1
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Malin J, Rosa-Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, PI3K, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics control pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1593-1608.e6. [PMID: 38640926 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here, we found that manipulations of Pten or PI3-kinase (PI3K) that either decreased or increased PIP3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, PI3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic control of PIP3 by Pten and PI3K governs the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Malin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christian Rosa-Birriel
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Victor Hatini
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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2
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Méhes E, Mones E, Varga M, Zsigmond Á, Biri-Kovács B, Nyitray L, Barone V, Krens G, Heisenberg CP, Vicsek T. 3D cell segregation geometry and dynamics are governed by tissue surface tension regulation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:817. [PMID: 37542157 PMCID: PMC10403547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis and patterning during development involve the segregation of cell types. Segregation is driven by differential tissue surface tensions generated by cell types through controlling cell-cell contact formation by regulating adhesion and actomyosin contractility-based cellular cortical tensions. We use vertebrate tissue cell types and zebrafish germ layer progenitors as in vitro models of 3-dimensional heterotypic segregation and developed a quantitative analysis of their dynamics based on 3D time-lapse microscopy. We show that general inhibition of actomyosin contractility by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 delays segregation. Cell type-specific inhibition of non-muscle myosin2 activity by overexpression of myosin assembly inhibitor S100A4 reduces tissue surface tension, manifested in decreased compaction during aggregation and inverted geometry observed during segregation. The same is observed when we express a constitutively active Rho kinase isoform to ubiquitously keep actomyosin contractility high at cell-cell and cell-medium interfaces and thus overriding the interface-specific regulation of cortical tensions. Tissue surface tension regulation can become an effective tool in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elod Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enys Mones
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Zsigmond
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Barone
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Tamás Vicsek
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Malin J, Rosa Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, Pi3K and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics modulate pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533017. [PMID: 36993510 PMCID: PMC10055149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P 3 (PIP 3 ) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here we found that manipulations of Pten or Pi3K that either decreased or increased PIP 3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP 3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of protrusive branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, Pi3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP 3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic regulation of PIP 3 by Pten and Pi3K controls the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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4
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Srinivas CS, Singaraju GS, Kaur V, Das S, Ghosh SK, Sagar A, Kumar A, Bhatia T, Rakshit S. Transient interactions drive the lateral clustering of cadherin-23 on membrane. Commun Biol 2023; 6:293. [PMID: 36934176 PMCID: PMC10024700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cis and trans-interactions among cadherins secure multicellularity. While the molecular structure of trans-interactions of cadherins is well understood, work to identify the molecular cues that spread the cis-interactions two-dimensionally is still ongoing. Here, we report that transient, weak, yet multivalent, and spatially distributed hydrophobic interactions that are involved in liquid-liquid phase separations of biomolecules in solution, alone can drive the lateral-clustering of cadherin-23 on a membrane. No specific cis-dimer interactions are required for the lateral clustering. In cells, the cis-clustering accelerates cell-cell adhesion and, thus, contributes to cell-adhesion kinetics along with strengthening the junction. Although the physiological connection of cis-clustering with rapid adhesion is yet to be explored, we speculate that the over-expression of cadherin-23 in M2-macrophages may facilitate faster attachments to circulatory tumor cells during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheerneni S Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gayathri S Singaraju
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Veerpal Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sanat K Ghosh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Amin Sagar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Centre for Protein Science Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tripta Bhatia
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sabyasachi Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Centre for Protein Science Design and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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5
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Edwin PERG, Kumar S, Roy S, Roy B, Bajpai SK. Anisotropic 3D confinement of MCF-7 cells induces directed cell-migration and viscoelastic anisotropy of cell-membrane. Phys Biol 2023; 20. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac9bc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-associated collagen signature-3 (TACS-3) is a prognostic indicator for breast cancer survival. It is characterized by highly organized, parallel bundles of collagen fibers oriented perpendicular to the tumor boundary, serving as directional, confining channels for cancer cell invasion. Here we design a TACS-3-mimetic anisotropic, confined collagen I matrix and examine the relation between anisotropy of matrix, directed cellular migration, and anisotropy of cell membrane-the first direct contact between TACS-3 and cell-using Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells as cancer-model. Using unidirectional freezing, we generated ∼50 μm-wide channels filled with collagen I. Optical tweezer (OT) microrheology shows that anisotropic confinement increases collagen viscoelasticity by two orders of magnitude, and the elastic modulus is significantly greater along the direction of anisotropic confinement compared to that along the orthogonal direction, thus establishing matrix anisotropy. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells embedded in anisotropic collagen I, exhibit directionality in cellular morphology and migration. Finally, using customized OT to trap polystyrene probes bound to cell-membrane (and not to ECM) of either free cells or cells under anisotropic confinement, we quantified the effect of matrix anisotropy on membrane viscoelasticity, both in-plane and out-of-plane, vis-à-vis the membrane. Both bulk and viscous modulus of cell-membrane of MCF-7 cells exhibit significant anisotropy under anisotropic confinement. Moreover, the cell membrane of MCF-7 cells under anisotropic confinement is significantly softer (both in-plane and out-of-plane moduli) despite their local environment being five times stiffer than free cells. In order to test if the coupling between anisotropy of extracellular matrix and anisotropy of cell-membrane is regulated by cell-cytoskeleton, actin cytoskeleton was depolymerized for both free and confined cells. Results show that cell membrane viscoelasticity of confined MCF-7 cells is unaffected by actin de-polymerization, in contrast to free cells. Together, these findings suggest that anisotropy of ECM induces directed migration and correlates with anisotropy of cell-membrane viscoelasticity of the MCF-7 cells in an actin-independent manner.
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6
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Takeichi M. Cell sorting in vitro and in vivo: How are cadherins involved? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 147:2-11. [PMID: 36376196 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal tissues are composed of heterogenous cells, and their sorting into different compartments of the tissue is a pivotal process for organogenesis. Cells accomplish sorting by themselves-it is well known that singly dispersed cells can self-organize into tissue-like structures in vitro. Cell sorting is regulated by both biochemical and physical mechanisms. Adhesive proteins connect cells together, selecting particular partners through their specific binding properties, while physical forces, such as cell-cortical tension, control the cohesiveness between cells and in turn cell assembly patterns in mechanical ways. These processes cooperate in determining the overall cell sorting behavior. This article focuses on the 'cadherin' family of adhesion molecules as a biochemical component of cell-cell interactions, addressing how they regulate cell sorting by themselves or by cooperating with other factors. New ideas beyond the classical models of cell sorting are also discussed.
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7
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Abstract
Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during development. The search for molecular tool kits with homophilic binding specificity resulted in a diverse repertoire of adhesion molecules. Recent understanding of the dominant role of cortical tension over adhesion binding redirects the focus of differential adhesion studies to the signaling function of adhesion proteins to regulate actomyosin contractility. The broader framework of differential interfacial tension encompasses both adhesion and nonadhesion molecules, sharing the common function of modulating interfacial tension during cell sorting to generate diverse tissue patterns. Robust adhesion-based patterning requires close coordination between morphogen signaling, cell fate decisions, and changes in adhesion. Current advances in bridging theoretical and experimental approaches present exciting opportunities to understand molecular, cellular, and tissue dynamics during adhesion-based tissue patterning across multiple time and length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Rikki M Garner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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8
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Aparicio-Yuste R, Muenkel M, Clark AG, Gómez-Benito MJ, Bastounis EE. A Stiff Extracellular Matrix Favors the Mechanical Cell Competition that Leads to Extrusion of Bacterially-Infected Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:912318. [PMID: 35813215 PMCID: PMC9257086 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.912318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition refers to the mechanism whereby less fit cells (“losers”) are sensed and eliminated by more fit neighboring cells (“winners”) and arises during many processes including intracellular bacterial infection. Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness can regulate important cellular functions, such as motility, by modulating the physical forces that cells transduce and could thus modulate the output of cellular competitions. Herein, we employ a computational model to investigate the previously overlooked role of ECM stiffness in modulating the forceful extrusion of infected “loser” cells by uninfected “winner” cells. We find that increasing ECM stiffness promotes the collective squeezing and subsequent extrusion of infected cells due to differential cell displacements and cellular force generation. Moreover, we discover that an increase in the ratio of uninfected to infected cell stiffness as well as a smaller infection focus size, independently promote squeezing of infected cells, and this phenomenon is more prominent on stiffer compared to softer matrices. Our experimental findings validate the computational predictions by demonstrating increased collective cell extrusion on stiff matrices and glass as opposed to softer matrices, which is associated with decreased bacterial spread in the basal cell monolayer in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that ECM stiffness plays a major role in modulating the competition between infected and uninfected cells, with stiffer matrices promoting this battle through differential modulation of cell mechanics between the two cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Aparicio-Yuste
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” (CMFI, EXC 2124), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie Muenkel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” (CMFI, EXC 2124), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology/Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - María J. Gómez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: María J. Gómez-Benito, ; Effie E. Bastounis,
| | - Effie E. Bastounis
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” (CMFI, EXC 2124), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: María J. Gómez-Benito, ; Effie E. Bastounis,
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9
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Wang Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang J, Huang X. Effect of MC3T3 cell density on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell-cell contact expansion in zebrafish germ-layer progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2122030119. [PMID: 35165179 PMCID: PMC8872771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell contact formation is a key step in the evolution of multicellularity. While the molecular and cellular processes underlying cell–cell adhesion and contact formation have been extensively studied, comparably little is known about the physical principles guiding these processes. Actomyosin cortex tension differentially applied at the cell–cell and cell–medium interfaces was shown to promote expansion of the cell–cell contacts. Here, we uncover a nonlinear relationship between cortex tension and cell–cell contact size; in a low-tension regime, cell–cell contact size positively scales with cortex tension, while the high-tension regime promotes small contacts. This change in behavior is due to tension decreasing the turnover of adhesion molecules at the cell–cell contact, limiting contact expansion. Tension of the actomyosin cell cortex plays a key role in determining cell–cell contact growth and size. The level of cortical tension outside of the cell–cell contact, when pulling at the contact edge, scales with the total size to which a cell–cell contact can grow [J.-L. Maître et al., Science 338, 253–256 (2012)]. Here, we show in zebrafish primary germ-layer progenitor cells that this monotonic relationship only applies to a narrow range of cortical tension increase and that above a critical threshold, contact size inversely scales with cortical tension. This switch from cortical tension increasing to decreasing progenitor cell–cell contact size is caused by cortical tension promoting E-cadherin anchoring to the actomyosin cytoskeleton, thereby increasing clustering and stability of E-cadherin at the contact. After tension-mediated E-cadherin stabilization at the contact exceeds a critical threshold level, the rate by which the contact expands in response to pulling forces from the cortex sharply drops, leading to smaller contacts at physiologically relevant timescales of contact formation. Thus, the activity of cortical tension in expanding cell–cell contact size is limited by tension-stabilizing E-cadherin–actin complexes at the contact.
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11
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Bastounis EE, Serrano-Alcalde F, Radhakrishnan P, Engström P, Gómez-Benito MJ, Oswald MS, Yeh YT, Smith JG, Welch MD, García-Aznar JM, Theriot JA. Mechanical competition triggered by innate immune signaling drives the collective extrusion of bacterially infected epithelial cells. Dev Cell 2021; 56:443-460.e11. [PMID: 33621492 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens alter their host cells' mechanics to promote dissemination through tissues. Conversely, host cells may respond to the presence of pathogens by altering their mechanics to limit infection. Here, we monitored epithelial cell monolayers infected with intracellular bacterial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes or Rickettsia parkeri, over days. Under conditions in which these pathogens trigger innate immune signaling through NF-κB and use actin-based motility to spread non-lytically intercellularly, we found that infected cell domains formed three-dimensional mounds. These mounds resulted from uninfected cells moving toward the infection site, collectively squeezing the softer and less contractile infected cells upward and ejecting them from the monolayer. Bacteria in mounds were less able to spread laterally in the monolayer, limiting the growth of the infection focus, while extruded infected cells underwent cell death. Thus, the coordinated forceful action of uninfected cells actively eliminates large domains of infected cells, consistent with this collective cell response representing an innate immunity-driven process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie E Bastounis
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Prathima Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrik Engström
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - María J Gómez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Mackenzi S Oswald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - José M García-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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12
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Bastounis EE, Radhakrishnan P, Prinz CK, Theriot JA. Volume measurement and biophysical characterization of mounds in epithelial monolayers after intracellular bacterial infection. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100551. [PMID: 34095865 PMCID: PMC8165451 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are important in (patho)physiological processes, including how host epithelial cells interact with intracellular bacterial pathogens. As these pathogens disseminate within host epithelial monolayers, large mounds of infected cells are formed due to the forceful action of surrounding uninfected cells, limiting bacterial spread across the basal cell monolayer. Here, we present a protocol for mound volume measurement and biophysical characterization of mound formation. Modifications to this protocol may be necessary for studying different host cell types or pathogenic organisms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bastounis et al. (2021). Protocol allows for formation of mounds of extruded infected cells in cell monolayers Confocal microscopy and image processing to calculate volume of extruded domains Laser wounding protocol for tension estimation built around mounds TFM incorporated to measure traction stresses of infected mounders and surrounders
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie E Bastounis
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections" (CMFI, EXC 2124), University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Prathima Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher K Prinz
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Henning Stumpf B, Ambriović-Ristov A, Radenovic A, Smith AS. Recent Advances and Prospects in the Research of Nascent Adhesions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574371. [PMID: 33343382 PMCID: PMC7746844 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nascent adhesions are submicron transient structures promoting the early adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. Nascent adhesions typically consist of several tens of integrins, and serve as platforms for the recruitment and activation of proteins to build mature focal adhesions. They are also associated with early stage signaling and the mechanoresponse. Despite their crucial role in sampling the local extracellular matrix, very little is known about the mechanism of their formation. Consequently, there is a strong scientific activity focused on elucidating the physical and biochemical foundation of their development and function. Precisely the results of this effort will be summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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FluoSim: simulator of single molecule dynamics for fluorescence live-cell and super-resolution imaging of membrane proteins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19954. [PMID: 33203884 PMCID: PMC7672080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence live-cell and super-resolution microscopy methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the dynamics and mesoscale organization of macro-molecular complexes that drive cellular functions. However, different imaging techniques can provide quite disparate information about protein motion and organization, owing to their respective experimental ranges and limitations. To address these issues, we present here a robust computer program, called FluoSim, which is an interactive simulator of membrane protein dynamics for live-cell imaging methods including SPT, FRAP, PAF, and FCS, and super-resolution imaging techniques such as PALM, dSTORM, and uPAINT. FluoSim integrates diffusion coefficients, binding rates, and fluorophore photo-physics to calculate in real time the localization and intensity of thousands of independent molecules in 2D cellular geometries, providing simulated data directly comparable to actual experiments. FluoSim was thoroughly validated against experimental data obtained on the canonical neurexin-neuroligin adhesion complex at cell-cell contacts. This unified software allows one to model and predict membrane protein dynamics and localization at the ensemble and single molecule level, so as to reconcile imaging paradigms and quantitatively characterize protein behavior in complex cellular environments.
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15
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Ichikawa T, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Non-junctional role of Cadherin3 in cell migration and contact inhibition of locomotion via domain-dependent, opposing regulation of Rac1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17326. [PMID: 33060598 PMCID: PMC7567069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins are well-known adhesion molecules responsible for physically connecting neighboring cells and signaling this cell-cell contact. Recent studies have suggested novel signaling roles for "non-junctional" cadherins (NJCads); however, the function of cadherin signaling independent of cell-cell contacts remains unknown. In this study, mesendodermal cells and tissues from gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryos demonstrate that deletion of extracellular domains of Cadherin3 (Cdh3; formerly C-cadherin in Xenopus) disrupts contact inhibition of locomotion. In both bulk Rac1 activity assays and spatio-temporal FRET image analysis, the extracellular and cytoplasmic Cdh3 domains disrupt NJCad signaling and regulate Rac1 activity in opposing directions. Stabilization of the cytoskeleton counteracted this regulation in single cell migration assays. Our study provides novel insights into adhesion-independent signaling by Cadherin3 and its role in regulating single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ichikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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16
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Arbore C, Perego L, Sergides M, Capitanio M. Probing force in living cells with optical tweezers: from single-molecule mechanics to cell mechanotransduction. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:765-782. [PMID: 31612379 PMCID: PMC6815294 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The invention of optical tweezers more than three decades ago has opened new avenues in the study of the mechanical properties of biological molecules and cells. Quantitative force measurements still represent a challenging task in living cells due to the complexity of the cellular environment. Here, we review different methodologies to quantitatively measure the mechanical properties of living cells, the strength of adhesion/receptor bonds, and the active force produced during intracellular transport, cell adhesion, and migration. We discuss experimental strategies to attain proper calibration of optical tweezers and molecular resolution in living cells. Finally, we show recent studies on the transduction of mechanical stimuli into biomolecular and genetic signals that play a critical role in cell health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arbore
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Perego
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marios Sergides
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Capitanio
- LENS - European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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17
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Statistical Mechanics of an Elastically Pinned Membrane: Equilibrium Dynamics and Power Spectrum. Biophys J 2019; 117:542-552. [PMID: 31349987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological settings, membranes typically interact locally with other membranes: the extracellular matrix in the exterior or internal cellular structures such as the cytoskeleton, locally pinning the membrane. Characterizing the dynamical properties of such interactions presents a difficult task. Significant progress has been achieved through simulations and experiments, yet analytical progress in modeling pinned membranes has been impeded by the complexity of governing equations. Here, we circumvent these difficulties by calculating analytically the time-dependent Green's function of the operator governing the dynamics of an elastically pinned membrane in a hydrodynamic surrounding and subject to external forces. This enables us to calculate the equilibrium power spectral density for an overdamped membrane pinned by an elastic, permanently attached spring subject to thermal excitations. By considering the effects of the finite experimental resolution on the measured spectra, we show that the elasticity of the pinning can be extracted from the experimentally measured spectrum. Membrane fluctuations can thus be used as a tool to probe mechanical properties of the underlying structures. Such a tool may be particularly relevant in the context of cell mechanics, in which the elasticity of the membrane's attachment to the cytoskeleton could be measured.
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18
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Janeš JA, Stumpf H, Schmidt D, Seifert U, Smith AS. Statistical Mechanics of an Elastically Pinned Membrane: Static Profile and Correlations. Biophys J 2018; 116:283-295. [PMID: 30598285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between thermal fluctuations and the mechanical response of a free membrane has been explored in great detail, both theoretically and experimentally. However, understanding this relationship for membranes locally pinned by proteins is significantly more challenging. Given that the coupling of the membrane to the cell cytoskeleton, to the extracellular matrix, and to other internal structures is crucial for the regulation of a number of cellular processes, understanding the role of the pinning is of great interest. In this manuscript, we consider a single protein (elastic spring of a finite rest length) pinning a membrane modeled in the Monge gauge. First, we determine the Green's function for the system and complement this approach by the calculation of the mode-coupling coefficients for the plane wave expansion and the orthonormal fluctuation modes, in turn building a set of tools for numerical and analytic studies of a pinned membrane. Furthermore, we explore static correlations of the free and the pinned membrane, as well as the membrane shape, showing that all three are mutually interdependent and have an identical long-range behavior characterized by the correlation length. Interestingly, the latter displays a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of membrane tension. Importantly, exploiting these relations allows for the experimental determination of the elastic parameters of the pinning. Last but not least, we calculate the interaction potential between two pinning sites and show that even in the absence of the membrane deformation, the pinnings will be subject to an attractive force because of changes in membrane fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Augustin Janeš
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Henning Stumpf
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Udo Seifert
- II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik and Cluster of Excellence, Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Login FH, Jensen HH, Pedersen GA, Amieva MR, Nejsum LN. The soluble extracellular domain of E-cadherin interferes with EPEC adherence via interaction with the Tir:intimin complex. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800651. [PMID: 29920220 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes watery diarrhea when colonizing the surface of enterocytes. The translocated intimin receptor (Tir):intimin receptor complex facilitates tight adherence to epithelial cells and formation of actin pedestals beneath EPEC. We found that the host cell adherens junction protein E-cadherin (Ecad) was recruited to EPEC microcolonies. Live-cell and confocal imaging revealed that Ecad recruitment depends on, and occurs after, formation of the Tir:intimin complex. Combinatorial binding experiments using wild-type EPEC, isogenic mutants lacking Tir or intimin, and E. coli expressing intimin showed that the extracellular domain of Ecad binds the bacterial surface in a Tir:intimin-dependent manner. Finally, addition of the soluble extracellular domain of Ecad to the infection medium or depletion of Ecad extracellular domain from the cell surface reduced EPEC adhesion to host cells. Thus, the soluble extracellular domain of Ecad may be used in the design of intervention strategies targeting EPEC adherence to host cells.-Login, F. H., Jensen, H. H., Pedersen, G. A., Amieva, M. R., Nejsum, L. N. The soluble extracellular domain of E-cadherin interferes with EPEC adherence via interaction with the Tir:intimin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric H Login
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helene H Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte A Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lene N Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Venzac B, Madoun R, Benarab T, Monnier S, Cayrac F, Myram S, Leconte L, Amblard F, Viovy JL, Descroix S, Coscoy S. Engineering small tubes with changes in diameter for the study of kidney cell organization. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:024114. [PMID: 29657657 PMCID: PMC5882411 DOI: 10.1063/1.5025027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular tubes are structures ubiquitously found during development and in adult organisms. Their topologies (diameter, direction or branching), together with their mechanical characteristics, play fundamental roles in organ function and in the emergence of pathologies. In tubes of micrometric range diameters, typically found in the vascular system, renal tubules or excretory ducts, cells are submitted to a strong curvature and confinement effects in addition to flow. Then, small tubes with change in diameter are submitted to a local gradient of shear stress and curvature, which may lead to complex mechanotransduction responses along tubes, and may be involved in the onset or propagation of cystic or obstructive pathologies. We describe here a simple method to build a microfluidic device that integrates cylindrical channels with changes in diameter that mimic in vivo tube geometries. This microfabrication approach is based on molding of etched tungsten wires, which can achieve on a flexible way any change in diameter in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microdevice. The interest of this biomimetic multitube system has been evidenced by reproducing renal tubules on chip. In particular, renal cell lines were successfully seeded and grown in PDMS circular tubes with a transition between 80 μm and 50 μm diameters. Thanks to this biomimetic platform, the effect of the tube curvature has been investigated especially regarding cell morphology and orientation. The effect of shear stress on confluent cells has also been assessed simultaneously in both parts of tubes. It is thus possible to study interconnected cell response to differential constraints which is of central importance when mimicking tubes present in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludovic Leconte
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Coscoy
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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21
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The WAVE Regulatory Complex and Branched F-Actin Counterbalance Contractile Force to Control Cell Shape and Packing in the Drosophila Eye. Dev Cell 2018; 44:471-483.e4. [PMID: 29396116 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contractile forces eliminate cell contacts in many morphogenetic processes. However, mechanisms that balance contractile forces to promote subtler remodeling remain unknown. To address this gap, we investigated remodeling of Drosophila eye lattice cells (LCs), which preserve cell contacts as they narrow to form the edges of a multicellular hexagonal lattice. We found that during narrowing, LC-LC contacts dynamically constrict and expand. Similar to other systems, actomyosin-based contractile forces promote pulses of constriction. Conversely, we found that WAVE-dependent branched F-actin accumulates at LC-LC contacts during expansion and functions to expand the cell apical area, promote shape changes, and prevent elimination of LC-LC contacts. Finally, we found that small Rho GTPases regulate the balance of contractile and protrusive dynamics. These data suggest a mechanism by which WAVE regulatory complex-based F-actin dynamics antagonize contractile forces to regulate cell shape and tissue topology during remodeling and thus contribute to the robustness and precision of the process.
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22
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Abstract
During the very first days of mammalian development, the embryo forms a structure called the blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two cell types: the trophectoderm (TE), which implants the embryo in the uterus and the inner cell mass (ICM), which gives rise to all cells of the mammalian body. Previous works identified how cells differentiate according to their position within the embryo: TE for surface cells and ICM for internal cells. It is therefore essential to understand how cells acquire their position in the first place. During the formation of the blastocyst, cells distort and relocate as a consequence of forces that are generated by the cells themselves. Recently, several important studies have identified the forces and cellular mechanisms leading to the shaping of the ICM. Here, I describe how these studies led us to understand how contractile forces shape the mammalian embryo to position and differentiate the ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215 Inserm U934, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France - Équipe mécanique du développement mammifère, Unité Génétique et Biologie du Développement, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
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23
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Collins C, Denisin AK, Pruitt BL, Nelson WJ. Changes in E-cadherin rigidity sensing regulate cell adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5835-E5844. [PMID: 28674019 PMCID: PMC5530647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618676114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues are sensed and transduced by cell adhesion complexes to regulate diverse cell behaviors. Extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity sensing by integrin adhesions has been well studied, but rigidity sensing by cadherins during cell adhesion is largely unexplored. Using mechanically tunable polyacrylamide (PA) gels functionalized with the extracellular domain of E-cadherin (Ecad-Fc), we showed that E-cadherin-dependent epithelial cell adhesion was sensitive to changes in PA gel elastic modulus that produced striking differences in cell morphology, actin organization, and membrane dynamics. Traction force microscopy (TFM) revealed that cells produced the greatest tractions at the cell periphery, where distinct types of actin-based membrane protrusions formed. Cells responded to substrate rigidity by reorganizing the distribution and size of high-traction-stress regions at the cell periphery. Differences in adhesion and protrusion dynamics were mediated by balancing the activities of specific signaling molecules. Cell adhesion to a 30-kPa Ecad-Fc PA gel required Cdc42- and formin-dependent filopodia formation, whereas adhesion to a 60-kPa Ecad-Fc PA gel induced Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodial protrusions. A quantitative 3D cell-cell adhesion assay and live cell imaging of cell-cell contact formation revealed that inhibition of Cdc42, formin, and Arp2/3 activities blocked the initiation, but not the maintenance of established cell-cell adhesions. These results indicate that the same signaling molecules activated by E-cadherin rigidity sensing on PA gels contribute to actin organization and membrane dynamics during cell-cell adhesion. We hypothesize that a transition in the stiffness of E-cadherin homotypic interactions regulates actin and membrane dynamics during initial stages of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aleksandra K Denisin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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24
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Bachir AI, Horwitz AR, Nelson WJ, Bianchini JM. Actin-Based Adhesion Modules Mediate Cell Interactions with the Extracellular Matrix and Neighboring Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/7/a023234. [PMID: 28679638 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesions link cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to each other and depend on interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Both cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites contain discrete, yet overlapping, functional modules. These modules establish physical associations with the actin cytoskeleton, locally modulate actin organization and dynamics, and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. Interplay between these modules generates distinct actin architectures that underlie different stages, types, and functions of cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions. Actomyosin contractility is required to generate mature, stable adhesions, as well as to sense and translate the mechanical properties of the cellular environment into changes in cell organization and behavior. Here, we review the organization and function of different adhesion modules and how they interact with the actin cytoskeleton. We highlight the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in adhesions and how adhesion molecules mediate cross talk between cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia I Bachir
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, Oregon 97402
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, Oregon 97402
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Julie M Bianchini
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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25
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Chen J, Newhall J, Xie ZR, Leckband D, Wu Y. A Computational Model for Kinetic Studies of Cadherin Binding and Clustering. Biophys J 2017; 111:1507-1518. [PMID: 27705773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin is a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that mediates calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion and is a major component of adhesive junctions. The formation of intercellular adhesive junctions is initiated by trans binding between cadherins on adjacent cells, which is followed by the clustering of cadherins via the formation of cis interactions between cadherins on the same cell membranes. Moreover, classical cadherins have multiple glycosylation sites along their extracellular regions. It was found that aberrant glycosylation affects the adhesive function of cadherins and correlates with metastatic phenotypes of several cancers. However, a mechanistic understanding of cadherin clustering during cell adhesion and the role of glycosylation in this process is still lacking. Here, we designed a kinetic model that includes multistep reaction pathways for cadherin clustering. We further applied a diffusion-reaction algorithm to numerically simulate the clustering process using a recently developed coarse-grained model. Using experimentally measured rates of trans binding between soluble E-cadherin extracellular domains, we conducted simulations of cadherin-mediated cell-cell binding kinetics, and the results are quantitatively comparable to experimental data from micropipette experiments. In addition, we show that incorporating cadherin clustering via cis interactions further increases intercellular binding. Interestingly, a two-phase kinetic profile was derived under the assumption that glycosylation regulates the kinetic rates of cis interactions. This two-phase profile is qualitatively consistent with experimental results from micropipette measurements. Therefore, our computational studies provide new, to our knowledge, insights into the molecular mechanism of cadherin-based cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jillian Newhall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Zhong-Ru Xie
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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26
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Hagen SJ. Non-canonical functions of claudin proteins: Beyond the regulation of cell-cell adhesions. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1327839. [PMID: 28548895 PMCID: PMC5501131 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1327839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions form a barrier to the diffusion of apical and basolateral membrane proteins thus regulating membrane polarity. They also regulate the paracellular movement of ions and water across epithelial and endothelial cells so that functionally they constitute an important permselective barrier. Permselectivity at tight junctions is regulated by claudins, which confer anion or cation permeability, and tightness or leakiness, by forming several highly regulated pores within the apical tight junction complex. One interesting feature of claudins is that they are, more often than not, localized to the basolateral membrane, in intracellular cytoplasmic vesicles, or in the nucleus rather than to the apical tight junction complex. These intracellular pools of claudin molecules likely serve important functions in the epithelium. This review will address the widespread prevalence of claudins that are not associated with the apical tight junction complex and discuss the important and emerging non-traditional functions of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Hagen
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Muhamed I, Chowdhury F, Maruthamuthu V. Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E12. [PMID: 28952491 PMCID: PMC5590431 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell's environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane's bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na⁺, Ca2+, K⁺ channels). The membrane's biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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28
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Firmino J, Rocancourt D, Saadaoui M, Moreau C, Gros J. Cell Division Drives Epithelial Cell Rearrangements during Gastrulation in Chick. Dev Cell 2016; 36:249-61. [PMID: 26859350 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During early embryonic development, cells are organized as cohesive epithelial sheets that are continuously growing and remodeled without losing their integrity, giving rise to a wide array of tissue shapes. Here, using live imaging in chick embryo, we investigate how epithelial cells rearrange during gastrulation. We find that cell division is a major rearrangement driver that powers dramatic epithelial cell intercalation events. We show that these cell division-mediated intercalations, which represent the majority of epithelial rearrangements within the early embryo, are absolutely necessary for the spatial patterning of gastrulation movements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these intercalation events result from overall low cortical actomyosin accumulation within the epithelial cells of the embryo, which enables dividing cells to remodel junctions in their vicinity. These findings uncover a role for cell division as coordinator of epithelial growth and remodeling that might underlie various developmental, homeostatic, or pathological processes in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Firmino
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Didier Rocancourt
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Saadaoui
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chloe Moreau
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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29
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Schwayer C, Sikora M, Slováková J, Kardos R, Heisenberg CP. Actin Rings of Power. Dev Cell 2016; 37:493-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Muhamed I, Wu J, Sehgal P, Kong X, Tajik A, Wang N, Leckband DE. E-cadherin-mediated force transduction signals regulate global cell mechanics. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1843-54. [PMID: 26966187 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report elucidates an E-cadherin-based force-transduction pathway that triggers changes in cell mechanics through a mechanism requiring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and the downstream formation of new integrin adhesions. This mechanism operates in addition to local cytoskeletal remodeling triggered by conformational changes in the E-cadherin-associated protein α-catenin, at sites of mechanical perturbation. Studies using magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC), together with traction force microscopy (TFM) and confocal imaging identified force-activated E-cadherin-specific signals that integrate cadherin force transduction, integrin activation and cell contractility. EGFR is required for the downstream activation of PI3K and myosin-II-dependent cell stiffening. Our findings also demonstrated that α-catenin-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling at perturbed E-cadherin adhesions does not require cell stiffening. These results broaden the repertoire of E-cadherin-based force transduction mechanisms, and define the force-sensitive signaling network underlying the mechano-chemical integration of spatially segregated adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Poonam Sehgal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Arash Tajik
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Carl W. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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van Buul JD, Timmerman I. Small Rho GTPase-mediated actin dynamics at endothelial adherens junctions. Small GTPases 2016; 7:21-31. [PMID: 26825121 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1131802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VE-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions form the major restrictive barrier of the endothelium to plasma proteins and blood cells. The function of VE-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton are intimately linked. Vascular permeability factors and adherent leukocytes signal through small Rho GTPases to tightly regulate actin cytoskeletal rearrangements in order to open and re-assemble endothelial cell-cell junctions in a rapid and controlled manner. The Rho GTPases are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), conferring specificity and context-dependent control of cell-cell junctions. Although the molecular mechanisms that couple cadherins to actin filaments are beginning to be elucidated, specific stimulus-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton at VE-cadherin-based junctions remains unexplained. Accumulating evidence has suggested that depending on the vascular permeability factor and on the subcellular localization of GEFs, cell-cell junction dynamics and organization are differentially regulated by one specific Rho GTPase. In this Commentary, we focus on new insights how the junctional actin cytoskeleton is specifically and locally regulated by Rho GTPases and GEFs in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Timmerman
- b Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
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Measuring fast stochastic displacements of bio-membranes with dynamic optical displacement spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8162. [PMID: 26437911 PMCID: PMC4600712 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stochastic displacements or fluctuations of biological membranes are increasingly recognized as an important aspect of many physiological processes, but hitherto their precise quantification in living cells was limited due to a lack of tools to accurately record them. Here we introduce a novel technique—dynamic optical displacement spectroscopy (DODS), to measure stochastic displacements of membranes with unprecedented combined spatiotemporal resolution of 20 nm and 10 μs. The technique was validated by measuring bending fluctuations of model membranes. DODS was then used to explore the fluctuations in human red blood cells, which showed an ATP-induced enhancement of non-Gaussian behaviour. Plasma membrane fluctuations of human macrophages were quantified to this accuracy for the first time. Stimulation with a cytokine enhanced non-Gaussian contributions to these fluctuations. Simplicity of implementation, and high accuracy make DODS a promising tool for comprehensive understanding of stochastic membrane processes. Precise quantification of stochastic motions of biological membranes is limited by a lack of suitable detection methods. Here Monzel et al. develop dynamic optical displacement spectroscopy to measure stochastic membrane displacements at 20 nm/10 μs spatiotemporal resolution.
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33
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E-cadherin junction formation involves an active kinetic nucleation process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10932-7. [PMID: 26290581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513775112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial (E)-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions play important roles in the development and maintenance of tissue structure in multicellular organisms. E-cadherin adhesion is thus a key element of the cellular microenvironment that provides both mechanical and biochemical signaling inputs. Here, we report in vitro reconstitution of junction-like structures between native E-cadherin in living cells and the extracellular domain of E-cadherin (E-cad-ECD) in a supported membrane. Junction formation in this hybrid live cell-supported membrane configuration requires both active processes within the living cell and a supported membrane with low E-cad-ECD mobility. The hybrid junctions recruit α-catenin and exhibit remodeled cortical actin. Observations suggest that the initial stages of junction formation in this hybrid system depend on the trans but not the cis interactions between E-cadherin molecules, and proceed via a nucleation process in which protrusion and retraction of filopodia play a key role.
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Embryonic cell-cell adhesion: a key player in collective neural crest migration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:301-23. [PMID: 25733144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, adult tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer cell migration. Cells can migrate as individuals or groups. When cells migrate in groups, cell-cell interactions are crucial in order to promote the coordinated behavior, essential for collective migration. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that cell-cell interactions are also important for establishing and maintaining the directionality of these migratory events. We focus on neural crest cells, as they possess extraordinary migratory capabilities that allow them to migrate and colonize tissues all over the embryo. Neural crest cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at the same time than perform directional collective migration. Cell-cell adhesion has been shown to be an important source of planar cell polarity and cell coordination during collective movement. We also review molecular mechanisms underlying cadherin turnover, showing how the modulation and dynamics of cell-cell adhesions are crucial in order to maintain tissue integrity and collective migration in vivo. We conclude that cell-cell adhesion during embryo development cannot be considered as simple passive resistance to force, but rather participates in signaling events that determine important cell behaviors required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Gessain G, Tsai YH, Travier L, Bonazzi M, Grayo S, Cossart P, Charlier C, Disson O, Lecuit M. PI3-kinase activation is critical for host barrier permissiveness to Listeria monocytogenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:165-83. [PMID: 25624443 PMCID: PMC4322052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of nonphagocytic cells, a critical property of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) that enables it to cross host barriers, is mediated by the interaction of two bacterial surface proteins, InlA and InlB, with their respective receptors E-cadherin and c-Met. Although InlA-E-cadherin interaction is necessary and sufficient for Lm crossing of the intestinal barrier, both InlA and InlB are required for Lm crossing of the placental barrier. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) is involved in both InlA- and InlB-dependent pathways. Indeed, InlA-dependent entry requires PI3-K activity but does not activate it, whereas InlB-c-Met interaction activates PI3-K. We show that Lm intestinal target cells exhibit a constitutive PI3-K activity, rendering InlB dispensable for InlA-dependent Lm intestinal barrier crossing. In contrast, the placental barrier does not exhibit constitutive PI3-K activity, making InlB necessary for InlA-dependent Lm placental invasion. Here, we provide the molecular explanation for the respective contributions of InlA and InlB to Lm host barrier invasion, and reveal the critical role of InlB in rendering cells permissive to InlA-mediated invasion. This study shows that PI3-K activity is critical to host barrier permissiveness to microbes, and that pathogens exploit both similarities and differences of host barriers to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yu-Huan Tsai
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Travier
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut Pasteur, Bacteria Cell Interaction Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Solène Grayo
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Bacteria Cell Interaction Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique USC2020, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Charlier
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, F-75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, F-75015 Paris, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1117, F-75015 Paris, France Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, F-75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, F-75015 Paris, France
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36
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Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion in animals. By regulating contact formation and stability, cadherins play a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Here, we review the three major functions of cadherins in cell-cell contact formation and stability. Two of those functions lead to a decrease in interfacial tension at the forming cell-cell contact, thereby promoting contact expansion--first, by providing adhesion tension that lowers interfacial tension at the cell-cell contact, and second, by signaling to the actomyosin cytoskeleton in order to reduce cortex tension and thus interfacial tension at the contact. The third function of cadherins in cell-cell contact formation is to stabilize the contact by resisting mechanical forces that pull on the contact.
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Tokuo H, Coluccio LM. Myosin-1c regulates the dynamic stability of E-cadherin-based cell-cell contacts in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2820-33. [PMID: 23864705 PMCID: PMC3771945 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo1c knockdown causes defects in E-cadherin localization, E-cadherin binding, and cell–cell contact of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Expression of wild-type Myo1c, but not motor-dead mutants or those unable to bind membrane, reverses the phenotype, evidence that Myo1c modulates the assembly/maintenance of adherens junctions. Cooperation between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton controls the formation and maintenance of cell–cell adhesions in epithelia. We find that the molecular motor protein myosin-1c (Myo1c) regulates the dynamic stability of E-cadherin–based cell–cell contacts. In Myo1c-depleted Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, E-cadherin localization was disorganized and lateral membranes appeared less vertical with convoluted edges versus control cells. In polarized monolayers, Myo1c-knockdown (KD) cells were more sensitive to reduced calcium concentration. Myo1c separated in the same plasma membrane fractions as E-cadherin, and Myo1c KD caused a significant reduction in the amount of E-cadherin recovered in one peak fraction. Expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–Myo1c mutants revealed that the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate–binding site is necessary for its localization to cell–cell adhesions, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays with GFP-Myo1c mutants revealed that motor function was important for Myo1c dynamics at these sites. At 18°C, which inhibits vesicle recycling, Myo1c-KD cells accumulated more E-cadherin–positive vesicles in their cytoplasm, suggesting that Myo1c affects E-cadherin endocytosis. Studies with photoactivatable GFP–E-cadherin showed that Myo1c KD reduced the stability of E-cadherin at cell–cell adhesions. We conclude that Myo1c stabilizes E-cadherin at adherens junctions in polarized epithelial cells and that the motor function and ability of Myo1c to bind membrane are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokuo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2518
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38
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Bardet PL, Guirao B, Paoletti C, Serman F, Léopold V, Bosveld F, Goya Y, Mirouse V, Graner F, Bellaïche Y. PTEN controls junction lengthening and stability during cell rearrangement in epithelial tissue. Dev Cell 2013; 25:534-46. [PMID: 23707736 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell rearrangements control epithelial tissue morphogenesis and cellular pattern formation. They lead to the formation of new junctions whose length and stability determine the cellular pattern of tissues. Here, we show that during Drosophila wing development the loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN disrupts cell rearrangements by preventing the lengthening of newly formed junctions that become unstable and keep on rearranging. We demonstrate that the failure to lengthen and to stabilize is caused by the lack of a decrease of Myosin II and Rho-kinase concentration at the newly formed junctions. This defect results in a heterogeneous cortical contractility at cell junctions that disrupts regular hexagonal pattern formation. By identifying PTEN as a specific regulator of junction lengthening and stability, our results uncover how a homogenous distribution of cortical contractility along the cell cortex is restored during cell rearrangement to control the formation of epithelial cellular pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Bardet
- Polarity Division and Morphogenesis Team, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Wu Y, Honig B, Ben-Shaul A. Theory and simulations of adhesion receptor dimerization on membrane surfaces. Biophys J 2013; 104:1221-9. [PMID: 23528081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium constants of trans and cis dimerization of membrane bound (2D) and freely moving (3D) adhesion receptors are expressed and compared using elementary statistical-thermodynamics. Both processes are mediated by the binding of extracellular subdomains whose range of motion in the 2D environment is reduced upon dimerization, defining a thin reaction shell where dimer formation and dissociation take place. We show that the ratio between the 2D and 3D equilibrium constants can be expressed as a product of individual factors describing, respectively, the spatial ranges of motions of the adhesive domains, and their rotational freedom within the reaction shell. The results predicted by the theory are compared to those obtained from a novel, to our knowledge, dynamical simulations methodology, whereby pairs of receptors perform realistic translational, internal, and rotational motions in 2D and 3D. We use cadherins as our model system. The theory and simulations explain how the strength of cis and trans interactions of adhesive receptors are affected both by their presence in the constrained intermembrane space and by the 2D environment of membrane surfaces. Our work provides fundamental insights as to the mechanism of lateral clustering of adhesion receptors after cell-cell contact and, more generally, to the formation of lateral microclusters of proteins on cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Arpitha P, Gao CY, Tripathi BK, Saravanamuthu S, Zelenka P. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 promotes the stability of corneal epithelial cell junctions. Mol Vis 2013; 19:319-32. [PMID: 23401660 PMCID: PMC3566902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) inhibits the formation of junctions containing N-cadherin, the effect of Cdk5 on junctions containing E-cadherin is less clear. The present study investigates the functional significance of Cdk5 in forming and maintaining cell-cell stability in corneal epithelial cells. METHODS A Cdk5-deficient human corneal limbal epithelial cell line was generated by lentiviral transduction of small hairpin RNA specific for Cdk5 (shCdk5-HCLE cells). A blasticidin-inducible vector for expression of Cdk5-specific short hairpin RNA (ShCdk5) was generated by recombination and packaged into non-replicative lentiviral particles for transduction of human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells. Blasticidin-resistant cells were isolated for analysis. Cell aggregations were performed using HCLE, Cdk5 inhibitor olomoucine, ShCdk5, and MDA-MB 231 cells in the presence and absence of calcium, and particle size was measured using image analysis software. Relative protein concentrations were measured with immunoblotting and quantitative densitometry. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy was performed on cells transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-E-cadherin or GFP-p120, and internalization of boundary-localized proteins was analyzed with particle tracking software. The stability of surface-exposed proteins was determined by measuring the recovery of biotin-labeled proteins with affinity chromatography. Rho and Rac activity was measured with affinity chromatography and immunoblotting. RESULTS Examining the effect of Cdk5 on E-cadherin containing epithelial cell-cell adhesions using a corneal epithelial cell line (HCLE), we found that Cdk5 and Cdk5 (pY15) coimmunoprecipitate with E-cadherin and Cdk5 (pY15) colocalizes with E-cadherin at cell-cell junctions. Inhibiting Cdk5 activity in HCLE or suppressing Cdk5 expression in a stable HCLE-derived cell line (ShHCLE) decreased calcium-dependent cell adhesion, promoted the cytoplasmic localization of E-cadherin, and accelerated the loss of surface-biotinylated E-cadherin. TIRF microscopy of GFP-E-cadherin in transfected HCLE cells showed an actively internalized sub-population of E-cadherin, which was not bound to p120 as it was trafficked away from the cell-cell boundary. This population increased in the absence of Cdk5 activity, suggesting that Cdk5 inhibition promotes dissociation of p120/E-cadherin junctional complexes. These effects of Cdk5 inhibition or suppression were accompanied by decreased Rac activity, increased Rho activity, and enhanced binding of E-cadherin to the Rac effector Ras GTPase-activating-like protein (IQGAP1). Cdk5 inhibition also reduced adhesion in a cadherin-deficient cell line (MDA-MB-231) expressing exogenous E-cadherin, although Cdk5 inhibition promoted adhesion when these cells were transfected with N-cadherin, as previous studies of Cdk5 and N-cadherin predicted. Moreover, Cdk5 inhibition induced N-cadherin expression and formation of N-cadherin/p120 complexes in HCLE cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that loss of Cdk5 activity destabilizes junctional complexes containing E-cadherin, leading to internalization of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin. Thus, Cdk5 activity promotes stability of E-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions and inhibits the E-cadherin-to-N-cadherin switch typical of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Y. Gao
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Building 5635, Room 1S-02, Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD,National Eye Institute, NIH, Building 6, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Peggy Zelenka
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Building 5635, Room 1S-02, Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD
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Herszterg S, Leibfried A, Bosveld F, Martin C, Bellaiche Y. Interplay between the Dividing Cell and Its Neighbors Regulates Adherens Junction Formation during Cytokinesis in Epithelial Tissue. Dev Cell 2013; 24:256-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Canel M, Serrels A, Frame MC, Brunton VG. E-cadherin-integrin crosstalk in cancer invasion and metastasis. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:393-401. [PMID: 23525005 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates homophilic cell-cell interactions. Tumour progression is often associated with the loss of E-cadherin function and the transition to a more motile and invasive phenotype. This requires the coordinated regulation of both E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated adhesions that contact the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Regulation of both types of adhesion is dynamic as cells respond to external cues from the tumour microenvironment that regulate polarity, directional migration and invasion. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tumour cells control the cross-regulation between dynamic E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions and integrin-mediated cell-matrix contacts, which govern the invasive and metastatic potential of tumours. In particular, we will discuss the role of the adhesion-linked kinases Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and the Rho family of GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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43
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Ratheesh A, Priya R, Yap AS. Coordinating Rho and Rac: the regulation of Rho GTPase signaling and cadherin junctions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:49-68. [PMID: 23481190 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions are dynamic structures that mediate tissue organization and morphogenesis. They link cells together, mediate cell-cell recognition, and influence cell shape, motility, proliferation, and differentiation. At the cellular level, operation of classical cadherin adhesion systems is coordinated with cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility, and membrane trafficking to support productive interactions. Cadherin-based cell signaling is critical for the coordination of these many cellular processes. Here, we discuss the role of Rho family GTPases in cadherin signaling. We focus on understanding the pathways that utilize Rac and Rho in junctional biology, aiming to identify the mechanisms of upstream regulation and define how the effects of these activated GTPases might regulate the actin cytoskeleton to modulate the cellular processes involved in cadherin-based cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ratheesh
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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44
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Wang Q, Lin JLC, Chan SY, Lin JJC. The Xin repeat-containing protein, mXinβ, initiates the maturation of the intercalated discs during postnatal heart development. Dev Biol 2012; 374:264-80. [PMID: 23261932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intercalated disc (ICD) is a unique structure to the heart and plays vital roles in communication and signaling among cardiomyocytes. ICDs are formed and matured during postnatal development through a profound redistribution of the intercellular junctions, as well as recruitment and assembly of more than 200 proteins at the termini of cardiomyocytes. The molecular mechanism underlying this process is not completely understood. The mouse orthologs (mXinα and mXinβ) of human cardiomyopathy-associated (CMYA)/Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein (XIRP) genes (CMYA1/XIRP1 and CMYA3/XIRP2, respectively) encode proteins localized to ICDs. Ablation of mXinα results in adult late-onset cardiomyopathy with conduction defects and up-regulation of mXinβ. ICD structural defects are found in adult but not juvenile mXinα-null hearts. On the other hand, loss of mXinβ leads to ICD defects at postnatal day 16.5, a developmental stage when the heart is forming ICDs, suggesting mXinβ is required for ICD formation. Using quantitative Western blot, we showed in this study that mXinβ but not mXinα was uniquely up-regulated during the redistribution of intercellular junction from the lateral membrane of cardiomyocytes to their termini. In the absence of mXinβ, the intercellular junctions failed to be restricted to the termini of the cells, and the onset of such defect correlated with the peak expression of mXinβ. Immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionation showed that mXinβ preferentially associated with the forming ICDs, further suggesting that mXinβ functioned locally to promote ICD maturation. In contrast, the spatiotemporal expression profile of mXinα and the lack of more severe ICD defects in mXinα-/-;mXinβ-/- double knockout hearts than in mXinβ-/- hearts suggested that mXinα was not essential for the postnatal formation of ICDs. A two-step model for the development of ICD is proposed where mXinβ is essential for the redistribution of intercellular junction components from the lateral puncta to the cell termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
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45
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McClatchey AI, Yap AS. Contact inhibition (of proliferation) redux. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:685-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Theveneau E, Mayor R. Cadherins in collective cell migration of mesenchymal cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:677-84. [PMID: 22944726 PMCID: PMC4902125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunity, embryogenesis and tissue repair rely heavily on cell migration. Cells can be seen migrating as individuals or large groups. In the latter case, collectiveness emerges via cell-cell interactions. In migratory epithelial cell sheets, classic Cadherins are critical to maintain tissue integrity, to promote coordination and establish cell polarity. However, recent evidence indicates that mesenchymal cells, migrating in streams such as neural crest or cancer cells, also exhibit collective migration. Here we will explore the idea that Cadherins play an essential role during collective migration of mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in recent years in understanding the working of the living cell, including its micro-anatomy, signalling networks, and regulation of genes. However, an understanding of cellular phenomena using fundamental laws starting from first principles is still very far away. Part of the reason is that a cell is an active and exquisitely complex system where every part is linked to the other. Thus, it is difficult or even impossible to design experiments that selectively and exclusively probe a chosen aspect of the cell. Various kinds of idealised systems and cell models have been used to circumvent this problem. An important example is a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV, also called giant liposome), which provides a cell-sized confined volume to study biochemical reactions as well as self-assembly processes that occur on the membrane. The GUV membrane can be designed suitably to present selected, correctly-oriented cell-membrane proteins, whose mobility is confined to two dimensions. Here, we present recent advances in GUV design and the use of GUVs as cell models that enable quantitative testing leading to insight into the working of real cells. We briefly recapitulate important classical concepts in membrane biophysics emphasising the advantages and limitations of GUVs. We then present results obtained over the last decades using GUVs, choosing the formation of membrane domains and cell adhesion as examples for in-depth treatment. Insight into cell adhesion obtained using micro-interferometry is treated in detail. We conclude by summarising the open questions and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne F Fenz
- Leiden Institute of Physics: Physics of Life Processes, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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48
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Tsang SM, Brown L, Gadmor H, Gammon L, Fortune F, Wheeler A, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 acting as an upstream regulator of Rho GTPases, Rac-1/Cdc42 in the regulation of actin organisation and dynamics. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2269-83. [PMID: 22796473 PMCID: PMC4022105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a member of the desmoglein sub-family, serves as an adhesion molecule in desmosomes. Our previous study showed that overexpression of human Dsg3 in several epithelial lines induces formation of membrane protrusions, a phenotype suggestive of Rho GTPase activation. Here we examined the interaction between Dsg3 and actin in detail and showed that endogenous Dsg3 colocalises and interacts with actin, particularly the junctional actin in a Rac1-dependent manner. Ablation of Rac1 activity by dominant negative Rac1 mutant (N17Rac1) or the Rac1 specific inhibitor (NSC23766) directly disrupts the interaction between Dsg3 and actin. Assembly of the junctional actin at the cell borders is accompanied with enhanced levels of Dsg3, while inhibition of Dsg3 by RNAi results in profound changes in the organisation of actin cytoskeleton. In accordance, overexpression of Dsg3 results in a remarkable increase of Rac1 and Cdc42 activities and to a lesser extent, RhoA. The enhancements in Rho GTPases are accompanied by the pronounced actin-based membrane structures such as lamellipodia and filopodia, enhanced rate of actin turnover and cell polarisation. Together, our results reveal an important novel function for Dsg3 in promoting actin dynamics through regulating Rac1 and Cdc42 activation in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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49
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Brasch J, Harrison OJ, Honig B, Shapiro L. Thinking outside the cell: how cadherins drive adhesion. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:299-310. [PMID: 22555008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are a superfamily of cell surface glycoproteins whose ectodomains contain multiple repeats of β-sandwich extracellular cadherin (EC) domains that adopt a similar fold to immunoglobulin domains. The best characterized cadherins are the vertebrate 'classical' cadherins, which mediate adhesion via trans homodimerization between their membrane-distal EC1 domains that extend from apposed cells, and assemble intercellular adherens junctions through cis clustering. To form mature trans adhesive dimers, cadherin domains from apposed cells dimerize in a 'strand-swapped' conformation. This occurs in a two-step binding process involving a fast-binding intermediate called the 'X-dimer'. Trans dimers are less flexible than cadherin monomers, a factor that drives junction assembly following cell-cell contact by reducing the entropic cost associated with the formation of lateral cis oligomers. Cadherins outside the classical subfamily appear to have evolved distinct adhesive mechanisms that are only now beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brasch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 1150 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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50
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Anear E, Parish RW. The effects of modifying RhoA and Rac1 activities on heterotypic contact inhibition of locomotion. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1330-5. [PMID: 22498500 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) occurs when a cell ceases moving in the same direction following contact with another cell. Homotypic and heterotypic CIL occur between cells of the same and different types, respectively. Using Abercrombie's confronted explants assay we studied the effect of changing Rac1 or RhoA activities on heterotypic CIL between NIH3T3 and chicken heart fibroblasts. Both dominant active (L61) and dominant negative (N17) Rac1 expressed in NIH3T3 cells resulted in loss of heterotypic CIL. N17Rac1 expression caused RhoA activation. Increasing RhoA activity directly (V14RhoA) or indirectly (downregulation of N-cadherin or p120-catenin) also resulted in loss of CIL. High RhoA activity has been associated with tumour invasion and our results are consistent with loss of heterotypic CIL playing a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Anear
- Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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