1
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Khiar-Fernández N, Zian D, Vázquez-Villa H, Martínez RF, Escobar-Peña A, Foronda-Sainz R, Ray M, Puigdomenech-Poch M, Cincilla G, Sánchez-Martínez M, Kihara Y, Chun J, López-Vales R, López-Rodríguez ML, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. Novel Antagonist of the Type 2 Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor (LPA 2), UCM-14216, Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10956-10974. [PMID: 35948083 PMCID: PMC9421655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) irreversibly disrupt spinal
connectivity,
leading to permanent neurological disabilities. Current medical treatments
for reducing the secondary damage that follows the initial injury
are limited to surgical decompression and anti-inflammatory drugs,
so there is a pressing need for new therapeutic strategies. Inhibition
of the type 2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPA2) has
recently emerged as a new potential pharmacological approach to decrease
SCI-associated damage. Toward validating this receptor as a target
in SCI, we have developed a new series of LPA2 antagonists,
among which compound 54 (UCM-14216) stands out as a potent
and selective LPA2 receptor antagonist (Emax = 90%, IC50 = 1.9 μM, KD = 1.3 nM; inactive at LPA1,3–6 receptors).
This compound shows efficacy in an in vivo mouse model of SCI in an
LPA2-dependent manner, confirming the potential of LPA2 inhibition for providing a new alternative for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Khiar-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - R Fernando Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Andrea Escobar-Peña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Román Foronda-Sainz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Manisha Ray
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Maria Puigdomenech-Poch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, BarcelonaE-08193, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cincilla
- Molomics, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri i Reixac 4-8, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Melchor Sánchez-Martínez
- Molomics, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri i Reixac 4-8, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.,Burua Scientific, Sant Pere de Ribes E-08810, Spain
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, BarcelonaE-08193, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
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2
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special? Cells 2021; 10:cells10082059. [PMID: 34440828 PMCID: PMC8394178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.
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3
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Nagarajan S, Qian ZY, Marimuthu P, Alkayed NJ, Kaul S, Barnes AP. Mapping the Molecular Architecture Required for Lipid-Binding Pockets Using a Subset of Established and Orphan G-Protein Coupled Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3442-3452. [PMID: 34242503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) sense a wide variety of stimuli, including lipids, and transduce signals to the intracellular environment to exert various physiological responses. However, the structural features of GPCRs responsible for detecting and triggering responses to distinct lipid ligands have only recently begun to be revealed. 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) is one such lipid mediator that plays an essential role in the vascular system, displaying both vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. We recently reported multiple low-affinity 14,15-EET-binding GPCRs, but the mechanism by which these receptors sense 14,15-EET remains unclear. Here, we have taken a combined computational and experimental approach to identify and confirm critical residues and properties within the lipid-binding pocket. Furthermore, we generated mutants to engineer selected GPCR-predicted binding sites to either confer or abolish 14,15-EET-induced signaling. Our structure-function analyses indicate that hydrophobic and positively charged residues of the receptor-binding pocket are prerequisites for recognizing lipid ligands such as 14,15-EET and possibly other eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Nagarajan
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Zu Yuan Qian
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Parthiban Marimuthu
- Pharmaceutical Science Laboratory and Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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4
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Solís KH, Romero-Ávila MT, Guzmán-Silva A, García-Sáinz JA. The LPA 3 Receptor: Regulation and Activation of Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136704. [PMID: 34201414 PMCID: PMC8269014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid 3 receptor (LPA3) participates in different physiological actions and in the pathogenesis of many diseases through the activation of different signal pathways. Knowledge of the regulation of the function of the LPA3 receptor is a crucial element for defining its roles in health and disease. This review describes what is known about the signaling pathways activated in terms of its various actions. Next, we review knowledge on the structure of the LPA3 receptor, the domains found, and the roles that the latter might play in ligand recognition, signaling, and cellular localization. Currently, there is some information on the action of LPA3 in different cells and whole organisms, but very little is known about the regulation of its function. Areas in which there is a gap in our knowledge are indicated in order to further stimulate experimental work on this receptor and on other members of the LPA receptor family. We are convinced that knowledge on how this receptor is activated, the signaling pathways employed and how the receptor internalization and desensitization are controlled will help design new therapeutic interventions for treating diseases in which the LPA3 receptor is implicated.
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5
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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6
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Tigyi GJ, Johnson LR, Lee SC, Norman DD, Szabo E, Balogh A, Thompson K, Boler A, McCool WS. Lysophosphatidic acid type 2 receptor agonists in targeted drug development offer broad therapeutic potential. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:464-474. [PMID: 30692142 PMCID: PMC6399510 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth factor-like lipid mediator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is a potent signaling molecule that influences numerous physiologic and pathologic processes. Manipulation of LPA signaling is of growing pharmacotherapeutic interest, especially because LPA resembles compounds with drug-like features. The action of LPA is mediated through activation of multiple types of molecular targets, including six G protein-coupled receptors that are clear targets for drug development. However, the LPA signaling has been linked to pathological responses that include promotion of fibrosis, atherogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Thus, a question arises: Can we harness, in an LPA-like drug, the many beneficial activities of this lipid without eliciting its dreadful actions? We developed octadecyl thiophosphate (OTP; subsequently licensed as Rx100), an LPA mimic with higher stability in vivo than LPA. This article highlights progress made toward developing analogs like OTP and exploring prosurvival and regenerative LPA signaling. We determined that LPA prevents cell death triggered by various cellular stresses, including genotoxic stressors, and rescues cells condemned to apoptosis. LPA2 agonists provide a new treatment option for secretory diarrhea and reduce gastric erosion caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The potential uses of LPA2 agonists like OTP and sulfamoyl benzoic acid-based radioprotectins must be further explored for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- RxBio Inc. Memphis, TN 38163
- Research Division Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Leonard R Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- RxBio Inc. Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
- Research Division Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Erzsebet Szabo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163
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7
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Blaho VA, Chun J. 'Crystal' Clear? Lysophospholipid Receptor Structure Insights and Controversies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:953-966. [PMID: 30343728 PMCID: PMC6201317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs), particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), are bioactive lipid modulators of cellular homeostasis and pathology. The discovery and characterization of five S1P- and six LPA-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), S1P1-5 and LPA1-6, have expanded their known involvement in all mammalian physiological systems. Resolution of the S1P1, LPA1, and LPA6 crystal structures has fueled the growing interest in these receptors and their ligands as targets for pharmacological manipulation. In this review, we have attempted to provide an integrated overview of the three crystallized LPL GPCRs with biochemical and physiological structure-function data. Finally, we provide a novel discussion of how chaperones for LPLs may be considered when extrapolating crystallographic and computational data toward understanding actual biological interactions and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Blaho
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Degenerative Diseases Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Degenerative Diseases Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Yang F, Chen GX. Production of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in the regulation of adipocyte functions and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4132-4151. [PMID: 30271079 PMCID: PMC6158478 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a glycerophospholipid, consists of a glycerol backbone connected to a phosphate head group and an acyl chain linked to sn-1 or sn-2 position. In the circulation, LPA is in sub-millimolar range and mainly derived from hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine, a process mediated by lysophospholipase D activity in proteins such as autotaxin (ATX). Intracellular and extracellular LPAs act as bioactive lipid mediators with diverse functions in almost every mammalian cell type. The binding of LPA to its receptors LPA1-6 activates multiple cellular processes such as migration, proliferation and survival. The production of LPA and activation of LPA receptor signaling pathways in the events of physiology and pathophysiology have attracted the interest of researchers. Results from studies using transgenic and gene knockout animals with alterations of ATX and LPA receptors genes, have revealed the roles of LPA signaling pathways in metabolic active tissues and organs. The present review was aimed to summarize recent progresses in the studies of extracellular and intracellular LPA production pathways. This includes the functional, structural and biochemical properties of ATX and LPA receptors. The potential roles of LPA production and LPA receptor signaling pathways in obesity, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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9
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Ishii S, Tsujiuchi T, Fukushima N. Functional characterization of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 mutants identified in rat cancer tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:767-773. [PMID: 28342860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an extracellular lipid mediator, exerts various cellular effects through activation of LPA receptors, LPA1-LPA6, in many types of cells including cancer cells. We recently found several missense mutations of Lpar1 in rat cancer tissues. One of these mutations is located at the extracellular tip of the seventh transmembrane domain of LPA1, and another three mutations are found within the NPXXY motif in the seventh transmembrane domain. These mutants are designated F295S LPA1 and P308S, I310T, and Y311H LPA1, respectively. Here, we examined the functions of these LPA1 mutants. Compared with wild-type (WT) LPA1, F295S, P308S, and I310T LPA1 showed decreased maximal responses in inhibition of cAMP formation, Ca2+ mobilization, and cytoskeletal changes. Y311H LPA1 failed to show LPA-induced cellular responses. However, these LPA1 mutants were internalized in response to LPA exposure. Finally, while WT and F295S LPA1 showed a similar, broad distribution throughout the cell, P308S, I310T, and Y311H LPA1 displayed a restricted cellular distribution and co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum. These data suggest that the LPA1 mutants perturb LPA signaling in cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Ishii
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Japan.
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10
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Lys39-Lysophosphatidate Carbonyl Oxygen Interaction Locks LPA1 N-terminal Cap to the Orthosteric Site and partners Arg124 During Receptor Activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13343. [PMID: 26268898 PMCID: PMC4542628 DOI: 10.1038/srep13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 (LPA1) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors mediating the biological response to LPA species. Lack of detailed mechanism underlying LPA/LPA1 interaction has hampered the development of specific antagonists. Here, novel N-terminal Lys39 has been identified as a key residue during LPA-type agonist binding and LPA1 activation. Analysis of the molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories showed that LPA-type agonist but not VPC-32183 (antagonist) evolved structures with classical GPCR activation signatures such as reduced cytoplasmic transmembrane (TM) 3/TM6 dynamic network, ruptured ionic lock, and formation of a continuous and highly ordered internal water pathway was also observed. In activated state, LPA-type agonists interact with Arg124 (R3.28), Gln125 (Q3.29), Lys294 (K7.36) and a novel N-terminal Lys39. Site-directed mutagenesis showed complete loss of intracellular calcium mobilization in B103 cells expressing R3.28A and Lys39Ala when treated with LPA-type agonists. Structurally, LPA-type agonist via Carbonyl-oxygen/Lys39 interaction facilitated the formation of a hypothetical N-terminal cap tightly packed over LPA1 heptahelical bundle. This packing may represent a key mechanism to distinguish an apo-receptor from bound LPA1.
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11
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Binder BYK, Williams PA, Silva EA, Leach JK. Lysophosphatidic Acid and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate: A Concise Review of Biological Function and Applications for Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:531-42. [PMID: 26035484 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presentation and controlled release of bioactive signals to direct cellular growth and differentiation represents a widely used strategy in tissue engineering. Historically, work in this field has primarily focused on the delivery of large cytokines and growth factors, which can be costly to manufacture and difficult to deliver in a sustained manner. There has been a marked increase over the past decade in the pursuit of lipid mediators due to their wide range of effects over multiple cell types, low cost, and ease of scale-up. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are two bioactive lysophospholipids (LPLs) that have gained attention for use as pharmacological agents in tissue engineering applications. While these lipids can have similar effects on cellular response, they possess distinct chemical backbones, mechanisms of synthesis and degradation, and signaling pathways using a discrete set of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). LPA and S1P predominantly act extracellularly on their GPCRs and can directly regulate cell survival, differentiation, cytokine secretion, proliferation, and migration--each of the important functions that must be considered in regenerative medicine. In addition to these potent physiological functions, these LPLs play pivotal roles in a number of pathophysiological processes. To capitalize on the promise of these molecules in tissue engineering, these lipids have been incorporated into biomaterials for in vivo delivery. Here, we survey the effects of LPA and S1P on both cellular- and tissue-level phenotypes, with an eye toward regulating stem/progenitor cell growth and differentiation. In particular, we examine work that has translational applications for cell-based tissue engineering strategies in promoting cell survival, bone and cartilage engineering, and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Y K Binder
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Priscilla A Williams
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - J Kent Leach
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California.,2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, California
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12
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Fukushima N, Ishii S, Tsujiuchi T, Kagawa N, Katoh K. Comparative analyses of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-mediated signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2377-94. [PMID: 25732591 PMCID: PMC11113652 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that activates G protein-coupled LPA receptors to exert fundamental cellular functions. Six LPA receptor genes have been identified in vertebrates and are classified into two subfamilies, the endothelial differentiation genes (edg) and the non-edg family. Studies using genetically engineered mice, frogs, and zebrafish have demonstrated that LPA receptor-mediated signaling has biological, developmental, and pathophysiological functions. Computational analyses have also identified several amino acids (aa) critical for LPA recognition by human LPA receptors. This review focuses on the evolutionary aspects of LPA receptor-mediated signaling by comparing the aa sequences of vertebrate LPA receptors and LPA-producing enzymes; it also summarizes the LPA receptor-dependent effects commonly observed in mouse, frog, and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, 577-8502 Japan
| | - Shoichi Ishii
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Life Science, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, 577-8502 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Science, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Nao Kagawa
- Division of Animal Genetics, Department of Life Science, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Katoh
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Computational Biology Research Center, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors, LPA1-6, are integral parts of signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, migration and survival. These signaling pathways are of therapeutic interest for the treatment of multiple types of cancer and to reduce cancer metastasis and side effects. Validated therapeutic potential of key receptors, as well as recent structure-activity relationships yielding compounds with low nanomolar potencies are exciting recent advances in the field. Some compounds have proven efficacious in vivo against tumor proliferation and metastasis, bone cancer pain and the pulmonary fibrosis that can result as a side effect of pulmonary cancer radiation treatment. However, recent studies have identified that LPA contributes through multiple pathways to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance suggesting new applications for LPA antagonists in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the roles of LPA signaling in cancer pathophysiology and recent progress in the design and evaluation of LPA agonists and antagonists.
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14
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González-Gil I, Zian D, Vázquez-Villa H, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. The status of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor type 1 (LPA1R). MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The current status of the LPA1receptor and its ligands in the drug development pipeline is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Gil
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
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15
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Archbold JK, Martin JL, Sweet MJ. Towards selective lysophospholipid GPCR modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:219-26. [PMID: 24746475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that recognize the lysophospholipids (LPLs) are grouped into two phylogenetically distinct families: the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) and non-Edg GPCRs. Owing to their more recent identification, and hindered by a lack of selective pharmacological tools, our understanding of the functions and signaling pathways of the non-Edg GPCRs is still in its infancy. Targeting the non-conserved allosteric binding sites of the LPL GPCRs shows particular promise for the development of selective modulators by structure-based drug design. However, only one Edg GPCR (S1PR1) structure has been determined to date, and it has low sequence identity with the non-Edg GPCRs (<20%). Thus, a representative structure of a non-Edg GPCR remains a pressing objective for selective structure-based drug design. Obtaining selective modulators targeting the non-Edg receptors would help to unravel the biology behind these novel GPCRs and potentially will support therapeutic treatment of diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Archbold
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Martin
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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16
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Yung YC, Stoddard NC, Chun J. LPA receptor signaling: pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1192-214. [PMID: 24643338 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small ubiquitous lipid found in vertebrate and nonvertebrate organisms that mediates diverse biological actions and demonstrates medicinal relevance. LPA's functional roles are driven by extracellular signaling through at least six 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are named LPA1-6 and signal through numerous effector pathways activated by heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gi/o, G12/13, Gq, and Gs LPA receptor-mediated effects have been described in numerous cell types and model systems, both in vitro and in vivo, through gain- and loss-of-function studies. These studies have revealed physiological and pathophysiological influences on virtually every organ system and developmental stage of an organism. These include the nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, and pulmonary systems. Disturbances in normal LPA signaling may contribute to a range of diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, fibrosis, cancer, infertility, and obesity. These studies underscore the potential of LPA receptor subtypes and related signaling mechanisms to provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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17
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Structural Characterization of an LPA1 Second Extracellular Loop Mimetic with a Self-Assembling Coiled-Coil Folding Constraint. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2788-807. [PMID: 23434648 PMCID: PMC3588015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures are of interest as a means to understand biological signal transduction and as tools for therapeutic discovery. The growing number of GPCR crystal structures demonstrates that the extracellular loops (EL) connecting the membrane-spanning helices show tremendous structural variability relative to the more structurally-conserved seven transmembrane α-helical domains. The EL of the LPA(1) receptor have not yet been conclusively resolved, and bear limited sequence identity to known structures. This study involved development of a peptide to characterize the intrinsic structure of the LPA(1) GPCR second EL. The loop was embedded between two helices that assemble into a coiled-coil, which served as a receptor-mimetic folding constraint (LPA(1)-CC-EL2 peptide). The ensemble of structures from multi-dimensional NMR experiments demonstrated that a robust coiled-coil formed without noticeable deformation due to the EL2 sequence. In contrast, the EL2 sequence showed well-defined structure only near its C-terminal residues. The NMR ensemble was combined with a computational model of the LPA(1) receptor that had previously been validated. The resulting hybrid models were evaluated using docking. Nine different hybrid models interacted with LPA 18:1 as expected, based on prior mutagenesis studies, and one was additionally consistent with antagonist affinity trends.
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18
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Integrating the puzzle pieces: the current atomistic picture of phospholipid-G protein coupled receptor interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:2-12. [PMID: 22982815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A compelling question of how phospholipids interact with their target receptors has been of interest since the first receptor-mediated effects were reported. The recent report of a crystal structure for the S1P(1) receptor in complex with an antagonist phospholipid provides interesting perspective on the insights that had previously been gained through structure-activity studies of the phospholipids, as well as modeling and mutagenesis studies of the receptors. This review integrates these varied lines of investigation in the context of their various contributions to our current understanding of phospholipid-receptor interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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19
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Kiss GN, Fells JI, Gupte R, Lee SC, Liu J, Nusser N, Lim KG, Ray RM, Lin FT, Parrill AL, Sümegi B, Miller DD, Tigyi G. Virtual screening for LPA2-specific agonists identifies a nonlipid compound with antiapoptotic actions. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:1162-73. [PMID: 22968304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a highly potent endogenous lipid mediator that protects and rescues cells from programmed cell death. Earlier work identified the LPA₂ G protein-coupled receptor subtype as an important molecular target of LPA mediating antiapoptotic signaling. Here we describe the results of a virtual screen using single-reference similarity searching that yielded compounds 2-((9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (NSC12404), 2-((3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)propyl)thio)benzoic acid (GRI977143), 4,5-dichloro-2-((9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (H2L5547924), and 2-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl)carbamoyl) benzoic acid (H2L5828102), novel nonlipid and drug-like compounds that are specific for the LPA₂ receptor subtype. We characterized the antiapoptotic action of one of these compounds, GRI977143, which was effective in reducing activation of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 and inhibited poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in different extrinsic and intrinsic models of apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, GRI977143 promoted carcinoma cell invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers and fibroblast proliferation. The antiapoptotic cellular signaling responses were present selectively in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells derived from LPA(1&2) double-knockout mice reconstituted with the LPA₂ receptor and were absent in vector-transduced control cells. GRI977143 was an effective stimulator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and promoted the assembly of a macromolecular signaling complex consisting of LPA₂, Na⁺ - H⁺ exchange regulatory factor 2, and thyroid receptor interacting protein 6, which has been shown previously to be a required step in LPA-induced antiapoptotic signaling. The present findings indicate that nonlipid LPA₂-specific agonists represent an excellent starting point for development of lead compounds with potential therapeutic utility for preventing the programmed cell death involved in many types of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi N Kiss
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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20
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Hwang SH, Shin TJ, Choi SH, Cho HJ, Lee BH, Pyo MK, Lee JH, Kang J, Kim HJ, Park CW, Shin HC, Nah SY. Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affinity. Mol Cells 2012; 33:151-62. [PMID: 22286231 PMCID: PMC3887723 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we isolated a subset of glycolipoproteins from Panax ginseng, that we designated gintonin, and demonstrated that it induced [Ca2+]i transients in cells via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway(s). However, active components responsible for Ca2+ mobilization and the corresponding receptor(s) were unknown. Active component(s) for [Ca2+]i transients of gintonin were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and ion-mobility mass spectrometry, respectively. The corresponding receptor(s)were investigated through gene expression assays. We found that gintonin contains LPA C18:2 and other LPAs. Proteomic analysis showed that ginseng major latex-like protein and ribonuclease-like storage proteins are protein components of gintonin. Gintonin induced [Ca2+]i transients in B103 rat neuroblastoma cells transfected with human LPA receptors with high affinity in order of LPA2 >LPA5 > LPA1 > LPA3 > LPA4. The LPA1/LPA3 receptor antagonist Ki16425 blocked gintonin action in cells expressing LPA1 or LPA3. Mutations of binding sites in the LPA3 receptor attenuated gintonin action. Gintonin acted via pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive and -insensitive G protein-phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-Ca2+ pathways. However, gintonin had no effects on other receptors examined. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) gintonin stimulated cell proliferation and migration. Gintonin stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. PTX blocked gintonin-mediated migration and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In PC12 cells gintonin induced morphological changes, which were blocked by Rho kinase inhibitorY-27632. Gintonin contains GPCR ligand LPAs in complexes with ginseng proteins and could be useful in the development of drugs targeting LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Hwang
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Shin
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Pyo
- International Ginseng and Herb Research Institute, Geumsan 312-804,
Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kang
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
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21
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Abstract
Comparative modeling is a powerful technique to generate models of proteins from families already represented by members with experimentally characterized three-dimensional structures. The method is particularly important for modeling membrane-bound receptors in the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family, such as many of the lipid receptors (such as the cannabinoid, prostanoid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and eicosanoid receptor family members), as these represent particularly challenging targets for experimental structural characterization methods. Although challenging modeling targets, these receptors have been linked to therapeutic indications that vary from nociception to cancer, and thus are of interest as therapeutic targets. Accurate models of lipid receptors are therefore valuable tools in the drug discovery and optimization phases of therapeutic development. This chapter describes the construction and evaluation of comparative structural models of lipid receptors beginning with the selection of template structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
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22
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Tsujiuchi T, Okabe K, Fukushima N. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of lysophosphatidic Acid receptor genes in rodent tumors by experimental models. J Toxicol Pathol 2011; 24:143-8. [PMID: 22272054 PMCID: PMC3234590 DOI: 10.1293/tox.24.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive mediator and induces several biological effects, including cell proliferation, migration, morphogenesis and differentiation. LPA interacts with at least six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including LPA receptor-1 (LPA(1)), LPA(2), LPA(3), LPA(4), LPA(5) and LPA(6). These receptors show different biological functions through the binding of LPA, depending on the type of cells. In human malignancies, a high level of LPA production was found in plasma and ascites in ovarian cancer cases. Moreover, aberrant expression levels of LPA receptor genes were detected in some cancer cells. Therefore, it is suggested that LPA receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of tumor cells as well as LPA per se. Recently, we have reported that alterations of LPA receptor genes also occur in rodent tumors. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence in the investigations of LPA receptor alterations in rodent tumors by experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Tsujiuchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics,
Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki
University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kyoko Okabe
- Division of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics,
Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki
University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukushima
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of
Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1
Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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23
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Valentine WJ, Godwin VI, Osborne DA, Liu J, Fujiwara Y, Van Brocklyn J, Bittman R, Parrill AL, Tigyi G. FTY720 (Gilenya) phosphate selectivity of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1) G protein-coupled receptor requires motifs in intracellular loop 1 and transmembrane domain 2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30513-30525. [PMID: 21719706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FTY720 phosphate (FTY720P) is a high potency agonist for all the endothelial differentiation gene family sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors except S1P receptor subtype 2 (S1P(2)). To map the distinguishing features of S1P(2) ligand recognition, we applied a computational modeling-guided mutagenesis strategy that was based on the high degree of sequence homology between S1P(1) and S1P(2). S1P(2) point mutants of the ligand-binding pocket were characterized. The head group-interacting residues Arg3.28, Glu3.29, and Lys7.34 were essential for activation. Mutation of residues Ala3.32, Leu3.36, Val5.41, Phe6.44, Trp6.48, Ser7.42, and Ser7.46, predicted to interact with the S1P hydrophobic tail, impaired activation by S1P. Replacing individual or multiple residues in the ligand-binding pocket of S1P(2) with S1P(1) sequence did not impart activation by FTY720P. Chimeric S1P(1)/S1P(2) receptors were generated and characterized for activation by S1P or FTY720P. The S1P(2) chimera with S1P(1) sequence from the N terminus to transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) was activated by FTY720P, and the S1P(2)(IC1-TM2)(S1P1) domain insertion chimera showed S1P(1)-like activation. Twelve residues in this domain, distributed in four motifs a-d, differ between S1P(1) and S1P(2). Insertion of (78)RPMYY in motif b alone or simultaneous swapping of five other residues in motifs c and d from S1P(1) into S1P(2) introduced FTY720P responsiveness. Molecular dynamics calculations indicate that FTY720P binding selectivity is a function of the entropic contribution to the binding free energy rather than enthalpic contributions and that preferred agonists retain substantial flexibility when bound. After exposure to FTY720P, the S1P(2)(IC1-TM2)(S1P1) receptor recycled to the plasma membrane, indicating that additional structural elements are required for the selective degradative trafficking of S1P(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Virginia I Godwin
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Daniel A Osborne
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | | | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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24
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Tigyi G. Aiming drug discovery at lysophosphatidic acid targets. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:241-70. [PMID: 20735414 PMCID: PMC2989581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is the prototype member of a family of lipid mediators and second messengers. LPA and its naturally occurring analogues interact with G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface and a nuclear hormone receptor within the cell. In addition, there are several enzymes that utilize LPA as a substrate or generate it as a product and are under its regulatory control. LPA is present in biological fluids, and attempts have been made to link changes in its concentration and molecular composition to specific disease conditions. Through their many targets, members of the LPA family regulate cell survival, apoptosis, motility, shape, differentiation, gene transcription, malignant transformation and more. The present review depicts arbitrary aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of LPA and attempts to link them with select targets. Many of us are now convinced that therapies targeting LPA biosynthesis and signalling are feasible for the treatment of devastating human diseases such as cancer, fibrosis and degenerative conditions. However, successful targeting of the pathways associated with this pleiotropic lipid will depend on the future development of as yet undeveloped pharmacons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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25
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Williams JR, Khandoga AL, Goyal P, Fells JI, Perygin DH, Siess W, Parrill AL, Tigyi G, Fujiwara Y. Unique ligand selectivity of the GPR92/LPA5 lysophosphatidate receptor indicates role in human platelet activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17304-17319. [PMID: 19366702 PMCID: PMC2719366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ligand for LPA(1-3) of the endothelial differentiation gene family G-protein-coupled receptors, and LPA(4-8) is related to the purinergic family G-protein-coupled receptor. Because the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of GPR92/LPA(5) is limited and whether LPA is its preferred endogenous ligand has been questioned in the literature, in this study we applied a combination of computational and experimental site-directed mutagenesis of LPA(5) residues predicted to interact with the headgroup of LPA. Four residues involved in ligand recognition in LPA(5) were identified as follows: R2.60N mutant abolished receptor activation, whereas H4.64E, R6.62A, and R7.32A greatly reduced receptor activation. We also investigated the SAR of LPA(5) using LPA analogs and other non-lysophospholipid ligands. SAR revealed that the rank order of agonists is alkyl glycerol phosphate > LPA > farnesyl phosphates >> N-arachidonoylglycine. These results confirm LPA(5) to be a bona fide lysophospholipid receptor. We also evaluated several compounds with previously established selectivity for the endothelial differentiation gene receptors and found several that are LPA(5) agonists. A pharmacophore model of LPA(5) binding requirements was developed for in silico screening, which identified two non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists. Because LPA(5) transcripts are abundant in human platelets, we tested its antagonists on platelet activation and found that these non-lipid LPA(5) antagonists inhibit platelet activation. The present results suggest that selective inhibition of LPA(5) may provide a basis for future anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica R Williams
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Anna L Khandoga
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - James I Fells
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Donna H Perygin
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Wolfgang Siess
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Abby L Parrill
- From the Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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26
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Lin ME, Herr DR, Chun J. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors: signaling properties and disease relevance. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 91:130-8. [PMID: 20331961 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a water-soluble phospholipid, has gained significant attention in recent years since the discovery that it acts as a potent signaling molecule with wide-ranging effects on many different target tissues. There are currently five identified G protein-coupled receptors for LPA and more are undergoing validation. The complexity of the expression pattern and signaling properties of LPA receptors results in multiple influences on developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. This review provides a summary of LPA receptor signaling and current views on the potential involvement of this pathway in human diseases that include cardiovascular, cancer, neuropathic pain, neuropsychiatric disorders, reproductive disorders, and fibrosis. The involvement of LPA signaling in these processes implicates multiple, potential drug targets including LPA receptor subtypes and LPA metabolizing enzymes. Modulation of LPA signaling may thus provide therapeutic inroads for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-En Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L. Dorris Institute for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can affect the growth, migration, and activation of many different cell types. Research in this field has recently accelerated due to the molecular cloning of LPA receptors as well as advances in our understanding of LPA metabolism. A major pathway for LPA generation is the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Although most research to-date has been conducted in other disciplines (e.g., neurobiology and cardiovascular diseases), emerging data point to an important role for LPA and ATX in regulating immune responses. Here we review current understanding of LPA and ATX in immunity with an emphasis on migration and activation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. New gene-targeted and transgenic mice, receptor-specific antibodies, and pathway antagonists should rapidly enhance our understanding of this versatile lysolipid in immune responses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Georas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14610, USA.
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28
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Yamada T, Obo Y, Furukawa M, Hotta M, Yamasaki A, Honoki K, Fukushima N, Tsujiuchi T. Mutations of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-1 gene during progression of lung tumors in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 378:424-7. [PMID: 19026987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and protects cells from apoptosis. It interacts with specific G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors. In this study, mutations of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-1 (LPA1) gene were investigated to clarify the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the development of lung tumors induced by N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) in rats. Male Wistar rats, 6 weeks of age, were given 2000ppm BHP in their drinking water for 12 weeks and then maintained without further treatment until sacrifice at 25 weeks. Genomic DNAs were extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues and exons 2-4 were examined for mutations, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. No LPA1 mutations were detected in 15 hyperplasias, but 2 out of 12 adenomas (16.7%) and 7 out of 17 adenocarcinomas (41.2%). These results suggest that mutations of LPA1 gene may be involved in the acquisition of growth advantage from adenomas to adenocarcinomas in lung carcinogenesis induced in rats by BHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamada
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Lee SJ, Chan TH, Chen TC, Liao BK, Hwang PP, Lee H. LPA1 is essential for lymphatic vessel development in zebrafish. FASEB J 2008; 22:3706-15. [PMID: 18606866 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has long been implicated in regulating vascular development via endothelial cell-expressed G protein-coupled receptors. However, because of a lack of notable vascular defects reported in LPA receptor knockout mouse studies, the regulation of vasculature by LPA receptors in vivo is still uncertain. Using zebrafish as a model, we studied the gene expression patterns and functions of an LPA receptor, LPA(1), during embryonic development, in particular, vascular formation. Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments revealed that zebrafish lpa(1) (zlpa(1)) was ubiquitously expressed early in development, and its expression domains were later localized to the head region and the vicinity of the dorsal aorta. The expression of zlpa(1) surrounding the dorsal aorta suggests its role in vasculature development. Knocking down of zLPA(1) by injecting morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides at 0.625-1.25 ng per embryo resulted in the absence of thoracic duct and edema in pericardial sac and trunk in a dose-dependent manner. These zlpa(1)-MO-resulted defects could be specifically rescued by ectopic expression of zlpa(1). In addition, overexpression of vegf-c, a well-known lymphangiogenic factor, also partially ameliorated the inhibition of thoracic duct development. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LPA(1) is necessary for lymphatic vessel formation during embryonic development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jye Lee
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC.
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Murakami M, Shiraishi A, Tabata K, Fujita N. Identification of the orphan GPCR, P2Y(10) receptor as the sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:707-12. [PMID: 18466763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of transmembrane regions of GPCRs using PHYLIP indicated that the orphan receptor P2Y(10) receptor was classified into the cluster consisting nucleotide and lipid receptors. Based on the results, we studied the abilities of nucleotides and lipids to activate the P2Y(10) receptors. As a result, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) evoked intracellular Ca(2+) increases in the CHO cells stably expressing the P2Y(10) fused with a G(16alpha) protein. These Ca(2+) responses were inhibited by S1P receptor and LPA receptor antagonists. The introduction of siRNA designed for P2Y(10) receptor into the P2Y(10)-CHO cells effectively blocked both S1P- and LPA-induced Ca(2+) increases. RT-PCR analysis showed that the mouse P2Y(10) was expressed in reproductive organs, brain, lung and skeletal muscle, suggesting the receptor plays physiological roles throughout the whole body. In conclusion, the P2Y(10) receptor is the first receptor identified as a dual lysophospholipid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Murakami
- Laboratory of Pharmcoinformatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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