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Rasoolijazi
- Anatomy Department, Medical school, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Rozzi SJ, Avdoshina V, Fields JA, Mocchetti I. Human immunodeficiency virus Tat impairs mitochondrial fission in neurons. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531805 PMCID: PMC5841280 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system promotes neuronal injury that culminates in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Viral proteins, including transactivator of transcription (Tat), have emerged as leading candidates to explain HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Tat transgenic mice or neurons exposed to Tat, which show neuronal loss, exhibit smaller mitochondria as compared to controls. To provide an experimental clue as to which mechanisms are used by Tat to promote changes in mitochondrial morphology, rat cortical neurons were exposed to Tat (100 nM) for various time points. Within 30 min, Tat caused a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, a process that is regulated by fusion and fission. To further assess whether Tat changes these processes, fission and fusion proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), respectively, were measured. We found that Drp1 levels increased beginning at 2 h after Tat exposure while Mfn2 remained unchanged. Moreover, increased levels of an active form of Drp1 were found to be present following Tat exposure. Furthermore, Drp1 and calcineurin inhibitors prevented Tat-mediated effects on mitochondria size. These findings indicate that mitochondrial fission is likely the leading factor in Tat-mediated alterations to mitochondrial morphology. This disruption in mitochondria homeostasis may contribute to the instability of the organelle and ultimately neuronal cell death following Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer J Rozzi
- 1Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA.,2Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- 2Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Jerel A Fields
- 3Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- 1Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA.,2Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
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24
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The Stress-Induced Transcription Factor NR4A1 Adjusts Mitochondrial Function and Synapse Number in Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1335-1350. [PMID: 29295823 PMCID: PMC5815341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2793-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The energetic costs of behavioral chronic stress are unlikely to be sustainable without neuronal plasticity. Mitochondria have the capacity to handle synaptic activity up to a limit before energetic depletion occurs. Protective mechanisms driven by the induction of neuronal genes likely evolved to buffer the consequences of chronic stress on excitatory neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC), as this circuitry is vulnerable to excitotoxic insults. Little is known about the genes involved in mitochondrial adaptation to the buildup of chronic stress. Using combinations of genetic manipulations and stress for analyzing structural, transcriptional, mitochondrial, and behavioral outcomes, we characterized NR4A1 as a stress-inducible modifier of mitochondrial energetic competence and dendritic spine number in PFC. NR4A1 acted as a transcription factor for changing the expression of target genes previously involved in mitochondrial uncoupling, AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and synaptic growth. Maintenance of NR4A1 activity by chronic stress played a critical role in the regressive synaptic organization in PFC of mouse models of stress (male only). Knockdown, dominant-negative approach, and knockout of Nr4a1 in mice and rats (male only) protected pyramidal neurons against the adverse effects of chronic stress. In human PFC tissues of men and women, high levels of the transcriptionally active NR4A1 correlated with measures of synaptic loss and cognitive impairment. In the context of chronic stress, prolonged expression and activity of NR4A1 may lead to responses of mitochondria and synaptic connectivity that do not match environmental demand, resulting in circuit malfunction between PFC and other brain regions, constituting a pathological feature across disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The bioenergetic cost of chronic stress is too high to be sustainable by pyramidal prefrontal neurons. Cellular checkpoints have evolved to adjust the responses of mitochondria and synapses to the buildup of chronic stress. NR4A1 plays such a role by controlling the energetic competence of mitochondria with respect to synapse number. As an immediate-early gene, Nr4a1 promotes neuronal plasticity, but sustained expression or activity can be detrimental. NR4A1 expression and activity is sustained by chronic stress in animal models and in human studies of neuropathologies sensitive to the buildup of chronic stress. Therefore, antagonism of NR4A1 is a promising avenue for preventing the regressive synaptic reorganization in cortical systems in the context of chronic stress.
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25
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Phillipson OT. Alpha-synuclein, epigenetics, mitochondria, metabolism, calcium traffic, & circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. An integrated strategy for management. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:149-167. [PMID: 28986235 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The motor deficits which characterise the sporadic form of Parkinson's disease arise from age-related loss of a subset of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Although motor symptoms respond to dopamine replacement therapies, the underlying disease process remains. This review details some features of the progressive molecular pathology and proposes deployment of a combination of nutrients: R-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, ubiquinol, melatonin (or receptor agonists) and vitamin D3, with the collective potential to slow progression of these features. The main nutrient targets include impaired mitochondria and the associated oxidative/nitrosative stress, calcium stress and impaired gene transcription induced by pathogenic forms of alpha- synuclein. Benefits may be achieved via nutrient influence on epigenetic signaling pathways governing transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defences and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, via regulation of the metabolic energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. Nutrients also benefit expression of the transcription factor for neuronal survival (NR4A2), trophic factors GDNF and BDNF, and age-related calcium signals. In addition a number of non-motor related dysfunctions in circadian control, clock genes and associated metabolic, endocrine and sleep-wake activity are briefly addressed, as are late-stage complications in respect of cognitive decline and osteoporosis. Analysis of the network of nutrient effects reveals how beneficial synergies may counter the accumulation and promote clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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26
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Rebuffet E, Frick A, Järvå M, Törnroth-Horsefield S. Cell-free production and characterisation of human uncoupling protein 1-3. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:276-281. [PMID: 28955755 PMCID: PMC5614671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) leak protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling the proton gradient from ATP synthesis. The main known physiological role for this is heat generation by UCP1 in brown adipose tissue. However, UCPs are also believed to be important for protection against reactive oxygen species, fine-tuning of metabolism and have been suggested to be involved in disease states such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. Structural studies of UCPs have long been hampered by difficulties in sample preparation with neither expression in yeast nor refolding from inclusion bodies in E. coli yielding sufficient amounts of pure and stable protein. In this study, we have developed a protocol for cell-free expression of human UCP1, 2 and 3, resulting in 1 mg pure protein per 20 mL of expression media. Lauric acid, a natural UCP ligand, significantly improved protein thermal stability and was therefore added during purification. Secondary structure characterisation using circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed the proteins to consist of mostly α-helices, as expected. All three UCPs were able to bind GDP, a well-known physiological inhibitor, as shown by the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technique, suggesting that the proteins are in a natively folded state. A protocol for cell-free expression of human uncoupling protein 1–3 is described. Addition of native membrane components increased expression levels. Addition of lauric acid increased protein stability in solution. CD spectroscopy confirms alpha-helical secondary structure as expected. All proteins binds GDP as demonstrated by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Rebuffet
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Frick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Järvå
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Törnroth-Horsefield
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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27
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Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Chowdhury SR, Snow WM, Perez C, Wong TP, Fernyhough P, Albensi BC. Brain region- and sex-specific alterations in mitochondrial function and NF-κB signaling in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 361:81-92. [PMID: 28802916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common late onset neurodegenerative disorder with indications that women are disproportionately affected. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been one of the most discussed hypotheses associated with the early onset and progression of AD, and it has been attributed to intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ). It was suggested that one of the possible mediators for Aβ-impaired mitochondrial function is the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. NF-κB plays important roles in brain inflammation and antioxidant defense, as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial function, and studies have confirmed altered NF-κB signaling in AD brain. In this study, we looked for sex-based differences in impaired bioenergetic processes and NF-κB signaling in the AD-like brain using transgenic (Tg) CRND8 mice that express excessive brain Aβ, but without tau pathology. Our results show that mitochondrial dysfunction is not uniform in affected brain regions. We observed increased basal and coupled respiration in the hippocampus of TgCRND8 females only, along with a decreased Complex II-dependent respiratory activity. Cortical mitochondria from TgCRND8 mice have reduced uncoupled respiration capacity, regardless of sex. The pattern of changes in NF-κB signaling was the same in both brain structures, but was sex specific. Whereas in females there was an increase in all three subunits of NF-κB, in males we observed increase in p65 and p105, but no changes in p50 levels. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial function and inflammatory signaling in the AD-like brain is region- and sex-specific, which is an important consideration for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Wanda M Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Claudia Perez
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Mitochondria and mitochondria-induced signalling molecules as longevity determinants. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 165:115-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Geisler JG, Marosi K, Halpern J, Mattson MP. DNP, mitochondrial uncoupling, and neuroprotection: A little dab'll do ya. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:582-591. [PMID: 27599210 PMCID: PMC5337177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have elucidated roles for mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in neuronal plasticity and resistance to metabolic and oxidative stress. UCPs are induced by bioenergetic challenges such as caloric restriction and exercise and may protect neurons against dysfunction and degeneration. The pharmacological uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), which was once prescribed to >100,000 people as a treatment for obesity, stimulates several adaptive cellular stress-response signaling pathways in neurons including those involving the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and autophagy. Preclinical data show that low doses of DNP can protect neurons and improve functional outcome in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, and cerebral ischemic stroke. Repurposing of DNP and the development of novel uncoupling agents with hormetic mechanisms of action provide opportunities for new breakthrough therapeutic interventions in a range of acute and chronic insidious neurodegenerative/neuromuscular conditions, all paradoxically at body weight-preserving doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Halpern
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Raefsky SM, Mattson MP. Adaptive responses of neuronal mitochondria to bioenergetic challenges: Roles in neuroplasticity and disease resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:203-216. [PMID: 27908782 PMCID: PMC5209274 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An important concept in neurobiology is "neurons that fire together, wire together" which means that the formation and maintenance of synapses is promoted by activation of those synapses. Very similar to the effects of the stress of exercise on muscle cells, emerging findings suggest that neurons respond to activity by activating signaling pathways (e.g., Ca2+, CREB, PGC-1α, NF-κB) that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular stress resistance. These pathways are also activated by aerobic exercise and food deprivation, two bioenergetic challenges of fundamental importance in the evolution of the brains of all mammals, including humans. The metabolic 'switch' in fuel source from liver glycogen store-derived glucose to adipose cell-derived fatty acids and their ketone metabolites during fasting and sustained exercise, appears to be a pivotal trigger of both brain-intrinsic and peripheral organ-derived signals that enhance learning and memory and underlying synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain-intrinsic extracellular signals include the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the neurotrophic factor BDNF, and peripheral signals may include the liver-derived ketone 3-hydroxybutyrate and the muscle cell-derived protein irisin. Emerging findings suggest that fasting, exercise and an intellectually challenging lifestyle can protect neurons against the dysfunction and degeneration that they would otherwise suffer in acute brain injuries (stroke and head trauma) and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Among the prominent intracellular responses of neurons to these bioenergetic challenges are up-regulation of antioxidant defenses, autophagy/mitophagy and DNA repair. A better understanding of such fundamental hormesis-based adaptive neuronal response mechanisms is expected to result in the development and implementation of novel interventions to promote optimal brain function and healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Raefsky
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Cell Death and Heart Failure in Obesity: Role of Uncoupling Proteins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9340654. [PMID: 27642497 PMCID: PMC5011521 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9340654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes are often characterized by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in mitochondrial respiratory complexes, associated with fat accumulation in cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle, and hepatocytes. Several rodents studies showed that lipid accumulation in cardiac myocytes produces lipotoxicity that causes apoptosis and leads to heart failure, a dynamic pathological process. Meanwhile, several tissues including cardiac tissue develop an adaptive mechanism against oxidative stress and lipotoxicity by overexpressing uncoupling proteins (UCPs), specific mitochondrial membrane proteins. In heart from rodent and human with obesity, UCP2 and UCP3 may protect cardiomyocytes from death and from a state progressing to heart failure by downregulating programmed cell death. UCP activation may affect cytochrome c and proapoptotic protein release from mitochondria by reducing ROS generation and apoptotic cell death. Therefore the aim of this review is to discuss recent findings regarding the role that UCPs play in cardiomyocyte survival by protecting against ROS generation and maintaining bioenergetic metabolism homeostasis to promote heart protection.
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32
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Uncoupling proteins of invertebrates: A review. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:691-9. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Stroke is the second foremost cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability. Due to changes in lifestyle and an aging population, the incidence of stroke continues to increase and stroke mortality predicted to exceed 12 % by the year 2030. However, the development of pharmacological treatments for stroke has failed to progress much in over 20 years since the introduction of the thrombolytic drug, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. These alarming circumstances caused many research groups to search for alternative treatments in the form of neuroprotectants. Here, we consider the potential use of phytochemicals in the treatment of stroke. Their historical use in traditional medicine and their excellent safety profile make phytochemicals attractive for the development of therapeutics in human diseases. Emerging findings suggest that some phytochemicals have the ability to target multiple pathophysiological processes involved in stroke including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of plant sources rich in phytochemicals may reduce stroke risk, and so reinforce the possibility of developing preventative or neuroprotectant therapies for stroke. In this review, we describe results of preclinical studies that demonstrate beneficial effects of phytochemicals in experimental models relevant to stroke pathogenesis, and we consider their possible mechanisms of action.
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34
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Montesanto A, Crocco P, Anfossi M, Smirne N, Puccio G, Colao R, Maletta R, Passarino G, Bruni AC, Rose G. The Genetic Variability of UCP4 Affects the Individual Susceptibility to Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Modifies the Disease’s Risk in APOE-ɛ4 Carriers. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1265-74. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Paolina Crocco
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Anfossi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP CZ, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | | | | | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP CZ, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Amalia C. Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP CZ, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rose
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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Devall M, Burrage J, Caswell R, Johnson M, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Jeffries AR, Mill J, Lunnon K. A comparison of mitochondrial DNA isolation methods in frozen post-mortem human brain tissue—applications for studies of mitochondrial genetics in brain disorders. Biotechniques 2015; 59:241-2, 244-6. [DOI: 10.2144/000114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that many brain disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, there is a growing interest in investigating genetic and epigenetic variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). One major caveat for such studies is the presence of nuclear-mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs), which are regions of the mitochondrial genome that have been inserted into the nuclear genome over evolution and, if not accounted for, can confound genetic studies of mtDNA. Here we provide the first systematic comparison of methods for isolating mtDNA from frozen post-mortem human brain tissue. Our data show that a commercial method from Miltenyi Biotec, which magnetically isolates mitochondria using antibodies raised against the mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22, gives significant mtDNA enrichment and should be considered the method of choice for mtDNA studies in frozen brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Joe Burrage
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Richard Caswell
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Matthew Johnson
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron R Jeffries
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
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Devall M, Mill J, Lunnon K. The mitochondrial epigenome: a role in Alzheimer's disease? Epigenomics 2015; 6:665-75. [PMID: 25531259 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in Alzheimer's disease, both in affected brain regions and in leukocytes, potentially precipitating neurodegeneration through increased oxidative stress. Epigenetic processes are emerging as a dynamic mechanism through which environmental signals may contribute to cellular changes, leading to neuropathology and disease. Until recently, little attention was given to the mitochondrial epigenome itself, as preliminary studies indicated an absence of DNA modifications. However, recent research has demonstrated that epigenetic changes to the mitochondrial genome do occur, potentially playing an important role in several disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. This review explores the potential role of mitochondrial epigenetic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease etiology and discusses some technical issues pertinent to the study of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Level 4, Barrack Road, Exeter, Devon, UK
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37
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Gharavi R, Park HR, Lee J, Siddiqui S, Telljohann R, Nassar MR, Cutler RG, Becker KG, Mattson MP. The mitochondrial uncoupler DNP triggers brain cell mTOR signaling network reprogramming and CREB pathway up-regulation. J Neurochem 2015; 134:677-92. [PMID: 26010875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is highly responsive to nutrient availability and ongoing activity in neuronal circuits. The molecular mechanisms by which brain cells respond to an increase in cellular energy expenditure are largely unknown. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling enhances cellular energy expenditure in mitochondria and can be induced with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a proton ionophore previously used for weight loss. We found that DNP treatment reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, increases intracellular Ca(2+) levels and reduces oxidative stress in cerebral cortical neurons. Gene expression profiling of the cerebral cortex of DNP-treated mice revealed reprogramming of signaling cascades that included suppression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and insulin--PI3K - MAPK pathways, and up-regulation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2, a negative regulator of mTOR. Genes encoding proteins involved in autophagy processes were up-regulated in response to DNP. CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein) signaling, Arc and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which play important roles in synaptic plasticity and adaptive cellular stress responses, were up-regulated in response to DNP, and DNP-treated mice exhibited improved performance in a test of learning and memory. Immunoblot analysis verified that key DNP-induced changes in gene expression resulted in corresponding changes at the protein level. Our findings suggest that mild mitochondrial uncoupling triggers an integrated signaling response in brain cells characterized by reprogramming of mTOR and insulin signaling, and up-regulation of pathways involved in adaptive stress responses, molecular waste disposal, and synaptic plasticity. Physiological bioenergetic challenges such as exercise and fasting can enhance neuroplasticity and protect neurons against injury and neurodegeneration. Here, we show that the mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) elicits adaptive signaling responses in the cerebral cortex involving activation of Ca(2+) -CREB and autophagy pathways, and inhibition of mTOR and insulin signaling pathways. The molecular reprogramming induced by DNP, which is similar to that of exercise and fasting, is associated with improved learning and memory, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Gharavi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee Ra Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sana Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Telljohann
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew R Nassar
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy G Cutler
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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38
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Chang Q, Liao Y, Pan R. Neuroprotective effect of water extract of Panax ginseng on corticosterone-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and its underlying molecule mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:102-112. [PMID: 25446601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Family Araliaceae) is an important medicinal plant which has been employed as a panacea for more than 2,000 years in China. It has the actions of invigorating primordial qi, recovering pulse and desertion, engendering liquid, and calming spirit. The water extract of Panax ginseng (WEG) has been used to treat kinds of central nervous system disorders, such as depression, insomnia, Alzheimer׳s disease and Parkinson׳s disease. Our previous work has demonstrated that WEG possessed antidepressant-like activities in both acute and chronic stress models of depression. Nevertheless, there are no studies on the cytoprotection and potential mechanisms of WEG on corticosterone-induced apoptosis. The present study focuses on cytoprotection against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and its underlying molecule mechanisms of the antidepressant-like effect of WEG. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PC12 cells were treated with 250 μmol/L corticosterone in the absence or presence of WEG for 24h, then 3-(4,5-dimethy thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) detection, Hoechst33342 staining and TUNEL staining were investigated to confirm the neuroprotection of WEG. Then, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i), reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and the expression level of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), histone deactylase 6 (HDAC6), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 153 (GADD153), X-box DNA-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), caspase-12, cytochrome C, inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD), caspase-3 and caspase-9 were assessed by Western Blot analysis to understand the molecule mechanisms of neuroprotection of WEG. RESULTS WEG partly reversed corticosterone-induced damage in PC12 cells, which increased cell viability, decreased LDH release, and attenuated corticosterone-induced apoptosis as compared with the corticosterone-treated group. Mechanistically, compared with the corticosterone-treated group, WEG strongly attenuated [Ca(2+)]i overload and ROS level, and restored mitochondrial function, including mPTP and MMP. Furthermore, WEG strongly up-regulated the expression of GR and HDAC6, and down-regulated the expression of Hsp90, cytochrome C, ICAD, caspase-3, caspase-9 as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins, such as GADD153, GRP78, XBP-1, and caspase-12. CONCLUSION WEG possessed neuroprotection against corticosterone-induced damage in PC12 cells, and the underlying molecule mechanisms was depended on the intervening of HDAC6 and HSP90 of the GR-related function proteins, and subsequent restoration of ER and mitochondria functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumao Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zongyang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruile Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Perreten Lambert H, Zenger M, Azarias G, Chatton JY, Magistretti PJ, Lengacher S. Control of mitochondrial pH by uncoupling protein 4 in astrocytes promotes neuronal survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31014-28. [PMID: 25237189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity is energetically costly and requires a steady and highly regulated flow of energy equivalents between neural cells. It is believed that a substantial share of cerebral glucose, the major source of energy of the brain, will preferentially be metabolized in astrocytes via aerobic glycolysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether uncoupling proteins (UCPs), located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, play a role in setting up the metabolic response pattern of astrocytes. UCPs are believed to mediate the transmembrane transfer of protons, resulting in the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production. UCPs are therefore potentially important regulators of energy fluxes. The main UCP isoforms expressed in the brain are UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5. We examined in particular the role of UCP4 in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling and measured a range of functional metabolic parameters including mitochondrial electrical potential and pH, reactive oxygen species production, NAD/NADH ratio, ATP/ADP ratio, CO2 and lactate production, and oxygen consumption rate. In brief, we found that UCP4 regulates the intramitochondrial pH of astrocytes, which acidifies as a consequence of glutamate uptake, with the main consequence of reducing efficiency of mitochondrial ATP production. The diminished ATP production is effectively compensated by enhancement of glycolysis. This nonoxidative production of energy is not associated with deleterious H2O2 production. We show that astrocytes expressing more UCP4 produced more lactate, which is used as an energy source by neurons, and had the ability to enhance neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Perreten Lambert
- From the School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Zenger
- From the School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Azarias
- the Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Jean-Yves Chatton
- the Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- From the School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lengacher
- From the School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, the Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Control mechanisms in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:363-75. [PMID: 25206677 PMCID: PMC4107533 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution and activity of mitochondria are key factors in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity and axogenesis. The majority of energy sources, necessary for cellular functions, originate from oxidative phosphorylation located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The adenosine-5’- triphosphate production is regulated by many control mechanism–firstly by oxygen, substrate level, adenosine-5’-diphosphate level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and rate of coupling and proton leak. Recently, these mechanisms have been implemented by “second control mechanisms,” such as reversible phosphorylation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes, allosteric inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, thyroid hormones, effects of fatty acids and uncoupling proteins. Impaired function of mitochondria is implicated in many diseases ranging from mitochondrial myopathies to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are usually related to the ability of mitochondria to generate adenosine-5’-triphosphate in response to energy demands. Large amounts of reactive oxygen species are released by defective mitochondria, similarly, decline of antioxidative enzyme activities (e.g. in the elderly) enhances reactive oxygen species production. We reviewed data concerning neuroplasticity, physiology, and control of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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41
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Hooper JS, Hadley SH, Mathews A, Taylor-Clark TE. Store-operated calcium entry in vagal sensory nerves is independent of Orai channels. Brain Res 2013; 1503:7-15. [PMID: 23399679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vagal sensory nerves innervate the majority of visceral organs (e.g., heart, lungs, GI tract, etc) and their activation is critical for defensive and regulatory reflexes. Intracellular Ca(2+) is a key regulator of neuronal excitability and is largely controlled by the Ca(2+) stores of the endoplasmic reticulum. In other cell types store-operated channels (SOC) have been shown to contribute to the homeostatic control of intracellular Ca(2+). Here, using Ca(2+) imaging, we have shown that ER depletion in vagal sensory neurons (using thapsigargin or caffeine) in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) evoked Ca(2+) influx upon re-introduction of Ca(2+) into the extracellular buffer. This store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) was observed in approximately 25-40% of vagal neurons, equally distributed among nociceptive and non-nociceptive sensory subtypes. SOCE was blocked by Gd(3+) but not by the Orai channel blocker SKF96365. We found Orai channel mRNA in extracts from whole vagal ganglia, but when using single cell RT-PCR analysis we found only 3 out of 34 neurons expressed Orai channel mRNA, indicating that Orai channel expression in the vagal ganglia was likely derived from non-neuronal cell types. Confocal microscopy of vagal neurons in 3 day cultures demonstrated rich ER tracker fluorescence throughout axonal and neurite structures and ER store depletion (thapsigargin) evoked Ca(2+) transients from these structures. However, no SOCE could be detected in the axonal/neurite structures of vagal neurons. We conclude that SOCE occurs in vagal sensory neuronal cell bodies through non-Orai mechanisms but is absent at nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shane Hooper
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, USA.
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Evidence for Involvement of Uncoupling Proteins in Cerebral Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency of Rats Exposed to 5,000 m High Altitude. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:282-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Anitha A, Nakamura K, Thanseem I, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Matsuzaki H, Miyachi T, Yamada S, Tsujii M, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Ichikawa H, Sugiyama T, Yoshikawa T, Mori N. Brain region-specific altered expression and association of mitochondria-related genes in autism. Mol Autism 2012; 3:12. [PMID: 23116158 PMCID: PMC3528421 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) has been observed in approximately five percent of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). MtD could impair highly energy-dependent processes such as neurodevelopment, thereby contributing to autism. Most of the previous studies of MtD in autism have been restricted to the biomarkers of energy metabolism, while most of the genetic studies have been based on mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Despite the mtDNA, most of the proteins essential for mitochondrial replication and function are encoded by the genomic DNA; so far, there have been very few studies of those genes. Therefore, we carried out a detailed study involving gene expression and genetic association studies of genes related to diverse mitochondrial functions. METHODS For gene expression analysis, postmortem brain tissues (anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), motor cortex (MC) and thalamus (THL)) from autism patients (n=8) and controls (n=10) were obtained from the Autism Tissue Program (Princeton, NJ, USA). Quantitative real-time PCR arrays were used to quantify the expression of 84 genes related to diverse functions of mitochondria, including biogenesis, transport, translocation and apoptosis. We used the delta delta Ct (∆∆Ct) method for quantification of gene expression. DNA samples from 841 Caucasian and 188 Japanese families were used in the association study of genes selected from the gene expression analysis. FBAT was used to examine genetic association with autism. RESULTS Several genes showed brain region-specific expression alterations in autism patients compared to controls. Metaxin 2 (MTX2), neurofilament, light polypeptide (NEFL) and solute carrier family 25, member 27 (SLC25A27) showed consistently reduced expression in the ACG, MC and THL of autism patients. NEFL (P = 0.038; Z-score 2.066) and SLC25A27 (P = 0.046; Z-score 1.990) showed genetic association with autism in Caucasian and Japanese samples, respectively. The expression of DNAJC19, DNM1L, LRPPRC, SLC25A12, SLC25A14, SLC25A24 and TOMM20 were reduced in at least two of the brain regions of autism patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study, though preliminary, brings to light some new genes associated with MtD in autism. If MtD is detected in early stages, treatment strategies aimed at reducing its impact may be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351 0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351 0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351 0198, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Taishi Miyachi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, 183 8561, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan.,Faculty of Sociology, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Toyota, 470 0393, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ichikawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu, 183 8561, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351 0198, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431 3192, Japan
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Molecular identification and functional characterisation of uncoupling protein 4 in larva and pupa fat body mitochondria from the beetle Zophobas atratus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Liu H, Zhang X, Du Y, Ji H, Li S, Li L, Xing Y, Zhang X, Dong L, Wang C, Zhao K, Ji Y, Cao X. Leonurine protects brain injury by increased activities of UCP4, SOD, CAT and Bcl-2, decreased levels of MDA and Bax, and ameliorated ultrastructure of mitochondria in experimental stroke. Brain Res 2012; 1474:73-81. [PMID: 22842526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proved that pre-treatment with leonurine could protect brain tissue against ischemic injury by exerting antioxidant effects and regulating mitochondrial function. Whether this protective effect applies to acute phase after cerebral ischemia, we therefore investigate the potential neuroprotective role of leonurine and the underlying mechanisms in cerebral ischemia. METHODS Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Leonurine was administered intraperitoneally at 7.5 or 15 mg/kg/d at 2h after surgery, then once daily thereafter. Neurological deficit, brain water content, and infarct volume were measured at 24h, 72 h, and 7d after stroke. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also measured by spectrophotometer to evaluate oxidative reactions, and the expression of uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4), Bcl-2, and Bax were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemical staining (IHC), and western blot, while the ultrastructure of the mitochondria were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Leonurine significantly alleviated neurological deficit, decreased brain water content and infarct volume after ischemic stroke, which was accompanied by decreased levels of MDA and Bax, increased activities of SOD, CAT, UCP4, and Bcl-2, and restored ultrastructure of mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that leonurine protected brain injury by increased activities of UCP4, SOD, CAT and Bcl-2, decreased levels of MDA and Bax, and ameliorated ultrastructure of mitochondria in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Ramsden DB, Ho PW, Ho JW, Liu H, So DH, Tse H, Chan K, Ho S. Human neuronal uncoupling proteins 4 and 5 (UCP4 and UCP5): structural properties, regulation, and physiological role in protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain Behav 2012; 2:468-78. [PMID: 22950050 PMCID: PMC3432969 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to a large family of mitochondrial solute carriers 25 (SLC25s) localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane. UCPs transport protons directly from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Of five structural homologues (UCP1 to 5), UCP4 and 5 are principally expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons derived their energy in the form of ATP that is generated through oxidative phosphorylation carried out by five multiprotein complexes (Complexes I-V) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In oxidative phosphorylation, the flow of electrons generated by the oxidation of substrates through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen at Complex IV leads to the transport of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space by Complex I, III, and IV. This movement of protons to the intermembrane space generates a proton gradient (mitochondrial membrane potential; MMP) across the inner membrane. Complex V (ATP synthase) uses this MMP to drive the conversion of ADP to ATP. Some electrons escape to oxygen-forming harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proton leakage back to the matrix which bypasses Complex V resulting in a major reduction in ROS formation while having a minimal effect on MMP and hence, ATP synthesis; a process termed "mild uncoupling." UCPs act to promote this proton leakage as means to prevent excessive build up of MMP and ROS formation. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of mitochondrial UCPs 4 and 5 and factors influencing their expression. Hypotheses concerning the evolution of the two proteins are examined. The protective mechanisms of the two proteins against neurotoxins and their possible role in regulating intracellular calcium movement, particularly with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Ramsden
- School of Medicine and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W.‐L. Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging (HBHA), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jessica W.‐M. Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hui‐Fang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Danny H.‐F. So
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ho‐Man Tse
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Koon‐Ho Chan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging (HBHA), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Shu‐Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging (HBHA), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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47
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Ho PWL, Ho JWM, Tse HM, So DHF, Yiu DCW, Liu HF, Chan KH, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4) increases ATP supply by interacting with mitochondrial Complex II in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32810. [PMID: 22427795 PMCID: PMC3303587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4) protects against Complex I deficiency as induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), but how UCP4 affects mitochondrial function is unclear. Here we investigated how UCP4 affects mitochondrial bioenergetics in SH-SY5Y cells. Cells stably overexpressing UCP4 exhibited higher oxygen consumption (10.1%, p<0.01), with 20% greater proton leak than vector controls (p<0.01). Increased ATP supply was observed in UCP4-overexpressing cells compared to controls (p<0.05). Although state 4 and state 3 respiration rates of UCP4-overexpressing and control cells were similar, Complex II activity in UCP4-overexpressing cells was 30% higher (p<0.05), associated with protein binding between UCP4 and Complex II, but not that of either Complex I or IV. Mitochondrial ADP consumption by succinate-induced respiration was 26% higher in UCP4-overexpressing cells, with 20% higher ADP:O ratio (p<0.05). ADP/ATP exchange rate was not altered by UCP4 overexpression, as shown by unchanged mitochondrial ADP uptake activity. UCP4 overexpression retained normal mitochondrial morphology in situ, with similar mitochondrial membrane potential compared to controls. Our findings elucidate how UCP4 overexpression increases ATP synthesis by specifically interacting with Complex II. This highlights a unique role of UCP4 as a potential regulatory target to modulate mitochondrial Complex II and ATP output in preserving existing neurons against energy crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, University Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Ho PW, Ho JW, Liu HF, So DH, Tse ZH, Chan KH, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Mitochondrial neuronal uncoupling proteins: a target for potential disease-modification in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:3. [PMID: 23210978 PMCID: PMC3506996 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives a brief insight into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the converging pathogenic processes involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria provide cellular energy in the form of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, but as an integral part of this process, superoxides and other reactive oxygen species are also produced. Excessive free radical production contributes to oxidative stress. Cells have evolved to handle such stress via various endogenous anti-oxidant proteins. One such family of proteins is the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which are anion carriers located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are five known homologues (UCP1 to 5), of which UCP4 and 5 are predominantly expressed in neural cells. In a series of previous publications, we have shown how these neuronal UCPs respond to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+; toxic metabolite of MPTP) and dopamine-induced toxicity to alleviate neuronal cell death by preserving ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, and reducing oxidative stress. We also showed how their expression can be influenced by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway specifically in UCP4. Furthermore, we previously reported an interesting link between PD and metabolic processes through the protective effects of leptin (hormone produced by adipocytes) acting via UCP2 against MPP+-induced toxicity. There is increasing evidence that these endogenous neuronal UCPs can play a vital role to protect neurons against various pathogenic stresses including those associated with PD. Their expression, which can be induced, may well be a potential therapeutic target for various drugs to alleviate the harmful effects of pathogenic processes in PD and hence modify the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wl Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ji C, Guo W, Zhang M, Lu X, Ni Y, Guo X. Caenorhabditis elegans ucp-4 regulates fat metabolism: Suppression of ucp-4 expression induced obese phenotype and caused impairment of insulin like pathway. Gene 2012; 491:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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50
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Stutzmann GE, Mattson MP. Endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) handling in excitable cells in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:700-27. [PMID: 21737534 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a morphologically and functionally diverse organelle capable of integrating multiple extracellular and internal signals and generating adaptive cellular responses. It plays fundamental roles in protein synthesis and folding and in cellular responses to metabolic and proteotoxic stress. In addition, the ER stores and releases Ca(2+) in sophisticated scenarios that regulate a range of processes in excitable cells throughout the body, including muscle contraction and relaxation, endocrine regulation of metabolism, learning and memory, and cell death. One or more Ca(2+) ATPases and two types of ER membrane Ca(2+) channels (inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors) are the major proteins involved in ER Ca(2+) uptake and release, respectively. There are also direct and indirect interactions of ER Ca(2+) stores with plasma membrane and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-regulating systems. Pharmacological agents that selectively modify ER Ca(2+) release or uptake have enabled studies that revealed many different physiological roles for ER Ca(2+) signaling. Several inherited diseases are caused by mutations in ER Ca(2+)-regulating proteins, and perturbed ER Ca(2+) homeostasis is implicated in a range of acquired disorders. Preclinical investigations suggest a therapeutic potential for use of agents that target ER Ca(2+) handling systems of excitable cells in disorders ranging from cardiac arrhythmias and skeletal muscle myopathies to Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Stutzmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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