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Das PK, Matada GSP, Pal R, Maji L, Dhiwar PS, Manjushree BV, Viji MP. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as anticancer agents: An outlook on clinical progress, synthetic strategies, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116535. [PMID: 38838546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is considered an essential component in case of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) damage, response by sensing DNA damage and engaging DNA repair proteins. Those proteins repair the damaged DNA via an aspect of posttranslational modification, known as poly (ADP-Ribosyl)ation (PARylation). Specifically, PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have shown better results when administered alone in a variety of cancer types with BRCA (Breast Cancer gene) mutation. The clinical therapeutic benefits of PARP inhibitors have been diminished by their cytotoxicity, progression of drug resistance, and limitation of indication, regardless of their tremendous clinical effectiveness. A growing number of PARP-1 inhibitors, particularly those associated with BRCA-1/2 mutations, have been identified as potential cancer treatments. Recently, several researchers have identified various promising scaffolds, which have resulted in the resuscitation of the faith in PARP inhibitors as cancer therapies. This review provided a comprehensive update on the anatomy and physiology of the PARP enzyme, the profile of FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and CFDA (China Food and Drug Administration)-approved drugs, and small-molecule inhibitors of PARP, including their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
| | - Lalmohan Maji
- Tarifa Memorial Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Murshidabad, 742166, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasad Sanjay Dhiwar
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - B V Manjushree
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - M P Viji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
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Martinez ZS, Gutierrez DA, Valenzuela C, Seong CS, Llano M. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 regulates HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598467. [PMID: 38915699 PMCID: PMC11195250 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The cellular enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) regulates multiple processes that are potentially implicated in HIV-1 infection. However, the role of PARP-1 in HIV-1 infection remains controversial, with reports indicating or excluding that PARP-1 influence early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Most of these studies have been conducted with Vesicular Stomatitis virus Glycoprotein G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped, single-round infection HIV-1; limiting our understanding of the role of PARP-1 in HIV-1 replication. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition in HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells. Our data showed that PARP-1 knockout increased viral replication in SUP-T1 cells. Similarly, a PARP-1 inhibitor that targets PARP-1 DNA-binding activity enhanced HIV-1 replication. In contrast, inhibitors affecting the catalytic activity of the enzyme were inactive. In correspondence with the pharmacological studies, mutagenesis analysis indicated that the DNA-binding domain was required for the PARP-1 anti-HIV-1 activity, but the poly-ADP-ribosylation activity was dispensable. Our results also demonstrated that PARP-1 acts at the production phase of the viral life cycle since HIV-1 produced in cells lacking PARP-1 was more infectious than control viruses. The effect of PARP-1 on HIV-1 infectivity required Env, as PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition did not modify the infectivity of Env-deleted, VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1. Furthermore, virion-associated Env was more abundant in sucrose cushion-purified virions produced in cells lacking the enzyme. However, PARP-1 did not affect Env expression or processing in the producer cells. In summary, our data indicate that PARP-1 antagonism enhances HIV-1 infectivity and increases levels of virion-associated Env. Importance Different cellular processes counteract viral replication. A better understanding of these interfering mechanisms will enhance our ability to control viral infections. We have discovered a novel, antagonist effect of the cellular enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in HIV-1 replication. Our data indicate that PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition augment HIV-1 infectivity in human CD4+ T cells, the main HIV-1 target cell in vivo . Analysis of the mechanism of action suggested that PARP-1 antagonism increases in the virus the amounts of the viral protein mediating viral entry to the target cells. These findings identify for the first time PARP-1 as a host factor that regulates HIV-1 infectivity, and could be relevant to better understand HIV-1 transmission and to facilitate vaccine development.
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De Silva WGM, Sequeira VB, Yang C, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Mason RS, Rybchyn MS. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Suppresses UV-Induced Poly(ADP-Ribose) Levels in Primary Human Keratinocytes, as Detected by a Novel Whole-Cell ELISA. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5583. [PMID: 38891771 PMCID: PMC11171802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoprotective properties of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to reduce UV-induced DNA damage have been established in several studies. UV-induced DNA damage in skin such as single or double strand breaks is known to initiate several cellular mechanisms including activation of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). DNA damage from UV also increases extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, which further increases PARP activity. PARP-1 functions by using cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to synthesise pADPr moieties and attach these to target proteins involved in DNA repair. Excessive PARP-1 activation following cellular stress such as UV irradiation may result in excessive levels of cellular pADPr. This can also have deleterious effects on cellular energy levels due to depletion of NAD+ to suboptimal levels. Since our previous work indicated that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced UV-induced DNA damage in part through increased repair via increased energy availability, the current study investigated the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on UV-induced PARP-1 activity using a novel whole-cell enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which quantified levels of the enzymatic product of PARP-1, pADPr. This whole cell assay used around 5000 cells per replicate measurement, which represents a 200-400-fold decrease in cell requirement compared to current commercial assays that measure in vitro pADPr levels. Using our assay, we observed that UV exposure significantly increased pADPr levels in human keratinocytes, while 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced levels of UV-induced pADPr in primary human keratinocytes to a similar extent as a known PARP-1 inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Further, both 1,25(OH)2D3 and 3AB as well as a peptide inhibitor of ERK-phosphorylation significantly reduced DNA damage in UV-exposed keratinocytes. The current findings support the proposal that reduction in pADPr levels may be critical for the function of 1,25(OH)2D3 in skin to reduce UV-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Bernadette Sequeira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Velagapudi UK, Rouleau-Turcotte É, Billur R, Shao X, Patil M, Black BE, Pascal JM, Talele TT. Novel modifications of PARP inhibitor veliparib increase PARP1 binding to DNA breaks. Biochem J 2024; 481:437-460. [PMID: 38372302 PMCID: PMC11070930 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic poly(ADP-ribose) production by PARP1 is allosterically activated through interaction with DNA breaks, and PARP inhibitor compounds have the potential to influence PARP1 allostery in addition to preventing catalytic activity. Using the benzimidazole-4-carboxamide pharmacophore present in the first generation PARP1 inhibitor veliparib, a series of 11 derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as allosteric PARP1 inhibitors, with the premise that bulky substituents would engage the regulatory helical domain (HD) and thereby promote PARP1 retention on DNA breaks. We found that core scaffold modifications could indeed increase PARP1 affinity for DNA; however, the bulk of the modification alone was insufficient to trigger PARP1 allosteric retention on DNA breaks. Rather, compounds eliciting PARP1 retention on DNA breaks were found to be rigidly held in a position that interferes with a specific region of the HD domain, a region that is not targeted by current clinical PARP inhibitors. Collectively, these compounds highlight a unique way to trigger PARP1 retention on DNA breaks and open a path to unveil the pharmacological benefits of such inhibitors with novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kiran Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
| | - Élise Rouleau-Turcotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Ramya Billur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
| | - Xuwei Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
| | - Manisha Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
| | - Ben E. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
| | - John M. Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Tanaji T. Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
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Bastos IM, Rebelo S, Silva VLM. A review of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) role and its inhibitors bearing pyrazole or indazole core for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116045. [PMID: 38336156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. The hallmarks of cancer evidence the acquired cells characteristics that promote the growth of malignant tumours, including genomic instability and mutations, the ability to evade cellular death and the capacity of sustaining proliferative signalization. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a protein that plays key roles in cellular regulation, namely in DNA damage repair and cell survival. The inhibition of PARP1 promotes cellular death in cells with homologous recombination deficiency, and therefore, the interest in PARP protein has been rising as a target for anticancer therapies. There are already some PARP1 inhibitors approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as Olaparib and Niraparib. The last compound presents in its structure an indazole core. In fact, pyrazoles and indazoles have been raising interest due to their various medicinal properties, namely, anticancer activity. Derivatives of these compounds have been studied as inhibitors of PARP1 and presented promising results. Therefore, this review aims to address the importance of PARP1 in cell regulation and its role in cancer. Moreover, it intends to report a comprehensive literature review of PARP1 inhibitors, containing the pyrazole and indazole scaffolds, published in the last fifteen years, focusing on structure-activity relationship aspects, thus providing important insights for the design of novel and more effective PARP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Bastos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera L M Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Liu F, Chen J, Li X, Liu R, Zhang Y, Gao C, Shi D. Advances in Development of Selective Antitumor Inhibitors That Target PARP-1. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16464-16483. [PMID: 38088333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to the lives and health of people around the world, and the development of effective antitumor drugs that exhibit fewer toxic effects is an important aspect of cancer treatment. PARP inhibitors are antitumor drugs that target pathways involved in DNA-damage repair. The currently approved PARP inhibitors include olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, talazoparib, fuzuloparib, and pamiparib. Hematological toxicities associated with the simultaneous inhibition of PARP-1 and PARP-2 have limited the clinical applications of these drugs. The present review introduces the necessity for research on the development of selective PARP-1 inhibitors from the perspective of structural and functional mechanisms of PARP-1 inhibition. A review of recently reported selective PARP-1 inhibitors provides the foundation for exploring novel strategies for designing selective PARP-1 inhibitors from the perspective of structure-activity relationships combined with computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Jiashu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Chenxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237 Shandong P. R. China
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Thakur A, Rana M, Ritika, Mathew J, Nepali S, Pan CH, Liou JP, Nepali K. Small molecule tractable PARP inhibitors: Scaffold construction approaches, mechanistic insights and structure activity relationship. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106893. [PMID: 37783100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse drug design strategies viz. molecular hybridization, substituent installation, scaffold hopping, isosteric replacement, high-throughput screening, induction and separation of chirality, structure modifications of phytoconstituents and use of structural templates have been exhaustively leveraged in the last decade to load the chemical toolbox of PARP inhibitors. Resultantly, numerous promising scaffolds have been pinpointed that in turn have led to the resuscitation of the credence to PARP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. This review briefly presents the physiological functions of PARPs, the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and the interaction profiles of FDA-approved PARP inhibitors. Comprehensively covered is the section on the drug design strategies employed by drug discovery enthusiasts for furnishing PARP inhibitors. The impact of structural variations in the template of designed scaffolds on enzymatic and cellular activity (structure-activity relationship studies) has been discussed. The insights gained through the biological evaluation such as profiling of physicochemical properties andin vitroADME properties, PK assessments, and high-dose pharmacology are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Rana
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Ritika
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Jacob Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Sanya Nepali
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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Deeksha W, Abhishek S, Rajakumara E. PAR recognition by PARP1 regulates DNA-dependent activities and independently stimulates catalytic activity of PARP1. FEBS J 2023; 290:5098-5113. [PMID: 37462479 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is predominantly catalyzed by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in response to DNA damage, mediating the DNA repair process to maintain genomic integrity. Single-strand (SSB) and double-strand (DSB) DNA breaks are bona fide stimulators of PARP1 activity. However, PAR-mediated PARP1 regulation remains unexplored. Here, we report ZnF3, BRCT, and WGR, hitherto uncharacterized, as PAR reader domains of PARP1. Surprisingly, these domains recognize PARylated protein with a higher affinity compared with PAR but bind with weak or no affinity to DNA breaks as standalone domains. Conversely, ZnF1 and ZnF2 of PARP1 recognize DNA breaks but bind weakly to PAR. In addition, PAR reader domains, together, exhibit a synergy to recognize PAR or PARylated protein. Further competition-binding studies suggest that PAR binding releases DNA from PARP1, and the WGR domain facilitates DNA release. Unexpectedly, PAR showed catalytic stimulation of PARP1 but hampered the DNA-dependent stimulation. Altogether, our work discovers dedicated high-affinity PAR reader domains of PARP1 and uncovers a novel mechanism of allosteric regulation of DNA-dependent and DNA-independent activities of PARP1 by its catalytic product PAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waghela Deeksha
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
| | - Suman Abhishek
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
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Hu ML, Pan YR, Yong YY, Liu Y, Yu L, Qin DL, Qiao G, Law BYK, Wu JM, Zhou XG, Wu AG. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and neurodegenerative diseases: Past, present, and future. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102078. [PMID: 37758006 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a first responder that recognizes DNA damage and facilitates its repair. Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neuron loss driven by various risk factors, including DNA damage, have increasingly shed light on the pivotal involvement of PARP1. During the early phases of neurodegenerative diseases, PARP1 experiences controlled activation to swiftly address mild DNA damage, thereby contributing to maintain brain homeostasis. However, in late stages, exacerbated PARP1 activation precipitated by severe DNA damage exacerbates the disease condition. Consequently, inhibition of PARP1 overactivation emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we comprehensively synthesize and explore the multifaceted role of PARP1 in neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular emphasis on its over-activation in the aggregation of misfolded proteins, dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury. Additionally, we encapsulate the therapeutic applications and limitations intrinsic of PARP1 inhibitors, mainly including limited specificity, intricate pathway dynamics, constrained clinical translation, and the heterogeneity of patient cohorts. We also explore and discuss the potential synergistic implementation of these inhibitors alongside other agents targeting DNA damage cascades within neurodegenerative diseases. Simultaneously, we propose several recommendations for the utilization of PARP1 inhibitors within the realm of neurodegenerative disorders, encompassing factors like the disease-specific roles of PARP1, combinatorial therapeutic strategies, and personalized medical interventions. Lastly, the encompassing review presents a forward-looking perspective along with strategic recommendations that could guide future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi-Ru Pan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yong
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gan Qiao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
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Dilipkumar S, Karthik V, Dk S, Gowramma B, Lakshmanan K. In-silico screening and molecular dynamics simulation of quinazolinone derivatives as PARP1 and STAT3 dual inhibitors: a novel DML approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37735921 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Modern cancer therapy now routinely employs the blocking of many oncoproteins or pathways. With two or more medicines, multiple inhibitions are often accomplished via DML techniques. In this study, we developed 30 quinazolinone derivatives as PARP1 and STAT3 dual inhibitors using DML methods and these compounds were tested for their dual inhibitory effect on PARP1 and STAT3 using docking, MM-GBSA, and molecular dynamics simulation investigations. The docking studies of ligands against PARP1 and STAT3 were performed using the Glide module, in silico ADMET screening was performed using the quickprob module, binding energy calculation was performed using the Prime MM-GBSA module, MD simulation was performed using the Desmond module, and atomic charges were calculated using the Jaguar module of Schrodinger suite 2019-4. Of the substances studied, the derivative 1f has a considerable gliding score. The in silico ADMET characteristics are within the approved range. PRIME MM-GB/SA was used to compute the binding free energy, and the results are substantial. To investigate the dynamic behavior of the protein-ligand complex, compound 1f was subjected to MD simulation at 100 ns. The tested chemical 1f produced the greatest results in MD simulations and MM-GBSA calculations, indicating that this ligand can inhibit more effectively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dilipkumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Satyabhama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - V Karthik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Satyabhama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmuganathan Dk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KMCH college of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India
| | - Byran Gowramma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, India
| | - Kaviarasan Lakshmanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Satyabhama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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11
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Beneyton A, Nonfoux L, Gagné JP, Rodrigue A, Kothari C, Atalay N, Hendzel M, Poirier G, Masson JY. The dynamic process of covalent and non-covalent PARylation in the maintenance of genome integrity: a focus on PARP inhibitors. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad043. [PMID: 37609662 PMCID: PMC10440794 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) is a highly regulated process that consists of the covalent addition of polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) through post-translational modifications of substrate proteins or non-covalent interactions with PAR via PAR binding domains and motifs, thereby reprogramming their functions. This modification is particularly known for its central role in the maintenance of genomic stability. However, how genomic integrity is controlled by an intricate interplay of covalent PARylation and non-covalent PAR binding remains largely unknown. Of importance, PARylation has caught recent attention for providing a mechanistic basis of synthetic lethality involving PARP inhibitors (PARPi), most notably in homologous recombination (HR)-deficient breast and ovarian tumors. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-cancer effect of PARPi are thought to implicate both catalytic inhibition and trapping of PARP enzymes on DNA. However, the relative contribution of each on tumor-specific cytotoxicity is still unclear. It is paramount to understand these PAR-dependent mechanisms, given that resistance to PARPi is a challenge in the clinic. Deciphering the complex interplay between covalent PARylation and non-covalent PAR binding and defining how PARP trapping and non-trapping events contribute to PARPi anti-tumour activity is essential for developing improved therapeutic strategies. With this perspective, we review the current understanding of PARylation biology in the context of the DNA damage response (DDR) and the mechanisms underlying PARPi activity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Beneyton
- CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Louis Nonfoux
- CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Amélie Rodrigue
- CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Charu Kothari
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nurgul Atalay
- CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Laval University Cancer Research Center, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
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12
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Wang K, Wu Y, Lai L, Wang X, Sun S. How ligands regulate the binding of PARP1 with DNA: Deciphering the mechanism at the molecular level. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290176. [PMID: 37582112 PMCID: PMC10426920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic (CAT) domain is a key region of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which has crucial interactions with inhibitors, DNA, and other domains of PARP1. To facilitate the development of potential inhibitors of PARP1, it is of great significance to clarify the differences in structural dynamics and key residues between CAT/inhibitors and DNA/PARP1/inhibitors through structure-based computational design. In this paper, conformational changes in PAPR1 and differences in key residue interactions induced by inhibitors were revealed at the molecular level by comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and energy decomposition. On one hand, PARP1 inhibitors indirectly change some residues of the CAT domain which interact with DNA and other domains. Furthermore, the interaction between ligands and catalytic binding sites can be transferred to the DNA recognition domain of PARP1 by a strong negative correlation movement among multi-domains of PARP1. On the other hand, it is not reliable to use the binding energy of CAT/ligand as a measure of ligand activity, because it may in some cases differs greatly from the that of PARP1/DNA/ligand. For PARP1/DNA/ligand, the stronger the binding stability between the ligand and PARP1, the stronger the binding stability between PARP1 and DNA. The findings of this work can guide further novel inhibitor design and the structural modification of PARP1 through structure-based computational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lizhu Lai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuya Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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13
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Li WH, Wang F, Song GY, Yu QH, Du RP, Xu P. PARP-1: a critical regulator in radioprotection and radiotherapy-mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1198948. [PMID: 37351512 PMCID: PMC10283042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1198948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since its discovery, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has been extensively studied due to its regulatory role in numerous biologically crucial pathways. PARP inhibitors have opened new therapeutic avenues for cancer patients and have gained approval as standalone treatments for certain types of cancer. With continued advancements in the research of PARP inhibitors, we can fully realize their potential as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Purpose: To assess the current understanding of PARP-1 mechanisms in radioprotection and radiotherapy based on the literature. Methods: We searched the PubMed database and summarized information on PARP inhibitors, the interaction of PARP-1 with DNA, and the relationships between PARP-1 and p53/ROS, NF-κB/DNA-PK, and caspase3/AIF, respectively. Results: The enzyme PARP-1 plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage and modifying proteins. Cells exposed to radiation can experience DNA damage, such as single-, intra-, or inter-strand damage. This damage, associated with replication fork stagnation, triggers DNA repair mechanisms, including those involving PARP-1. The activity of PARP-1 increases 500-fold on DNA binding. Studies on PARP-1-knockdown mice have shown that the protein regulates the response to radiation. A lack of PARP-1 also increases the organism's sensitivity to radiation injury. PARP-1 has been found positively or negatively regulate the expression of specific genes through its modulation of key transcription factors and other molecules, including NF-κB, p53, Caspase 3, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and pathological roles of PARP-1 and examines the impact of PARP-1 inhibitors under conditions of ionizing radiation exposure. The review also emphasizes the challenges and opportunities for developing PARP-1 inhibitors to improve the clinical outcomes of ionizing radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Song
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Hua Yu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Peng Du
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Food and Biomedicine, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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14
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Wei X, Yang K. PARP1 Incises Abasic Sites and Covalently Cross-links to 3'-DNA Termini via Cysteine Addition Not Reductive Amination. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1527-1530. [PMID: 37094109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a ubiquitous nuclear enzyme that plays multifaceted roles in the cellular response to DNA damage. Previous studies demonstrated that PARP1 incises the most frequently formed DNA lesion, the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site, and in the process is trapped as a DNA-PARP1 cross-link at the 3'-terminus. The covalent linkage was proposed to be composed of a secondary amine resulting from formal reductive amination of an initially formed incision product. PARP1 cysteine residues were proposed to reduce the initially formed Schiff base. Here, we report evidence to support a different mechanism in which DNA-PARP1 cross-links result from cysteine addition to incised AP sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wei
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Langelier MF, Lin X, Zha S, Pascal JM. Clinical PARP inhibitors allosterically induce PARP2 retention on DNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf7175. [PMID: 36961901 PMCID: PMC10038340 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 detect DNA breaks, which activates their catalytic production of poly(ADP-ribose) that recruits repair factors and contributes to PARP1/2 release from DNA. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are used in cancer treatment and target PARP1/2 catalytic activity, interfering with repair and increasing PARP1/2 persistence on DNA damage. In addition, certain PARPi exert allosteric effects that increase PARP1 retention on DNA. However, no clinical PARPi exhibit this allosteric behavior toward PARP1. In contrast, we show that certain clinical PARPi exhibit an allosteric effect that retains PARP2 on DNA breaks in a manner that depends on communication between the catalytic and DNA binding regions. Using a PARP2 mutant that mimics an allosteric inhibitor effect, we observed increased PARP2 retention at cellular damage sites. The PARPi AZD5305 also exhibited a clear reverse allosteric effect on PARP2. Our results can help explain the toxicity of clinical PARPi and suggest ways to improve PARPi moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Langelier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - John M. Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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16
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Zhu T, Zheng JY, Huang LL, Wang YH, Yao DF, Dai HB. Human PARP1 substrates and regulators of its catalytic activity: An updated overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1137151. [PMID: 36909172 PMCID: PMC9995695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1137151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key DNA damage sensor that is recruited to damaged sites after DNA strand breaks to initiate DNA repair. This is achieved by catalyzing attachment of ADP-ribose moieties, which are donated from NAD+, on the amino acid residues of itself or other acceptor proteins. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) that inhibit PARP catalytic activity and induce PARP trapping are commonly used for treating BRCA1/2-deficient breast and ovarian cancers through synergistic lethality. Unfortunately, resistance to PARPi frequently occurs. In this review, we present the novel substrates and regulators of the PARP1-catalyzed poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylatison) that have been identified in the last 3 years. The overall aim is the presentation of protein interactions of potential therapeutic intervention for overcoming the resistance to PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Yan Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Ling Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di-Fei Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Okunlola FO, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Unveiling the mechanistic roles of chlorine substituted phthalazinone-based compounds containing chlorophenyl moiety towards the differential inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in the treatment of lung cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10878-10886. [PMID: 34463214 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1951354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PARP-1 has become an attractive target in cancer treatment owing to its significant role in breast and ovarian cancers. The design of highly selective and effective poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitors has significant therapeutic advantages and has remained the core of several PARP-1-based drug discovery research. The pharmacophoric relevance of a chlorine substituent in a recent study led to the design of compounds 11c (meta-chlorophenyl) and 11d (para-chlorophenyl). In this study, we resolved the mechanistic effects of the changes in chlorine positional orientation, which underlie the inhibitory potencies and selectivity exhibited disparately by 11c and 11d. Compared to 11d, among other multiple higher-affinity complementary interactions with key site residues, the meta-Cl positioning in 11c facilitated its optimal motion and orientation towards conserved residues Arg878 and Asp766 with consistent pi-cation and pi-anion interactions, respectively, thereby favoring the stability of the ligand towards PARP-1. These could account for the higher inhibitory potency exhibited by 11c relative to 11d against PARP-1. The thermodynamics calculation revealed that 11c had a relatively higher total binding energy (ΔGbind) than 11d. We also observed that 11d displayed high deviations, compared to 11c, indicative of its unstable binding orientation. Furthermore, we reported in this study that the high involvement of electrostatic and van der Waal effects potentiated the binding affinity and strength of 11c (ΔEvdW = -50.58 and ΔEele = -27.20) relative to 11d (ΔEvdW = -49.46 and ΔEele = -19.96) at PARP-1 binding pocket. We believe the findings in this current study would provide valuable insights into the design of selective PARP-1 inhibitors containing chlorine substituent for cancer treatment, including lung cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix O Okunlola
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Mahadevan J, Jha A, Rudolph J, Bowerman S, Narducci D, Hansen AS, Luger K. Dynamics of endogenous PARP1 and PARP2 during DNA damage revealed by live-cell single-molecule imaging. iScience 2022; 26:105779. [PMID: 36594010 PMCID: PMC9804145 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 contributes to genome architecture and DNA damage repair through its dynamic association with chromatin. PARP1 and PARP2 (PARP1/2) recognize damaged DNA and recruit the DNA repair machinery. Using single-molecule microscopy in live cells, we monitored the movement of PARP1/2 on undamaged and damaged chromatin. We identify two classes of freely diffusing PARP1/2 and two classes of bound PARP1/2. The majority (>60%) of PARP1/2 diffuse freely in both undamaged and damaged nuclei and in the presence of inhibitors of PARP1/2 used for cancer therapy (PARPi). Laser-induced DNA damage results in a small fraction of slowly diffusing PARP1 and PARP2 to become transiently bound. Treatment of cells with PARPi in the presence of DNA damage causes subtle changes in the dynamics of bound PARP1/2, but not the high levels of PARP1/2 trapping seen previously. Our results imply that next-generation PARPi could specifically target the small fraction of DNA-bound PARP1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Mahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Asmita Jha
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Samuel Bowerman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Domenic Narducci
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anders S. Hansen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Corresponding author
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19
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Hunia J, Gawalski K, Szredzka A, Suskiewicz MJ, Nowis D. The potential of PARP inhibitors in targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1073797. [PMID: 36533080 PMCID: PMC9751342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) deficiencies result in genome instability, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes take part in various DDR pathways, determining cell fate in the wake of DNA damage. PARPs are readily druggable and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) against the main DDR-associated PARPs, PARP1 and PARP2, are currently approved for the treatment of a range of tumor types. Inhibition of efficient PARP1/2-dependent DDR is fatal for tumor cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRD), especially defects in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-dependent pathway, while allowing healthy cells to survive. Moreover, PARPi indirectly influence the tumor microenvironment by increasing genomic instability, immune pathway activation and PD-L1 expression on cancer cells. For this reason, PARPi might enhance sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-CTLA4, providing a rationale for PARPi-ICI combination therapies. In this review, we discuss the complex background of the different roles of PARP1/2 in the cell and summarize the basics of how PARPi work from bench to bedside. Furthermore, we detail the early data of ongoing clinical trials indicating the synergistic effect of PARPi and ICIs. We also introduce the diagnostic tools for therapy development and discuss the future perspectives and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Hunia
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gawalski
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Kuttiyatveetil JRA, Soufari H, Dasovich M, Uribe IR, Mirhasan M, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Pascal JM. Crystal structures and functional analysis of the ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 region of PARP13/ZAP define a distinctive mode of engaging poly(ADP-ribose). Cell Rep 2022; 41:111529. [PMID: 36288691 PMCID: PMC9720839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP13/ZAP (zinc-finger antiviral protein) acts against multiple viruses by promoting degradation of viral mRNA. PARP13 has four N-terminal zinc (Zn) fingers that bind CG-rich nucleotide sequences, a C-terminal ADP ribosyltransferase fold, and a central region with a fifth Zn finger and tandem WWE domains. The central PARP13 region, ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2, is implicated in binding poly(ADP-ribose); however, there are limited insights into its structure and function. We present crystal structures of ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 from mouse PARP13 in complex with ADP-ribose and in complex with ATP. The crystal structures and binding studies demonstrate that WWE2 interacts with ADP-ribose and ATP, whereas WWE1 does not have a functional binding site. Binding studies with poly(ADP-ribose) ligands indicate that WWE2 serves as an anchor for preferential binding to the terminal end of poly(ADP-ribose) chains. The composite ZnF5-WWE1-WWE2 structure forms an extended surface to engage ADP-ribose chains, representing a distinctive mode of recognition that provides a framework for investigating the impact of poly(ADP-ribose) on PARP13 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijin R A Kuttiyatveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Heddy Soufari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Morgan Dasovich
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Isabel R Uribe
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Manija Mirhasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shang-Jung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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21
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Chu YY, Yam C, Yamaguchi H, Hung MC. Biomarkers beyond BRCA: promising combinatorial treatment strategies in overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:86. [PMID: 36284291 PMCID: PMC9594904 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) exploit the concept of synthetic lethality and offer great promise in the treatment of tumors with deficiencies in homologous recombination (HR) repair. PARPi exert antitumor activity by blocking Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and trapping PARP1 on damaged DNA. To date, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four PARPi for the treatment of several cancer types including ovarian, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer. Although patients with HR-deficient tumors benefit from PARPi, majority of tumors ultimately develop acquired resistance to PARPi. Furthermore, even though BRCA1/2 mutations are commonly used as markers of PARPi sensitivity in current clinical practice, not all patients with BRCA1/2 mutations have PARPi-sensitive disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of PARPi resistance to support the development of rational effective treatment strategies aimed at overcoming resistance to PARPi, as well as reliable biomarkers to accurately identify patients who will most likely benefit from treatment with PARPi, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents, so called marker-guided effective therapy (Mget). In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms driving the efficacy of and resistance to PARPi as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to overcome PARPi resistance. We also highlight the identification of potential markers to predict PARPi resistance and guide promising PARPi-based combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Clinton Yam
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, 100, Sec 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Research Center for Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, 100, Sec 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
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22
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Rouleau-Turcotte É, Krastev DB, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ, Pascal JM. Captured snapshots of PARP1 in the active state reveal the mechanics of PARP1 allostery. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2939-2951.e5. [PMID: 35793673 PMCID: PMC9391306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PARP1 rapidly detects DNA strand break damage and allosterically signals break detection to the PARP1 catalytic domain to activate poly(ADP-ribose) production from NAD+. PARP1 activation is characterized by dynamic changes in the structure of a regulatory helical domain (HD); yet, there are limited insights into the specific contributions that the HD makes to PARP1 allostery. Here, we have determined crystal structures of PARP1 in isolated active states that display specific HD conformations. These captured snapshots and biochemical analysis illustrate HD contributions to PARP1 multi-domain and high-affinity interaction with DNA damage, provide novel insights into the mechanics of PARP1 allostery, and indicate how HD active conformations correspond to alterations in the catalytic region that reveal the active site to NAD+. Our work deepens the understanding of PARP1 catalytic activation, the dynamics of the binding site of PARP inhibitor compounds, and the mechanisms regulating PARP1 retention on DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Rouleau-Turcotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dragomir B Krastev
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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23
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Sun S, Wang X, Lin R, Wang K. Deciphering the functional mechanism of zinc ions of PARP1 binding with single strand breaks and double strand breaks. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19029-19039. [PMID: 35865614 PMCID: PMC9240923 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02683j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key target for the treatment of cancer-related diseases, and plays an important role in biological processes such as DNA repair, regulating a variety of metabolic and signal transduction processes. Understanding the dynamic binding mechanisms between each domain of PARP1 and DNA is of great significance to deepen the understanding on the function of PARP1 and to facilitate the design of inhibitors. Herein, strategies such as classical molecular dynamics simulation, conformational analysis, binding free energy calculation and energy decomposition were used to shed light on the binding mechanisms of different DNA binding domains (DBDs, including ZnF1, ZnF2 and ZnF3) in PARP1 with DNA and on the influences of zinc ions on the binding process. On one hand, during binding with DNA, ZnF2 tends to expand its space to identify the DNA damage sites and ZnF1/ZnF2 recognizes the interfaces on both sides of DNA damage rather than one side during the process of DNA repair. More importantly, the stable secondary structure of L2 of ZnF2 (PRO146 to MET153) is the key conformational change for ZnF1 and ZnF2 to recognize DNA damage. Meanwhile, ZnF3 has little effect on the binding mechanisms of PARP1. On the other hand, for the structural differences of DBD domains, zinc ions in ZnF1 and ZnF2 (Zn1 and Zn2) have an impact not only on the conformational changes of PARP1, but also on the conformational changes brought by the interaction of double strand breaks (DSB) and single strand breaks (SSB). And meanwhile, Zn3 also has little effect on ZnF3 for the system of ZnF3/DSB. The findings presented in this work deepen the understanding on the functional mechanism of PARP1 and provide a theoretical basis for further study on the interaction between different inhibitors and DBD domains to design more potential inhibitors. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key target for treatment of cancer-related diseases. Detailed structural changes DBD in PARP1 during the binding process with DNA were investigated and the dynamic conformational differences of DBD caused by zinc ions were revealed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine No. 232, Waihuan East Road Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou 510000 P. R. China
| | - Rongfeng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine No. 232, Waihuan East Road Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering Guangzhou 510000 P. R. China .,Abinitio Technology Company, Ltd Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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24
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Meenukutty M, Mohan AP, Vidya V, Viju Kumar V. Synthesis, characterization, DFT analysis and docking studies of a novel Schiff base using 5-bromo salicylaldehyde and β-alanine. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09600. [PMID: 35677407 PMCID: PMC9167979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1) is a DNA-dependent enzyme, forming part of ADP-ribosyltransferase family. Although some PARP inhibitors find therapeutical applications in cancer therapy and exhibits crucial role in DNA damage response. Here a novel Schiff base, (E)-3-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino) propanoic acid was synthesized using 5-bromo salicylaldehyde and β-alanine. Characterization was carried out using IR, UV-Vis,1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrum. Present study involves the evaluation of a novel Schiff base as an inhibitor against human breast cancer cell lines (pdb:3GEY) using 2-(dimethylamino)-N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl) acetamide (DDA) as a native ligand. In silico study of 3GEY inhibitor is a variant of PARP-15, docking with two different ligands (E)-3-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino) propanoic acid (SBL) and the native ligand. Synthesized ligandis docked in to the B chain of PARP enzyme binding site to visualize the best docked poseand favorable ligand-protein binding interactions. Swiss ADME tool determines the drug likeness and strongly suggests that SBL can be a promising candidate to fight against breast cancer. DFT studies were done to support the experimental results using B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and geometry optimization was performed. Various thermodynamic parameters and NLO properties were found out. ECD and VCD spectrum were explained using DFT studies. Vibrational and Raman frequencies were also reported. HOMO-LUMO band gaps, Mulliken charges were calculated and the electrostatic potential surface was mapped with various properties. Experimental findings obtained are in good agreement with that of theoretical DFT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Meenukutty
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695034, India
| | - Arsha P. Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695034, India
| | - V.G. Vidya
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695034, India
| | - V.G. Viju Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695034, India
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25
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Chung WC, Song MJ. Virus–Host Interplay Between Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 and Oncogenic Gammaherpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:811671. [PMID: 35095818 PMCID: PMC8795711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.811671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammaherpesviruses, include the Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and murine gammaherpesvirus 68. They establish latent infection in the B lymphocytes and are associated with various lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), also called ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria-toxin-like 1 (ARTD1) is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety to its target proteins and participates in important cellular activities, such as the DNA-damage response, cell death, transcription, chromatin remodeling, and inflammation. In gammaherpesvirus infection, PARP1 acts as a key regulator of the virus life cycle: lytic replication and latency. These viruses also develop various strategies to regulate PARP1, facilitating their replication. This review summarizes the roles of PARP1 in the viral life cycle as well as the viral modulation of host PARP1 activity and discusses the implications. Understanding the interactions between the PARP1 and oncogenic gammaherpesviruses may lead to the identification of effective therapeutic targets for the associated diseases.
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26
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Alemasova EE, Naumenko KN, Sukhanova MV, Lavrik OI. Role of YB-1 in Regulation of Poly(ADP-Ribosylation) Catalyzed by Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S32-S0. [PMID: 35501985 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins that performs an essential regulatory function in the cellular response to DNA damage. The key enzyme synthesizing poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in the cells is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Understanding the mechanisms of the PARP1 activity regulation within the cells is necessary for development of the PARP1-targeted antitumor therapy. This review is devoted to the studies of the role of the RNA-binding protein YB-1 in the PARP1-catalyzed PARylation. The mechanisms of PARP1 activity stimulation by YB-1 protein can possibly be extended to other RNA-binding proteins involved in the maintenance of the genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta E Alemasova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Naumenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maria V Sukhanova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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27
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Rudolph J, Muthurajan UM, Palacio M, Mahadevan J, Roberts G, Erbse AH, Dyer PN, Luger K. The BRCT domain of PARP1 binds intact DNA and mediates intrastrand transfer. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4994-5006.e5. [PMID: 34919819 PMCID: PMC8769213 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PARP1 is a key player in the response to DNA damage and is the target of clinical inhibitors for the treatment of cancers. Binding of PARP1 to damaged DNA leads to activation wherein PARP1 uses NAD+ to add chains of poly(ADP-ribose) onto itself and other nuclear proteins. PARP1 also binds abundantly to intact DNA and chromatin, where it remains enzymatically inactive. We show that intact DNA makes contacts with the PARP1 BRCT domain, which was not previously recognized as a DNA-binding domain. This binding mode does not result in the concomitant reorganization and activation of the catalytic domain. We visualize the BRCT domain bound to nucleosomal DNA by cryogenic electron microscopy and identify a key motif conserved from ancestral BRCT domains for binding phosphates on DNA and phospho-peptides. Finally, we demonstrate that the DNA-binding properties of the BRCT domain contribute to the "monkey-bar mechanism" that mediates DNA transfer of PARP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Uma M Muthurajan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Megan Palacio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jyothi Mahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Genevieve Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Annette H Erbse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Pamela N Dyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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28
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HPF1 dynamically controls the PARP1/2 balance between initiating and elongating ADP-ribose modifications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6675. [PMID: 34795260 PMCID: PMC8602370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 produce poly(ADP-ribose) in response to DNA breaks. HPF1 regulates PARP1/2 catalytic output, most notably permitting serine modification with ADP-ribose. However, PARP1 is substantially more abundant in cells than HPF1, challenging whether HPF1 can pervasively modulate PARP1. Here, we show biochemically that HPF1 efficiently regulates PARP1/2 catalytic output at sub-stoichiometric ratios matching their relative cellular abundances. HPF1 rapidly associates/dissociates from multiple PARP1 molecules, initiating serine modification before modification initiates on glutamate/aspartate, and accelerating initiation to be more comparable to elongation reactions forming poly(ADP-ribose). This “hit and run” mechanism ensures HPF1 contributions to PARP1/2 during initiation do not persist and interfere with PAR chain elongation. We provide structural insights into HPF1/PARP1 assembled on a DNA break, and assess HPF1 impact on PARP1 retention on DNA. Our data support the prevalence of serine-ADP-ribose modification in cells and the efficiency of serine-ADP-ribose modification required for an acute DNA damage response. HPF1 controls the ADP-ribosylation activity of PARP1/2 in response to DNA breaks. Here, the authors show that HPF1 regulates the balance between ADP-ribose initiation and elongation through a dynamic interaction that accelerates the initiation rate on serine residues.
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29
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Spiegel JO, Van Houten B, Durrant JD. PARP1: Structural insights and pharmacological targets for inhibition. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103125. [PMID: 33940558 PMCID: PMC8206044 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1, also known as ADPRT1) is a multifunctional human ADP-ribosyltransferase. It plays a role in multiple DNA repair pathways, including the base excision repair (BER), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and Okazaki-fragment processing pathways. In response to DNA strand breaks, PARP1 covalently attaches ADP-ribose moieties to arginine, glutamate, aspartate, cysteine, lysine, and serine acceptor sites on both itself and other proteins. This signal recruits DNA repair proteins to the site of DNA damage. PARP1 binding to these sites enhances ADP-ribosylation via allosteric communication between the distant DNA binding and catalytic domains. In this review, we provide a general overview of PARP1 and emphasize novel potential approaches for pharmacological inhibition. Clinical PARP1 inhibitors bind the catalytic pocket, where they directly interfere with ADP-ribosylation. Some inhibitors may further enhance potency by "trapping" PARP1 on DNA via an allosteric mechanism, though this proposed mode of action remains controversial. PARP1 inhibitors are used clinically to treat some cancers, but resistance is common, so novel pharmacological approaches are urgently needed. One approach may be to design novel small molecules that bind at inter-domain interfaces that are essential for PARP1 allostery. To illustrate these points, this review also includes instructive videos showing PARP1 structures and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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30
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van Beek L, McClay É, Patel S, Schimpl M, Spagnolo L, Maia de Oliveira T. PARP Power: A Structural Perspective on PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3 in DNA Damage Repair and Nucleosome Remodelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105112. [PMID: 34066057 PMCID: PMC8150716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) 1-3 are well-known multi-domain enzymes, catalysing the covalent modification of proteins, DNA, and themselves. They attach mono- or poly-ADP-ribose to targets using NAD+ as a substrate. Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is central to the important functions of PARP enzymes in the DNA damage response and nucleosome remodelling. Activation of PARP happens through DNA binding via zinc fingers and/or the WGR domain. Modulation of their activity using PARP inhibitors occupying the NAD+ binding site has proven successful in cancer therapies. For decades, studies set out to elucidate their full-length molecular structure and activation mechanism. In the last five years, significant advances have progressed the structural and functional understanding of PARP1-3, such as understanding allosteric activation via inter-domain contacts, how PARP senses damaged DNA in the crowded nucleus, and the complementary role of histone PARylation factor 1 in modulating the active site of PARP. Here, we review these advances together with the versatility of PARP domains involved in DNA binding, the targets and shape of PARylation and the role of PARPs in nucleosome remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Beek
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Éilís McClay
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QQ, UK;
| | - Saleha Patel
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK;
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Spagnolo
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QQ, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.M.d.O.)
| | - Taiana Maia de Oliveira
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK; (L.v.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (T.M.d.O.)
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31
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Weixler L, Schäringer K, Momoh J, Lüscher B, Feijs KLH, Žaja R. ADP-ribosylation of RNA and DNA: from in vitro characterization to in vivo function. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3634-3650. [PMID: 33693930 PMCID: PMC8053099 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of DNA, RNA and proteins is altered dynamically in response to physiological and pathological cues, partly achieved by their modification. While the modification of proteins with ADP-ribose has been well studied, nucleic acids were only recently identified as substrates for ADP-ribosylation by mammalian enzymes. RNA and DNA can be ADP-ribosylated by specific ADP-ribosyltransferases such as PARP1-3, PARP10 and tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase (TRPT1). Evidence suggests that these enzymes display different preferences towards different oligonucleotides. These reactions are reversed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases of the macrodomain and ARH families, such as MACROD1, TARG1, PARG, ARH1 and ARH3. Most findings derive from in vitro experiments using recombinant components, leaving the relevance of this modification in cells unclear. In this Survey and Summary, we provide an overview of the enzymes that ADP-ribosylate nucleic acids, the reversing hydrolases, and the substrates' requirements. Drawing on data available for other organisms, such as pierisin1 from cabbage butterflies and the bacterial toxin-antitoxin system DarT-DarG, we discuss possible functions for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation in mammals. Hypothesized roles for nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation include functions in DNA damage repair, in antiviral immunity or as non-conventional RNA cap. Lastly, we assess various methods potentially suitable for future studies of nucleic acid ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weixler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Schäringer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Momoh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karla L H Feijs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roko Žaja
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Rudolph J, Roberts G, Muthurajan UM, Luger K. HPF1 and nucleosomes mediate a dramatic switch in activity of PARP1 from polymerase to hydrolase. eLife 2021; 10:65773. [PMID: 33683197 PMCID: PMC8012059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an important player in the response to DNA damage. Recently, Histone PARylation Factor (HPF1) was shown to be a critical modulator of the activity of PARP1 by facilitating PARylation of histones and redirecting the target amino acid specificity from acidic to serine residues. Here, we investigate the mechanism and specific consequences of HPF1-mediated PARylation using nucleosomes as both activators and substrates for PARP1. HPF1 provides that catalytic base Glu284 to substantially redirect PARylation by PARP1 such that the histones in nucleosomes become the primary recipients of PAR chains. Surprisingly, HPF1 partitions most of the reaction product to free ADP-ribose (ADPR), resulting in much shorter PAR chains compared to reactions in the absence of HPF1. This HPF1-mediated switch from polymerase to hydrolase has important implications for the PARP1-mediated response to DNA damage and raises interesting new questions about the role of intracellular ADPR and depletion of NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Genevieve Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Uma M Muthurajan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Karolin Luger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
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33
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Eleazer R, Fondufe‐Mittendorf YN. The multifaceted role of PARP1 in RNA biogenesis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2021; 12:e1617. [PMID: 32656996 PMCID: PMC7856298 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are abundant nuclear proteins that synthesize ADP ribose polymers (pADPr) and catalyze the addition of (p)ADPr to target biomolecules. PARP1, the most abundant and well-studied PARP, is a multifunctional enzyme that participates in numerous critical cellular processes. A considerable amount of PARP research has focused on PARP1's role in DNA damage. However, an increasing body of evidence outlines more routine roles for PARP and PARylation in nearly every step of RNA biogenesis and metabolism. PARP1's involvement in these RNA processes is pleiotropic and has been ascribed to PARP1's unique flexible domain structures. PARP1 domains are modular self-arranged enabling it to recognize structurally diverse substrates and to act simultaneously through multiple discrete mechanisms. These mechanisms include direct PARP1-protein binding, PARP1-nucleic acid binding, covalent PARylation of target molecules, covalent autoPARylation, and induction of noncovalent interactions with PAR molecules. A combination of these mechanisms has been implicated in PARP1's context-specific regulation of RNA biogenesis and metabolism. We examine the mechanisms of PARP1 regulation in transcription initiation, elongation and termination, co-transcriptional splicing, RNA export, and post-transcriptional RNA processing. Finally, we consider promising new investigative avenues for PARP1 involvement in these processes with an emphasis on PARP1 regulation of subcellular condensates. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Eleazer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Yvonne N. Fondufe‐Mittendorf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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Okunlola FO, Soremekun OS, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Investigating the Mechanistic Inhibitory Discrepancies of Novel Halogen and Alkyl Di-Substituted Oxadiazole-Based Dibenzo-Azepine-Dione Derivatives on Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000802. [PMID: 33289285 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have established the involvement of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in cancer presenting it as an important therapeutic target over recent years. Although homology among the PARP protein family makes selective targeting difficult, two compounds [d11 (0.939 μM) and d21 (0.047 μM)] with disparate inhibitory potencies against PARP-1 were recently identified. In this study, free energy calculations and molecular simulations were used to decipher underlying mechanisms of differential PARP-1 inhibition exhibited by the two compounds. The thermodynamics calculation revealed that compound d21 had a relatively higher ΔGbind than d11. High involvement of van der Waal and electrostatic effects potentiated the affinity of d21 at PARP-1 active site. More so, incorporated methyl moiety in d11 accounted for steric hindrance which, in turn, prevented complementary interactions of key site residues such as TYR889, MET890, TYR896, TYR907. Conformational studies also revealed that d21 is more stabilized for interactions in the active site compared to d11. We believe that findings from this study would provide an important avenue for the development of selective PARP-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix O Okunlola
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Opeyemi S Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Kumar M, Jaiswal RK, Yadava PK, Singh RP. An assessment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 role in normal and cancer cells. Biofactors 2020; 46:894-905. [PMID: 33098603 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a superfamily of 18 proteins characterized by the PARP homology domain, the catalytic domain. This catalytic domain helps in the ADP-ribosylation of various acceptor proteins using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a donor for ADP-ribose. PARP-1 and PARP-2 carry out 80% of poly-ADP-ribosylation of cellular protein. Hence, their combined knockout results in embryonic lethality of mice. PARP-1 consists of three major domains, namely, DNA binding domain, automodification domain, and a catalytic domain. These domains further consist of subdomains and motifs, which helps PARP-1 in a diverse function. PARP-1 is mainly involved in DNA damage detection and repair, but emerging evidence suggests its role in many other functions such as DNA synthesis, replication, apoptosis, necrosis, and cancer progression. Herein, we review the current state of the PARP-1 role in DNA damage repair and other biological processes including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We have also observed the role of PARP-1 in modulating EMT regulators like E-cadherin, Vimentin, Claudin-1, Snail, Smad-4, Twist-1, and β-catenin. Here, we have also attempted to relate the role of PARP-1 in EMT of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pramod K Yadava
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Zhao Y, Zhang LX, Jiang T, Long J, Ma ZY, Lu AP, Cheng Y, Cao DS. The ups and downs of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 inhibitors in cancer therapy–Current progress and future direction. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Using sulfuramidimidoyl fluorides that undergo sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange for inverse drug discovery. Nat Chem 2020; 12:906-913. [PMID: 32868886 PMCID: PMC7541551 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug candidates that form covalent linkages with their target proteins have been under-explored compared to conventional counterparts that modulate biological function by reversible binding to proteins, in part due to concerns about off-target reactivity. But toxicity linked to off-target reactivity can be minimized by using latent electrophiles that only become activated towards covalent bond formation upon binding a specific protein. Here, we study sulfuramidimidoyl fluorides (SAFs), a class of weak electrophiles that undergo sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) chemistry. We show that equilibrium binding of a SAF to a protein can allow nucleophilic attack by a specific amino acid side chain leading to conjugate formation. Sixteen small molecules, each bearing a SAF electrophile, were incubated with human cell lysate, and the protein conjugates formed were identified by affinity chromatography–mass spectrometry. This inverse drug discovery approach identified a compound that covalently binds to, and irreversibly inhibits the activity of PARP1, an important anti-cancer target in living cells.
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Xu SJ, Wang X, Wang TY, Lin ZZ, Hu YJ, Huang ZL, Yang XJ, Xu P. Flavonoids from Rosaroxburghii Tratt prevent reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage in thymus cells both combined with and without PARP-1 expression after exposure to radiation in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16368-16389. [PMID: 32862153 PMCID: PMC7485694 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the role of FRT in ROS/DNA regulation with or without PARP-1 in radiation-injured thymus cells. The administration of FRT to PARP-1-/- (KO) mice demonstrated that FRT significantly increased the viability of thymus cells and decreased their rate of apoptosis through PARP-1. Radiation increased the levels of ROS, γ-H2AX and 53BP1, and induced DNA double strand breaks. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, levels of ROS, γ-H2AX and 53BP1 in KO mice were much less elevated. The FRT treatment groups also showed little reduction in these indicators in KO mice compared with WT mice. The results of the KO mice study indicated that FRT reduced ROS activation through inhibition of PARP-1. Furthermore, FRT reduced the concentrations of γ-H2AX by decreasing ROS activation. However, we found that FRT did not regulate 53BP1, a marker of DNA damage, because of its elimination of ROS. Levels of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), exhibited no significant difference after irradiation in KO mice. To summarize, ROS suppression by PARP-1 knockout in KO mice highlights potential therapeutic target either by PARP-1 inhibition combined with radiation or by treatment with a drug therapy alone. AIF-induced apoptosis could not be activated in KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Juan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tao-Yang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Zhan Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Jian Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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Kadam A, Jubin T, Roychowdhury R, Begum R. Role of PARP-1 in mitochondrial homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129669. [PMID: 32553688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a well characterised protein that accounts for the majority of PARylation reactions using NAD+ as a substrate, regulating diverse cellular functions. In addition to its nuclear functions, several recent studies have identified localization of PARP-1 in mitochondria and emphasized its possible role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Various reports suggest that nuclear PARP-1 has been implicated in diverse mitochondria-specific communication processes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present review emphasizes on the potential role of PARP-1 in mitochondrial processes such as bioenergetics, mtDNA maintenance, cell death and mitophagy. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The origin of mitochondrial PARP-1 is still an enigma; however researchers are trying to establish the cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial PARP-1 and how these PARP-1 pools modulate mitochondrial activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A better understanding of the possible role of PARP-1 in mitochondrial homeostasis helps us to explore the potential therapeutic targets to protect mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Tina Jubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rittwika Roychowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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Lu Y, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Yang C, Qian Y, Suo J, Tao X, Zhu J. Duloxetine Attenuates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Nerve Injury by Inhibiting p53-Related Pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:453-462. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Jannetti SA, Zeglis BM, Zalutsky MR, Reiner T. Poly(ADP-Ribose)Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors and Radiation Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:170. [PMID: 32194409 PMCID: PMC7062869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a DNA repair enzyme highly expressed in the nuclei of mammalian cells, with a structure and function that have attracted interest since its discovery. PARP inhibitors, moreover, can be used to induce synthetic lethality in cells where the homologous recombination (HR) pathway is deficient. Several small molecule PARP inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for multiple cancers bearing this deficiency These PARP inhibitors also act as radiosensitizing agents by delaying single strand break (SSB) repair and causing subsequent double strand break (DSB) generation, a concept that has been leveraged in various preclinical models of combination therapy with PARP inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Researchers have determined the efficacy of various PARP inhibitors at sub-cytotoxic concentrations in radiosensitizing multiple human cancer cell lines to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, several groups have begun evaluating combination therapy strategies in mouse models of cancer, and a fluorescent imaging agent that allows for subcellular imaging in real time has been developed from a PARP inhibitor scaffold. Other PARP inhibitor scaffolds have been radiolabeled to create PET imaging agents, some of which have also entered clinical trials. Most recently, these highly targeted small molecules have been radiolabeled with therapeutic isotopes to create radiotherapeutics and radiotheranostics in cancers whose primary interventions are surgical resection and whole-body radiotherapy. In this review we discuss the utilization of these small molecules in combination therapies and in scaffolds for imaging agents, radiotherapeutics, and radiotheranostics. Development of these radiolabeled PARP inhibitors has presented promising results for new interventions in the fight against some of the most intractable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Jannetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael R. Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Min A, Im SA. PARP Inhibitors as Therapeutics: Beyond Modulation of PARylation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020394. [PMID: 32046300 PMCID: PMC7072193 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 is an essential molecule in DNA damage response by sensing DNA damage and docking DNA repair proteins on the damaged DNA site through a type of posttranslational modification, poly (ADP-Ribosyl)ation (PARylation). PARP inhibitors, which inhibit PARylation through competitively binding to NAD+ binding site of PARP1 and PARP2, have improved clinical benefits for BRCA mutated tumors, leading to their accelerated clinical application. However, the antitumor activities of PARP inhibitors in clinical development are different, due to PARP trapping activity beyond blocking PARylation reactions. In this review, we comprehensively address the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action of PARP inhibitors. We will also discuss the different effects of PARP inhibitors in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents regarding the mechanism of regulating PARylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahrum Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-0850; Fax: +82-2-765-7081
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The Enigmatic Function of PARP1: From PARylation Activity to PAR Readers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121625. [PMID: 31842403 PMCID: PMC6953017 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs, also known as ARTDs) and then rapidly removed by degrading enzymes. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is produced from PARylation and provides a delicate and spatiotemporal interaction scaffold for numerous target proteins. The PARylation system, consisting of PAR synthesizers and erasers and PAR itself and readers, plays diverse roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), DNA repair, transcription, replication, chromatin remodeling, metabolism, and cell death. Despite great efforts by scientists in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, and pharmacology over the last five decades, the biology of PARPs and PARylation remains enigmatic. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological function of PARP1 (ARTD1), the founding member of the PARP family, focusing on the inter-dependent or -independent nature of different functional domains of the PARP1 protein. We also discuss the readers of PAR, whose function may transduce signals and coordinate the cellular processes, which has recently emerged as a new research avenue for PARP biology. We aim to provide some perspective on how future research might disentangle the biology of PARylation by dissecting the structural and functional relationship of PARP1, a major effector of the PARPs family.
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Matkarimov BT, Zharkov DO, Saparbaev MK. Mechanistic insight into the role of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in DNA topology modulation and response to DNA damage. Mutagenesis 2019; 35:107-118. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGenotoxic stress generates single- and double-strand DNA breaks either through direct damage by reactive oxygen species or as intermediates of DNA repair. Failure to detect and repair DNA strand breaks leads to deleterious consequences such as chromosomal aberrations, genomic instability and cell death. DNA strand breaks disrupt the superhelical state of cellular DNA, which further disturbs the chromatin architecture and gene activity regulation. Proteins from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, such as PARP1 and PARP2, use NAD+ as a substrate to catalyse the synthesis of polymeric chains consisting of ADP-ribose units covalently attached to an acceptor molecule. PARP1 and PARP2 are regarded as DNA damage sensors that, upon activation by strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate themselves and nuclear acceptor proteins. Noteworthy, the regularly branched structure of poly(ADP-ribose) polymer suggests that the mechanism of its synthesis may involve circular movement of PARP1 around the DNA helix, with a branching point in PAR corresponding to one complete 360° turn. We propose that PARP1 stays bound to a DNA strand break end, but rotates around the helix displaced by the growing poly(ADP-ribose) chain, and that this rotation could introduce positive supercoils into damaged chromosomal DNA. This topology modulation would enable nucleosome displacement and chromatin decondensation around the lesion site, facilitating the access of DNA repair proteins or transcription factors. PARP1-mediated DNA supercoiling can be transmitted over long distances, resulting in changes in the high-order chromatin structures. The available structures of PARP1 are consistent with the strand break-induced PAR synthesis as a driving force for PARP1 rotation around the DNA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Murat K Saparbaev
- Groupe «Réparation de l’ADN», Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
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Alemasova EE, Lavrik OI. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1: reaction mechanism and regulatory proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3811-3827. [PMID: 30799503 PMCID: PMC6486540 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is posttranslational modification of proteins by linear or branched chains of ADP-ribose units, originating from NAD+. The central enzyme for PAR production in cells and the main target of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during DNA damage is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). PARP1 ability to function as a catalytic and acceptor protein simultaneously made a considerable contribution to accumulation of contradictory data. This topic is directly related to other questions, such as the stoichiometry of PARP1 molecules in auto-modification reaction, direction of the chain growth during PAR elongation and functional coupling of PARP1 with PARylation targets. Besides DNA damage necessary for the folding of catalytically active PARP1, other mechanisms appear to be required for the relevant intensity and specificity of PARylation reaction. Indeed, in recent years, PARP research has been enriched by the discovery of novel PARP1 interaction partners modulating its enzymatic activity. Understanding the details of PARP1 catalytic mechanism and its regulation is especially important in light of PARP-targeted therapy and may significantly aid to PARP inhibitors drug design. In this review we summarize old and up-to-date literature to clarify several points concerning PARylation mechanism and discuss different ways for regulation of PAR synthesis by accessory proteins reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta E Alemasova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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46
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Wang L, Gu Y, Zhang J, Gong L. Effects of Sleep Deprivation (SD) on Rats via ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2886-2895. [PMID: 31002658 PMCID: PMC6486800 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep deprivation (SD) is common in humans, and sleep loss has a significant influence on health and produces related diseases. Orexin-A has been demonstrated to play a role in physiological processes, including feeding, sleep/wake cycle, and energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SD on rats and to define the underlying mechanism. Material/Methods We constructed an SD rat model. The Morris water maze test was used to assess rat learning and memory. Imaging of hippocampus and hippocampal tissue in rats were captured by magnetic resonance imaging or electron microscopy. We used the CCK-8 kit to assess cell viability. The level of protein was measured using Western blot analysis, and qRT-PCR was used to evaluate mRNA level. Results SD rats had poorer learning and memory and had damage to the hippocampus. SD resulted in shrinkage of hippocampal volume and encephalocele size. SD increased the expression of Orexin-A, OX1R, OX2R, and PARP-1, and decreased the expression of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2. Orexin-A (0–10 μM) improved neuron viability, whereas orexin-A (10–100 μM) attenuated neuron viability. SB334867 treatment reduced the viability of neurons treated with orexin-A. NU1025 treatment increased cell viability, especially in neurons treated with orexin-A. SB334867 treatment decreased the p-ERK1/2 levels in neurons treated with orexin-A. NU1025 increased the expression of p-ERK1/2 in neurons treated with orexin-A. Conclusions SD decreases learning and memory through damage to the hippocampus. Higher concentrations of orexin-A had a major negative effect on hippocampal neurons via OX1R and PARP-1 through inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Youyi Gu
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Kouyama K, Mayanagi K, Nakae S, Nishi Y, Miwa M, Shirai T. Single-particle analysis of full-length human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Biophys Physicobiol 2019; 16:59-67. [PMID: 30923663 PMCID: PMC6435018 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.16.0_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PolyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is a posttranslational modification that is involved in the various cellular functions including DNA repair, genomic stability, and transcriptional regulation. PARylation is catalyzed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family proteins, which mainly recognize damaged DNA and initiate repair processes. PARP inhibitors are expected to be novel anticancer drugs for breast and ovarian cancers having mutation in BRCA tumor suppressor genes. However the structure of intact (full-length) PARP is not yet known. We have produced and purified the full-length human PARP1 (h-PARP1), which is the major family member of PARPs, and analyzed it with single particle electron microscopy. The electron microscopic images and the reconstructed 3D density map revealed a dimeric configuration of the h-PARP1, in which two ring-shaped subunits are associated with two-fold symmetry. Although the PARP1 is hypothesized to form a dimer on damaged DNA, the quaternary structure of this protein is still controversial. The present result would provide the first structural evidence of the dimeric structure of PARP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kouyama
- Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Kouta Mayanagi
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakae
- Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nishi
- Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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48
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Palazzo L, Ahel I. PARPs in genome stability and signal transduction: implications for cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1681-1695. [PMID: 30420415 PMCID: PMC6299239 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily of enzymes catalyses the ADP-ribosylation (ADPr) of target proteins by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a donor. ADPr reactions occur either in the form of attachment of a single ADP-ribose nucleotide unit on target proteins or in the form of ADP-ribose chains, with the latter called poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. PARPs regulate many cellular processes, including the maintenance of genome stability and signal transduction. In this review, we focus on the PARP family members that possess the ability to modify proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, namely PARP1, PARP2, Tankyrase-1, and Tankyrase-2. Here, we detail the cellular functions of PARP1 and PARP2 in the regulation of DNA damage response and describe the function of Tankyrases in Wnt-mediated signal transduction. Furthermore, we discuss how the understanding of these pathways has provided some major breakthroughs in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
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Kamada Y, Yakabu H, Ichiba T, Tamanaha A, Shimoji M, Kato M, Norimoto C, Yamashiro R, Miyagi I, Sakudo A, Tanaka Y. Castalagin and vescalagin purified from leaves of Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill & L.M. Perry: Dual inhibitory activity against PARP1 and DNA topoisomerase II. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes are broadly involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. PARP-1 is the chief human PARP enzyme involved in the DNA damage response, acting as a first responder that detects DNA strand breaks, and contributes to repair pathway choice and the efficiency of repair through modulation of chromatin structure and through interaction with and modification of a multitude of DNA repair factors. This perspective summarizes our knowledge of PARP-1 involvement in DNA repair pathways, and highlights recent structural and functional data regarding the activation of PARP-1 upon detecting DNA damage, and the release and trapping of PARP-1 at sites of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pascal
- Université de Montréal, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Roger-Gaudry Pavillon, D-347, Montréal, Qc H3T 1J4 Canada.
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