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Cen Z, Chen Z, Wang D, Chen X, Chen J. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of skin penetration enhancer Putocrin®. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38867384 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substances that can efficiently enhance skin penetration while exerting no adverse effect are useful for drug and cosmetics formulation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and enhance skin penetration efficacy of Putocrin®, a combination containing 2% isosorbide dimethyl ether, 1% pentanediol, and 0.5% inositol. METHODS An in vitro keratinocyte cell assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and an in vitro EpiKutis® skin study adopted hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunostaining, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis were carried out to investigate the safety of Putocrin®. A pigskin-Franz cell system experiment applied high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare the skin penetration efficiency of fluorescein isothiocyanate (Fitc)-labeled tranexamic acid with or without the assistance of Putocrin®. The safety and efficacy of Putocrin® was further evaluated on zebrafish embryos. RESULTS The MTT assay showed that Putocrin® at concentration ≤2.5% did not significantly affect cell viability. The in vitro EpiKutis® skin study revealed that 2.5% Putocrin® did not affect skin morphology, filaggrin content, ceramide/protein, or fatty acid/protein ratios, but significantly increased loricrin content by 86.00% (p < 0.001). The pigskin-Franz cell penetration experiment demonstrated that Fitc-labeled tranexamic acid could barely penetrate the skin (with penetration rate of 1.121%), while Putocrin® significantly enhanced the penetration rate up to 83.983%, which was close to unlabeled tranexamic acid (90.013%). The zebrafish embryo study showed that 2.5% Putocrin® did not exert observable toxicity and obviously assisted the skin penetration of Fitc-labeled tranexamic acid into fish embryos. These results indicate the strong enhancing skin penetration potency of Putocrin®. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the safety as well as the strong enhancing skin penetration potency of Putocrin® for cosmetics formulation use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxiao Cen
- Guangzhou Luanying Cosmetics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Guangzhou Luanying Cosmetics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Guangzhou Luanying Cosmetics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Centre for Biotech Big Data Research & Development, Research Institute of Tsinghua, Pearl River Delta, China
- Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junyuan Chen
- Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Hong Kong, China
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Lee PH, Choi SM, An MH, Hwang DY, Park S, Baek AR, Jang AS. Nectin4 is a potential therapeutic target for asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049900. [PMID: 36457999 PMCID: PMC9707334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nectins comprise a family of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion. Neither the biological significance nor clinical potential of Nectin4 for asthma has been investigated. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to elucidate the role of Nectin4 in airway inflammation and to determine the relationship between Nectin4 and clinical variables in patients with asthma. METHODS The relationship between Nectin4 levels in the blood of asthmatic patients and clinical variables was examined. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 (Der p1)-exposed normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, and Nectin4-deficient (Nectin4-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice sensitized/challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), were used to investigate the involvement of Nectin4 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma via the Src/Rac1 pathway. RESULTS Plasma Nectin4 levels were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than controls and correlated with specific IgE D1, D2, lung function. The ROC curves for Nectin4 levels differed between asthma patients and controls. Nectin4/Afadin and Src/Rac1 levels were significantly increased in NHBE cells exposed to Der p1, but decreased in NHBE cells treated with Nectin4 siRNA. Airway obstruction and inflammation, as well as the levels of Th2 cytokines, Nectin4, and Src/Rac1, were increased in WT OVA/OVA mice compared with WT sham mice. Nectin4 knockdown resulted in lower levels of Afadin and Src/Rac1 in Nectin4-/-OVA/OVA than WT OVA/OVA mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Nectin4 is involved in airway inflammation and may be a therapeutic target in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun-Haneul Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Seon Muk Choi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Min Hyeok An
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Da Yeon Hwang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Shinhee Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ae Rin Baek
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Mahapatra N, Dash KC, Bhuyan L, Panda A, Behura SS, Mishra P. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Loricrin as a Diagnostic Marker in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2020; 12:S264-S267. [PMID: 33149468 PMCID: PMC7595509 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_79_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loricrin is usually observed in abundance in keratinizing epithelium in response to mechanical stress, which may be associated with development and malignant transformations in conditions such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Therefore, understanding of various molecular mechanisms associated with difference in gene expressions between OSMF and that of normal oral tissue is important. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficacy of loricrin as a diagnostic marker in patients with OSMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained from the archives of the department. The study sample was grouped into two groups of normal mucosa (group I; n = 20) and OSMF (group II; n = 30) specimens. The study tissues were immunohistochemically stained with loricrin antibody and were further graded on basis of staining intensity. RESULTS Loricrin immunostaining was observed significantly more in OSMF cases and even in stratum granulosum in comparison to normal mucosa. CONCLUSION Loricrin can act as an early indicator and a prognostic marker for detection of deleterious changes within epithelium in OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niva Mahapatra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kailash C Dash
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Lipsa Bhuyan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abikshyeet Panda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shyam S Behura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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S N, Joshua E, K R, Thavarajah R, Rao UK. Loricrin expression and its implication in oral submucous fibrosis, hyperkeratosis and normal mucosa with association to habits - An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:226-231. [PMID: 31193624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The coarse fibres of areca nut and the continuous friction from occluding teeth are major causes of mechanical stress to the oral mucosa in conditions like oral submucous fibrosis and frictional keratosis. The continuous micro trauma provided in areca nut chewers, creates an environment where the keratinocytes exhibit alteration. Loricrin, is expressed abundantly in keratinizing epithelium in response to mechanical stress. Their expression or absence could play a role in malignant transformation. This study attempts to assess the potential of Loricrin as an early diagnostic marker in patients with chewing habit. Methods 73 archival samples of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens histopathologically confirmed, were segregated as normal mucosa 11, hyperkeratotic 32 and oral submucous fibrosis 30 and stained with antibodies to Loricrin and graded as negative, mild, moderate and intense based on the staining intensity. Pearson's chi square test was done for statistical analysis. Results Loricrin expression was observed in all groups with staining in the stratum granulosum showing a significant association to habits (P = 0.000). Conclusion This prominent staining indicates a compensatory cytoskeletal rearrangement of surface epithelium during cell division in early oral submucous fibrosis showing potential as an early marker of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya S
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elizabeth Joshua
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranganathan K
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rooban Thavarajah
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi K Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE The cell-cell adhesion molecules, cadherins and nectins, are involved in the formation of adherens junctions. However, involvement of nectins in the corneal endothelium has not yet been established. This study investigated the involvement of nectins in adherens junctions of the corneal endothelium. METHODS Nectin and cadherin expression in the corneal endothelium was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Colocalization and direct binding of nectin-1 and N-cadherin to anchoring proteins (afadin and β-catenin, respectively) were determined by immunostaining and immunoprecipitation. The effect of afadin and N-cadherin knockdown on apical junctions was evaluated by immunostaining. RESULTS Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed nectin-1, nectin-2, nectin-3, nectin-4, and afadin expression in the corneal endothelium. Immunofluorescence staining showed colocalization of nectin and afadin at the basal side of the tight junction (where adherens junctions typically locate) and immunoprecipitation confirmed direct binding of nectin to afadin. N-cadherin, P-cadherin, VE-cadherin, and OB-cadherin messenger RNAs were expressed in the corneal endothelium. N-cadherin and β-catenin colocalized at the cell-cell border, where they directly bound and formed a cell-cell adhesion complex. N-cadherin knockdown disrupted the normal expression pattern of zonula occludens protein-1 and afadin, but afadin knockdown had no effect on the expression pattern of zonula occludens protein-1 and N-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS We believe this to be the first report of conservation of the nectin-afadin system in the corneal endothelium and its involvement in the formation of adherens junctions. N-cadherin, as a member of the cadherin family, is also essential for the formation and maintenance of cell-cell adhesion mediated by nectins and tight junctions in the corneal endothelium.
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Dorjsembe B, Lee HJ, Kim M, Dulamjav B, Jigjid T, Nho CW. Achillea asiatica extract and its active compounds induce cutaneous wound healing. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 206:306-314. [PMID: 28602757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achillea asiatica Serg. is a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family that has long been traditionally used to treat acute intestinal and stomach inflammation, persistent fever, ulcers, wounds, and rheumatism. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the effect of A. asiatica extract (AAE) on cutaneous wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the effect of AAE on wounds, an incisional Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model was topically treated with AAE for 2 weeks. HaCaT keratinocytes, Hs68 dermal fibroblasts, and RAW 264.7 macrophages were used for in vitro experiments. After treatment with AAE, cell viability, cell migration, and production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were investigated. mRNA expression of collagen type I and III and inflammatory cytokines was measured by RT-PCR. The effect of AAE on activation of β-catenin and other markers was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS AAE treatment significantly increased epithelialization and accelerated wound healing in SD rats. Meanwhile, AAE and its active compounds reduced NO and PGE2 release and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, reflecting anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, AAE and its constituents stimulated collagen expression in Hs68 fibroblasts by activating transforming growth factor-β and stimulated keratinocyte differentiation and motility by inducing β-catenin, Akt, and keratinocyte differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS AAE improves skin wounds in SD rats and supports keratinocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banzragch Dorjsembe
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Lee
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsuk Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Batsuren Dulamjav
- Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tunsag Jigjid
- Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Smart Farm Solution, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea.
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Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls): Recent findings and their role and regulation in spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Knebel-Mörsdorf D. Nectin-1 and HVEM: cellular receptors for HSV-1 in skin. Oncotarget 2016; 7:19087-8. [PMID: 27031306 PMCID: PMC4991366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Nithya S, Radhika T, Jeddy N. Loricrin - an overview. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:64-8. [PMID: 26097310 PMCID: PMC4451671 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.157204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loricrin is a terminally differentiating structural protein comprising more than 70% of the cornified envelope. It contributes to the protective barrier function of the stratum corneum. In vivo, loricrin is expressed inall mammalian stratified epithelia with the highest levels of expression in humid tissues such as newborn epidermis, the epithelia of oral and anal mucosa, esophagus, foreskin, vagina and the epidermal parts of sweat ducts. Loricrin is not expressed in non keratinizing epithelia and its expression at these sites actually represents a defensive or protective mechanismof the body. An insight into this protein- “Loricrin” can shed light to its potential as a marker in the early stages of potentially malignant disorders like oral sub mucous fibrosis and leukoplakia. This compilation has been done by taking into account the existing literature, reviews and original studies on loricrin, a major component of the cornifiedcell envelope, its structure and the alterations that result due to its absence or presence of both the epidermis and the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nithya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Radhika
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nadeem Jeddy
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yoshida K, Hayashi R, Fujita H, Kubota M, Kondo M, Shimomura Y, Niizeki H. Novel homozygous mutation, c.400C>T (p.Arg134*), in the PVRL1 gene underlies cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome in an Asian patient. J Dermatol 2015; 42:715-9. [PMID: 25913853 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations of the poliovirus receptor-like 1 (PVRL1) gene encoding nectin-1. Nectin-1 is a cell-cell adhesion molecule that is important for the initial step in the formation of adherens junctions and tight junctions; it is expressed in keratinocytes, neurons, and the developing face and palate. Clinical manifestations comprise a unique facial appearance with cleft lip/palate, ectodermal dysplasia, cutaneous syndactyly of the fingers and/or toes, and in some cases, mental retardation. We present the first report, to our knowledge, of an Asian individual with cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome with a novel PVRL1 mutation. A 7-year-old Japanese boy, the first child of a consanguineous marriage, showed hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with sparse, brittle, fine, dry hair and hypodontia, the unique facial appearance with cleft lip/palate, cutaneous syndactyly of the fingers and mild mental retardation. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the hair demonstrated pili torti and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Mutation analysis of exon 2 of PVRL1 revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, c.400C>T (p.Arg134*). His parents were heterozygous for the mutant alleles. All four PVRL1 mutations identified in cleft lip/palate-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome to date, including this study, resulted in truncated proteins that lack the transmembrane domain and intracellular domain of nectin-1, which is necessary to initiate the cell-cell adhesion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Kondo
- Department of Allergy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironori Niizeki
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Mandai K, Rikitake Y, Mori M, Takai Y. Nectins and nectin-like molecules in development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:197-231. [PMID: 25733141 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls)/Cadms are Ca(2+)-independent immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, expressed in most cell types. Nectins mediate not only homotypic but also heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, in contrast to classic cadherins which participate only in homophilic adhesion. Nectins and Necls function in organogenesis of the eye, inner ear, tooth, and cerebral cortex and in a variety of developmental processes including spermatogenesis, axon guidance, synapse formation, and myelination. They are also involved in various diseases, such as viral infection, hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and cancer. Thus, nectins and Necls are crucial for both physiology and pathology. This review summarizes recent advances in research on these cell adhesion molecules in development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan.
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Mollo MR, Antonini D, Mitchell K, Fortugno P, Costanzo A, Dixon J, Brancati F, Missero C. p63-dependent and independent mechanisms of nectin-1 and nectin-4 regulation in the epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:114-9. [PMID: 25387952 PMCID: PMC4329386 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules mainly localized in adherens junctions. The transcription factor p63 is a master regulator of gene expression in stratified epithelia and controls several molecular processes. As mutations in the Pvrl1 and Pvrl4 genes encoding for nectins cause genetic disorders with phenotypes similar to p63-related syndromes, we investigated whether these proteins might be under p63 transcriptional control. Here, we show that in p63-null skin, Pvrl1 gene expression is strongly reduced, whereas Pvrl4 expression is unaffected. In human and mouse primary keratinocytes p63 depletion leads to a specific downregulation of the Pvrl1 gene. Consistent with a direct regulation, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments (ChIP) indicate that p63 binds to two conserved intronic Pvrl1 enhancer regions. Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, caused by mutations in p63 gene, mainly characterized by skin fragility. To test whether nectins may be affected in AEC syndrome, their expression was measured in keratinocytes obtained from patients with AEC or from a conditional mouse model for AEC syndrome. Pvrl1 expression was reduced in AEC keratinocytes, consistent with impaired p63 function. Surprisingly, Pvrl4 expression was similarly affected, in parallel with decreased expression of the transcription factor Irf6. Consistent with the well-characterized role of Irf6 in keratinocyte differentiation and its strong downregulation in AEC syndrome, Irf6 depletion caused reduced expression of Pvrl4 in wild-type keratinocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that Pvrl1 is a bona fide target gene of the transcription factor p63, whereas Pvrl4 regulation is linked to epidermal differentiation and is under Irf6 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Mollo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie AvanzateNapoli, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico IINapoli, Italy
| | | | - Karen Mitchell
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Paola Fortugno
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRome, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aging Research Center, Gabriele d'Annunzio UniversityChieti, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata University HospitalRome, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie AvanzateNapoli, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico IINapoli, Italy
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Biggs LC, Goudy SL, Dunnwald M. Palatogenesis and cutaneous repair: A two-headed coin. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:289-310. [PMID: 25370680 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reparative mechanism that operates following post-natal cutaneous injury is a fundamental survival function that requires a well-orchestrated series of molecular and cellular events. At the end, the body will have closed the hole using processes like cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and fusion. RESULTS These processes are similar to those occurring during embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Palatogenesis, the formation of the palate from two independent palatal shelves growing towards each other and fusing, intuitively, shares many similarities with the closure of a cutaneous wound from the two migrating epithelial fronts. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize the current information on cutaneous development, wound healing, palatogenesis and orofacial clefting and propose that orofacial clefting and wound healing are conserved processes that share common pathways and gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Entry mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 into murine epidermis: involvement of nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry mediator as cellular receptors. J Virol 2014; 89:262-74. [PMID: 25320325 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02917-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin keratinocytes represent a primary entry site for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in vivo. The cellular proteins nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) act as efficient receptors for both serotypes of HSV and are sufficient for disease development mediated by HSV-2 in mice. How HSV-1 enters skin and whether both nectin-1 and HVEM are involved are not known. We addressed the impact of nectin-1 during entry of HSV-1 into murine epidermis and investigated the putative contribution of HVEM. Using ex vivo infection of murine epidermis, we showed that HSV-1 entered the basal keratinocytes of the epidermis very efficiently. In nectin-1-deficient epidermis, entry was strongly reduced. Almost no entry was observed, however, in nectin-1-deficient keratinocytes grown in culture. This observation correlated with the presence of HVEM on the keratinocyte surface in epidermis and with the lack of HVEM expression in nectin-1-deficient primary keratinocytes. Our results suggest that nectin-1 is the primary receptor in epidermis, while HVEM has a more limited role. For primary murine keratinocytes, on which nectin-1 acts as a single receptor, electron microscopy suggested that HSV-1 can enter both by direct fusion with the plasma membrane and via endocytic vesicles. Thus, we concluded that nectin-1 directs internalization into keratinocytes via alternative pathways. In summary, HSV-1 entry into epidermis was shown to strongly depend on the presence of nectin-1, but the restricted presence of HVEM can potentially replace nectin-1 as a receptor, illustrating the flexibility employed by HSV-1 to efficiently invade tissue in vivo. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause a range of diseases in humans, from uncomplicated mucocutaneous lesions to life-threatening infections. The skin is one target tissue of HSV, and the question of how the virus overcomes the protective skin barrier and penetrates into the tissue to reach its receptors is still open. Previous studies analyzing entry into cells grown in vitro revealed nectin-1 and HVEM as HSV receptors. To explore the contributions of nectin-1 and HVEM to entry into a natural target tissue, we established an ex vivo infection model. Using nectin-1- or HVEM-deficient mice, we demonstrated the distinct involvement of nectin-1 and HVEM for HSV-1 entry into epidermis and characterized the internalization pathways. Such advances in understanding the involvement of receptors in tissue are essential preconditions for unraveling HSV invasion of skin, which in turn will allow the development of antiviral reagents.
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Yoshida T, Iwata T, Takai Y, Birchmeier W, Yamato M, Okano T. Afadin requirement for cytokine expressions in keratinocytes during chemically induced inflammation in mice. Genes Cells 2014; 19:842-52. [PMID: 25297509 PMCID: PMC4231224 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Afadin is a filamentous actin-binding protein and a mediator of nectin signaling. Nectins are Ig-like cell adhesion molecules, and the nectin family is composed of four members, nectin-1 to nectin-4. Nectins show homophilic and heterophilic interactions with other nectins or proteins on adjacent cells. Nectin signaling induces formation of cell–cell junctions and is required for the development of epithelial tissues, including skin. This study investigated the role of afadin in epithelial tissue development and established epithelium-specific afadin-deficient (CKO) mice. Although showing no obvious abnormality in the skin development and homeostasis, the mice showed the reduced neutrophil infiltration into the epidermis during chemical-induced inflammation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Immunohistochemical and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of cytokines including Cxcl2, Il-1β and Tnf-α were reduced in CKO keratinocytes compared with control keratinocytes during TPA-induced inflammation. Primary-cultured skin keratinocytes from CKO mice also showed reduced expression of these cytokines and weak activation of Rap1 compared with those from control mice after the TPA treatment. These results suggested a remarkable function of afadin, which was able to enhance cytokine expression through Rap1 activation in keratinocytes during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yoshida
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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16
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Majima T, Takeuchi K, Sano K, Hirashima M, Zankov DP, Tanaka-Okamoto M, Ishizaki H, Miyoshi J, Ogita H. An Adaptor Molecule Afadin Regulates Lymphangiogenesis by Modulating RhoA Activity in the Developing Mouse Embryo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68134. [PMID: 23840823 PMCID: PMC3694064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin is an intracellular binding partner of nectins, cell-cell adhesion molecules, and plays important roles in the formation of cell-cell junctions. Afadin-knockout mice show early embryonic lethality, therefore little is known about the function of afadin during organ development. In this study, we generated mice lacking afadin expression in endothelial cells, and found that the majority of these mice were embryonically lethal as a result of severe subcutaneous edema. Defects in the lymphatic vessels of the skin were observed, although the morphology in the blood vessels was almost normal. Severe disruption of VE-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions occurred only in lymphatic endothelial cells, but not in blood endothelial cells. Knockout of afadin did not affect the differentiation and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells. Using in vitro assays with blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs and LMVECs, respectively), knockdown of afadin caused elongated cell shapes and disruption of cell-cell junctions among LMVECs, but not BMVECs. In afadin-knockdown LMVECs, enhanced F-actin bundles at the cell periphery and reduced VE-cadherin immunostaining were found, and activation of RhoA was strongly increased compared with that in afadin-knockdown BMVECs. Conversely, inhibition of RhoA activation in afadin-knockdown LMVECs restored the cell morphology. These results indicate that afadin has different effects on blood and lymphatic endothelial cells by controlling the levels of RhoA activation, which may critically regulate the lymphangiogenesis of mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Majima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keigo Sano
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hirashima
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Dimitar P. Zankov
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miki Tanaka-Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rikitake Y, Mandai K, Takai Y. The role of nectins in different types of cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:3713-22. [PMID: 23027581 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian tissues and organs are composed of different types of cells that adhere to each other homotypically (i.e. interactions between cells of the same cell type) or heterotypically (i.e. interactions between different cell types), forming a variety of cellular patterns, including mosaic patterns. At least three types of cell-cell adhesion have been observed: symmetric homotypic, asymmetric homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesions. Cadherins and nectins, which are known cell-cell adhesion molecules, mediate these cell adhesions. Cadherins comprise a family of more than 100 members, but they are primarily involved in homophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same cadherin members) between opposing cells. By contrast, the nectin family comprises only four members, and these proteins form both homophilic and heterophilic trans-interactions (i.e. interactions between the same and different nectin members on opposing cells). In addition, heterophilic trans-interactions between nectins are much stronger than homophilic trans-interactions. Because of these unique properties, nectins have crucial roles in asymmetric homotypic cell-cell adhesion at neuronal synapses and in various types of heterotypic cell-cell adhesions. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the biology of nectins and discuss their roles in heterotypic cell-cell adhesions, whose formation cannot be solely explained by the action of cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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18
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Boggetti B, Niessen CM. Adherens junctions in mammalian development, homeostasis and disease: lessons from mice. Subcell Biochem 2012; 60:321-55. [PMID: 22674078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4186-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice have proven to be a particularly powerful model to study molecular mechanisms of development and disease. The reason for this is the close evolutionary relationship between rodents and humans, similarities in physiological mechanisms in mice and human, and the large number of techniques available to study gene functions in mice. A large number of mice mutations, either germ line, conditional or inducible, have been generated in the past years for adherens junctions components, and the number is still increasing. In this review we will discuss mice models that have contributed to understanding the developmental and physiological role of adherens junctions and their components in mammals and have revealed novel mechanistic aspects of how adherens junctions regulate morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Boggetti
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Room 4A.05, Robert Kochstrasse 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Yoshida T, Miyoshi J, Takai Y, Thesleff I. Cooperation of nectin-1 and nectin-3 is required for normal ameloblast function and crown shape development in mouse teeth. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2558-69. [PMID: 21038445 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion proteins and their interactions recruit various cell-cell junctions. Mutations in human NECTIN-1 cause an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, but Nectin-1 null mice have only slight defects in teeth, suggesting compensation by other nectin(s). We observed overlapping expression of nectin-3 with nectin-1 and enamel abnormality in the nectin-3 mutant. We, therefore, generated nectin-1;nectin-3 compound mutants. However, all teeth developed and no significant dental abnormalities were observed before birth. At postnatal day 10, the upper molars of compound mutants exhibited conical crown shape and retarded enamel maturation. Nectin-1 was expressed in ameloblasts whereas nectin-3 was expressed in neighboring stratum intermedium cells at this stage. The immunohistochemical localization and electron microscopical observations indicated that the desmosomal junctions between stratum intermedium and ameloblasts were significantly reduced. These results suggest that heterophilic interaction between nectin-1 and nectin-3 recruits desmosomal junctions, and that these are required for proper enamel formation.
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20
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OGITA H, RIKITAKE Y, MIYOSHI J, TAKAI Y. Cell adhesion molecules nectins and associating proteins: Implications for physiology and pathology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:621-629. [PMID: 20551598 PMCID: PMC3081173 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nectins have recently been identified as new cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) consisting of four members. They show immunoglobulin-like structures and exclusively localize at adherens junctions (AJs) between two neighboring cells. During the formation of cell-cell junctions, nectins function in cooperation with or independently of cadherins, major CAMs at AJs. Similar to cadherins, which are linked to the actin cytoskeleton by binding to catenins, nectins also bind to afadin through their C-terminal region and are linked to the actin cytoskeleton. In addition to nectins, there are nectin-like molecules (Necls), which resemble nectins in their structures and consist of five members. Nectins and Necls are involved in the formation of various kinds of cell-cell adhesion, and also play key roles in diverse cellular functions including cell movement, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Thus, nectins and Necls are crucial for physiology and pathology of multicellular organisms.(Communicated by Shigetada NAKANISHI, M.J.A.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu OGITA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki RIKITAKE
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun MIYOSHI
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi TAKAI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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21
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Giangreco A, Jensen KB, Takai Y, Miyoshi J, Watt FM. Necl2 regulates epidermal adhesion and wound repair. Development 2009; 136:3505-14. [PMID: 19783739 DOI: 10.1242/dev.038232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression of cell adhesion molecules regulates stem cell location, self-renewal and lineage selection under steady state conditions and during tissue repair. We show that the intercellular adhesion protein nectin-like molecule 2 (Necl2) is highly expressed in bulge stem cells of adult human and mouse hair follicles. Overexpression of Necl2 in cultured human keratinocytes led to upregulation of calcium/calmodulin-associated Ser/Thr kinase (CASK), increased calcium-independent intercellular adhesion, and inhibition of cell motility and in vitro wound healing. Although the rate of cell proliferation was reduced, terminal differentiation was unaffected. To assess the role of Necl2 in vivo, we examined the epidermis of Necl2-null mice and developed transgenic mice that expressed Necl2 in the basal layer of murine epidermis. Necl2 overexpression led to a reduction in S-phase cells and an increase in quiescent cells retaining DNA label in the bulge. Although epidermal homeostasis appeared normal in both transgenic and knockout mice, wound healing was markedly delayed. Necl2 overexpression resulted in reduced proliferation and increased levels of CASK and E-cadherin at the leading edge of healing wounds, consistent with its effects in culture. Our results demonstrate that Necl2 is involved in regulating epidermal stem cell quiescence and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giangreco
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Ehrenreiter K, Kern F, Velamoor V, Meissl K, Galabova-Kovacs G, Sibilia M, Baccarini M. Raf-1 addiction in Ras-induced skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:149-60. [PMID: 19647225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ras activation is common to many human cancers and promotes cell proliferation and survival by initiating multiple signaling cascades. Accordingly, Ras-transformed cells are generally considered too resourceful to become addicted to a single effector. In contrast to this tenet, we now demonstrate an absolute, cell autonomous requirement for Raf-1 in the development and maintenance of Ras-induced skin epidermis tumors. Mechanistically, Raf-1 functions as an endogenous inhibitor dimming the activity of the Rho-dependent kinase Rok-alpha in the context of a Ras-induced Raf-1:Rok-alpha complex. Raf-1-induced Rok-alpha inhibition allows the phosphorylation of STAT3 and Myc expression and promotes dedifferentiation in Ras-induced tumors. These data link the Raf-1:Rok-alpha complex to STAT3/Myc activation and delineate a pathway crucial for cell fate decision in Ras-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ehrenreiter
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Takai Y, Ikeda W, Ogita H, Rikitake Y. The immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule nectin and its associated protein afadin. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:309-42. [PMID: 18593353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that compose a family of four members. Nectins homophilically and heterophilically interact in trans with each other to form cell-cell adhesions. In addition, they heterophilically interact in trans with other immunoglobulin-like CAMs. Nectins bind afadin, an actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein, at its cytoplasmic tail and associate with the actin cytoskeleton. Afadin additionally serves as an adaptor protein by further binding many scaffolding proteins and F-actin-binding proteins and contributes to the association of nectins with other cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling systems. Nectins and afadin play roles in the formation of a variety of cell-cell junctions cooperatively with, or independently of, cadherins. Cooperation between nectins and cadherins is required for the formation of cell-cell junctions; cadherins alone are not sufficient. Additionally, nectins regulate many other cellular activities (such as movement, proliferation, survival, differentiation, polarization, and the entry of viruses) in cooperation with other CAMs and cell surface membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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Kanzaki N, Ogita H, Komura H, Ozaki M, Sakamoto Y, Majima T, Ijuin T, Takenawa T, Takai Y. Involvement of the nectin-afadin complex in PDGF-induced cell survival. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2008-17. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.024620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nectin-afadin complex is involved in the formation of cell-cell junctions, such as adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). Nectins are Ca2+-independent immunoglobulin-like cell-cell adhesion molecules, whereas afadin is an intracellular nectin-binding protein that connects nectins to the cadherin-catenin system at AJs and to the claudin–zona-occludens (ZO) protein system at TJs. Afadin–/– mice show embryonic lethality, resulting from impaired migration and improper differentiation of cells due to disorganization of cell-cell junctions during gastrulation. However, it remains to be elucidated whether disruption of afadin affects apoptosis. In the present study, we first found that embryoid bodies derived from afadin-knockout embryonic stem (ES) cells contained many more apoptotic cells than those derived from wild-type ES cells. We also revealed that apoptosis induced by serum starvation or Fas-ligand stimulation was increased in cultured NIH3T3 cells when afadin or nectin-3 was knocked down. The nectin-afadin complex was involved in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling for cell survival. This complex was associated with PDGF receptor on the plasma membrane at cell-cell adhesion sites. Thus, the nectin-afadin complex is involved in PDGF-induced cell survival, at least through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Komura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Ozaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Majima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ijuin
- Division of Lipid Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tadaomi Takenawa
- Division of Lipid Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Ogita H, Takai Y. Cross-talk among integrin, cadherin, and growth factor receptor: roles of nectin and nectin-like molecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 265:1-54. [PMID: 18275885 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)65001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrin, cadherin, and growth factor receptor are key molecules for fundamental cellular functions including cell movement, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and survival. These cell surface molecules cross-talk with each other in the regulation of such cellular functions. Nectin and nectin-like molecule (Necl) have been identified as cell adhesion molecules that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Nectin and Necl play important roles in the integration of integrin, cadherin, and growth factor receptor at the cell-cell adhesion sites of contacting cells and at the leading edges of moving cells, and thus are also involved in the fundamental cellular functions together with integrin, cadherin, and growth factor receptor. This chapter describes how newly identified cell adhesion molecules, nectin and Necl, modulate the cross-talk among integrin, cadherin, and growth factor receptor and how these integrated molecules act in the regulation of fundamental cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Ogita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Miyoshi J, Takai Y. Nectin and nectin-like molecules: biology and pathology. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27:590-604. [PMID: 17823505 DOI: 10.1159/000108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls) are structurally related transmembrane proteins primarily involved in cell adhesion. Nectins and afadin, the adaptor or anchoring protein, stabilize the epithelium and endothelium and establish apical-basal polarity of epithelial cells, independently or in cooperation with other cell adhesion molecules. Necls facilitate cell-cell communication implicated in cell movement and proliferation, immune responses, and cancer cell phenotypes. Necls interact with nectins and specific ligands at cell-cell contacts, whereas Necls associate with integrin alpha v beta 3 and growth factor receptors on the same cell surface. Besides their roles in cell adhesion, nectins regulate the activities of Rho family small G proteins which play critical roles in maintaining the apical junctions of epithelial cells through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Since mice lacking the Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI)alpha show massive proteinuria and degeneration of renal epithelial cells, nectins and other cell adhesion molecules may play roles in the structural and functional aspects of renal diseases. Here we summarize our knowledge of nectins and Necls and discuss cell adhesion biology in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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