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Liu D, Lum KK, Treen N, Núñez CT, Yang J, Howard T, Levine M, Cristea I. IFI16 phase separation via multi-phosphorylation drives innate immune signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:6819-6840. [PMID: 37283074 PMCID: PMC10359621 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is a prominent sensor of nuclear pathogenic DNA, initiating innate immune signaling and suppressing viral transcription. However, little is known about mechanisms that initiate IFI16 antiviral functions or its regulation within the host DNA-filled nucleus. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence to establish that IFI16 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) nucleated by DNA. IFI16 binding to viral DNA initiates LLPS and induction of cytokines during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Multiple phosphorylation sites within an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) function combinatorially to activate IFI16 LLPS, facilitating filamentation. Regulated by CDK2 and GSK3β, IDR phosphorylation provides a toggle between active and inactive IFI16 and the decoupling of IFI16-mediated cytokine expression from repression of viral transcription. These findings show how IFI16 switch-like phase transitions are achieved with temporal resolution for immune signaling and, more broadly, the multi-layered regulation of nuclear DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicholas Treen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Corazón T Núñez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jinhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Timothy R Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Emtenani S, Hertl M, Schmidt E, Hudemann C. Mouse models of pemphigus: valuable tools to investigate pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169947. [PMID: 37180099 PMCID: PMC10172572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are paradigms of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders that involve skin and/or mucous membranes. Compared to other autoimmune diseases, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies in AIBD is relatively well described. Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoantibody driven autoimmune disorder with a strong HLA class II association. It is mainly characterized by IgG against the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Several murine pemphigus models were developed subsequently, each allowing the analysis of a characteristic feature, such as pathogenic IgG or Dsg3-specific T or B cells. Thus, the models can be employed to preclinically evaluate potentially novel therapies. We here thoroughly summarize past and recent efforts in developing and utilizing pemphigus mouse models for pathomechanistic investigation and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Emtenani
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Hudemann,
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Brescacin A, Baig Z, Bhinder J, Lin S, Brar L, Cirillo N. What protein kinases are crucial for acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris? A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2825-2837. [PMID: 35616233 PMCID: PMC9540544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brescacin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zunaira Baig
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bhinder
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sen Lin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lovejot Brar
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Genetic Associations and Differential mRNA Expression Levels of Host Genes Suggest a Viral Trigger for Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050879. [PMID: 35632621 PMCID: PMC9144834 DOI: 10.3390/v14050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The long search for the environmental trigger of the endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF, fogo selvagem) has not yet resulted in any tangible findings. Here, we searched for genetic associations and the differential expression of host genes involved in early viral infections and innate antiviral defense. Genetic variants could alter the structure, expression sites, or levels of the gene products, impacting their functions. By analyzing 3063 variants of 166 candidate genes in 227 EPF patients and 194 controls, we found 12 variants within 11 genes associated with differential susceptibility (p < 0.005) to EPF. The products of genes TRIM5, TPCN2, EIF4E, EIF4E3, NUP37, NUP50, NUP88, TPR, USP15, IRF8, and JAK1 are involved in different mechanisms of viral control, for example, the regulation of viral entry into the host cell or recognition of viral nucleic acids and proteins. Only two of nine variants were also associated in an independent German cohort of sporadic PF (75 patients, 150 controls), aligning with our hypothesis that antiviral host genes play a major role in EPF due to a specific virus−human interaction in the endemic region. Moreover, CCL5, P4HB, and APOBEC3G mRNA levels were increased (p < 0.001) in CD4+ T lymphocytes of EPF patients. Because there is limited or no evidence that these genes are involved in autoimmunity, their crucial role in antiviral responses and the associations that we observed support the hypothesis of a viral trigger for EPF, presumably a still unnoticed flavivirus. This work opens new frontiers in searching for the trigger of EPF, with the potential to advance translational research that aims for disease prevention and treatment.
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Apoptolysis: a less understood concept in the pathogenesis of Pemphigus Vulgaris. Apoptosis 2022; 27:322-328. [PMID: 35445279 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a severe autoimmune disease characterized by supra-basal blisters in the skin and mucous membranes of a wide range of mammals, including humans. It not only affects the skin but also has severe oral manifestations. It has been stated that auto-antibodies are produced, for unknown reasons, which are directed against desmogleins present on the epithelium and thus leads to acantholysis and intraepithelial blistering. But the exact mechanism is still not completely understood. Here we would like to shed light on a new pathologic mechanism i.e., apoptolysis, which emphasizes that apoptotic enzymes contribute to acantholysis development both in terms of molecular events and chronologic sequence. A possible role of apoptolysis has been discussed in purview of PV.
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Li Y, Du X, Jiang Q, Huang Y, Zhao Y. Effects of nanoplastic exposure on the growth performance and molecular characterization of growth-associated genes in juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109278. [PMID: 35077872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoplastic pollution has become a major issue in the aquatic environment while there are few studies examined the effects of nanoplastic exposure on crustaceans. To investigate this issue, we exposed juvenile shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense to 75 nm polystyrene with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L nanoplastics concentrations for 28 days. The effects of nanoplastic exposure on the microstructure of the hepatopancreas, digestive enzyme activity and expression of growth-related genes were studied. The results showed that (1) adverse effects on the hepatopancreas were positively correlated with nanoplastic concentration; (David et al.) the activity of lipase, trypsin and pepsin was initially promoted and then inhibited with increasing nanoplastic concentration, whereas the activity of amylase was not significantly affected; (3) molting-associated genes were initially promoted and then inhibited with increasing nanoplastic concentration; (4) CDK2 gene was first cloned and molecular characteristics were analyzed. (5) polystyrene nanoplastics concentration >10 mg/L showed inhibition effect on CDK2 expression. These results indicated that nanoplastics affect the growth, digestive enzyme activity, hepatopancreas function and growth-related gene expression. Capsule: Our results identified the effects of nanoplastics on the growth performance of Macrobrachium nipponense in terms of digestion and molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Kaur B, Kerbrat J, Kho J, Kaler M, Kanatsios S, Cirillo N. Mechanism-based therapeutic targets of pemphigus vulgaris: A scoping review of pathogenic molecular pathways. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:154-171. [PMID: 34435386 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterised by cell-cell detachment or acantholysis. The mechanisms which follow antibody (Ab) binding and culminate in acantholytic changes and skin/mucosal blistering have not been fully clarified. Current treatment strategies are not specific to PV pathophysiology and although life-saving, harbour considerable side effects. We aimed to systematically assess the molecules amenable to targeted treatments that follow Ab binding and are associated with PV acantholysis. The resulting scoping review was conducted under PRISMA-ScR guidelines with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria and focused specifically on kinases, caspases, proteases, hydrolytic enzymes and other molecules of interest postulated to take part in the pathophysiology of PV. The review process resulted in the identification of 882 articles, of which 56 were eligible for qualitative synthesis. From the included articles, the majority (n = 42) used PV-IgG as the pathogenic agent, mainly via in vitro (n = 16) and in vivo (n = 10) models. Twenty-five molecules were found to play a pathogenic role in PV, including uPA, ADAM10, EGFR, Src, PKC, cdk2, ERK, PLC, calmodulin, NOS, p38MAPK and caspase-3. Selective inhibition of these molecules resulted in varying degrees of reduction in acantholysis and blistering. The pathogenic molecules identified in this review represent potential candidates for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavleen Kaur
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenna Kerbrat
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jia Kho
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manreet Kaler
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefanos Kanatsios
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Schiano C, Grimaldi V, Franzese M, Fiorito C, De Nigris F, Donatelli F, Soricelli A, Salvatore M, Napoli C. Non-nutritional sweeteners effects on endothelial vascular function. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104694. [PMID: 31655124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hyperglycemia status induces endothelial dysfunction, although the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. There are several studies connecting sugar/sweetened beverages to the cardiovascular disease. Currently, many sweeteners have been extensively introduced into lifestyle to normalize blood glucose levels without altering the sweet taste. However, there is growing concern for their impact on metabolic health. METHODS Human endothelial cells were treated with Glucose, Fructose, Aspartame, Rebaudioside A, Stevioside, or Steviol. Morphological characteristics, in vitro angiogenesis and array gene expression were analyzed. RESULTS High-glucose and fructose concentrations significantly decreased cell features such as angiogenic capability. Interestingly, non-caloric sweeteners did not significantly modified all cell characteristics and they did not compromised cell angiogenic ability. Array gene expression analysis revealed that the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and the enzyme transferase (HPRT1) were always significantly upregulated and downregulated respectively, after glucose and fructose treatments (P > .05), whereas they were non-differentially expressed with all the other sweeteners. Interestingly, both genes are considered as cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers. Specifically, upregulation of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 occurs in the human placenta and serum levels of the ligand are associated with markers of insulin resistance in GDM. CONCLUSIONS Differently from glucose and fructose, steviol glycosides do not damage endothelial cells. Prospective preclinical studies and clinical trials are warranted to confirm the long-term safety of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Grimaldi
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Fiorito
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena De Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Donatelli
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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Sinha AA, Sajda T. The Evolving Story of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of the "Super Compensation Hypothesis". Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:218. [PMID: 30155465 PMCID: PMC6102394 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data and innovative technologies are re-shaping our understanding of the scope and specificity of the autoimmune response in Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a prototypical humorally mediated autoimmune skin blistering disorder. Seminal studies identified the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 3 and 1 (Dsg3 and Dsg1), cadherin family proteins which function to maintain cell adhesion, as the primary targets of pathogenic autoAbs. Consequently, pathogenesis in PV has primarily considered to be the result of anti-Dsg autoAbs alone. However, accumulating data suggesting that anti-Dsg autoAbs by themselves cannot adequately explain the loss of cell-cell adhesion seen in PV, nor account for the disease heterogeneity exhibited across PV patients has spurred the notion that additional autoAb specificities may contribute to disease. To investigate the role of non-Dsg autoAbs in PV, an increasing number of studies have attempted to characterize additional targets of PV autoAbs. The recent advent of protein microarray technology, which allows for the rapid, highly sensitive, and multiplexed assessment of autoAb specificity has facilitated the comprehensive classification of the scope and specificity of the autoAb response in PV. Such detailed deconstruction of the autoimmune response in PV, beyond simply tracking anti-Dsg autoAbs, has provided invaluable new insights concerning disease mechanisms and enhanced disease classification which could directly translate into superior tools for prognostics and clinical management, as well as the development of novel, disease specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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La Gatta A, D'Agostino A, Schiraldi C, Colella G, Cirillo N. A biophysically-defined hyaluronic acid-based compound accelerates migration and stimulates the production of keratinocyte-derived neuromodulators. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:23-32. [PMID: 29961420 PMCID: PMC6527377 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1494997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations are widely used in clinical practice and recent data suggest that commercially available HA-based compounds promote ulcer re-epithelialization and induce pain relief. However, the pathophysiological basis of these effects remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the biophysical, biomolecular and functional properties of a HA preparation combined with a pool of collagen precursor synthetic aminoacids, namely l-proline, l-leucine, l-lysine and glycine (Aminogam®). Hydrodynamic characterization of Aminogam® by size exclusion chromatography-triple detector array (SEC-TDA) revealed an average molecular weight in the range of 700–1700 kDa. Rheological measurements of the 1700kDa Mw lot showed a pseoudoplastic behaviour with a zero-shear viscosity (η0) equal to 90 ± 9 Pa∙s at 25°C and 55 ± 6 Pa∙s at 37°C. Automated time-lapse videomicroscopy studies in a fibroblast-free system demonstrated that 1% (v/v) Aminogam® significantly reduced the healing time of wounded keratinocyte monolayers. In AKGOS assays, Aminogam® stimulated cellular locomotion (chemokinesis) and directional migration (chemotaxis) of keratinocytes. Analysis of microarray data suggested that keratinocytes had a functional neuroendocrine machinery, and this was confirmed by testing the secretion of six neuroactive molecules by ELISA, namely α-MSH, β-endorphins, melatonin, substance P, cortisol, and neurotensin. Interestingly, Aminogam® regulated the production of several neuropeptides, including β-endorphins. In conclusion, our data shed light on the epithelial-dependent mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of Aminogam®, particularly in reference to wound healing and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa La Gatta
- a Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonella D'Agostino
- a Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colella
- b Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- c Melbourne Dental School , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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Cipolla GA, Park JK, Lavker RM, Petzl-Erler ML. Crosstalk between Signaling Pathways in Pemphigus: A Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1022. [PMID: 28928733 PMCID: PMC5591886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus consists of a group of chronic blistering skin diseases mediated by autoantibodies (autoAbs). The dogma that pemphigus is caused by keratinocyte dissociation (acantholysis) as a distinctive and direct consequence of the presence of autoAb targeting two main proteins of the desmosome—desmoglein (DSG) 1 and/or DSG3—has been put to the test. Several outside-in signaling events elicited by pemphigus autoAb in keratinocytes have been described, among which stands out p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) engagement and its apoptotic effect on keratinocytes. The role of apoptosis in the disease is, however, debatable, to an extent that it may not be a determinant event for the occurrence of acantholysis. Also, it has been verified that compromised DSG trans-interaction does not lead to keratinocyte dissociation when p38 MAPK is inhibited. These examples of conflicting results have been followed by recent work revealing an important role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pemphigus’ pathogenesis. ER stress is known to activate the p38 MAPK pathway, and vice versa. However, this relationship has not yet been studied in the context of activated signaling pathways in pemphigus. Therefore, by reviewing and hypothetically connecting the role(s) of ER stress and p38 MAPK pathway in pemphigus, we highlight the importance of elucidating the crosstalk between all activated signaling pathways, which may in turn contribute for a better understanding of the role of apoptosis in the disease and a better management of this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Cipolla
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Cirillo N, Morgan DJ, Pedicillo MC, Celentano A, Lo Muzio L, McCullough MJ, Prime SS. Characterisation of the cancer-associated glucocorticoid system: key role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:984-993. [PMID: 28797028 PMCID: PMC5625663 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that production of cortisol not only takes place in several non-adrenal peripheral tissues such as epithelial cells but, also, the local inter-conversion between cortisone and cortisol is regulated by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). However, little is known about the activity of this non-adrenal glucocorticoid system in cancers. Methods: The presence of a functioning glucocorticoid system was assessed in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma and further, in 16 epithelial cell lines from 8 different tissue types using ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence. 11β-HSD2 was inhibited both pharmacologically and by siRNA technology. Naïve CD8+ T cells were used to test the paracrine effects of cancer-derived cortisol on the immune system in vitro. Functional assays included cell–cell adhesion and cohesion in two- and three-dimensional models. Immunohistochemical data of 11β-HSD expression were generated using tissue microarrays of 40 cases of human SCCs as well as a database featuring 315 cancer cases from 15 different tissues. Results: We show that cortisol production is a common feature of malignant cells and has paracrine functions. Cortisol production correlated with the magnitude of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent inhibition of tumour-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. 11β-HSDs were detectable in human skin SCCs and melanoma. Analyses of publicly available protein expression data of 11β-HSDs demonstrated that 11β-HSD1 and -HSD2 were dysregulated in the majority (73%) of malignancies. Pharmacological manipulation of 11β-HSD2 activity by 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and silencing by specific siRNAs modulated the bioavailability of cortisol. Cortisol also acted in an autocrine manner and promoted cell invasion in vitro and cell–cell adhesion and cohesion in two- and three-dimensional models. Immunohistochemical analyses using tissue microarrays showed that expression of 11β-HSD2 was significantly reduced in human SCCs of the skin. Conclusions: The results demonstrate evidence of a cancer-associated glucocorticoid system and show for the first time, the functional significance of cancer-derived cortisol in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - David J Morgan
- School of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Michael J McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Stephen S Prime
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
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Reviewing putative industrial triggering in pemphigus: cluster of pemphigus in the area near the wastewater treatment plant. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:185-191. [PMID: 28670245 PMCID: PMC5471373 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.67840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of pemphigus is relatively rare potentially fatal group of autoimmune blistering dermatoses. Usually, there is no apparent triggering, while in some predisposed patients there are alleged environmental/industrial inducing factors. In a short time period (4 years), we diagnosed 3 novel cases of pemphigus (1 pemphigus vulgaris, 1 pemphigus foliaceus and 1 shift from pemphigus foliaceus into pemphigus vulgaris) at a clinical and laboratory level (ELISA, immunofluorescence studies). We discuss a possible common inducing mechanism as these patients inhabit one estate of the Poznan suburbia (Kozieglowy, population < 12,000), Greater Poland district, Poland, and review literature data on alleged pemphigus triggers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report exploring the putative association between pemphigus diseases and wastewater treatment plant waterborne or volatile by-products in the vicinity of such a facility.
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Kitajima Y. 150(th) anniversary series: Desmosomes and autoimmune disease, perspective of dynamic desmosome remodeling and its impairments in pemphigus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:269-80. [PMID: 25078507 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.943397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are the most important intercellular adhering junctions that adhere two adjacent keratinocytes directly with desmosomal cadherins, that is, desmogleins (Dsgs) and desmocollins, forming an epidermal sheet. Recently, two cell-cell adhesion states of desmosomes, that is, "stable hyper-adhesion" and "dynamic weak-adhesion" conditions have been recognized. They are mutually reversible through cell signaling events involving protein kinase C (PKC), Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) during Ca(2+)-switching and wound healing. This remodeling is impaired in pemphigus vulgaris (PV, an autoimmune blistering disease), caused by anti-Dsg3 antibodies. The antibody binding to Dsg3 activates PKC, Src and EGFR, linked to generation of dynamic weak-adhesion desmosomes, followed by p38MAPK-mediated endocytosis of Dsg3, resulting in the specific depletion of Dsg3 from desmosomes and acantholysis. A variety of pemphigus outside-in signaling may explain different clinical (non-inflammatory, inflammatory, and necrolytic) types of pemphigus. Pemphigus could be referred to a "desmosome-remodeling disease involving pemphigus IgG-activated outside-in signaling events".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Professor Emeritus Gifu University School of Medicine , Minokamo City, Gifu Prefecture , Japan
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15
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Sumigray K, Zhou K, Lechler T. Cell-cell adhesions and cell contractility are upregulated upon desmosome disruption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101824. [PMID: 25006807 PMCID: PMC4090201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are perturbed in a number of disease states – including genetic disorders, autoimmune and bacterial diseases. Here, we report unexpected changes in other cell-cell adhesion structures upon loss of desmosome function. We found that perturbation of desmosomes by either loss of the core desmosomal protein desmoplakin or treatment with pathogenic anti-desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) antibodies resulted in changes in adherens junctions consistent with increased tension. The total amount of myosin IIA was increased in desmoplakin-null epidermis, and myosin IIA became highly localized to cell contacts in both desmoplakin-null and anti-Dsg3-treated mouse keratinocytes. Inhibition of myosin II activity reversed the changes to adherens junctions seen upon desmosome disruption. The increased cortical myosin IIA promoted epithelial sheet fragility, as myosin IIA-null cells were less susceptible to disruption by anti-Dsg3 antibodies. In addition to the changes in adherens junctions, we found a significant increase in the expression of a number of claudin genes, which encode for transmembrane components of the tight junction that provide barrier function. These data demonstrate that desmosome disruption results in extensive transcriptional and posttranslational changes that alter the activity of other cell adhesion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn Sumigray
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kang Zhou
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Terry Lechler
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spindler V, Waschke J. Desmosomal Cadherins and Signaling: Lessons from Autoimmune Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:77-84. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.877000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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KUBANOV AA, MICHENKO AV, ABRAMOVA TV, KOZHUSHNAYA OS, FRIGO NV, ZNAMENSKAYA LF. Role of polymorphisms of PERP gene in the development of acantholysis in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2013. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal. To determine the nucleotide protein-coding PERP gene sequence and assess the relation between the revealed mutations/polymorphisms and development of true acantholytic pemphigus as well as particular features of its course. Materials and methods. The protein-coding PERP gene DNA sequence was studied by the sequence analysis method in 18 patients with true acantholytic pemphigus. Results. Two polymorphisms were discovered in patients with true acantholytic pemphigus in Exon 3 of the PERP gene for the first time: rs648802 (non-synonymous) and rs648396 (synonymous). The incidence of wild type genotypes in the revealed polymorphisms (С/С genotype rs648802 and Т/Т genotype rs648396) in healthy volunteers reliably exceeded that in patients (p = 0.049). Patients with true acantholytic pemphigus are characterized by a higher incidence rate of mutant heterozygous genotypes С/G rs648802 and Т/C rs648396 (p = 0.09). Mutant heterozygous genotypes of the polymorphisms (G/G genotype rs648802 and С/С genotype rs648396) were revealed in patients with the earlier onset of the disease (41-60 years) (p = 0.025) more often while heterozygous genotypes (С/G genotype rs648802 and T/С genotype rs648396) were revealed when the disease developed at the age of 61 or older more often (p = 0.01). Conclusion. Identification of the polymorphous genotype by the sequence method or other molecular methods (e.g. PCR) can be used to forecast the terms when true acantholytic pemphigus can emerge in genetically inclined patients. However, it should be noted that it is necessary to specify the preliminary results obtained based on a greater sample of patients with true acantholytic pemphigus.
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Genome-wide expression analysis suggests unique disease-promoting and disease-preventing signatures in Pemphigus vulgaris. Genes Immun 2013; 14:487-99. [PMID: 23985570 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate pathogenetic mechanisms underlying disease development and progression in the autoimmune skin disease Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we examined global peripheral blood gene expression in patients and healthy controls. Our goals were to: (1) assign blood gene expression signatures to patients and controls; (2) identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and investigate functional pathways associated with these signatures; and (3) evaluate the distribution of DEGs across the genome to identify transcriptional 'hot spots'. Unbiased hierarchical clustering clearly separated patients from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched controls (MCRs; 'disease' signature), and active from remittent patients ('activity' signature). DEGs associated with these signatures are involved in immune response, cytoskeletal reorganization, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, oxidation-reduction and apoptosis. We further found that MCRs carrying the PV-associated HLA risk alleles cluster distinctly from unmatched controls (UMCR) revealing an HLA-associated 'control' signature. A subset of DEGs within the 'control' signature overlap with the 'disease' signature, but are inversely regulated in MCR when compared with either PV patients or UMCR, suggesting the existence of a 'protection' signature in healthy individuals carrying the PV HLA genetic risk elements. Finally, we identified 19 transcriptional 'hot spots' across the signatures, which may guide future studies aimed at pinpointing disease risk genes.
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Cirillo N, Al-Jandan BA. Desmosomal adhesion and pemphigus vulgaris: the first half of the story. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1-10. [PMID: 23368972 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.763799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a paradigm of autoimmune disease affecting intercellular adhesion. The mechanisms that lead to cell-cell detachment (acantholysis) have crucial therapeutic implications and are currently undergoing major scrutiny. The first part of this review focuses on the classical view of the pathogenesis of PV, which is dominated by the cell adhesion molecules of the desmosome, namely desmogleins (Dsgs). Cloning of the DSG3 gene, generation DSG3 knock-out mice and isolation of monoclonal anti-Dsg3 IgG have aided to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of PV, which are in part dependent on the fate of desmosomal molecules. These include perturbation of the desmosomal network at the transcriptional, translational, and interaction level, kinase activation, proteinase-mediated degradation, and hyper-adhesion. By the use of PV models, translational research has in turn helped shed light into the basic structure, function, and dynamics of assembly of desmosomal cadherins. The combined efforts of basic and applied research has resulted in tremendous advance into the understanding of epidermal adhesion and helped debunk old myths on the supposedly unique role of desmogleins in the mechanisms of cell-cell detachment in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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20
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Histological and ultrastructural abnormalities in murine desmoglein 2-mutant hearts. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:249-59. [PMID: 22293975 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice carrying a deletion of the adhesive extracellular domain of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 develop an arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathylike phenotype with ventricular dilation, fibrosis and arrhythmia. To unravel the sequence of myocardial alterations and to identify potential pathomechanisms, histological analyses were performed on mutant hearts from the juvenile to the adult state, i.e., between 2 and 13 weeks. At an age of 2 weeks 30% of mutants presented lesions,which were visible as white plaques on the heart surface or in the septum. From 4 weeks onwards, all mutants displayed a cardiac phenotype. Dying cardiomyocytes with calcification were found in lesions of all ages. But lesions of young mutant animals contained high amounts of CD45+ immune cells and little collagen fibers, whereas lesions of the older animals were collagen-rich and harbored only a small but still significantly increased number of CD45+ cells. Electron microscopy further showed that distinct desmosomes cannot be distinguished in intercalated discs of mutant hearts. Widening of the intercellular cleft and even complete dissociation of intercalated discs were often observed close to lesions. Disturbed sarcomer structure, altered Z-discs, multiple autophagic vacuoles and swollen mitochondria were other prominent pathological features. Taken together, the following scenario is suggested: mutant desmoglein 2 cannot fully support the increased mechanical requirements placed on intercalated disc adhesion during postnatal heart development, resulting in compromised adhesion and cell stress. This induces cardiomyocyte death, aseptic inflammation and fibrotic replacement. The acute stage of scar formation is followed by permanent impairment of the cardiac function.
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21
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Colella G, Vicidomini A, Soro V, Lanza A, Cirillo N. Molecular insights into the effects of sodium hyaluronate preparations in keratinocytes. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:516-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Cirillo N. Merging experimental data and in silicoanalysis: a systems-level approach to autoimmune disease and cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:361-372. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common type of pemphigus. PV pathogenesis is still debated, and treatment remains challenging. We investigated five controversial topics: (1) What are the target antigens in PV? (2) Do desmogleins adequately address PV pathophysiology? (3) How does acantholysis occur in PV? (4) Is PV still a lethal disease? (5) What is the role of rituximab (RTX) in PV treatment? Results from extensive literature searches suggested the following: (1) Target antigens of PV include a variety of molecules and receptors that are not physically compartmentalized within the epidermis. (2) PV is caused by a variety of autoantibodies to keratinocyte self-antigens, which concur to cause blistering by acting synergistically. (3) The concept of apoptolysis distinguishes the unique mechanism of autoantibody-induced keratinocyte damage in PV from other known forms of cell death. (4) PV remains potentially life-threatening largely because of treatment side effects, but it is uncertain which therapies carry the highest likelihood of lethal risk. (5) RTX is a very promising treatment option in patients with widespread recalcitrant or life-threatening PV. RTX's cost is an issue, its long-term side effects are still unknown, and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cirillo
- Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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24
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Cirillo N, Hassona Y, Pignatelli M, Gasparoto T, Morgan D, Prime S. Characterization of a Novel Oral Glucocorticoid System and Its Possible Role in Disease. J Dent Res 2012; 91:97-103. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511427909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic corticosteroids are used widely for the treatment of a variety of diseases of the mouth. However, little is known as to whether the oral mucosa is able to modulate the local concentration of active corticosteroids or to produce steroids de novo. This has important clinical implications, because tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoids is a key determinant of the clinical efficacy of these drugs. In the present study, we show that oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes expressed ACTH receptor (MC2R), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). Unlike keratinocytes, fibroblasts lacked 11β-HSD2 and could not effectively deactivate exogenously administered cortisol. However, both cell types were able not only to activate cortisone into the active form cortisol, but also to synthesize cortisol de novo following stimulation with ACTH. 11β-HSD2, the enzyme controlling cortisol deactivation, exhibited different patterns of expression in normal (squamous epithelium and salivary glands) and diseased oral mucosa (squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma). Blocking of endogenous cortisol catabolism in keratinocytes with the 11β-HSD2 inhibitor 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid mimicked the effect of exogenous administration of hydrocortisone and partially prevented the detrimental effects induced by pemphigus vulgaris sera. Analysis of the data demonstrates that a novel, non-adrenal glucocorticoid system is present in the oral mucosa that may play an important role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Cirillo
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Y. Hassona
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - M. Pignatelli
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - T.H. Gasparoto
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D.J. Morgan
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - S.S. Prime
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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Abstract
The goal of contemporary research in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus is to achieve and maintain clinical remission without corticosteroids. Recent advances of knowledge on pemphigus autoimmunity scrutinize old dogmas, resolve controversies, and open novel perspectives for treatment. Elucidation of intimate mechanisms of keratinocyte detachment and death in pemphigus has challenged the monopathogenic explanation of disease immunopathology. Over 50 organ-specific and non-organ-specific antigens can be targeted by pemphigus autoimmunity, including desmosomal cadherins and other adhesion molecules, PERP cholinergic and other cell membrane (CM) receptors, and mitochondrial proteins. The initial insult is sustained by the autoantibodies to the cell membrane receptor antigens triggering the intracellular signaling by Src, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, protein kinases A and C, phospholipase C, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, other tyrosine kinases, and calmodulin that cause basal cell shrinkage and ripping desmosomes off the CM. Autoantibodies synergize with effectors of apoptotic and oncotic pathways, serine proteases, and inflammatory cytokines to overcome the natural resistance and activate the cell death program in keratinocytes. The process of keratinocyte shrinkage/detachment and death via apoptosis/oncosis has been termed apoptolysis to emphasize that it is triggered by the same signal effectors and mediated by the same cell death enzymes. The natural course of pemphigus has improved due to a substantial progress in developing of the steroid-sparing therapies combining the immunosuppressive and direct anti-acantholytic effects. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms mediating immune dysregulation and apoptolysis in pemphigus should improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate development of steroid-free treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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26
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Cirillo N, Prime SS. Keratinocytes synthesize and activate cortisol. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1499-505. [PMID: 21344493 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of circulating and/or endogenous hydrocortisone (cortisol) in epidermal cells is a key determinant in inflammatory disease and chronic wounds. It is not known, however, whether epidermal cells can regulate tissue cortisol and whether they are capable of producing endogenous glucocorticoids. In the present study, we show by microarray analysis that epidermal cells express mRNAs to all the major enzymes involved in the metabolic chain from cholesterol to cortisol, including cytocrome P450 chain, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD11Bs), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor (MC2R), and glucocorticoid receptor. The two enzymes mediating activation/deactivation of cortisone to cortisol, namely HSD11B1 and HSD11B2, were expressed at the protein level in cultured keratinocytes as well as human skin samples, as shown by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In functional assays, we show that keratinocytes are not only able to activate cortisone to cortisol in a HSD11B-dependent manner but also silencing of either HSD11B1 or HSD11B2 specifically modulates the bioavailability of the inactive glucocorticoid and the active steroid, respectively. A further key observation was that keratinocytes responded to stimulation with ACTH by a significant increase in the de novo synthesis of cortisol. Taken together, we provide evidence for a novel non-adrenal steroideal system in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
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The extent of desmoglein 3 depletion in pemphigus vulgaris is dependent on Ca(2+)-induced differentiation: a role in suprabasal epidermal skin splitting? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1905-16. [PMID: 21864491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membranes and is characterized by development of autoantibodies against the desmosomal cadherins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg1 and formation of intraepidermal suprabasal blisters. Depletion of Dsg3 is a critical mechanism in PV pathogenesis. Because we did not detect reduced Dsg3 levels in keratinocytes cultured for longer periods under high-Ca(2+) conditions, we hypothesized that Dsg depletion depends on Ca(2+)-mediated keratinocyte differentiation. Our data indicate that depletion of Dsg3 occurs specifically in deep epidermal layers both in skin of patients with PV and in an organotypic raft model of human epidermis incubated using IgG fractions from patients with PV. In addition, Dsg3 depletion and loss of Dsg3 staining were prominent in cultured primary keratinocytes and in HaCaT cells incubated in high-Ca(2+) medium for 3 days, but were less pronounced in HaCaT cultures after 8 days. These effects were dependent on protein kinase C signaling because inhibition of protein kinase C blunted both Dsg3 depletion and loss of intercellular adhesion. Moreover, protein kinase C inhibition blocked suprabasal Dsg3 depletion in cultured human epidermis and blister formation in a neonatal mouse model. Considered together, our data indicate a contribution of Dsg depletion to PV pathogenesis dependent on Ca(2+)-induced differentiation. Furthermore, prominent depletion in basal epidermal layers may contribute to the suprabasal cleavage plane observed in PV.
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Lanza A, Lanza M, Santoro R, Soro V, Prime SS, Cirillo N. Deregulation of PERK in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris occurs via IgG-independent mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:336-43. [PMID: 21039404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum and IgG isolated from patients with the autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV) trigger complex intracellular pathways in keratinocytes, including alterations of the cell cycle and metabolism, which ultimately lead to cell-cell detachment (acantholysis). We have shown previously that one of the earliest pathogenic events in PV is the activation of protein kinases, including the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase PERK. OBJECTIVES In the present study we investigated in more detail the role of PERK in the pathogenesis of PV. METHODS PERK levels were assessed by Western blotting and in-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and PERK expression was silenced by siRNA technology. The effects of PV sera/IgG on keratinocyte cultures were investigated by flow cytometry, MTT and adhesion assays. RESULTS We show that PERK is activated in keratinocytes exposed to PV serum, as demonstrated by an increase in phosphorylated PERK levels and phosphorylation of eIF2α. Decreased expression of PERK by siRNA reduced the effects of PV serum on the cell cycle and keratinocyte viability, two key events in PV pathophysiology. As impairment of metabolic activity in PV is partially due to non-IgG serum factors, we then investigated the activation of PERK in keratinocytes incubated with whole PV serum, purified PV IgG and IgG-depleted PV serum. The data demonstrated that PV sera depleted of IgG, but not PV IgG, triggered PERK phosphorylation and this correlated with a marked reduction of metabolic activity in keratinocytes exposed to IgG-free serum. Knockdown of PERK by siRNA abrogated the changes in the cell cycle and apoptosis induced by IgG-depleted PV serum. Finally, the reduction of metabolic activity observed in keratinocytes exposed to IgG-depleted PV serum was almost absent in PERK-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results demonstrate that activation of PERK participates in the reduction of metabolic activity and cell viability seen in PV and that this phenomenon depends on non-IgG factors. PERK activation may represent a novel signalling mechanism linking ER stress and acantholysis in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lanza
- Dipartimento di Discipline Odontostomatologiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Krusche CA, Holthöfer B, Hofe V, van de Sandt AM, Eshkind L, Bockamp E, Merx MW, Kant S, Windoffer R, Leube RE. Desmoglein 2 mutant mice develop cardiac fibrosis and dilation. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:617-33. [PMID: 21455723 PMCID: PMC3105238 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell–cell adhesion sites and part of the intercalated discs, which couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. The connection is formed by the extracellular domains of desmosomal cadherins that are also linked to the cytoskeleton on the cytoplasmic side. To examine the contribution of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 to cardiomyocyte adhesion and cardiac function, mutant mice were prepared lacking a part of the extracellular adhesive domain of desmoglein 2. Most live born mutant mice presented normal overall cardiac morphology at 2 weeks. Some animals, however, displayed extensive fibrotic lesions. Later on, mutants developed ventricular dilation leading to cardiac insufficiency and eventually premature death. Upon histological examination, cardiomyocyte death by calcifying necrosis and replacement by fibrous tissue were observed. Fibrotic lesions were highly proliferative in 2-week-old mutants, whereas the fibrotic lesions of older mutants showed little proliferation indicating the completion of local muscle replacement by scar tissue. Disease progression correlated with increased mRNA expression of c-myc, ANF, BNF, CTGF and GDF15, which are markers for cardiac stress, remodeling and heart failure. Taken together, the desmoglein 2-mutant mice display features of dilative cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, an inherited human heart disease with pronounced fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias that has been linked to mutations in desmosomal proteins including desmoglein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Krusche
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bastian Holthöfer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Valérie Hofe
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Annette M. van de Sandt
- Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonid Eshkind
- Institute for Toxicology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernesto Bockamp
- Institute for Toxicology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc W. Merx
- Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kant
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E. Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Gliem M, Heupel WM, Spindler V, Harms GS, Waschke J. Actin reorganization contributes to loss of cell adhesion in pemphigus vulgaris. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C606-13. [PMID: 20554911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00075.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the human autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies (PV-IgG), which are mainly directed against keratinocyte cell adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg1, cause keratinocyte cell dissociation (acantholysis). Recent studies reported that loss of keratinocyte cell adhesion was accompanied by profound alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. Nevertheless, the relevance of actin reorganization in this process is unclear at present. In this study, we provide evidence for an important role of actin reorganization in pemphigus pathogenesis. In parallel to loss of cell adhesion and fragmentation of Dsg3 staining along cell borders, PV-IgG treatment resulted in striking changes in actin cytoskeleton organization. Moreover, in experiments using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), PV-IgG were detected to interfere with actin dynamics. Therefore, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of actin polymerization modulates pathogenic effects of PV-IgG. Pharmacological stabilization of actin filaments via jasplakinolide significantly blocked cell dissociation and Dsg3 fragmentation, whereas cytochalasin D-induced actin depolymerization strongly enhanced pathogenic effects of PV-IgG. To substantiate these findings, we studied whether the protective effects of Rho GTPases, which are potent regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and were shown to be involved in pemphigus pathogenesis, were dependent on modulation of actin dynamics. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (CNF-1)-mediated activation of Rho-GTPases enhanced the cortical junction-associated actin belt and blunted PV-IgG-induced cell dissociation. However, when actin polymerization was blocked under these conditions via addition of latrunculin B, the protective effects of CNF-1 were abrogated. Taken together, these experiments indicate that reorganization of cortical actin filaments is a critical step in PV-IgG-induced keratinocyte dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gliem
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Univ. of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of human autoimmune blistering diseases of the skin in which autoantibodies to desmosome cadherins induce loss of cell-cell adhesion (acantholysis). In addition to steric hindrance and activation of intracellular signaling, apoptosis has been suggested to contribute to the mechanism by which pathogenic IgG induces acantholysis. We review the current literature examining the role of apoptosis in pemphigus. Current data suggest that apoptosis is not required for blister induction, but that activation of proapoptotic proteins, including caspase cysteine proteinases, may sensitize cells to the acantholytic effects of pemphigus IgG.
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Induction of hyper-adhesion attenuates autoimmune-induced keratinocyte cell–cell detachment and processing of adhesion molecules via mechanisms that involve PKC. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:580-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cirillo N, Prime SS. Desmosomal interactome in keratinocytes: a systems biology approach leading to an understanding of the pathogenesis of skin disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3517-33. [PMID: 19756386 PMCID: PMC11115514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We provide the first description of the desmosome network in keratinocytes using a systems level approach. The desmo-adhesome consists of 59 proteins connected by 128 direct interactions and forms different functional subnets. Whilst the structure appears to be extremely robust against random perturbations, network fragmentation analysis suggests that the desmo-adhesome is susceptible to targeted attacks. To confirm this prediction, we applied this model to the autoimmune disease Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), a paradigm of external perturbation of the desmosome. Our analysis showed that the adaptor protein plakophilin (Pkp) 3 was in the highest percentile group for both connectivity rate and gene expression changes in experimental PV. This observation led us to speculate that Pkp3 was crucial in desmosomal remodelling, and therefore we designed the experiments to verify this hypothesis. Our data demonstrate that, whilst Pkp3 is important in conferring adhesive strength to keratinocytes, it also acts as a central molecule mediating cell-cell detachment induced by PV IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS12LY, UK.
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Grando SA, Bystryn JC, Chernyavsky AI, Frusić-Zlotkin M, Gniadecki R, Lotti R, Milner Y, Pittelkow MR, Pincelli C. Apoptolysis: a novel mechanism of skin blistering in pemphigus vulgaris linking the apoptotic pathways to basal cell shrinkage and suprabasal acantholysis. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:764-70. [PMID: 19555352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the acantholytic pathways leading to blistering in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a key to development of novel treatments. A novel paradigm of keratinocyte damage in PV, termed apoptolysis, links the suprabasal acantholytic and cell death pathways to basal cell shrinkage rendering a 'tombstone' appearance to PV lesions. In contrast to apoptolysis, the classic keratinocyte apoptosis mediating toxic epidermal necrolysis causes death and subsequent sloughing of the entire epidermis. Apoptolysis includes five consecutive steps. (1) Binding of autoantibodies to PV antigens. (2) Activation of EGF receptor, Src, mTOR, p38 MAPK and other signalling elements downstream of ligated antigens, elevation of intracellular calcium and launching of the cell death cascades. (3) Basal cell shrinkage due to: (i) collapse and retraction of the tonofilaments cleaved by executioner caspases; and (ii) dissociation of interdesmosomal adhesion complexes caused by phosphorylation of adhesion molecules. (4) Massive cleavage of cellular proteins by activated cell death enzymes leading to cell collapse, and tearing off desmosomes from the cell membrane stimulating secondary autoantibody production. (5) Rounding up and death of acantholytic cells. Thus, the structural damage (acantholysis) and death (apoptosis) of keratinocytes are mediated by the same cell death enzymes. Appreciation of the unifying concept of apoptolysis have several important implications: (i) linking together a number of seemingly unrelated events surrounding acantholysis; (ii) opening new avenues of investigation into the pathomechanism of pemphigus; and (iii) creating new approaches to the treatment of pemphigus based on blocking the signalling pathways and enzymatic processes that lead to blistering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Lanza A, Stellavato A, Heulfe I, Landi C, Gombos F, Cirillo N. Serum of patients with oral pemphigus vulgaris impairs keratinocyte wound repair in vitro: a time-lapse study on the efficacy of methylprednisolone and pyridostigmine bromide. Oral Dis 2009; 15:478-83. [PMID: 19519621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease affecting primarily oral mucosa and skin. Among the drugs used for the therapy of pemphigus, both methylprednisolone (MP) and pyridostigmine bromide (PBr) can prevent acantholysis in vitro. However, their putative therapeutic properties in regenerating PV-like lesions and promoting the healing process still remain to be demonstrated. To address this issue, here we have developed a model for studying the process of epithelial cleft regeneration in PV by artificially wounding keratinocyte monolayers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental model was established by scratching confluent monolayers to simulate the epithelial cleft; then, wound regeneration in the presence of submaximal concentrations of PV sera was studied by time-lapse microscopy, with or without the addition of MP and PBr in the culture medium. RESULTS Pemphigus vulgaris serum inhibited epithelial cleft repair of wounded monolayers. Indeed, in the presence of 10% (v/v) PV serum, keratinocytes reached only 2% confluence within 72 h vs an almost complete healing of controls. When administered together with PV sera, MP significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced wound fill by 30% after 72 h. PV-associated wound repair was significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated by PBr by 24 h and keratinocytes reached 20% confluence after 72 h. Interestingly, neither MP nor PBr could accelerate wound healing when compared with untreated control monolayers. CONCLUSIONS In PV, MP and PBr exert their curative effects in part by enhancing the regeneration properties of keratinocytes. Indeed, our data suggest that both drugs can specifically counterbalance the detrimental effects of PV serum on keratinocyte wound healing. These findings provide an explanation for the efficacy of MP and PBr in the treatment of PV lesions in human skin and oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lanza
- Regional Center on Craniofacial Malformations-MRI, II University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy
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36
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Schmidt E, Waschke J. Apoptosis in pemphigus. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:533-7. [PMID: 19189866 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li N, Zhao M, Wang J, Liu Z, Diaz LA. Involvement of the apoptotic mechanism in pemphigus foliaceus autoimmune injury of the skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:711-7. [PMID: 19109205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an organ-specific autoimmune skin disease characterized by subcorneal epidermal cell detachment (acantholysis) and pathogenic autoantibodies against desmoglein 1. The mechanism responsible for pemphigus autoantibody-induced epidermal injury is not fully understood. In this study, we used the IgG passive transfer mouse model of PF to investigate the relevance of the apoptotic mechanism in pemphigus pathogenesis. TUNEL-positive epidermal cells and increased oligonucleosomes in the epidermal cytosolic fractions were detected in the diseased mice. Time course study reveals that TUNEL-positive epidermal cells appear before intraepidermal blisters. Moreover, the proapoptotic factor Bax was up-regulated at the earlier time points (2 and 4 h), whereas the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-x(L) was down-regulated at the later time points (6, 8, and 20 h) post-PF IgG injection by Western blot analysis. The active forms of caspase-3 and -6 were detected at the later time period (6, 8, and 20 h). Administration of Ac-DEVD-cmk, a peptide-based caspase-3/7 inhibitor, protected mice from developing intraepidermal blisters and clinical disease induced by PF IgG. The same protective effect was also observed using a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, Bok-D-fmk. Collectively, these findings show that biochemical events of apoptosis are provoked in the epidermis of mice injected with PF autoantibodies. Caspase activation may contribute to acantholytic blister formation in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Cirillo N, Femiano F, Gombos F, Lanza A. High-dose pemphigus antibodies against linear epitopes of desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) can induce acantholysis and depletion of Dsg3 from keratinocytes. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Heupel WM, Müller T, Efthymiadis A, Schmidt E, Drenckhahn D, Waschke J. Peptides Targeting the Desmoglein 3 Adhesive Interface Prevent Autoantibody-induced Acantholysis in Pemphigus. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8589-95. [PMID: 19164289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) autoantibodies directly inhibit desmoglein (Dsg) 3-mediated transinteraction. Because cellular signaling also seems to be required for PV pathogenesis, it is important to characterize the role of direct inhibition in pemphigus acantholysis to allow establishment of new therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we modeled the Dsg1 and Dsg3 sequences into resolved cadherin structures and predicted peptides targeting the adhesive interface of both Dsg3 and Dsg1. In atomic force microscopy single molecule experiments, the self-designed cyclic single peptide specifically blocked homophilic Dsg3 and Dsg1 transinteraction, whereas a tandem peptide (TP) consisting of two combined single peptides did not. TP did not directly block binding of pemphigus IgG to their target Dsg antigens but prevented PV-IgG-induced inhibition of Dsg3 transinteraction in cell-free (atomic force microscopy) and cell-based (laser tweezer) experiments, indicating stabilization of Dsg3 bonds. Similarly, PV-IgG-mediated acantholysis and disruption of Dsg3 localization in HaCaT keratinocytes was partially blocked by TP. This is the first evidence that direct inhibition of Dsg3 binding is important for PV pathogenesis and that peptidomimetics stabilizing Dsg transinteraction may provide a novel approach for PV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang-Moritz Heupel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, D-97070 Würzburg
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Heupel WM, Engerer P, Schmidt E, Waschke J. Pemphigus vulgaris IgG cause loss of desmoglein-mediated adhesion and keratinocyte dissociation independent of epidermal growth factor receptor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:475-85. [PMID: 19147829 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibody-induced cellular signaling mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Recently, it was proposed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) might be involved in PV signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of EGFR by comparing the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and PV-IgG on the immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, and primary normal human keratinocytes. In contrast to EGF treatment, PV-IgG neither caused the canonical activation of EGFR via phosphorylation at tyrosine (Y)1173 followed by internalization of EGFR nor the phosphorylation of the EGFR at the c-Src-dependent site Y845. Nevertheless, both PV-IgG and EGF led to cell dissociation and cytokeratin retraction in keratinocyte monolayers. Moreover, the effects of EGF were blocked by inhibition of EGFR and c-Src whereas the effects of PV-IgG were independent of both signaling pathways. Similarly, laser tweezer experiments revealed that impaired bead binding of epidermal cadherins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and Dsg 1 in response to PV-IgG was not affected by inhibition of either EGFR or c-Src. In contrast, EGF treatment did not interfere with Dsg bead binding. Taken together, our study indicates that the loss of Dsg-mediated adhesion and keratinocyte dissociation in pemphigus is independent of EGFR. Moreover, the mechanisms by which both EGF and PV-IgG lead to keratinocyte dissociation and cytokeratin retraction appear to be different.
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41
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Culton DA, Qian Y, Li N, Rubenstein D, Aoki V, Filhio GH, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. Advances in pemphigus and its endemic pemphigus foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) phenotype: a paradigm of human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:311-24. [PMID: 18838249 PMCID: PMC2704386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus encompasses a group of organ specific, antibody mediated autoimmune diseases of the skin characterized by keratinocyte detachment that leads to the development of blisters and erosions, which can become life-threatening. The pathogenic autoantibodies recognize desmogleins, which are members of the desmosomal cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Desmoglein 3 is targeted in pemphigus vulgaris while desmoglein 1 is targeted in pemphigus foliaceus and its endemic form, Fogo Selvagem. This review will briefly define the salient features of pemphigus and the proposed steps in pathogenesis. We will then summarize the most recent advances in three important areas of investigation: (i) epidemiologic, genetic, and immunologic features of Fogo Selvagem, (ii) molecular mechanisms of injury to the epidermis, and (iii) novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific steps in disease pathogenesis. The advances in each of these three seemingly separate areas contribute to the overall understanding of the pemphigus disease model. These recent advancements also underscore the dynamic interplay between the treatment of patients in a clinical setting and basic science research and have led to an integrative understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment, allowing pemphigus to serve as a paradigm of human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A. Culton
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Rubenstein
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gunter Hans Filhio
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luis A. Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Cirillo N, Campisi G, Gombos F, Perillo L, Femiano F, Lanza A. Cleavage of desmoglein 3 can explain its depletion from keratinocytes in pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:858-63. [PMID: 18505410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Desmosomes are patch-like intercellular adhering junctions ("maculae adherentes"), which, in concert with the related adherens junctions, provide the mechanical strength to intercellular adhesion. Therefore, it is not surprising that desmosomes are abundant in tissues subjected to significant mechanical stress such as stratified epithelia and myocardium. Desmosomal adhesion is based on the Ca(2+)-dependent, homo- and heterophilic transinteraction of cadherin-type adhesion molecules. Desmosomal cadherins are anchored to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton by adaptor proteins of the armadillo and plakin families. Desmosomes are dynamic structures subjected to regulation and are therefore targets of signalling pathways, which control their molecular composition and adhesive properties. Moreover, evidence is emerging that desmosomal components themselves take part in outside-in signalling under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Disturbed desmosomal adhesion contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of diseases such as pemphigus, which is caused by autoantibodies against desmosomal cadherins. Beside pemphigus, desmosome-associated diseases are caused by other mechanisms such as genetic defects or bacterial toxins. Because most of these diseases affect the skin, desmosomes are interesting not only for cell biologists who are inspired by their complex structure and molecular composition, but also for clinical physicians who are confronted with patients suffering from severe blistering skin diseases such as pemphigus. To develop disease-specific therapeutic approaches, more insights into the molecular composition and regulation of desmosomes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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