1
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Azzouz DF, Chen Z, Izmirly PM, Chen LA, Li Z, Zhang C, Mieles D, Trujillo K, Heguy A, Pironti A, Putzel GG, Schwudke D, Fenyo D, Buyon JP, Alekseyenko AV, Gisch N, Silverman GJ. Longitudinal gut microbiome analyses and blooms of pathogenic strains during lupus disease flares. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1315-1327. [PMID: 37365013 PMCID: PMC10511964 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-223929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whereas genetic susceptibility for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been well explored, the triggers for clinical disease flares remain elusive. To investigate relationships between microbiota community resilience and disease activity, we performed the first longitudinal analyses of lupus gut-microbiota communities. METHODS In an observational study, taxononomic analyses, including multivariate analysis of ß-diversity, assessed time-dependent alterations in faecal communities from patients and healthy controls. From gut blooms, strains were isolated, with genomes and associated glycans analysed. RESULTS Multivariate analyses documented that, unlike healthy controls, significant temporal community-wide ecological microbiota instability was common in SLE patients, and transient intestinal growth spikes of several pathogenic species were documented. Expansions of only the anaerobic commensal, Ruminococcus (blautia) gnavus (RG) occurred at times of high-disease activity, and were detected in almost half of patients during lupus nephritis (LN) disease flares. Whole genome sequence analysis of RG strains isolated during these flares documented 34 genes postulated to aid adaptation and expansion within a host with an inflammatory condition. Yet, the most specific feature of strains found during lupus flares was the common expression of a novel type of cell membrane-associated lipoglycan. These lipoglycans share conserved structural features documented by mass spectroscopy, and highly immunogenic repetitive antigenic-determinants, recognised by high-level serum IgG2 antibodies, that spontaneously arose, concurrent with RG blooms and lupus flares. CONCLUSIONS Our findings rationalise how blooms of the RG pathobiont may be common drivers of clinical flares of often remitting-relapsing lupus disease, and highlight the potential pathogenic properties of specific strains isolated from active LN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doua F Azzouz
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ze Chen
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Izmirly
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lea Ann Chen
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chongda Zhang
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Mieles
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kate Trujillo
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Greg G Putzel
- Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemsitry, Forschungszentrum Borstel Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site: Hamburg-Lübeck, Borstel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site: Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - David Fenyo
- Institute of Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biomedical Informatics Center, Program for Microbiome Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
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2
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Hodges H, Obeng K, Avanzi C, Ausmus AP, Angala SK, Kalera K, Palcekova Z, Swarts BM, Jackson M. Azido Inositol Probes Enable Metabolic Labeling of Inositol-Containing Glycans and Reveal an Inositol Importer in Mycobacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:595-604. [PMID: 36856664 PMCID: PMC10071489 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium include pathogens that cause serious diseases in humans and remain as difficult infectious agents to treat. Central to these challenges are the composition and organization of the mycobacterial cell envelope, which includes unique and complex glycans. Inositol is an essential metabolite for mycobacteria due to its presence in the structural core of the immunomodulatory cell envelope glycolipids phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) and PIM-anchored lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Despite their importance to mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis, many aspects of PIM, LM, and LAM construction and dynamics remain poorly understood. Recently, probes that allow metabolic labeling and detection of specific mycobacterial glycans have been developed to investigate cell envelope assembly and dynamics. However, these tools have been limited to peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acid-containing glycolipids. Herein, we report the development of synthetic azido inositol (InoAz) analogues as probes that can metabolically label PIMs, LM, and LAM in intact mycobacteria. Additionally, we leverage an InoAz probe to discover an inositol importer and catabolic pathway in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We anticipate that in the future, InoAz probes, in combination with bioorthogonal chemistry, will provide a valuable tool for investigating PIM, LM, and LAM biosynthesis, transport, and dynamics in diverse mycobacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hodges
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
| | - Kwaku Obeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
| | - Alex P. Ausmus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
| | - Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Zuzana Palcekova
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
| | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523 USA
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3
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Patel O, Brammananth R, Dai W, Panjikar S, Coppel RL, Lucet IS, Crellin PK. Crystal structure of the putative cell-wall lipoglycan biosynthesis protein LmcA from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:494-508. [PMID: 35362472 PMCID: PMC8972800 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Mycobacterium includes important pathogens, most notably M. tuberculosis, which infects one-quarter of the entire human population, resulting in around 1.4 million deaths from tuberculosis each year. Mycobacteria, and the closely related corynebacteria, synthesize a class of abundant glycolipids, the phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs). PIMs serve as membrane anchors for hyperglycosylated species, lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which are surface-exposed and modulate the host immune response. Previously, in studies using the model species Corynebacterium glutamicum, NCgl2760 was identified as a novel membrane protein that is required for the synthesis of full-length LM and LAM. Here, the first crystal structure of its ortholog in Mycobacterium smegmatis, MSMEG_0317, is reported at 1.8 Å resolution. The structure revealed an elongated β-barrel fold enclosing two distinct cavities and one α-helix extending away from the β-barrel core, resembling a `cone with a flake' arrangement. Through xenon derivatization and structural comparison with AlphaFold2-derived predictions of the M. tuberculosis homolog Rv0227c, structural elements were identified that may undergo conformational changes to switch from `closed' to `open' conformations, allowing cavity access. An AlphaFold2-derived NCgl2760 model predicted a smaller β-barrel core with an enclosed central cavity, suggesting that all three proteins, which were collectively termed LmcA, may have a common mechanism of ligand binding through these cavities. These findings provide new structural insights into the biosynthetic pathway for a family of surface lipoglycans with important roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onisha Patel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rajini Brammananth
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Weiwen Dai
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Isabelle S. Lucet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul K. Crellin
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Burchill L, Williams SJ. From the banal to the bizarre: unravelling immune recognition and response to microbial lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:925-940. [PMID: 34989357 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbes produce a rich array of lipidic species that through their location in the cell wall and ability to mingle with host lipids represent a privileged class of immune-active molecules. Lipid-sensing immunity recognizes microbial lipids from pathogens and commensals causing immune responses. Yet microbial lipids are often heterogeneous, in limited supply and in some cases their structures are incompletely defined. Total synthesis can assist in structural determination, overcome supply issues, and provide access to high-purity, homogeneous samples and analogues. This account highlights synthetic approaches to lipidic species from pathogenic and commensal bacteria and fungi that have supported immunological studies involving lipid sensing through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle and cell-mediated immunity through the CD1-T cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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5
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Characterization of the Uncommon Lipid Families in Corynebacterium glutamicum by Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33954950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1410-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This book chapter provides readers the step-by-step instruction for cell growth, lipid isolation, and lipid analysis to obtain the lipidome of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) in the genus Corynebacterium, a biotechnologically important bacterium. We separate the lipid families by preparative HPLC with an analytical C-8 column, followed by linear ion-trap multiple stage mass spectrometry (LIT MSn) with high-resolution mass measurement to define the structures of cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), glucuronosyl diacylglycerol (GlcA-DAG), α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-D-glucuronyl diacylglycerol (Man-GlcA-DAG), 1-mycolyl-2-acyl-phosphatidylglycerol (MA-PG), and acyl trehalose monomycolate (acyl-TMM) whose structures have been previously mis-assigned or not defined by mass spectrometric means. We also define the structures of mycolic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, trehalose dimycolate lipids in the cell wall. The similarity of the lipidome to that in the Mycobacterium genera is consistent with the notion that Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium are gram-positive bacteria belonging to the suborder Corynebacterineae.
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6
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Wang HYJ, Tatituri RVV, Goldner NK, Dantas G, Hsu FF. Unveiling the biodiversity of lipid species in Corynebacteria- characterization of the uncommon lipid families in C. glutamicum and pathogen C. striatum by mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2020; 178:158-169. [PMID: 32659445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncommon lipids in biotechnologically important Corynebacterium glutamicum and pathogen Corynebacterium striatum in genus Corynebacterium are isolated and identified by linear ion-trap multiple stage mass spectrometry (LIT MSn) with high resolution mass measurement. We redefined several lipid structures that were previously mis-assigned or not defined, including cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), glucuronosyl diacylglycerol (GlcA-DAG), (α-d-mannopyranosyl)-(1 → 4)-(α-D-glucuronyl diacyglycerol (Man-GlcA-DAG), 1-mycolyl-2-acyl-phosphatidylglycerol (MA-PG), acyl trehalose monomycolate (acyl-TMM). We also report the structures of mycolic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, cardiolipin, trehalose dimycolate lipids in which many isomeric structures are present. The LIT MSn approaches afford identification of the functional group, the fatty acid substituents and their regiospecificity in the molecules, revealing the biodiversities of the lipid species in two Corynebacterium strains that have played very different and important roles in human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Yan J Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas K Goldner
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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7
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Burugupalli S, Almeida CF, Smith DGM, Shah S, Patel O, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Williams SJ. α-Glucuronosyl and α-glucosyl diacylglycerides, natural killer T cell-activating lipids from bacteria and fungi. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2161-2168. [PMID: 34123306 PMCID: PMC8150115 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells express T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize glycolipid antigens in association with the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Here, we report the concise chemical synthesis of a range of saturated and unsaturated α-glucosyl and α-glucuronosyl diacylglycerides of bacterial and fungal origins from allyl α-glucoside with Jacobsen kinetic resolution as a key step. These glycolipids are recognized by a classical type I NKT TCR that uses an invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCR α-chain, but also by an atypical NKT TCR that uses a different TCR α-chain (Vα10-Jα50). In both cases, recognition is sensitive to the lipid fine structure, and includes recognition of glycosyl diacylglycerides bearing branched (R- and S-tuberculostearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and vaccenic) acids. The TCR footprints on CD1d loaded with a mycobacterial α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride were assessed using mutant CD1d molecules and, while similar to that for α-GalCer recognition by a type I NKT TCR, were more sensitive to mutations when α-glucuronosyl diacylglyceride was the antigen. In summary, we provide an efficient approach for synthesis of a broad class of bacterial and fungal α-glycosyl diacylglyceride antigens and demonstrate that they can be recognised by TCRs derived from type I and atypical NKT cells. Microbial α-glycosyl diacylglycerides when presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d are recognized by both classical type I and atypical Natural Killer T cell receptors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sayali Shah
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Monash Monash Victoria 3010 Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff CF14 4XN UK
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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8
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Regulating colonic dendritic cells by commensal glycosylated large surface layer protein A to sustain gut homeostasis against pathogenic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:34-46. [PMID: 31619761 PMCID: PMC6917853 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial interaction with the host through sensing receptors, including SIGNR1, sustains intestinal homeostasis against pathogenic inflammation. The newly discovered commensal Propionibacterium strain, P. UF1, regulates the intestinal immunity against pathogen challenge. However, the molecular events driving intestinal phagocytic cell response, including colonic dendritic cells (DCs), by this bacterium are still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the glycosylation of bacterial large surface layer protein A (LspA) by protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (Pmt1) regulates the interaction with SIGNR1, resulting in the control of DC transcriptomic and metabolomic machineries. Programmed DCs promote protective T cell response to intestinal Listeria infection and resist chemically induced colitis in mice. Thus, our findings may highlight a novel molecular mechanism by which commensal surface glycosylation interacting with SIGNR1 directs the intestinal homeostasis to potentially protect the host against proinflammatory signals inducing colonic tissue damage.
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9
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Chu SG, Villalba JA, Liang X, Xiong K, Tsoyi K, Ith B, Ayaub EA, Tatituri RV, Byers DE, Hsu FF, El-Chemaly S, Kim EY, Shi Y, Rosas IO. Palmitic Acid-Rich High-Fat Diet Exacerbates Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:737-746. [PMID: 31461627 PMCID: PMC6890409 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0324oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of lipotoxicity on the development of lung fibrosis is unclear. Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), activate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a cellular stress response associated with the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We tested the hypothesis that PA increases susceptibility to lung epithelial cell death and experimental fibrosis by modulating ER stress. Total liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to measure fatty acid content in IPF lungs. Wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in PA or a standard diet and subjected to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung fibrosis was determined by hydroxyproline content. Mouse lung epithelial cells were treated with PA. ER stress and cell death were assessed by Western blotting, TUNEL staining, and cell viability assays. IPF lungs had a higher level of PA compared with controls. Bleomycin-exposed mice fed an HFD had significantly increased pulmonary fibrosis associated with increased cell death and ER stress compared with those fed a standard diet. PA increased apoptosis and activation of the unfolded protein response in lung epithelial cells. This was attenuated by genetic deletion and chemical inhibition of CD36, a fatty acid transporter. In conclusion, consumption of an HFD rich in saturated fat increases susceptibility to lung fibrosis and ER stress, and PA mediates lung epithelial cell death and ER stress via CD36. These findings demonstrate that lipotoxicity may have a significant impact on the development of lung injury and fibrosis by enhancing pro-death ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Chu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Julian A. Villalba
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Kevin Xiong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Bonna Ith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Ehab A. Ayaub
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Raju V. Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Edy Y. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
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10
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Almeida CF, Sundararaj S, Le Nours J, Praveena T, Cao B, Burugupalli S, Smith DGM, Patel O, Brigl M, Pellicci DG, Williams SJ, Uldrich AP, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Distinct CD1d docking strategies exhibited by diverse Type II NKT cell receptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5242. [PMID: 31748533 PMCID: PMC6868179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells are restricted to the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. While we have an understanding of the antigen reactivity and function of type I NKT cells, our knowledge of type II NKT cells in health and disease remains unclear. Here we describe a population of type II NKT cells that recognise and respond to the microbial antigen, α-glucuronosyl-diacylglycerol (α-GlcADAG) presented by CD1d, but not the prototypical type I NKT cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide. Surprisingly, the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR-CD1d-α-GlcADAG complex reveals a CD1d F’-pocket-docking mode that contrasts sharply with the previously determined A’-roof positioning of a sulfatide-reactive type II NKT TCR. Our data also suggest that diverse type II NKT TCRs directed against distinct microbial or mammalian lipid antigens adopt multiple recognition strategies on CD1d, thereby maximising the potential for type II NKT cells to detect different lipid antigens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells include type I that express semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), and type II that cover a broader repertoire. Here the authors describe the crystal structure of a type II NKT TCR complexed with CD1d/antigen to propose that type II NKT TCRs may adapt multiple CD1d docking modes to maximise antigen recognition efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Srinivasan Sundararaj
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - T Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Satvika Burugupalli
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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11
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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12
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pst/SenX3-RegX3 Regulates Membrane Vesicle Production Independently of ESX-5 Activity. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00778-18. [PMID: 29895636 PMCID: PMC6016242 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00778-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases membrane vesicles (MV) that modulate host immune responses and aid in iron acquisition, although they may have additional unappreciated functions. MV production appears to be a regulated process, but virR remains the only characterized genetic regulator of vesiculogenesis. Here, we present data supporting a role for the M. tuberculosis Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system in regulating MV production. Deletion of pstA1, which encodes a transmembrane component of the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system, causes constitutive activation of the SenX3-RegX3 two-component system, leading to increased protein secretion via the specialized ESX-5 type VII secretion system. Using proteomic mass spectrometry, we identified several additional proteins hyper-secreted by the ΔpstA1 mutant, including LpqH, an MV-associated lipoprotein. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed a 15-fold increase in MV production by the ΔpstA1 mutant. Both hyper-secretion of LpqH and increased MV release required RegX3 but were independent of VirR, suggesting that Pst/SenX3-RegX3 controls MV release by a novel mechanism. Prior proteomic analysis identified ESX-5 substrates associated with MV. We therefore hypothesized that MV release requires ESX-5 activity. We constructed strains that conditionally express eccD5, which encodes the predicted ESX-5 transmembrane channel. Upon EccD5 depletion, we observed reduced secretion of the ESX-5 substrates EsxN and PPE41, but MV release was unaffected. Our data suggest that ESX-5 does not affect vesicle production and imply that further characterization of the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 regulon might reveal novel mechanisms of M. tuberculosis vesicle biogenesis. In Gram-negative bacteria, MV derived from the outer membrane have diverse functions in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, and several factors regulating their production have been identified. Though Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria that lack an outer membrane also produce vesicles with described roles in pathogenesis, the mechanisms of MV biogenesis in these organisms remain poorly characterized. Defining mechanisms of MV biogenesis might yield significant insights into the importance of MV production during infection. In M. tuberculosis, only a single genetic element, virR, is known to regulate MV production. Our work reveals that the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system is a novel regulator of MV biogenesis that controls MV production by a mechanism that is independent of both VirR and activation of the specialized ESX-5 protein secretion system. Understanding which genes in the RegX3 regulon cause increased MV production might reveal novel molecular mechanisms of MV release.
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13
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Gao Y, Hu X, Wang J, Li H, Wang X. Impact of mycolic acid deficiency on cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13869. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:435-445. [PMID: 29072327 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acid (MA) plays important role in Corynebacterium glutamicum, but the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13869 have not been characterized. Since the locus BBD29_RS14045 in C. glutamicum ATCC13869 shows high similarity to the gene Cgl2871, which encodes Pks13, the key enzyme for synthesizing MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13032, it was deleted, resulting in the mutant WG001. Compared with the wild-type ATCC13869, MA was not synthesized in WG001, but more phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol containing longer unsaturated fatty acids were produced. WG001 cells also show hindered cell growth and defective cell separation when compared with ATCC13869 cells. Transcriptomic analysis shows that many genes relevant to the pathways of fatty acids, inositol, phospholipids, cell wall, and cell division were significantly regulated in WG001 cells when compared with ATCC13869 cells. This study demonstrates that the locus BBD29_RS14045 encodes a key enzyme that plays important role for synthesizing MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chang SK, Kohlgruber AC, Mizoguchi F, Michelet X, Wolf BJ, Wei K, Lee PY, Lynch L, Duquette D, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Banks AS, Brenner MB. Stromal cell cadherin-11 regulates adipose tissue inflammation and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3300-3312. [PMID: 28758901 DOI: 10.1172/jci86881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
M2 macrophages, innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s), eosinophils, Tregs, and invariant NK T cells (iNKT cells) all help to control adipose tissue inflammation, while M1 macrophages, TNF, and other inflammatory cytokines drive inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Stromal cells regulate leukocyte responses in lymph nodes, but the role of stromal cells in adipose tissue inflammation is unknown. PDGFRα+ stromal cells are major producers of IL-33 in adipose tissue. Here, we show that mesenchymal cadherin-11 modulates stromal fibroblast function. Cadherin-11-deficient mice displayed increased stromal production of IL-33, with concomitant enhancements in ILC2s and M2 macrophages that helped control adipose tissue inflammation. Higher expression levels of IL-33 in cadherin-11-deficient mice mediated ILC2 activation, resulting in higher IL-13 expression levels and M2 macrophage expansion in adipose tissue. Consistent with reduced adipose tissue inflammation, cadherin-11-deficient mice were protected from obesity-induced glucose intolerance and adipose tissue fibrosis. Importantly, anti-cadherin-11 mAb blockade similarly improved inflammation and glycemic control in obese WT mice. These results suggest that stromal fibroblasts expressing cadherin-11 regulate adipose tissue inflammation and thus highlight cadherin-11 as a potential therapeutic target for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Kyung Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayano C Kohlgruber
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fumitaka Mizoguchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier Michelet
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin J Wolf
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Duquette
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Cashmore TJ, Klatt S, Yamaryo-Botte Y, Brammananth R, Rainczuk AK, McConville MJ, Crellin PK, Coppel RL. Identification of a Membrane Protein Required for Lipomannan Maturation and Lipoarabinomannan Synthesis in Corynebacterineae. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4976-4986. [PMID: 28167532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related Corynebacterineae synthesize a family of lipomannans (LM) and lipoarabinomannans (LAM) that are abundant components of the multilaminate cell wall and essential virulence factors in pathogenic species. Here we describe a new membrane protein, highly conserved in all Corynebacterineae, that is required for synthesis of full-length LM and LAM. Deletion of the Corynebacterium glutamicum NCgl2760 gene resulted in a complete loss of mature LM/LAM and the appearance of a truncated LM (t-LM). Complementation of the mutant with the NCgl2760 gene fully restored LM/LAM synthesis. Structural studies, including monosaccharide analysis, methylation linkage analysis, and mass spectrometry of native LM species, indicated that the ΔNCgl2760 t-LM comprised a series of short LM species (8-27 residues long) containing an α1-6-linked mannose backbone with greatly reduced α1-2-mannose side chains and no arabinose caps. The structure of the ΔNCgl2760 t-LM was similar to that of the t-LM produced by a C. glutamicum mutant lacking the mptA gene, encoding a membrane α1-6-mannosyltransferase involved in extending the α1-6-mannan backbone of LM intermediates. Interestingly, NCgl2760 lacks any motifs or homology to other proteins of known function. Attempts to delete the NCgl2760 orthologue in Mycobacterium smegmatis were unsuccessful, consistent with previous studies indicating that the M. tuberculosis orthologue, Rv0227c, is an essential gene. Together, these data suggest that NCgl2760/Rv0227c plays a critical role in the elongation of the mannan backbone of mycobacterial and corynebacterial LM, further highlighting the complexity of lipoglycan pathways of Corynebacterineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaryn J Cashmore
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 and
| | - Stephan Klatt
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botte
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rajini Brammananth
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 and
| | - Arek K Rainczuk
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 and
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul K Crellin
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 and
| | - Ross L Coppel
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 and
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16
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Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustyuzhanina NE, Nifantiev NE. Natural bacterial and plant biomolecules bearing α-d-glucuronic acid residues. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Larrouy-Maumus G, Gilleron M, Skovierová H, Zuberogoitia S, Brennan PJ, Puzo G, Jackson M, Nigou J. A glycomic approach reveals a new mycobacterial polysaccharide. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1163-71. [PMID: 26261090 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and biosynthetically related lipoglycans and glycans play an important role in host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, the elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathways of these important molecules is expected to afford novel therapeutic targets. The characterization of biosynthetic enzymes and transporters involved in the formation and localization of these complex macromolecules in the bacterial cell envelope largely relies on genetic manipulation of mycobacteria and subsequent analyses of lipoglycan structural alterations. However, lipoglycans are present in relatively low amounts. Their purification to homogeneity remains tedious and time-consuming. To overcome these issues and to reduce the biomass and time required for lipoglycan purification, we report here the development of a methodology to efficiently purify lipoglycans by sodium deoxycholate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This faster purification method can be applied on a small amount of mycobacterial cells biomass (10-50 mg), resulting in tens of micrograms of purified lipoglycans. This amount of purified products was found to be sufficient to undertake structural analyses of lipoglycans and glycans carbohydrate domains by a combination of highly sensitive analytical procedures, involving cryoprobe NMR analysis of intact macromolecules and chemical degradations monitored by gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. This glycomic approach was successfully applied to the purification and structural characterization of a newly identified polysaccharide, structurally related to LAM, in the model fast-growing species Mycobacterium smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Henrieta Skovierová
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Sophie Zuberogoitia
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Germain Puzo
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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18
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Vergne I, Gilleron M, Nigou J. Manipulation of the endocytic pathway and phagocyte functions by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 4:187. [PMID: 25629008 PMCID: PMC4290680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan is a major immunomodulatory lipoglycan found in the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related human pathogens. It reproduces several salient properties of M. tuberculosis in phagocytic cells, including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis as well as autophagy. In this review, we present our current knowledge on lipoarabinomannan structure and ability to manipulate the endocytic pathway as well as phagocyte functions. A special focus is put on the molecular mechanisms employed and the signaling pathways hijacked. Available information is discussed in the context of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
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19
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Kind T, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Fiehn O. LipidBlast templates as flexible tools for creating new in-silico tandem mass spectral libraries. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11024-7. [PMID: 25340521 PMCID: PMC4238643 DOI: 10.1021/ac502511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Tandem mass spectral libraries (MS/MS)
are usually built by acquiring
experimentally measured mass spectra from chemical reference compounds.
We here show the versatility of in-silico or computer generated tandem
mass spectra that are directly obtained from compound structures.
We use the freely available LipidBlast development software to generate
15 000 MS/MS spectra of the glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG)
lipid class, recently discovered for the first time in plants. The
generation of such an in-silico MS/MS library for positive and negative
ionization mode took 5 h development time, including the validation
of the obtained mass spectra. Such libraries allow for high-throughput
annotations of previously unknown glycolipids. The publicly available
LipidBlast templates are universally applicable for the development
of MS/MS libraries for novel lipid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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20
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Heider SAE, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF, Beekwilder J, Brautaset T. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of carotenoids and related products with a focus on the rare C50 carotenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4355-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Baumgart M, Luder K, Grover S, Gätgens C, Besra GS, Frunzke J. IpsA, a novel LacI-type regulator, is required for inositol-derived lipid formation in Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria. BMC Biol 2013; 11:122. [PMID: 24377418 PMCID: PMC3899939 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of new drugs against tuberculosis and diphtheria is focused on disrupting the biogenesis of the cell wall, the unique architecture of which confers resistance against current therapies. The enzymatic pathways involved in the synthesis of the cell wall by these pathogens are well understood, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Results Here, we characterize IpsA, a LacI-type transcriptional regulator conserved among Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria that plays a role in the regulation of cell wall biogenesis. IpsA triggers myo-inositol formation by activating ino1, which encodes inositol phosphate synthase. An ipsA deletion mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum cultured on glucose displayed significantly impaired growth and presented an elongated cell morphology. Further studies revealed the absence of inositol-derived lipids in the cell wall and a complete loss of mycothiol biosynthesis. The phenotype of the C. glutamicum ipsA deletion mutant was complemented to different extend by homologs from Corynebacterium diphtheriae (dip1969) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (rv3575), indicating the conserved function of IpsA in the pathogenic species. Additional targets of IpsA with putative functions in cell wall biogenesis were identified and IpsA was shown to bind to a conserved palindromic motif within the corresponding promoter regions. Myo-inositol was identified as an effector of IpsA, causing the dissociation of the IpsA-DNA complex in vitro. Conclusions This characterization of IpsA function and of its regulon sheds light on the complex transcriptional control of cell wall biogenesis in the mycolata taxon and generates novel targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Frunzke
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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22
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Heider SAE, Peters-Wendisch P, Netzer R, Stafnes M, Brautaset T, Wendisch VF. Production and glucosylation of C50 and C 40 carotenoids by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1223-35. [PMID: 24270893 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The yellow-pigmented soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 is accumulating the cyclic C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin and its glucosides. Carotenoid pathway engineering was previously shown to allow for efficient lycopene production. Here, engineering of C. glutamicum for production of endogenous decaprenoxanthin as well as of the heterologous C50 carotenoids C.p.450 and sarcinaxanthin is described. Plasmid-borne overexpression of genes for lycopene cyclization and hydroxylation from C. glutamicum, Dietzia sp., and Micrococcus luteus, in a lycopene-producing platform strain constructed here, resulted in accumulation of these three C50 carotenoids to concentrations of about 3-4 mg/g CDW. Chromosomal deletion of a putative carotenoid glycosyltransferase gene cg0730/crtX in these strains entailed production of non-glucosylated derivatives of decaprenoxanthin, C.p.450, and sarcinaxanthin, respectively. Upon introduction of glucosyltransferase genes from M. luteus, C. glutamicum, and Pantoea ananatis, these hydroxylated C50 carotenoids were glucosylated. We here also demonstrate production of the C40 carotenoids β-carotene and zeaxanthin in recombinant C. glutamicum strains and co-expression of the P. ananatis crtX gene was used to obtain glucosylated zeaxanthin. Together, our results show that C. glutamicum is a potentially valuable host for production of a wide range of glucosylated C40 and C50 carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A E Heider
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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23
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Blanc L, Castanier R, Mishra AK, Ray A, Besra GS, Sutcliffe I, Vercellone A, Nigou J. Gram-positive bacterial lipoglycans based on a glycosylated diacylglycerol lipid anchor are microbe-associated molecular patterns recognized by TLR2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81593. [PMID: 24278450 PMCID: PMC3836763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune recognition is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. It is a based on the detection, by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), of invariant molecular signatures that are unique to microorganisms. TLR2 is a PRR that plays a major role in the detection of Gram-positive bacteria by recognizing cell envelope lipid-linked polymers, also called macroamphiphiles, such as lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acids and mycobacterial lipoglycans. These microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) display a structure based on a lipid anchor, being either an acylated cysteine, a glycosylated diacylglycerol or a mannosyl-phosphatidylinositol respectively, and having in common a diacylglyceryl moiety. A fourth class of macroamphiphile, namely lipoglycans, whose lipid anchor is made, as for lipoteichoic acids, of a glycosylated diacylglycerol unit rather than a mannosyl-phosphatidylinositol, is found in Gram-positive bacteria and produced by certain Actinobacteria, including Micrococcus luteus, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and Corynebacterium glutamicum. We report here that these alternative lipoglycans are also recognized by TLR2 and that they stimulate TLR2-dependant cytokine production, including IL-8, TNF-α and IL-6, and cell surface co-stimulatory molecule CD40 expression by a human macrophage cell line. However, they differ by their co-receptor requirement and the magnitude of the innate immune response they elicit. M. luteus and S. mucilaginosus lipoglycans require TLR1 for recognition by TLR2 and induce stronger responses than C. glutamicum lipoglycan, sensing of which by TLR2 is dependent on TLR6. These results expand the repertoire of MAMPs recognized by TLR2 to lipoglycans based on a glycosylated diacylglycerol lipid anchor and reinforce the paradigm that macroamphiphiles based on such an anchor, including lipoteichoic acids and alternative lipoglycans, induce TLR2-dependant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landry Blanc
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Castanier
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Arun K. Mishra
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Ray
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vercellone
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- CNRS; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale); 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Stoop EJM, Mishra AK, Driessen NN, van Stempvoort G, Bouchier P, Verboom T, van Leeuwen LM, Sparrius M, Raadsen SA, van Zon M, van der Wel NN, Besra GS, Geurtsen J, Bitter W, Appelmelk BJ, van der Sar AM. Mannan core branching of lipo(arabino)mannan is required for mycobacterial virulence in the context of innate immunity. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:2093-108. [PMID: 23902464 PMCID: PMC3963455 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains an important worldwide health threat. Although TB is one of the oldest infectious diseases of man, a detailed understanding of the mycobacterial mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we studied the role of the α(1→2) mannosyltransferase MptC in mycobacterial virulence, using the Mycobacterium marinum zebrafish infection model. Like its M. tuberculosis orthologue, disruption of M. marinum mptC (mmar_3225) results in defective elongation of mannose caps of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and absence of α(1→2)mannose branches on the lipomannan (LM) and LAM mannan core, as determined by biochemical analysis (NMR and GC-MS) and immunoblotting. We found that the M. marinum mptC mutant is strongly attenuated in embryonic zebrafish, which rely solely on innate immunity, whereas minor virulence defects were observed in adult zebrafish. Strikingly, complementation with the Mycobacterium smegmatis mptC orthologue, which restored mannan core branching but not cap elongation, was sufficient to fully complement the virulence defect of the mptC mutant in embryos. Altogether our data demonstrate that not LAM capping, but mannan core branching of LM/LAM plays an important role in mycobacterial pathogenesis in the context of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J M Stoop
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Cao B, Chen X, Yamaryo-Botte Y, Richardson MB, Martin KL, Khairallah GN, Rupasinghe TW, O’Flaherty RM, O’Hair RA, Ralton JE, Crellin PK, Coppel RL, McConville MJ, Williams SJ. Synthesis, Structural Elucidation, And Biochemical Analysis of Immunoactive Glucuronosyl Diacylglycerides of Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2175-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul K. Crellin
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Mishra AK, Alves JE, Krumbach K, Nigou J, Castro AG, Geurtsen J, Eggeling L, Saraiva M, Besra GS. Differential arabinan capping of lipoarabinomannan modulates innate immune responses and impacts T helper cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44173-83. [PMID: 23144457 PMCID: PMC3531733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens by interacting with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as the phosphatidylinositol-based lipoglycans, lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Such structures are present in several pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, being important for the initiation of immune responses. It is well established that the interaction of LM and LAM with TLR2 is a process dependent on the structure of the ligands. However, the implications of structural variations on TLR2 ligands for the development of T helper (Th) cell responses or in the context of in vivo responses are less studied. Herein, we used Corynebacterium glutamicum as a source of lipoglycan intermediates for host interaction studies. In this study, we have deleted a putative glycosyltransferase, NCgl2096, from C. glutamicum and found that it encodes for a novel α(1→2)arabinofuranosyltransferase, AftE. Biochemical analysis of the lipoglycans obtained in the presence (wild type) or absence of NCgl2096 showed that AftE is involved in the biosynthesis of singular arabinans of LAM. In its absence, the resulting molecule is a hypermannosylated (hLM) form of LAM. Both LAM and hLM were recognized by dendritic cells, mainly via TLR2, and triggered the production of several cytokines. hLM was a stronger stimulus for in vitro cytokine production and, as a result, a more potent inducer of Th17 responses. In vivo data confirmed hLM as a stronger inducer of cytokine responses and suggested the involvement of pattern recognition receptors other than TLR2 as sensors for lipoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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27
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Rainczuk AK, Yamaryo-Botte Y, Brammananth R, Stinear TP, Seemann T, Coppel RL, McConville MJ, Crellin PK. The lipoprotein LpqW is essential for the mannosylation of periplasmic glycolipids in Corynebacteria. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42726-38. [PMID: 23091062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.373415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIM), lipomannan (LM), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are essential components of the cell wall and plasma membrane of mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the related Corynebacterineae. We have previously shown that the lipoprotein, LpqW, regulates PIM and LM/LAM biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Here, we provide direct evidence that LpqW regulates the activity of key mannosyltransferases in the periplasmic leaflet of the cell membrane. Inactivation of the Corynebacterium glutamicum lpqW ortholog, NCgl1054, resulted in a slow growth phenotype and a global defect in lipoglycan biosynthesis. The NCgl1054 mutant lacked LAMs and was defective in the elongation of the major PIM species, AcPIM2, as well as a second glycolipid, termed Gl-X (mannose-α1-4-glucuronic acid-α1-diacylglycerol), which function as membrane anchors for LM-A and LM-B, respectively. Elongation of AcPIM2 and Gl-X was found to be dependent on expression of polyprenol phosphomannose (ppMan) synthase. However, the ΔNCgl1054 mutant synthesized normal levels of ppMan, indicating that LpqW is not required for synthesis of this donor. A spontaneous suppressor strain was isolated in which lipoglycan synthesis in the ΔNCgl1054 mutant was partially restored. Genome-wide sequencing indicated that a single amino acid substitution within the ppMan-dependent mannosyltransferase MptB could bypass the need for LpqW. Further evidence of an interaction is provided by the observation that MptB activity in cell-free extracts was significantly reduced in the absence of LpqW. Collectively, our results suggest that LpqW may directly activate MptB, highlighting the role of lipoproteins in regulating key cell wall biosynthetic pathways in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arek K Rainczuk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Mishra AK, Krumbach K, Rittmann D, Batt SM, Lee OYC, De S, Frunzke J, Besra GS, Eggeling L. Deletion of manC in Corynebacterium glutamicum results in a phospho-myo-inositol mannoside- and lipoglycan-deficient mutant. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1908-1917. [PMID: 22539165 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.057653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mannose is an important constituent of the immunomodulatory glycoconjugates of the mycobacterial cell wall: lipoarabinomannan (LAM), lipomannan (LM) and the related phospho-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs). In Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the related bacillus Corynebacterium glutamicum, mannose is either imported from the medium or derived from glycolysis, and is subsequently converted into the nucleotide-based sugar donor guanosine diphosphomannose (GDP-mannose). This can be utilized by the glycosyltranferases of the GT-A/B superfamily or converted to the lipid-based donor polyprenyl monophosphomannose, and used as a substrate by the transmembrane glycosyltransferases of the GT-C superfamily. To investigate GDP-mannose biosynthesis in detail, the gene encoding a putative ManC in C. glutamicum was deleted. Deletion of manC resulted in a slow-growing mutant, with reduced but not totally abrogated guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase activity. However, a comprehensive cell wall analysis revealed that C. glutamicumΔmanC is deficient in PIMs and LM/LAM. Closer inspection suggests that promiscuous ManC activity is contributed by additional putative nucleotidyltransferases, PmmB, WbbL1, GalU and GlmU, and a hypothetical protein, NCgl0715. Furthermore, complementation analyses of C. glutamicumΔmanC with Rv3264c suggested that it is a true homologue of ManC in M. tuberculosis, and the essentiality of PIMs in M. tuberculosis makes it an attractive drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karin Krumbach
- Biotechnology (IBG-1), Research Centre Juelich GmbH, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Doris Rittmann
- Biotechnology (IBG-1), Research Centre Juelich GmbH, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Sarah M Batt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Oona Y-C Lee
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sandip De
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Biotechnology (IBG-1), Research Centre Juelich GmbH, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lothar Eggeling
- Biotechnology (IBG-1), Research Centre Juelich GmbH, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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Jankute M, Grover S, Rana AK, Besra GS. Arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis: structure, biogenesis and their potential as drug targets. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:129-47. [PMID: 22191451 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of TB, remains the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious organism. The persistence of this human pathogen is associated with its distinctive lipid-rich cell wall structure that is highly impermeable to hydrophilic chemical drugs. This highly complex and unique structure is crucial for the growth, viability and virulence of M. tuberculosis, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. It contains a large macromolecular structure known as the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, as well as phosphatidyl-myo-inositol derived glycolipids with potent immunomodulatory activity, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. These cell wall components are often the targets of effective chemotherapeutic agents against TB, such as ethambutol. This review focuses on the structural details and biosynthetic pathways of both arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, as well as the effects of potent drugs on these important (lipo)polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankute
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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30
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Cohen NR, Tatituri RVV, Rivera A, Watts GFM, Kim EY, Chiba A, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Besra GS, Levitz SM, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Innate recognition of cell wall β-glucans drives invariant natural killer T cell responses against fungi. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 10:437-50. [PMID: 22100160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
iNKT cells are innate T lymphocytes recognizing endogenous and foreign lipid antigens presented in the MHC-like molecule CD1d. The semi-invariant iNKT cell TCR can detect certain bacterial and parasitic lipids and drive iNKT cell responses. How iNKT cells respond to fungi, however, is unknown. We found that CD1d-deficient mice, which lack iNKT cells, poorly control infection with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Furthermore, A. fumigatus rapidly activates iNKT cells in vivo and in vitro in the presence of APCs. Surprisingly, despite a requirement for CD1d recognition, the antifungal iNKT cell response does not require fungal lipids. Instead, Dectin-1- and MyD88-mediated responses to β-1,3 glucans, major fungal cell-wall polysaccharides, trigger IL-12 production by APCs that drives self-reactive iNKT cells to secrete IFN-γ. Innate recognition of β-1,3 glucans also drives iNKT cell responses against Candida, Histoplasma, and Alternaria, suggesting that this mechanism may broadly define the basis for antifungal iNKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Brennan PJ, Tatituri RV, Brigl M, Kim EY, Tuli A, Sanderson JP, Gadola SD, Hsu FF, Besra GS, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells recognize lipid self antigen induced by microbial danger signals. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1202-11. [PMID: 22037601 PMCID: PMC3242449 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) have a prominent role during infection and other inflammatory processes, and these cells can be activated through their T cell antigen receptors by microbial lipid antigens. However, increasing evidence shows that they are also activated in situations in which foreign lipid antigens would not be present, which suggests a role for lipid self antigen. We found that an abundant endogenous lipid, β-D-glucopyranosylceramide (β-GlcCer), was a potent iNKT cell self antigen in mouse and human and that its activity depended on the composition of the N-acyl chain. Furthermore, β-GlcCer accumulated during infection and in response to Toll-like receptor agonists, contributing to iNKT cell activation. Thus, we propose that recognition of β-GlcCer by the invariant T cell antigen receptor translates innate danger signals into iNKT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raju V.V. Tatituri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manfred Brigl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edy Y. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amit Tuli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph P. Sanderson
- Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome and “Hope” Laboratories, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan D. Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome and “Hope” Laboratories, United Kingdom
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Morita YS, Fukuda T, Sena CB, Yamaryo-Botte Y, McConville MJ, Kinoshita T. Inositol lipid metabolism in mycobacteria: Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:630-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mishra AK, Driessen NN, Appelmelk BJ, Besra GS. Lipoarabinomannan and related glycoconjugates: structure, biogenesis and role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology and host-pathogen interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:1126-57. [PMID: 21521247 PMCID: PMC3229680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This bacterium has an unusual lipid-rich cell wall containing a vast repertoire of antigens, providing a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against chemical drugs, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. Apart from the mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex, mycobacteria possess several immunomodulatory constituents, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. The availability of whole-genome sequences of M. tuberculosis and related bacilli over the past decade has led to the identification and functional characterization of various enzymes and the potential drug targets involved in the biosynthesis of these glycoconjugates. Both lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan possess highly variable chemical structures, which interact with different receptors of the immune system during host–pathogen interactions, such as Toll-like receptors-2 and C-type lectins. Recently, the availability of mutants defective in the synthesis of these glycoconjugates in mycobacteria and the closely related bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, has paved the way for host–pathogen interaction studies, as well as, providing attenuated strains of mycobacteria for the development of new vaccine candidates. This review provides a comprehensive account of the structure, biosynthesis and immunomodulatory properties of these important glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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34
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Brigl M, Tatituri RVV, Watts GFM, Bhowruth V, Leadbetter EA, Barton N, Cohen NR, Hsu FF, Besra GS, Brenner MB. Innate and cytokine-driven signals, rather than microbial antigens, dominate in natural killer T cell activation during microbial infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1163-77. [PMID: 21555485 PMCID: PMC3173255 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are critical for host defense against a variety of microbial pathogens. However, the central question of how iNKT cells are activated by microbes has not been fully explained. The example of adaptive MHC-restricted T cells, studies using synthetic pharmacological α-galactosylceramides, and the recent discovery of microbial iNKT cell ligands have all suggested that recognition of foreign lipid antigens is the main driver for iNKT cell activation during infection. However, when we compared the role of microbial antigens versus innate cytokine-driven mechanisms, we found that iNKT cell interferon-γ production after in vitro stimulation or infection with diverse bacteria overwhelmingly depended on toll-like receptor-driven IL-12. Importantly, activation of iNKT cells in vivo during infection with Sphingomonas yanoikuyae or Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathogens which are known to express iNKT cell antigens and which require iNKT cells for effective protection, also predominantly depended on IL-12. Constitutive expression of high levels of IL-12 receptor by iNKT cells enabled instant IL-12-induced STAT4 activation, demonstrating that among T cells, iNKT cells are uniquely equipped for immediate, cytokine-driven activation. These findings reveal that innate and cytokine-driven signals, rather than cognate microbial antigen, dominate in iNKT cell activation during microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Brigl
- Department of Pathology, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Mishra AK, Krumbach K, Rittmann D, Appelmelk B, Pathak V, Pathak AK, Nigou J, Geurtsen J, Eggeling L, Besra GS. Lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis in Corynebacterineae: the interplay of two α(1→2)-mannopyranosyltransferases MptC and MptD in mannan branching. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:1241-59. [PMID: 21435038 PMCID: PMC3123699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are key Corynebacterineae glycoconjugates that are integral components of the mycobacterial cell wall, and are potent immunomodulators during infection. LAM is a complex heteropolysaccharide synthesized by an array of essential glycosyltransferase family C (GT-C) members, which represent potential drug targets. Herein, we have identified and characterized two open reading frames from Corynebacterium glutamicum that encode for putative GT-Cs. Deletion of NCgl2100 and NCgl2097 in C. glutamicum demonstrated their role in the biosynthesis of the branching α(1→2)-Manp residues found in LM and LAM. In addition, utilizing a chemically defined nonasaccharide acceptor, azidoethyl 6-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-[α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)]7-D-mannopyranoside, and the glycosyl donor C50-polyprenol-phosphate-[14C]-mannose with membranes prepared from different C. glutamicum mutant strains, we have shown that both NCgl2100 and NCgl2097 encode for novel α(1→2)-mannopyranosyltransferases, which we have termed MptC and MptD respectively. Complementation studies and in vitro assays also identified Rv2181 as a homologue of Cg-MptC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, we investigated the ability of LM and LAM from C. glutamicum, and C. glutamicumΔmptC and C. glutamicumΔmptD mutants, to activate Toll-like receptor 2. Overall, our study enhances our understanding of complex lipoglycan biosynthesis in Corynebacterineae and sheds further light on the structural and functional relationship of these classes of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Batt SM, Jabeen T, Mishra AK, Veerapen N, Krumbach K, Eggeling L, Besra GS, Fütterer K. Acceptor substrate discrimination in phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside synthesis: structural and mutational analysis of mannosyltransferase Corynebacterium glutamicum PimB'. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37741-52. [PMID: 20843801 PMCID: PMC2988379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term survival of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans is linked to the immunomodulatory potential of its complex cell wall glycolipids, which include the phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) series as well as the related lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan glycoconjugates. PIM biosynthesis is initiated by a set of cytosolic α-mannosyltransferases, catalyzing glycosyl transfer from the activated saccharide donor GDP-α-D-mannopyranose to the acceptor phosphatidyl-myo-inositol (PI) in an ordered and regio-specific fashion. Herein, we report the crystal structure of mannosyltransferase Corynebacterium glutamicum PimB' in complex with nucleotide to a resolution of 2.0 Å. PimB' attaches mannosyl selectively to the 6-OH of the inositol moiety of PI. Two crystal forms and GDP- versus GDP-α-d-mannopyranose-bound complexes reveal flexibility of the nucleotide conformation as well as of the structural framework of the active site. Structural comparison, docking of the saccharide acceptor, and site-directed mutagenesis pin regio-selectivity to a conserved Asp residue in the N-terminal domain that forces presentation of the correct inositol hydroxyl to the saccharide donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Batt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Umesiri FE, Sanki AK, Boucau J, Ronning DR, Sucheck SJ. Recent advances toward the inhibition of mAG and LAM synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:290-326. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cao B, Williams SJ. Chemical approaches for the study of the mycobacterial glycolipids phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:919-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c000604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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39
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The Rhodococcal Cell Envelope: Composition, Organisation and Biosynthesis. BIOLOGY OF RHODOCOCCUS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12937-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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40
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Suppression of human prostate tumor growth by a unique prostate-specific monoclonal antibody F77 targeting a glycolipid marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:732-7. [PMID: 20080743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911397107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In our effort to find diagnostic markers and to develop therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer, we have identified an mAb that is capable of binding to a cell surface antigen specifically expressed on both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Immunohistological studies revealed that this mAb, called F77, stained 112 of 116 primary and 29 of 34 metastatic human prostate cancer specimens. Although the mAb F77 alone directly promotes prostate cancer cell death, it also mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, mAb F77 can significantly inhibit androgen-independent PC3 and Du145 tumor growth in nude mice. Antigen characterization revealed that mAb F77 recognizes a very small molecular species with glycolipid properties. F77 antigen is concentrated in the lipid-raft microdomains, which serve as platforms for the assembly of associating protein complexes. Thus, the present study indicates that mAb F77 defines a unique prostate cancer marker and shows promising potential for diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, especially for androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer.
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Kaur D, Guerin ME, Skovierová H, Brennan PJ, Jackson M. Chapter 2: Biogenesis of the cell wall and other glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 69:23-78. [PMID: 19729090 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(09)69002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of tuberculosis in its present-day manifestations - single, multiple and extensive drug-resistant forms and as HIV-TB coinfections - has resulted in renewed research on fundamental questions such as the nature of the organism itself, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, definition of the immunological response in animal models and humans, and development of new intervention strategies such as vaccines and drugs. Foremost among these developments has been the precise chemical definition of the complex and distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis, elucidation of the relevant pathways and underlying genetics responsible for the synthesis of the hallmark moieties of the tubercle bacillus such as the mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the phthiocerol- and trehalose-containing effector lipids, the phosphatidylinositol-containing mannosides, lipomannosides and lipoarabinomannosides, major immunomodulators, and others. In this review, the laboratory personnel who have been the focal point of some to these developments review recent progress towards a comprehensive understanding of the basic physiology and functions of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium. J Bacteriol 2009; 192:841-60. [PMID: 19948807 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01254-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micrococcus luteus (NCTC2665, "Fleming strain") has one of the smallest genomes of free-living actinobacteria sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp (G+C content, 73%) predicted to encode 2,403 proteins. The genome shows extensive synteny with that of the closely related organism, Kocuria rhizophila, from which it was taxonomically separated relatively recently. Despite its small size, the genome harbors 73 insertion sequence (IS) elements, almost all of which are closely related to elements found in other actinobacteria. An IS element is inserted into the rrs gene of one of only two rrn operons found in M. luteus. The genome encodes only four sigma factors and 14 response regulators, a finding indicative of adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche (mammalian skin). The high sensitivity of M. luteus to beta-lactam antibiotics may result from the presence of a reduced set of penicillin-binding proteins and the absence of a wblC gene, which plays an important role in the antibiotic resistance in other actinobacteria. Consistent with the restricted range of compounds it can use as a sole source of carbon for energy and growth, M. luteus has a minimal complement of genes concerned with carbohydrate transport and metabolism and its inability to utilize glucose as a sole carbon source may be due to the apparent absence of a gene encoding glucokinase. Uniquely among characterized bacteria, M. luteus appears to be able to metabolize glycogen only via trehalose and to make trehalose only via glycogen. It has very few genes associated with secondary metabolism. In contrast to most other actinobacteria, M. luteus encodes only one resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf) required for emergence from dormancy, and its complement of other dormancy-related proteins is also much reduced. M. luteus is capable of long-chain alkene biosynthesis, which is of interest for advanced biofuel production; a three-gene cluster essential for this metabolism has been identified in the genome.
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Tam PH, Lowary TL. Epimeric and amino disaccharide analogs as probes of an alpha-(1-->6)-mannosyltransferase involved in mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:181-92. [PMID: 20024149 DOI: 10.1039/b916580k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is an important, immunologically active glycan found in the cell wall of mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. At the core of LAM is a mannan domain comprised of alpha-(1-->6)-linked-mannopyranose (Manp) residues. Previously, we and others have demonstrated that alpha-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-Manp disaccharides (e.g., Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-ManpOctyl, ) are the minimum acceptor substrates for enzymes involved in the assembly of the LAM mannan core. We report here the synthesis five epimeric and three amino analogs of , and their subsequent biochemical evaluation against an alpha-(1-->6)-ManT activity present in a membrane preparation from M. smegmatis. Changing the manno- configuration of either residue of to talo- or gluco- led to a reduction or loss of activity, thus confirming earlier work showing that the C-2 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of each monosaccharide were important for enzymatic recognition. Characterization of the products formed from these analogs was done using a combination of mass spectrometry and glycosidase digestion, and full substrate kinetics were also performed. The analogs in which the acceptor hydroxyl group had been replaced with an amino group were, as expected, not substrates for the enzyme, but were weak inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Hang Tam
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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Fontaine T, Lamarre C, Simenel C, Lambou K, Coddeville B, Delepierre M, Latgé JP. Characterization of glucuronic acid containing glycolipid in Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1960-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guerin ME, Kaur D, Somashekar BS, Gibbs S, Gest P, Chatterjee D, Brennan PJ, Jackson M. New insights into the early steps of phosphatidylinositol mannoside biosynthesis in mycobacteria: PimB' is an essential enzyme of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25687-96. [PMID: 19638342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) are key glycolipids of the mycobacterial cell envelope. They are considered not only essential structural components of the cell but also important molecules implicated in host-pathogen interactions. Although their chemical structures are well established, knowledge of the enzymes and sequential events leading to their biosynthesis is still incomplete. Here we show for the first time that although both mannosyltransferases PimA and PimB' (MSMEG_4253) recognize phosphatidyl-myo-inositol (PI) as a lipid acceptor, PimA specifically catalyzes the transfer of a Manp residue to the 2-position of the myo-inositol ring of PI, whereas PimB' exclusively transfers to the 6-position. Moreover, whereas PimB' can catalyze the transfer of a Manp residue onto the PI-monomannoside (PIM1) product of PimA, PimA is unable in vitro to transfer Manp onto the PIM1 product of PimB'. Further assays using membranes from Mycobacterium smegmatis and purified PimA and PimB' indicated that the acylation of the Manp residue transferred by PimA preferentially occurs after the second Manp residue has been added by PimB'. Importantly, genetic evidence is provided that pimB' is an essential gene of M. smegmatis. Altogether, our results support a model wherein Ac1PIM2, a major form of PIMs produced by mycobacteria, arises from the consecutive action of PimA, followed by PimB', and finally the acyltransferase MSMEG_2934. The essentiality of these three enzymes emphasizes the interest of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs targeting the initial steps of PIM biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo E Guerin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, USA.
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Characterization of the Corynebacterium glutamicum deltapimB' deltamgtA double deletion mutant and the role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis orthologues Rv2188c and Rv0557 in glycolipid biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:4465-72. [PMID: 19395496 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01729-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, utilizing a Corynebacterium glutamicum DeltapimB' DeltamgtA double deletion mutant, we unequivocally assign the in vivo functions of Rv2188c as an Ac(1)PIM(1):mannosyltransferase (originally termed PimB'(Mt) [Mycobacterium tuberculosis PimB']) and Rv0557 as a GlcAGroAc(2):mannosyltransferase (originally termed PimB(Mt)), which we have reassigned as PimB(Mt) and MgtA(Mt), respectively, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Torrelles JB, DesJardin LE, MacNeil J, Kaufman TM, Kutzbach B, Knaup R, McCarthy TR, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Clegg S, Schlesinger LS. Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannosyltransferase pimB reduces the cell wall lipoarabinomannan and lipomannan content and increases the rate of bacterial-induced human macrophage cell death. Glycobiology 2009; 19:743-55. [PMID: 19318518 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) cell wall contains an important group of structurally related mannosylated lipoglycans called phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan (LM), and mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), where the terminal alpha-[1-->2] mannosyl structures on higher order PIMs and ManLAM have been shown to engage C-type lectins such as the macrophage mannose receptor directing M.tb phagosome maturation arrest. An important gene described in the biosynthesis of these molecules is the mannosyltransferase pimB (Rv0557). Here, we disrupted pimB in a virulent strain of M.tb. We demonstrate that the inactivation of pimB in M.tb does not abolish the production of any of its cell wall mannosylated lipoglycans; however, it results in a quantitative decrease in the ManLAM and LM content without affecting higher order PIMs. This finding indicates gene redundancy or the possibility of an alternative biosynthetic pathway that may compensate for the PimB deficiency. Furthermore, infection of human macrophages by the pimB mutant leads to an alteration in macrophage phenotype concomitant with a significant increase in the rate of macrophage death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B Torrelles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Vissa VD, Sakamuri RM, Li W, Brennan PJ. Defining mycobacteria: Shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:11-47. [PMID: 23100749 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the combination of rapid whole genome sequencing capabilities, application of genetic and computational tools, and establishment of model systems for the study of a range of species for a spectrum of biological questions has enhanced our cumulative knowledge of mycobacteria in terms of their growth properties and requirements. The adaption of the corynebacterial surrogate system has simplified the study of cell wall biosynthetic machinery common to actinobacteria. Comparative genomics supported by experimentation reveals that superimposed on a common core of 'mycobacterial' gene set, pathogenic mycobacteria are endowed with multiple copies of several protein families that encode novel secretion and transport systems such as mce and esx; immunomodulators named PE/PPE proteins, and polyketide synthases for synthesis of complex lipids. The precise timing of expression, engagement and interactions involving one or more of these redundant proteins in their host environments likely play a role in the definition and differentiation of species and their disease phenotypes. Besides these, only a few species specific 'virulence' factors i.e., macromolecules have been discovered. Other subtleties may also arise from modifications of shared macromolecules. In contrast, to cope with the broad and changing growth conditions, their saprophytic relatives have larger genomes, in which the excess coding capacity is dedicated to transcriptional regulators, transporters for nutrients and toxic metabolites, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and catabolic pathways. In this review, we present a sampling of the tools and techniques that are being implemented to tease apart aspects of physiology, phylogeny, ecology and pathology and illustrate the dominant genomic characteristics of representative species. The investigation of clinical isolates, natural disease states and discovery of new diagnostics, vaccines and drugs for existing and emerging mycobacterial diseases, particularly for multidrug resistant strains are the challenges in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi D Vissa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523-1628 USA
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Abstract
In spite of effective antibiotics to treat TB (tuberculosis) since the early 1960s, we enter the new millennium with TB currently the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, killing more than 3 million people worldwide each year. Thus an understanding of drug-resistance mechanisms, the immunobiology of cell wall components to elucidate host–pathogen interactions and the discovery of new drug targets are now required for the treatment of TB. Above the plasma membrane is a classical chemotype IV peptidoglycan to which is attached the macromolecular structure, mycolyl-arabinogalactan via a unique diglycosylphosphoryl bridge. The present review discusses the assembly of the mAGP (mycolyl-arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan) complex and the site of action of EMB (ethambutol), bringing forward a new era in TB research and focus for new drugs to combat multidrug-resistant TB.
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Moreira LO, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Andrade AFB. Novel lipoarabinomannan-like lipoglycan (CdiLAM) contributes to the adherence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae to epithelial cells. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:521-30. [PMID: 18575847 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Corynebacterium is part of the phylogenetic group nocardioform actinomycetes. Members of this group have a characteristic cell envelope structure composed primarily of branched long-chain lipids, termed mycolic acids, and a rich number of lipoglycans such as lipoarabinomanans (LAM) and lipomannans. In this study, we identified a novel LAM variant isolated from Corynebacterium diphtheriae named CdiLAM. The key structural features of CdiLAM are a linear alpha-1-->6-mannan with side chains containing 2-linked alpha-D-Manp and 4-linked alpha-D-Araf residues. The polysaccharide backbone is linked to a phosphatidylinositol anchor. In contrast to the LAMs of other members of actinomycetales, CdiLAM presents an unusual substitution at position 4 of alpha-1-->6-mannan backbone by alpha-D-Araf. Unlike the non-fimbrial adhesin 62-72p, CdiLAM did not function as a hemagglutinin to human red blood cells. Experimental evidences pointed to CdiLAM as an adhesin of C. diphtheriae to human respiratory epithelial cells, thereby, contributing to the pathogenesis of diphtheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Moreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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