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Chrisnasari R, Hennebelle M, Nguyen KA, Vincken JP, van Berkel WJH, Ewing TA. Engineering the substrate specificity and regioselectivity of Burkholderia thailandensis lipoxygenase. N Biotechnol 2024; 84:64-76. [PMID: 39341453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the regioselective dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), generating fatty acid hydroperoxides (FAHPs) with diverse industrial applications. Bacterial LOXs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their broad activity towards PUFAs, yet knowledge about the structural factors influencing their substrate preferences remains limited. Here, we characterized a bacterial LOX from Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt-LOX), and identified key residues affecting its substrate preference and regioselectivity through site-directed mutagenesis. Bt-LOX preferred ω-6 PUFAs and exhibited regioselectivity at the ω-5 position. Mutations targeting the substrate binding pocket and the oxygen access channel led to the production of three active variants with distinct catalytic properties. The A431G variant bifurcated dioxygenation between the ω-5 and ω-9 positions, while F446V showed reduced regioselectivity with longer PUFAs. Interestingly, L445A displayed altered substrate specificity, favoring ω-3 over ω-6 PUFAs. Furthermore, L445A shifted the regioselectivity of dioxygenation to the ω-2 position in ω-3 PUFAs, and, for some substrates, facilitated dioxygenation closer to the carboxylic acid terminus, suggesting an altered substrate orientation. Among these variants, L445A represents a significant milestone in LOX research, as these alterations in substrate specificity, dioxygenation regioselectivity, and substrate orientation were achieved by a single mutation only. These findings illuminate key residues governing substrate preference and regioselectivity in Bt-LOX, offering opportunities for synthesizing diverse FAHPs and highlighting the potential of bacterial LOXs as biocatalysts with widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chrisnasari
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya (UBAYA), Surabaya 60293, Indonesia.
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Khoa A Nguyen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Noguchi S, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Stec DF, Calcutt MW, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Evaluation of ω-alkynyl-labeled linoleic and arachidonic acids as substrates for recombinant lipoxygenase pathway enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159360. [PMID: 37336389 PMCID: PMC10528070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
ω-Alkynyl-fatty acids can be used as probes for covalent binding to intracellular macromolecules. To inform future in vivo studies, we determined the rates of reaction of ω-alkynyl-labeled linoleate with recombinant enzymes of the skin 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) pathway involved in epidermal barrier formation (12R-LOX, epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), and SDR9C7). We also examined the reactivity of ω-alkynyl-arachidonic acid with representative lipoxygenase enzymes employing either "carboxyl end-first" substrate binding (5S-LOX) or "tail-first" (platelet-type 12S-LOX). ω-Alkynyl-linoleic acid was oxygenated by 12R-LOX at 62 ± 9 % of the rate compared to linoleic acid, the alkynyl-9R-HPODE product was isomerized by eLOX3 at only 43 ± 1 % of the natural substrate, whereas its epoxy alcohol product was converted to epoxy ketone linoleic by an NADH-dependent dehydrogenase (SDR9C7) with 91 ± 1 % efficiency. The results suggest the optimal approach will be application of the 12R-LOX/eLOX3-derived epoxyalcohol, which should be most efficiently incorporated into the pathway and allow subsequent analysis of covalent binding to epidermal proteins. Regarding the orientation of substrate binding in LOX catalysis, our results and previous reports suggest the ω-alkynyl group has a stronger inhibitory effect on tail-first binding, as might be expected. Beyond slowing the reaction, however, we found that the tail-first binding and transformation of ω-alkynyl-arachidonic acid by platelet-type 12S-LOX results in almost complete enzyme inactivation, possibly due to reactive intermediates blocking the enzyme active site. Overall, the results reinforce the conclusion that ω-alkynyl-fatty acids are suitable for selected applications after appropriate reactivity is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
| | - Donald F Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America.
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3
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Öztürk Kesebir A. Purification and Characterization of Lipoxygenase from Walnuts (Juglans Regia) and Investigation of the Effects of Some Phenolic Compounds on the Activity. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Öztürk Kesebir
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
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4
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Bacterial lipoxygenases: Biochemical characteristics, molecular structure and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang B, Chen M, Xia B, Lu Z, Khoo KS, Show PL, Lu F. Characterization and Preliminary Application of a Novel Lipoxygenase from Enterovibrio norvegicus. Foods 2022; 11:2864. [PMID: 36140992 PMCID: PMC9498203 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases have proven to be a potential biocatalyst for various industrial applications. However, low catalytic activity, low thermostability, and narrow range of pH stability largely limit its application. Here, a lipoxygenase (LOX) gene from Enterovibrio norvegicus DSM 15893 (EnLOX) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). EnLOX showed the catalytic activity of 40.34 U mg-1 at 50 °C, pH 8.0. Notably, the enzyme showed superior thermostability, and wide pH range stability. EnLOX remained above 50% of its initial activity after heat treatment below 50 °C for 6 h, and its melting point temperature reached 78.7 °C. More than 70% of its activity was maintained after incubation at pH 5.0-9.5 and 4 °C for 10 h. In addition, EnLOX exhibited high substrate specificity towards linoleic acid, and its kinetic parameters of Vmax, Km, and Kcat values were 12.42 mmol min-1 mg-1, 3.49 μmol L-1, and 16.86 s-1, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that EnLOX can be classified as 13-LOX, due to its ability to catalyze C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid to form 13-hydroxy fatty acid. Additionally, EnLOX could improve the farinograph characteristics and rheological properties of wheat dough. These results reveal the potential applications of EnLOX in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meirong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ramalingam V, Rajaram R. A paradoxical role of reactive oxygen species in cancer signaling pathway: Physiology and pathology. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Oliw EH. Linoleate diol synthase related enzymes of the human pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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Holková I, Rauová D, Mergová M, Bezáková L, Mikuš P. Purification and Product Characterization of Lipoxygenase from Opium Poppy Cultures ( Papaver somniferum L.). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234268. [PMID: 31771143 PMCID: PMC6930461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an ancient medicinal plant producing pharmaceutically important benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. In the present work we focused on the study of enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) from opium poppy cultures. LOX is involved in lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids have a significant role in regulation of growth, development and plant defense responses to biotic or abiotic stress. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize LOX enzyme from opium poppy callus cultures. LOX was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then followed by hydrophobic chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and hydroxyapatite chromatography using HA Ultrogel sorbent. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and immunoblotting revealed that LOX from opium poppy cultures was a single monomeric protein showing the relative molecular weight of 83 kDa. To investigate the positional specificity of the LOX reaction, purified LOX was incubated with linoleic acid and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography in two steps, firstly with reverse phase (120-5 Nucleosil C18 column) and secondly with normal phase (Zorbax Rx-SIL column). LOX converted linoleic acid primarily to 13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acids (78%) and to a lesser extent 9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acids (22%). Characterization of LOX from opium poppy cultures provided valuable information in understanding LOX involvement in regulation of signaling pathways leading to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with significant biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Holková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-250-117-313
| | - Drahomíra Rauová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.R.); (P.M.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Mergová
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Lýdia Bezáková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (D.R.); (P.M.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Djian B, Hornung E, Ischebeck T, Feussner I. The green microalga Lobosphaera incisa harbours an arachidonate 15S-lipoxygenase. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:131-142. [PMID: 30277010 PMCID: PMC6587457 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Lobosphaera incisa is an oleaginous eukaryotic alga that is rich in arachidonic acid (20:4). Being rich in this polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), however, makes it sensitive to oxidation. In plants, lipoxygenases (LOXs) are the major enzymes that oxidise these molecules. Here, we describe, to our best knowledge, the first characterisation of a cDNA encoding a LOX (LiLOX) from a green alga. To obtain first insights into its function, we expressed it in E. coli, purified the recombinant enzyme and analysed its enzyme activity. The protein sequence suggests that LiLOX and plastidic LOXs from bryophytes and flowering plants may share a common ancestor. The fact that LiLOX oxidises all PUFAs tested with a consistent oxidation on the carbon n-6, suggests that PUFAs enter the substrate channel through their methyl group first (tail first). Additionally, LiLOX form the fatty acid hydroperoxide in strict S configuration. LiLOX may represent a good model to study plastid LOX, because it is stable after heterologous expression in E. coli and highly active in vitro. Moreover, as the first characterised LOX from green microalgae, it opens the possibility to study endogenous LOX pathways in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Djian
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGoettingenGermany
| | - E. Hornung
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGoettingenGermany
| | - T. Ischebeck
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGoettingenGermany
- Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)GoettingenGermany
| | - I. Feussner
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGoettingenGermany
- Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics LaboratoryUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)GoettingenGermany
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenGoettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB)GoettingenGermany
- Department of Plant BiochemistryUniversity of GoettingenInternational Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC)GoettingenGermany
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Goloshchapova K, Stehling S, Heydeck D, Blum M, Kuhn H. Functional characterization of a novel arachidonic acid 12S-lipoxygenase in the halotolerant bacterium Myxococcus fulvus exhibiting complex social living patterns. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00775. [PMID: 30560563 PMCID: PMC6612559 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which frequently occur in higher plants and mammals. These enzymes are also expressed in lower multicellular organisms but here they are not widely distributed. In bacteria, lipoxygenases rarely occur and evaluation of the currently available bacterial genomes suggested that <0.5% of all sequenced bacterial species carry putative lipoxygenase genes. We recently rescreened the public bacterial genome databases for lipoxygenase-like sequences and identified two novel lipoxygenase isoforms (MF-LOX1 and MF-LOX2) in the halotolerant Myxococcus fulvus. Both enzymes share a low degree of amino acid conservation with well-characterized eukaryotic lipoxygenase isoforms but they involve the catalytically essential iron cluster. Here, we cloned the MF-LOX1 cDNA, expressed the corresponding enzyme as N-terminal hexa-his-tag fusion protein, purified the recombinant enzyme to electrophoretic homogeneity, and characterized it with respect to its protein-chemical and enzymatic properties. We found that M. fulvus expresses a catalytically active intracellular lipoxygenase that converts arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids enantioselectively to the corresponding n-9 hydroperoxy derivatives. The enzyme prefers C20 - and C22 -polyenoic fatty acids but does not exhibit significant membrane oxygenase activity. The possible biological relevance of MF-LOX1 will be discussed in the context of the suggested concepts of other bacterial lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Goloshchapova
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | | | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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Oliw EH. Polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids derivatized with Gly and Ile as an additional tool for studies of the catalytic evolution of fungal 8- and 9-dioxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1378-1387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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An JU, Oh DK. Stabilization and improved activity of arachidonate 11 S-lipoxygenase from proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2153-2163. [PMID: 30257932 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the dioxygenation of PUFAs to produce regio- and stereospecific oxygenated fatty acids. The identification of regio- and stereospecific LOXs is important because their specific products are involved in different physiological activities in various organisms. Bacterial LOXs are found only in some proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, and they are not stable in vitro. Here, we used C20 and C22 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid to identify an 11S-specific LOX from the proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus and explore its in vitro stability and activity. The activity and stability of M. xanthus ARA 11S-LOX as well as the production of 11S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid from ARA were significantly increased by the addition of phosphatidylcholine, Ca2+, and coactosin-like protein (newly identified in the yeast Rhodosporidium toluroides) as stimulatory factors; in fact, LOX activity in the presence of all three factors increased approximately 3-fold. Our results indicate that these stimulatory factors can be used to increase the activity and stability of bacterial LOX and the production of bioactive hydroxy fatty acids, which can contribute to new academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Regiospecificity of a novel bacterial lipoxygenase from Myxococcus xanthus for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:823-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Yamanashi H, Boeglin WE, Morisseau C, Davis RW, Sulikowski GA, Hammock BD, Brash AR. Catalytic activities of mammalian epoxide hydrolases with cis and trans fatty acid epoxides relevant to skin barrier function. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:684-695. [PMID: 29459481 PMCID: PMC5880498 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX)-catalyzed oxidation of the essential fatty acid, linoleate, represents a vital step in construction of the mammalian epidermal permeability barrier. Analysis of epidermal lipids indicates that linoleate is converted to a trihydroxy derivative by hydrolysis of an epoxy-hydroxy precursor. We evaluated different epoxide hydrolase (EH) enzymes in the hydrolysis of skin-relevant fatty acid epoxides and compared the products to those of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. In the absence of enzyme, exposure to pH 5 or pH 6 at 37°C for 30 min hydrolyzed fatty acid allylic epoxyalcohols to four trihydroxy products. By contrast, human soluble EH [sEH (EPHX2)] and human or murine epoxide hydrolase-3 [EH3 (EPHX3)] hydrolyzed cis or trans allylic epoxides to single diastereomers, identical to the major isomers detected in epidermis. Microsomal EH [mEH (EPHX1)] was inactive with these substrates. At low substrate concentrations (<10 μM), EPHX2 hydrolyzed 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) at twice the rate of the epidermal epoxyalcohol, 9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13R-hydroxy-octadecenoic acid, whereas human or murine EPHX3 hydrolyzed the allylic epoxyalcohol at 31-fold and 39-fold higher rates, respectively. These data implicate the activities of EPHX2 and EPHX3 in production of the linoleate triols detected as end products of the 12R-LOX pathway in the epidermis and implicate their functioning in formation of the mammalian water permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruto Yamanashi
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - William E Boeglin
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert W Davis
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alan R Brash
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.
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16
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Teder T, Boeglin WE, Schneider C, Brash AR. A fungal catalase reacts selectively with the 13S fatty acid hydroperoxide products of the adjacent lipoxygenase gene and exhibits 13S-hydroperoxide-dependent peroxidase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:706-715. [PMID: 28363790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum harbors six catalases, one of which has the sequence characteristics of a fatty acid peroxide-metabolizing catalase. We cloned and expressed this hemoprotein (designated as Fg-cat) along with its immediate neighbor, a 13S-lipoxygenase (cf. Brodhun et al., PloS One, e64919, 2013) that we considered might supply a fatty acid hydroperoxide substrate. Indeed, Fg-cat reacts abruptly with the 13S-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (13S-HPODE) with an initial rate of 700-1300s-1. By comparison there was no reaction with 9R- or 9S-HPODEs and extremely weak reaction with 13R-HPODE (~0.5% of the rate with 13S-HPODE). Although we considered Fg-cat as a candidate for the allene oxide synthase of the jasmonate pathway in fungi, the main product formed from 13S-HPODE was identified by UV, MS, and NMR as 9-oxo-10E-12,13-cis-epoxy-octadecenoic acid (with no traces of AOS activity). The corresponding analog is formed from the 13S-hydroperoxide of α-linolenic acid along with novel diepoxy-ketones and two C13 aldehyde derivatives, the reaction mechanisms of which are proposed. In a peroxidase assay monitoring the oxidation of ABTS, Fg-cat exhibited robust activity (kcat 550s-1) using the 13S-hydroperoxy-C18 fatty acids as the oxidizing co-substrate. There was no detectable peroxidase activity using the corresponding 9S-hydroperoxides, nor with t-butyl hydroperoxide, and very weak activity with H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide at micromolar concentrations of Fg-cat. Fg-cat and the associated lipoxygenase gene are present together in fungal genera Fusarium, Metarhizium and Fonsecaea and appear to constitute a partnership for oxidations in fungal metabolism or defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Chiba T, Thomas CP, Calcutt MW, Boeglin WE, O'Donnell VB, Brash AR. The Precise Structures and Stereochemistry of Trihydroxy-linoleates Esterified in Human and Porcine Epidermis and Their Significance in Skin Barrier Function: IMPLICATION OF AN EPOXIDE HYDROLASE IN THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF LINOLEATE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14540-54. [PMID: 27151221 PMCID: PMC4938176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Creation of an intact skin water barrier, a prerequisite for life on dry land,
requires the lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of the essential fatty acid linoleate,
which is esterified to the ω-hydroxyl of an epidermis-specific ceramide.
Oxidation of the linoleate moiety by lipoxygenases is proposed to facilitate
enzymatic cleavage of the ester bond, releasing free ω-hydroxyceramide for
covalent binding to protein, thus forming the corneocyte lipid envelope, a key
component of the epidermal barrier. Herein, we report the transformations of
esterified linoleate proceed beyond the initial steps of oxidation and epoxyalcohol
synthesis catalyzed by the consecutive actions of 12R-LOX and
epidermal LOX3. The major end product in human and porcine epidermis is a trihydroxy
derivative, formed with a specificity that implicates participation of an epoxide
hydrolase in converting epoxyalcohol to triol. Of the 16 possible triols arising from
hydrolysis of 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-octadecenoates, using LC-MS and chiral analyses,
we identify and quantify specifically
9R,10S,13R-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoate
as the single major triol esterified in porcine epidermis and the same isomer with
lesser amounts of its 10R diastereomer in human epidermis. The
9R,10S,13R-triol is formed by
SN2 hydrolysis of the
9R,10R-epoxy-13R-hydroxy-octadecenoate
product of the LOX enzymes, a reaction specificity characteristic of epoxide
hydrolase. The high polarity of triol over the primary linoleate products enhances
the concept that the oxidations disrupt corneocyte membrane lipids, promoting release
of free ω-hydroxyceramide for covalent binding to protein and sealing of the
waterproof barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher P Thomas
- the Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - M Wade Calcutt
- Biochemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and
| | | | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- the Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
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18
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Newie J, Andreou A, Neumann P, Einsle O, Feussner I, Ficner R. Crystal structure of a lipoxygenase from Cyanothece sp. may reveal novel features for substrate acquisition. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:276-87. [PMID: 26667668 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, oxidized PUFAs, so-called oxylipins, are vital signaling molecules. The first step in their biosynthesis may be catalyzed by a lipoxygenase (LOX), which forms hydroperoxides by introducing dioxygen into PUFAs. Here we characterized CspLOX1, a phylogenetically distant LOX family member from Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 and determined its crystal structure. In addition to the classical two domains found in plant, animal, and coral LOXs, we identified an N-terminal helical extension, reminiscent of the long α-helical insertion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa LOX. In liposome flotation studies, this helical extension, rather than the β-barrel domain, was crucial for a membrane binding function. Additionally, CspLOX1 could oxygenate 1,2-diarachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, suggesting that the enzyme may act directly on membranes and that fatty acids bind to the active site in a tail-first orientation. This binding mode is further supported by the fact that CspLOX1 catalyzed oxygenation at the n-10 position of both linoleic and arachidonic acid, resulting in 9R- and 11R-hydroperoxides, respectively. Together these results reveal unifying structural features of LOXs and their function. While the core of the active site is important for lipoxygenation and thus highly conserved, peripheral domains functioning in membrane and substrate binding are more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Newie
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Andreou
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Piotr Neumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Kim KR, An JU, Lee SH, Oh DK. Selective Production of 9R-Hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-Octadecatrienoic Acid from α-Linolenic Acid in Perilla Seed Oil Hydrolyzate by a Lipoxygenase from Nostoc Sp. SAG 25.82. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137785. [PMID: 26379279 PMCID: PMC4574779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been known as versatile bioactive molecules. However, its practical production from omega-3 or omega-3 rich oil has not been well established. In the present study, the stereo-selective enzymatic production of 9R-hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (9R-HOTE) from α-linolenic acid (ALA) in perilla seed oil (PO) hydrolyzate was achieved using purified recombinant 9R-lipoxygenase (9R-LOX) from Nostoc sp. SAG 25.82. The specific activity of the enzyme followed the order linoleic acid (LA) > ALA > γ-linolenic acid (GLA). A total of 75% fatty acids (ALA and LA) were used as a substrate for 9R-LOX from commercial PO by hydrolysis of Candida rugosa lipase. The optimal reaction conditions for the production of 9R-HOTE from ALA using 9R-LOX were pH 8.5, 15°C, 5% (v/v) acetone, 0.2% (w/v) Tween 80, 40 g/L ALA, and 1 g/L enzyme. Under these conditions, 9R-LOX produced 37.6 g/L 9R-HOTE from 40 g/L ALA for 1 h, with a conversion yield of 94% and a productivity of 37.6 g/L/h; and the enzyme produced 34 g/L 9R-HOTE from 40 g/L ALA in PO hydrolyzate for 1 h, with a conversion yields of 85% and a productivity of 34 g/L/h. The enzyme also converted 9R-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9R-HODE) from 40 g/L LA for 1.0 h, with a conversion yield of 95% and a productivity of 38.4 g/L. This is the highest productivity of HFA from both ALA and ALA-rich vegetable oil using LOX ever reported. Therefore, our result suggests an efficient method for the production of 9R-HFAs from LA and ALA in vegetable oil using recombinant LOX in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Heshof R, de Graaff LH, Villaverde JJ, Silvestre AJ, Haarmann T, Dalsgaard TK, Buchert J. Industrial potential of lipoxygenases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:665-74. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Heshof
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Leo H. de Graaff
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Juan J. Villaverde
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal,
- On leave to INIA, DTEVPF, Plant Protection Products Unit, Ctra. de La Coruña, Madrid, Spain,
| | | | | | - Trine K. Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark, and
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21
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Horn T, Adel S, Schumann R, Sur S, Kakularam KR, Polamarasetty A, Redanna P, Kuhn H, Heydeck D. Evolutionary aspects of lipoxygenases and genetic diversity of human leukotriene signaling. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 57:13-39. [PMID: 25435097 PMCID: PMC7112624 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, which are biosynthesized via the lipoxygenase pathway of the arachidonic acid cascade. Lipoxygenases form a family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes and human lipoxygenase isoforms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative (cancer) and neurodegenerative diseases. Lipoxygenases are not restricted to humans but also occur in a large number of pro- and eucaryotic organisms. Lipoxygenase-like sequences have been identified in the three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, eucarya) but because of lacking functional data the occurrence of catalytically active lipoxygenases in archaea still remains an open question. Although the physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of various lipoxygenase isoforms have been studied throughout the last three decades there is no unifying concept for the biological importance of these enzymes. In this review we are summarizing the current knowledge on the distribution of lipoxygenases in living single and multicellular organisms with particular emphasis to higher vertebrates and will also focus on the genetic diversity of enzymes and receptors involved in human leukotriene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California - Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, 95064 Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Susan Adel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saubashya Sur
- Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kumar Reddy Kakularam
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Aparoy Polamarasetty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
| | - Pallu Redanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, Telangana, India
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Stereospecific production of 9R-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing 9R-lipoxygenase from Nostoc sp. SAG 25.82. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Abstract
A bacterial lipoxygenase (LOX) shows a deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) that is similar in magnitude and temperature dependence to the very large KIE of eukaryotic LOXs. This occurs despite the evolutionary distance, an ~25% smaller catalytic domain, and an increase in Ea of ~11 kcal/mol. Site-specific mutagenesis leads to a protein variant with an Ea similar to that of the prototypic plant LOX, providing possible insight into the origin of evolutionary differences. These findings, which extend the phenomenon of hydrogen tunneling to a prokaryotic LOX, are discussed in the context of a role for protein size and/or flexibility in enzymatic hydrogen tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Marcus Carr
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Brash AR, Niraula NP, Boeglin WE, Mashhadi Z. An ancient relative of cyclooxygenase in cyanobacteria is a linoleate 10S-dioxygenase that works in tandem with a catalase-related protein with specific 10S-hydroperoxide lyase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13101-11. [PMID: 24659780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of exploring the scope of catalase-related hemoprotein reactivity toward fatty acid hydroperoxides, we detected a novel candidate in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. The immediate neighboring upstream gene, annotated as "cyclooxygenase-2," appeared to be a potential fatty acid heme dioxygenase. We cloned both genes and expressed the cDNAs in Escherichia coli, confirming their hemoprotein character. Oxygen electrode recordings demonstrated a rapid (>100 turnovers/s) reaction of the heme dioxygenase with oleic and linoleic acids. HPLC, including chiral column analysis, UV, and GC-MS of the oxygenated products, identified a novel 10S-dioxygenase activity. The catalase-related hemoprotein reacted rapidly and specifically with linoleate 10S-hydroperoxide (>2,500 turnovers/s) with a hydroperoxide lyase activity specific for the 10S-hydroperoxy enantiomer. The products were identified by NMR as (8E)10-oxo-decenoic acid and the C8 fragments, 1-octen-3-ol and 2Z-octen-1-ol, in ∼3:1 ratio. Chiral HPLC analysis established strict enzymatic control in formation of the 3R alcohol configuration (99% enantiomeric excess) and contrasted with racemic 1-octen-3-ol formed in reaction of linoleate 10S-hydroperoxide with hematin or ferrous ions. The Nostoc linoleate 10S-dioxygenase, the sequence of which contains the signature catalytic sequence of cyclooxygenases and fungal linoleate dioxygenases (YRWH), appears to be a heme dioxygenase ancestor. The novel activity of the lyase expands the known reactions of catalase-related proteins and functions in Nostoc in specific transformation of the 10S-hydroperoxylinoleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Brash
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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25
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Otte KB, Kirtz M, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Synthesis of 9-oxononanoic acid, a precursor for biopolymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:2149-56. [PMID: 23934656 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymers based on renewable resources have become increasingly important. The natural functionalization of fats and oils enables an easy access to interesting monomeric building blocks, which in turn transform the derivative biopolymers into high-performance materials. Unfortunately, interesting building blocks of medium-chain length are difficult to obtain by traditional chemical means. Herein, a biotechnological pathway is established that could provide an environmentally suitable and sustainable alternative. A multiple enzyme two-step one-pot process efficiently catalyzed by a coupled 9S-lipoxygenase (St-LOX1, Solanum tuberosum) and 9/13-hydroperoxide lyase (Cm-9/13HPL, Cucumis melo) cascade reaction is proposed as a potential route for the conversion of linoleic acid into 9-oxononanoic acid, which is a precursor for biopolymers. Lipoxygenase catalyzes the insertion of oxygen into linoleic acid through a radical mechanism to give 9S-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid (9S-HPODE) as a cascade intermediate, which is subsequently cleaved by the action of Cm-9/13HPL. This one-pot process afforded a yield of 73 % combined with high selectivity. The best reaction performance was achieved when lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase were applied in a successive rather than a simultaneous manner. Green leaf volatiles, which are desired flavor and fragrance products, are formed as by-products in this reaction cascade. Furthermore, we have investigated the enantioselectivity of 9/13-HPLs, which exhibited a strong preference for 9S-HPODE over 9R-HPODE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad B Otte
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
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26
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Banerjee M, Raghavan PS, Ballal A, Rajaram H, Apte SK. Oxidative stress management in the filamentous, heterocystous, diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Anabaena PCC7120. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 118:59-70. [PMID: 24122336 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inevitably generated as by-products of respiratory/photosynthetic electron transport in oxygenic photoautotrophs. Unless effectively scavenged, these ROS can damage all cellular components. The filamentous, heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing strains of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena, serve as naturally abundant contributors of nitrogen biofertilizers in tropical rice paddy fields. Anabaena strains are known to tolerate several abiotic stresses, such as heat, UV, gamma radiation, desiccation, etc., that are known to generate ROS. ROS are detoxified by specific antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalases and peroxiredoxins. The genome of Anabaena PCC7120 encodes two SODs, two catalases and seven peroxiredoxins, indicating the presence of an elaborate antioxidant enzymatic machinery to defend its cellular components from ROS. This article summarizes recent findings and depicts important perspectives in oxidative stress management in Anabaena PCC7120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Banerjee
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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27
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Jin J, Zheng Y, Brash AR. Demonstration of HNE-related aldehyde formation via lipoxygenase-catalyzed synthesis of a bis-allylic dihydroperoxide intermediate. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:896-903. [PMID: 23668325 DOI: 10.1021/tx4000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed pathways to the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) and related aldehydes entails formation of an intermediate bis-allylic fatty acid dihydroperoxide. As a first direct demonstration of such a pathway and proof of principle, herein we show that 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX) catalyzes the enzymatic production of the HNE-like product (11-oxo-8-hydroperoxy-undeca-5,9-dienoic acid) via synthesis of 8,11-dihydroperoxy-eicosa-5,9,12,14-tetraenoic acid intermediate. Incubation of arachidonic acid with 8R-LOX formed initially 8R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (8R-HPETE), which was further converted to a mixture of products including a prominent HPNE-like enone. A new bis-allylic dihydroperoxide was trapped when the incubation was repeated on ice. Reincubation of this intermediate with 8R-LOX successfully demonstrated its conversion to the enone products, and this reaction was greatly accelerated by coincubation with NDGA, a reductant of the LOX iron. These findings identify a plausible mechanism that could contribute to the production of 4-hydroxy-alkenals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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28
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Thomas CP, Boeglin WE, Garcia-Diaz Y, O'Donnell VB, Brash AR. Steric analysis of epoxyalcohol and trihydroxy derivatives of 9-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid from hematin and enzymatic synthesis. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 167-168:21-32. [PMID: 23352713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We characterize the allylic epoxyalcohols and their trihydroxy hydrolysis products generated from 9R- and 9S-hydroperoxy-octadecenoic acid (HPODE) under non-enzymatic conditions, reaction with hematin and subsequent acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic conditions, incubation with Beta vulgaris containing a hydroperoxide isomerase and epoxide hydrolase. The products were resolved by HPLC and the regio and stereo-chemistry of the transformations were determined through a combination of (1)H NMR and GC-MS analysis of dimethoxypropane derivatives. Four trihydroxy isomers were identified upon mild acid hydrolysis of 9S,10S-trans-epoxy-11E-13S-hydroxyoctadecenoate: 9S,10R,13S, 9S,12R,13S, 9S,10S,13S and 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-octadecenoic acids, in the ratio 40:26:22:12. We also identified a prominent δ-ketol rearrangement product from the hydrolysis as mainly the 9-hydroxy-10E-13-oxo isomer. Short incubation (5 min) of 9R- and 9S-HPODE with B. vulgaris extract yielded the 9R- and 9S-hydroxy-10E-12R,13S-cis-epoxy products respectively. Longer incubation (60 min) gave one specific hydrolysis product via epoxide hydrolase, the 9R/S,12S,13S-trihydroxyoctadecenoate. These studies provide a practical approach for the isolation and characterization of allylic epoxy alcohol and trihydroxy products using a combination of HPLC, GC-MS and (1)H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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29
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Joo YC, Oh DK. Lipoxygenases: Potential starting biocatalysts for the synthesis of signaling compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Extracellular production of lipoxygenase from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 in Bacillus subtilis and its effect on wheat protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:949-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Applications of stereospecifically-labeled Fatty acids in oxygenase and desaturase biochemistry. Lipids 2011; 47:101-16. [PMID: 21971646 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation and desaturation reactions are inherently associated with the abstraction of a hydrogen from the fatty acid substrate. Since the first published application in 1965, stereospecific placement of a labeled hydrogen isotope (deuterium or tritium) at the reacting carbons has proven a highly effective strategy for investigating the chemical mechanisms catalyzed by lipoxygenases, hemoprotein fatty acid dioxygenases including cyclooxygenases, cytochromes P450, and also the desaturases and isomerases. This review presents a synopsis of all published studies through 2010 on the synthesis and use of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids (71 references), and highlights some of the mechanistic insights gained by application of stereospecifically labeled fatty acids.
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32
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Jansen C, Hofheinz K, Vogel R, Roffeis J, Anton M, Reddanna P, Kuhn H, Walther M. Stereocontrol of arachidonic acid oxygenation by vertebrate lipoxygenases: newly cloned zebrafish lipoxygenase 1 does not follow the Ala-versus-Gly concept. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37804-12. [PMID: 21880725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.259242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal lipoxygenases (LOXs) are classified according to their specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation, and previous sequence alignments suggested that S-LOXs contain a conserved Ala at a critical position at the active site but R-LOXs carry a Gly instead. Here we cloned, expressed, and characterized a novel LOX isoform from the model vertebrate Danio rerio (zebrafish) that carries a Gly at this critical position, classifying this enzyme as putative arachidonic acid R-LOX. Surprisingly, the almost exclusive arachidonic acid oxygenation product was 12S-H(p)ETE (hydro(pero)xyeicosatetraenoic acid), and extensive mutation around Gly-410 failed to induce R-lipoxygenation. This finding prompted us to explore the importance of the corresponding amino acids in other vertebrate S-LOXs. We found that Ala-to-Gly exchange in human 15-LOX2 and human platelet 12-LOX induced major alterations in the reaction specificity with an increase of specific R-oxygenation products. For mouse 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX from rabbits, men, rhesus monkeys, orangutans, and mice, only minor alterations in the reaction specificity were observed. For these enzymes, S-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) isomers remained the major oxygenation products, whereas chiral R-HETEs contributed only 10-30% to the total product mixture. Taken together these data indicate that the Ala-versus-Gly concept may not always predict the reaction specificity of vertebrate LOX isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jansen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Monbijoustrasse 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Zheng Y, Yin H, Boeglin WE, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Beier DR, Brash AR. Lipoxygenases mediate the effect of essential fatty acid in skin barrier formation: a proposed role in releasing omega-hydroxyceramide for construction of the corneocyte lipid envelope. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24046-56. [PMID: 21558561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.251496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A barrier to water loss is vital to maintaining life on dry land. Formation of the mammalian skin barrier requires both the essential fatty acid linoleate and the two lipoxygenases 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), although their roles are poorly understood. Linoleate occurs in O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide, which, after hydrolysis of the linoleate moiety, is covalently attached to protein via the free ω-hydroxyl of the ceramide, forming the corneocyte lipid envelope, a scaffold between lipid and protein that helps seal the barrier. Here we show using HPLC-UV, LC-MS, GC-MS, and (1)H NMR that O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide is oxygenated in a regio- and stereospecific fashion by the consecutive actions of 12R-LOX and eLOX3 and that these products occur naturally in pig and mouse epidermis. 12R-LOX forms 9R-hydroperoxy-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide, further converted by eLOX3 to specific epoxyalcohol (9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13R-hydroxy) and 9-keto-10E,12Z esters of the ceramide; an epoxy-ketone derivative (9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13-keto) is the most prominent oxidized ceramide in mouse skin. These products are absent in 12R-LOX-deficient mice, which crucially display a near total absence of protein-bound ω-hydroxyceramides and of the corneocyte lipid envelope and die shortly after birth from transepidermal water loss. We conclude that oxygenation of O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide is required to facilitate the ester hydrolysis and allow bonding of the ω-hydroxyceramide to protein, providing a coherent explanation for the roles of multiple components in epidermal barrier function. Our study uncovers a hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in which the enzymic oxygenation of ceramides is involved in building a crucial structure of the epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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34
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Zheng Y, Brash AR. On the role of molecular oxygen in lipoxygenase activation: comparison and contrast of epidermal lipoxygenase-3 with soybean lipoxygenase-1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39876-87. [PMID: 20923767 PMCID: PMC3000969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.180794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases (LOX) is associated with a lag phase during which the resting ferrous enzyme is converted to the active ferric form by reaction with fatty acid hydroperoxide. Epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3) is atypical in displaying hydroperoxide isomerase activity with fatty acid hydroperoxides through cycling of the ferrous enzyme. Yet eLOX3 is capable of dioxygenase activity, albeit with a long lag phase and need for high concentrations of hydroperoxide activator. Here, we show that higher O(2) concentration shortens the lag phase in eLOX3, although it reduces the rate of hydroperoxide consumption, effects also associated with an A451G mutation known to affect the disposition of molecular oxygen in the LOX active site. These observations are consistent with a role of O(2) in interrupting hydroperoxide isomerase cycling. Activation of eLOX3, A451G eLOX3, and soybean LOX-1 with 13-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid forms oxygenated end products, which we identified as 9R- and 9S-hydroperoxy-12S,13S-trans-epoxyoctadec-10E-enoic acids. We deduce that activation partly depends on reaction of O(2) with the intermediate of hydroperoxide cleavage, the epoxyallylic radical, giving an epoxyallylic peroxyl radical that does not further react with Fe(III)-OH; instead, it dissociates and leaves the enzyme in the activated free ferric state. eLOX3 differs from soybean LOX-1 in more tightly binding the epoxyallylic radical and having limited access to O(2) within the active site, leading to a deficiency in activation and a dominant hydroperoxide isomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alan R. Brash
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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35
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Zheng Y, Brash AR. Dioxygenase activity of epidermal lipoxygenase-3 unveiled: typical and atypical features of its catalytic activity with natural and synthetic polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39866-75. [PMID: 20921226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3) exhibits hydroperoxide isomerase activity implicated in epidermal barrier formation, but its potential dioxygenase activity has remained elusive. We identified herein a synthetic fatty acid, 9E,11Z,14Z-20:3ω6, that was oxygenated by eLOX3 specifically to the 9S-hydroperoxide. Reaction showed a pronounced lag phase, which suggested that eLOX3 is deficient in its activation step. Indeed, we found that high concentrations of hydroperoxide activator (e.g. 65 μM) overcame a prolonged lag phase (>1 h) and unveiled a dioxygenase activity with arachidonic acid; the main products were the 5-, 9-, and 7-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs). These were R/S mixtures (ranging from ∼50:50 to 73:27), and as the bis-allylic 7-HPETE can be formed only inside the enzyme active site, the results indicate there is oxygen availability along either face of the reacting fatty acid radical. That the active site oxygen supply is limited is implied from the need for continuous re-activation, as carbon radical leakage leaves the enzyme in the unactivated ferrous state. An Ala-to-Gly mutation, known to affect the positioning of O(2) in the active site of other lipoxygenase enzymes, led to more readily activated reaction and a significant increase in the 9R- over the 5-HPETE. Activation and cycling of the ferric enzyme are thus promoted using the 9E,11Z,14Z-20:3ω6 substrate, by continuous hydroperoxide activation, or by the Ala-to-Gly mutation. We suggest that eLOX3 represents one end of a spectrum among lipoxygenases where activation is inefficient, favoring hydroperoxide isomerase cycling, with the opposite end represented by readily activated enzymes in which dioxygenase activity is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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36
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Ivanov I, Heydeck D, Hofheinz K, Roffeis J, O'Donnell VB, Kuhn H, Walther M. Molecular enzymology of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:161-74. [PMID: 20801095 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative diseases, which represent potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Although soybean LOX1 was discovered more than 60years ago, the structural biology of these enzymes was not studied until the mid 1990s. In 1993 the first crystal structure for a plant LOX was solved and following this protein biochemistry and molecular enzymology became major fields in LOX research. This review focuses on recent developments in molecular enzymology of LOXs and summarizes our current understanding of the structural basis of LOX catalysis. Various hypotheses explaining the reaction specificity of different isoforms are critically reviewed and their pros and cons briefly discussed. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge of LOX evolution by profiling the existence of LOX-related genomic sequences in the three kingdoms of life. Such sequences are found in eukaryotes and bacteria but not in archaea. Although the biological role of LOXs in lower organisms is far from clear, sequence data suggests that this enzyme family might have evolved shortly after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Germany
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37
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Andreou A, Göbel C, Hamberg M, Feussner I. A bisallylic mini-lipoxygenase from cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. that has an iron as cofactor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14178-86. [PMID: 20223828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases are enzymes that are found ubiquitously in higher animals and plants, but have only recently been identified in a number of bacteria. The genome of the diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. harbors two genes with homology to lipoxygenases. Here we describe the isolation of one gene, formerly named csplox2. It was cloned, and the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified enzyme belongs to the group of prokaryotic mini lipoxygenases, because it had a molecular mass of 65 kDa. Interestingly, it catalyzed the conversion of linoleic acid, the only endogenously found polyunsaturated fatty acid, primarily to the bisallylic hydroperoxide 11R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. This product had previously only been described for the manganese lipoxygenase from the take all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis. By contrast, CspLOX2 was shown to be an iron lipoxygenase. In addition, CspLOX2 formed a mixture of typical conjugated lipoxygenase products, e.g. 9R- and 13S-hydroperoxide. The conversion of linoleic acid took place with a maximum reaction rate of 31 s(-1). Incubation of the enzyme with [(11S)-(2)H]linoleic acid led to the formation of hydroperoxides that had lost the deuterium label, thus suggesting that CspLOX2 catalyzes antarafacial oxygenation as opposed to the mechanism of manganese lipoxygenase. CspLOX2 could also oxidize diarachidonylglycerophosphatidylcholine with similar specificity as the free fatty acid, indicating that binding of the substrate takes place with a "tail-first" orientation. We conclude that CspLOX2 is a novel iron mini-lipoxygenase that catalyzes the formation of bisallylic hydroperoxide as the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Andreou
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg August University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Martin-Arjol I, Bassas-Galia M, Bermudo E, Garcia F, Manresa A. Identification of oxylipins with antifungal activity by LC-MS/MS from the supernatant of Pseudomonas 42A2. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:341-6. [PMID: 20188718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In microorganisms hydroxy fatty acids are produced from the biotransformation of unsaturated fatty acids. Such compounds belong to a class of oxylipins which are reported to perform a variety of biological functions such as anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic activity. These compounds have been found in rice and timothy plants after being infected by specific fungus. When grown in submerged culture with linoleic acid, Pseudomonas 42A2 accumulated in the supernatant several hydroxy fatty acids. In this work LC-MS/MS has been used to elucidate the structure of the components form the organic extract: 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid; 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; 7,10-dihydroxy-8E-octadecenoic acid; 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid. Antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic fungal strains is presented: MIC (microg/mL) Verticillium dhaliae, 32; Macrophonia phaesolina, 32; Arthroderma uncinatum, 32; Trycophyton mentagrophytes, 64.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martin-Arjol
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Gao B, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Omega-3 fatty acids are oxygenated at the n-7 carbon by the lipoxygenase domain of a fusion protein in the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:58-63. [PMID: 19786119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) are found in most organisms that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, usually existing as individual genes although occasionally encoded as a fusion protein with a catalase-related hemoprotein. Such a fusion protein occurs in the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina and herein we report the novel catalytic activity of its LOX domain. The full-length protein and the C-terminal LOX domain were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the catalytic activities characterized by UV, HPLC, GC-MS, and CD. All omega-3 polyunsaturates were oxygenated by the LOX domain at the n-7 position and with R stereospecificity: alpha-linolenic and the most abundant fatty acid in A. marina, stearidonic acid (C18.4omega3), are converted to the corresponding 12R-hydroperoxides, eicosapentaenoic acid to its 14R-hydroperoxide, and docosahexaenoic acid to its 16R-hydroperoxide. Omega-6 polyunsaturates were oxygenated at the n-10 position, forming 9R-hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid and 11R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid from arachidonic acid. The metabolic transformation of stearidonic acid by the full-length fusion protein entails its 12R oxygenation with subsequent conversion by the catalase-related domain to a novel allene epoxide, a likely precursor of cyclopentenone fatty acids or other signaling molecules (Gao et al, J. Biol. Chem. 284:22087-98, 2009). Although omega-3 fatty acids and lipoxygenases are of widespread occurrence, this appears to be the first description of a LOX-catalyzed oxygenation that specifically utilizes the terminal pentadiene of omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benlian Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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40
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Mulugeta S, Suzuki T, Hernandez NT, Griesser M, Boeglin WE, Schneider C. Identification and absolute configuration of dihydroxy-arachidonic acids formed by oxygenation of 5S-HETE by native and aspirin-acetylated COX-2. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:575-85. [PMID: 19752399 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the prostaglandin endoperoxide by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is accompanied by formation of a small amount of 11R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 15R-HETE, and 15S-HETE as by-products. Acetylation of COX-2 by aspirin abrogates prostaglandin synthesis and triggers formation of 15R-HETE as the sole product of oxygenation of arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the formation of by-products of the transformation of 5S-HETE by native COX-2 and by aspirin-acetylated COX-2 using HPLC-ultraviolet, GC-MS, and LC-MS analysis. 5S,15S- dihydroxy (di)HETE, 5S,15R-diHETE, and 5S,11R-diHETE were identified as by-products of native COX-2, in addition to the previously described di-endoperoxide (5S,15S-dihydroxy-9S,11R,8S,12S-diperoxy-6E,13E-eicosadienoic acid) as the major oxygenation product. 5S,15R-diHETE was the only product formed by aspirin-acetylated COX-2. Both 5,15-diHETE and 5,11-diHETE were detected in CT26 mouse colon carcinoma cells as well as in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells incubated with 5S-HETE, and their formation was attenuated in the presence of the COX-2 specific inhibitor, NS-398. Aspirin-treated CT26 cells gave 5,15-diHETE as the most prominent product formed from 5S-HETE. 5S,15S-diHETE has been described as a product of the cross-over of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 15-LOX activities in elicited rat mononuclear cells and human leukocytes, and our studies implicate cross-over of the 5-LOX and COX-2 pathways as an additional biosynthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surafel Mulugeta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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41
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Andreou A, Feussner I. Lipoxygenases - Structure and reaction mechanism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1504-10. [PMID: 19767040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation is a common metabolic reaction in all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Products derived from lipid oxidation processes are collectively named oxylipins. Initial lipid oxidation may either occur by chemical reactions or is derived from the action of enzymes. In plants this reaction is mainly catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOXs) enzymes and during recent years analysis of different plant LOXs revealed insights into their enzyme mechanism. This review aims at giving an overview of concepts explaining the catalytic mechanism of LOXs as well as the different regio- and stereo-specificities of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Andreou
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Gao B, Boeglin WE, Zheng Y, Schneider C, Brash AR. Evidence for an ionic intermediate in the transformation of fatty acid hydroperoxide by a catalase-related allene oxide synthase from the Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22087-22098. [PMID: 19531485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.013151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allene oxides are reactive epoxides biosynthesized from fatty acid hydroperoxides by specialized cytochrome P450s or by catalase-related hemoproteins. Here we cloned, expressed, and characterized a gene encoding a lipoxygenase-catalase/peroxidase fusion protein from Acaryochloris marina. We identified novel allene oxide synthase (AOS) activity and a by-product that provides evidence of the reaction mechanism. The fatty acids 18.4omega3 and 18.3omega3 are oxygenated to the 12R-hydroperoxide by the lipoxygenase domain and converted to the corresponding 12R,13-epoxy allene oxide by the catalase-related domain. Linoleic acid is oxygenated to its 9R-hydroperoxide and then, surprisingly, converted approximately 70% to an epoxyalcohol identified spectroscopically and by chemical synthesis as 9R,10S-epoxy-13S-hydroxyoctadeca-11E-enoic acid and only approximately 30% to the 9R,10-epoxy allene oxide. Experiments using oxygen-18-labeled 9R-hydroperoxide substrate and enzyme incubations conducted in H2(18)O indicated that approximately 72% of the oxygen in the epoxyalcohol 13S-hydroxyl arises from water, a finding that points to an ionic intermediate (epoxy allylic carbocation) during catalysis. AOS and epoxyalcohol synthase activities are mechanistically related, with a reacting intermediate undergoing a net hydrogen abstraction or hydroxylation, respectively. The existence of epoxy allylic carbocations in fatty acid transformations is widely implicated although for AOS reactions, without direct experimental support. Our findings place together in strong association the reactions of allene oxide synthesis and an ionic reaction intermediate in the AOS-catalyzed transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benlian Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Mosblech A, Feussner I, Heilmann I. Oxylipins: structurally diverse metabolites from fatty acid oxidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:511-7. [PMID: 19167233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are lipophilic signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Initial fatty acid oxidation occurs mainly by the enzymatic or chemical formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides. An array of alternative reactions further converting fatty acid hydroperoxides gives rise to a multitude of oxylipin classes, many with reported signaling functions in plants. Oxylipins include the phytohormone, jasmonic acid, and a number of other molecules including hydroxy-, oxo- or keto-fatty acids or volatile aldehydes that may perform various biological roles as second messengers, messengers in inter-organismic signaling, or even as bactericidal agents. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by esterification of the compounds in plastidial glycolipids, for instance the Arabidopsides, or by conjugation of oxylipins to amino acids or other metabolites. The enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and comprise a multitude of examples with interesting and unusual catalytic properties. In addition, the interplay of different subcellular compartments during oxylipin biosynthesis suggests complex mechanisms of regulation that are not well understood. This review aims at giving an overview of plant oxylipins and the multitude of enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mosblech
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Niisuke K, Boeglin WE, Murray JJ, Schneider C, Brash AR. Biosynthesis of a linoleic acid allylic epoxide: mechanistic comparison with its chemical synthesis and leukotriene A biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1448-55. [PMID: 19244216 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900025-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the leukotriene A (LTA) class of epoxide is a lipoxygenase-catalyzed transformation requiring a fatty acid hydroperoxide substrate containing at least three double bonds. Here, we report on biosynthesis of a dienoic analog of LTA epoxides via a different enzymatic mechanism. Beginning with homolytic cleavage of the hydroperoxide moiety, a catalase/peroxidase-related hemoprotein from Anabaena PCC 7120, which occurs in a fusion protein with a linoleic acid 9R-lipoxygenase, dehydrates 9R-hydroperoxylinoleate to a highly unstable epoxide. Using methods we developed for isolating extremely labile compounds, we prepared and purified the epoxide and characterized its structure as 9R,10R-epoxy-octadeca-11E,13E-dienoate. This epoxide hydrolyzes to stable 9,14-diols that were reported before in linoleate autoxidation (Hamberg, M. 1983. Autoxidation of linoleic acid: Isolation and structure of four dihydroxy octadecadienoic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 752: 353-356) and in incubations with the Anabaena enzyme (Lang, I., C. Göbel, A. Porzel, I. Heilmann, and I. Feussner. 2008. A lipoxygenase with linoleate diol synthase activity from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. Biochem. J. 410: 347-357). We also prepared an equivalent epoxide from 13S-hydroperoxylinoleate using a "biomimetic" chemical method originally described for LTA(4) synthesis and showed that like LTA(4), the C18.2 epoxide conjugates readily with glutathione, a potential metabolic fate in vivo. We compare and contrast the mechanisms of LTA-type allylic epoxide synthesis by lipoxygenase, catalase/peroxidase, and chemical transformations. These findings provide new insights into the reactions of linoleic acid hydroperoxides and extend the known range of catalytic activities of catalase-related hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Niisuke
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Andreou AZ, Hornung E, Kunze S, Rosahl S, Feussner I. On the substrate binding of linoleate 9-lipoxygenases. Lipids 2008; 44:207-15. [PMID: 19037675 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX; linoleate:oxygen oxidoreductase EC 1.13.11.12) consist of a class of enzymes that catalyze the regio- and stereo specific dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here we characterize two proteins that belong to the less studied class of 9-LOXs, Solanum tuberosum StLOX1 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtLOX1. The proteins were recombinantly expressed in E. coli and the product specificity of the enzymes was tested against different fatty acid substrates. Both enzymes showed high specificity against all tested C18 fatty acids and produced (9S)-hydroperoxides. However, incubation of the C20 fatty acid arachidonic acid with AtLOX1 gave a mixture of racemic hydroperoxides. On the other hand, with StLOX1 we observed the formation of a mixture of products among which the (5S)-hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid (5S-H(P)ETE) was the most abundant. Esterified fatty acids were no substrates. We used site directed mutagenesis to modify a conserved valine residue in the active site of StLOX1 and examine the importance of space within the active site, which has been shown to play a role in determining the positional specificity. The Val576Phe mutant still catalyzed the formation of (9S)-hydroperoxides with C18 fatty acids, while it exhibited altered specificity against arachidonic acid and produced mainly (11S)-H(P)ETE. These data confirm the model that in case of linoleate 9-LOX binding of the substrate takes place with the carboxyl-group first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Zoi Andreou
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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Andreou AZ, Vanko M, Bezakova L, Feussner I. Properties of a mini 9R-lipoxygenase from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 and its mutant forms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1832-1837. [PMID: 18439634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) consist of a class of enzymes that catalyze the regio- and stereospecific dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Current reports propose that a conserved glycine residue in the active site of R-lipoxygenases and an alanine residue at the corresponding position in S-lipoxygenases play a crucial role in determining the stereochemistry of the product. Recently, a bifunctional lipoxygenase with a linoleate diol synthase activity from Nostoc sp. PCC7120 with R stereospecificity and the so far unique feature of carrying an alanine instead of the conserved glycine in the position of the sequence determinant for chiral specificity was identified. The recombinant carboxy-terminal domain was purified after expression in Escherichia coli. The ability of the enzyme to use linoleic acid esterified to a bulky phosphatidylcholine molecule as a substrate suggested a tail-fist binding orientation of the substrate. Site directed mutagenesis of the alanine to glycine did not cause alterations in the stereospecificity of the products, while mutation of the alanine to valine or isoleucine modified both regio- and enantioselectivity of the enzyme. Kinetic measurements revealed that substitution of Ala by Gly or Val did not significantly influence the reaction characteristics, while the A162I mutant showed a reduced vmax. Based on the mutagenesis data obtained, we suggest that the existing model for stereocontrol of the lipoxygenase reaction may be expanded to include enzymes that seem to have in general a smaller amino acid in R and a bulkier one in S lipoxygenases at the position that controls stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Zoi Andreou
- Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37085 Göttingen, Germany
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