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Frigerio G, Donadoni E, Siani P, Vertemara J, Motta S, Bonati L, Gioia LD, Valentin CD. Mechanism of RGD-conjugated nanodevice binding to its target protein integrin α Vβ 3 by atomistic molecular dynamics and machine learning. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4063-4081. [PMID: 38334981 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Active targeting strategies have been proposed to enhance the selective uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) by diseased cells, and recent experimental findings have proven the effectiveness of this approach. However, no mechanistic studies have yet revealed the atomistic details of the interactions between ligand-activated NPs and integrins. As a case study, here we investigate, by means of advanced molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and machine learning methods (namely equilibrium MD, binding free energy calculations and training of self-organized maps), the interaction of a cyclic-RGD-conjugated PEGylated TiO2 NP (the nanodevice) with the extracellular segment of integrin αVβ3 (the target), the latter experimentally well-known to be over-expressed in several solid tumors. Firstly, we proved that the cyclic-RGD ligand binding to the integrin pocket is established and kept stable even in the presence of the cumbersome realistic model of the nanodevice. In this respect, the unsupervised machine learning analysis allowed a detailed comparison of the ligand/integrin binding in the presence and in the absence of the nanodevice, which unveiled differences in the chemical features. Then, we discovered that unbound cyclic RGDs conjugated to the NP largely contribute to the interactions between the nanodevice and the integrin. Finally, by increasing the density of cyclic RGDs on the PEGylated TiO2 NP, we observed a proportional enhancement of the nanodevice/target binding. All these findings can be exploited to achieve an improved targeting selectivity and cellular uptake, and thus a more successful clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Frigerio
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Donadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paulo Siani
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Vertemara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Bonati
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Di Valentin
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
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2
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Kalailingam P, Mohd‐Kahliab K, Ngan SC, Iyappan R, Melekh E, Lu T, Zien GW, Sharma B, Guo T, MacNeil AJ, MacPherson REK, Tsiani EL, O'Leary DD, Lim KL, Su IH, Gao Y, Richards AM, Kalaria RN, Chen CP, McCarthy NE, Sze SK. Immunotherapy targeting isoDGR-protein damage extends lifespan in a mouse model of protein deamidation. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18526. [PMID: 37971164 PMCID: PMC10701600 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging results from the accumulation of molecular damage that impairs normal biochemical processes. We previously reported that age-linked damage to amino acid sequence NGR (Asn-Gly-Arg) results in "gain-of-function" conformational switching to isoDGR (isoAsp-Gly-Arg). This integrin-binding motif activates leukocytes and promotes chronic inflammation, which are characteristic features of age-linked cardiovascular disorders. We now report that anti-isoDGR immunotherapy mitigates lifespan reduction of Pcmt1-/- mouse. We observed extensive accumulation of isoDGR and inflammatory cytokine expression in multiple tissues from Pcmt1-/- and naturally aged WT animals, which could also be induced via injection of isoDGR-modified plasma proteins or synthetic peptides into young WT animals. However, weekly injection of anti-isoDGR mAb (1 mg/kg) was sufficient to significantly reduce isoDGR-protein levels in body tissues, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in blood plasma, improved cognition/coordination metrics, and extended the average lifespan of Pcmt1-/- mice. Mechanistically, isoDGR-mAb mediated immune clearance of damaged isoDGR-proteins via antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). These results indicate that immunotherapy targeting age-linked protein damage may represent an effective intervention strategy in a range of human degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - SoFong Cam Ngan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Ranjith Iyappan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Evelin Melekh
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Tian Lu
- iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Gan Wei Zien
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Bhargy Sharma
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Tiannan Guo
- iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Adam J MacNeil
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Rebecca EK MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Evangelia Litsa Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Deborah D O'Leary
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - I Hsin Su
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Yong‐Gui Gao
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Department of CardiologyNational University Heart CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Department of CardiologyUniversity of OtagoChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and VitalityNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Memory, Aging and Cognition CentreNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesONCanada
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3
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Gu Y, Dong B, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu H, Pang X, Cui Y. The challenges and opportunities of αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer: From bench to clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106694. [PMID: 36775082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are main cell adhesion receptors serving as linker attaching cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) and bidirectional hubs transmitting biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment. Integrin αvβ3 is a critical family member of integrins and interacts with ECM proteins containing RGD tripeptide sequence. Accumulating evidence indicated that the abnormal expression of integrin αvβ3 was associated with various tumor progressions, including tumor initiation, sustained tumor growth, distant metastasis, drug resistance development, maintenance of stemness in cancer cells. Therefore, αvβ3 has been explored as a therapeutic target in various types of cancers, but there is no αvβ3 antagonist approved for human therapy. Targeting-integrin αvβ3 therapeutics has been a challenge, but lessons from the past are valuable to the development of innovative targeting approaches. This review systematically summarized the structure, signal transduction, regulatory role in cancer, and drug development history of integrin αvβ3, and also provided new insights into αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer from bench to clinical trials, which would contribute to developing effective targeting αvβ3 agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Bingqi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of traditional Chinese and Western medicine,Peking University Of First Hospital, Xishiku street 8th,Xicheng District,10034 Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
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4
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Sacco G, Arosio D, Paolillo M, Gloger A, Scheuermann J, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Dal Corso A, Gennari C. RGD Cyclopeptide Equipped with a Lysine-Engaging Salicylaldehyde Showing Enhanced Integrin Affinity and Cell Detachment Potency. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203768. [PMID: 36594507 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylaldehyde (SA) derivatives are emerging as useful fragments to obtain reversible-covalent inhibitors interacting with the lysine residues of the target protein. Here the SA installation at the C terminus of an integrin-binding cyclopeptide, leading to enhanced ligand affinity for the receptor as well as stronger biological activity in cultured glioblastoma cells is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC) "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andreas Gloger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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5
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Pang X, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang H, Xie R, Liu Z, Gu Y, Zhao N, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36588107 PMCID: PMC9805914 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xie
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
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6
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Beaudoin CA, Hamaia SW, Huang CLH, Blundell TL, Jackson AP. Can the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Bind Integrins Independent of the RGD Sequence? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765300. [PMID: 34869067 PMCID: PMC8637727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RGD motif in the Severe Acute Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has been predicted to bind RGD-recognizing integrins. Recent studies have shown that the spike protein does, indeed, interact with αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins, both of which bind to RGD-containing ligands. However, computational studies have suggested that binding between the spike RGD motif and integrins is not favourable, even when unfolding occurs after conformational changes induced by binding to the canonical host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, non-RGD-binding integrins, such as αx, have been suggested to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Other viral pathogens, such as rotaviruses, have been recorded to bind integrins in an RGD-independent manner to initiate host cell entry. Thus, in order to consider the potential for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to bind integrins independent of the RGD sequence, we investigate several factors related to the involvement of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. First, we review changes in integrin expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify which integrins might be of interest. Then, all known non-RGD integrin-binding motifs are collected and mapped to the spike protein receptor-binding domain and analyzed for their 3D availability. Several integrin-binding motifs are shown to exhibit high sequence similarity with solvent accessible regions of the spike receptor-binding domain. Comparisons of these motifs with other betacoronavirus spike proteins, such as SARS-CoV and RaTG13, reveal that some have recently evolved while others are more conserved throughout phylogenetically similar betacoronaviruses. Interestingly, all of the potential integrin-binding motifs, including the RGD sequence, are conserved in one of the known pangolin coronavirus strains. Of note, the most recently recorded mutations in the spike protein receptor-binding domain were found outside of the putative integrin-binding sequences, although several mutations formed inside and close to one motif, in particular, may potentially enhance binding. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may interact with integrins independent of the RGD sequence and may help further explain how SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses can evolve to bind to integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ozen Karakus O, Godugu K, Mousa SA. Discovery of dual targeting PEGylated BG-P 1600-TAT to norepinephrine transporter (NET) and thyrointegrin αvβ3 in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 43:116278. [PMID: 34157571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates are growing in interest as novel anticancer agents for targeted cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to synthesize a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated anticancer drug for neuroblastoma, which is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and the deadliest tumor of infancy. In our previous studies, we designed and synthesized a dual targeting agent using benzylguanidine (BG) conjugated with the high affinity thyrointegrin αvβ3 antagonist TriAzole Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TAT) via non-cleavable bonding to PEG400 to make BG-P400-TAT and its derivatives as agents against neuroblastoma. Here, we improved the pharmacodynamic properties and increased the solubility by changing the polymer length to 1600 molecular weight. The TAT group, which acts as an integrin αvβ3 antagonist, and the BG group, which can be taken up by neuroblastoma cells through the norepinephrine transporter (NET) system, are conjugated to PEG1600 to make BG-PEG1600-TAT. The binding affinity of BG-PEG1600-TAT was 40-fold higher to integrin αvβ3 versus BG-P400-TAT and was associated with greater anticancer activities against neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-F1 and SKNAS) implanted in SCID mice along with broad spectrum anti-angiogenesis activities versus the FDA approved anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody Avastin (bevacizumab). In conclusion, our novel dual targeting of NET and αvβ3 receptor antagonist, BG-P1600-TAT demonstrated broad spectrum anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activities in suppressing neuroblastoma tumor progression and metastasis. Thus, BG-PEG1600-TAT represents a potential clinical candidate for targeted therapy in neuroblastoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ozen Karakus
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.
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8
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Zhang Y, Thangam R, You SH, Sultonova RD, Venu A, Min JJ, Hong Y. Engineering Calreticulin-Targeting Monobodies to Detect Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2801. [PMID: 34199835 PMCID: PMC8200062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) plays a crucial role in the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells during immunotherapy. Ecto-CRT is an immunogenic signal induced in response to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) and mitoxantrone (MTX), and two peptides (KLGFFKR (Integrin-α) and GQPMYGQPMY (CRT binding peptide 1, Hep-I)) are known to specifically bind CRT. To engineer CRT-specific monobodies as agents to detect immunogenic cell death (ICD), we fused these peptide sequences at the binding loops (BC and FG) of human fibronectin domain III (FN3). CRT-specific monobodies were purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. Using these monobodies, ecto-CRT was evaluated in vitro, in cultured cancer cell lines (CT-26, MC-38, HeLa, and MDA-MB-231), or in mice after anticancer drug treatment. Monobodies with both peptide sequences (CRT3 and CRT4) showed higher binding to ecto-CRT than those with a single peptide sequence. The binding affinity of the Rluc8 fusion protein-engineered monobodies (CRT3-Rluc8 and CRT4-Rluc8) to CRT was about 8 nM, and the half-life in serum and tumor tissue was about 12 h. By flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence of cancer cell lines, and by in vivo optical bioluminescence imaging of tumor-bearing mice, CRT3-Rluc8 and CRT4-Rluc8 bound specifically to ecto-CRT and effectively detected pre-apoptotic cells after treatment with ICD-inducing agents (DOX and MTX) but not a non-ICD-inducing agent (gemcitabine). Using CRT-specific monobodies, it is possible to detect ecto-CRT induction in cancer cells in response to drug exposure. This technique may be used to predict the therapeutic efficiency of chemo- and immuno-therapeutics early during anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Rukhsora D. Sultonova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Akhil Venu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea; (Y.Z.); (R.T.); (S.-H.Y.); (R.D.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
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9
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Schreiber CL, Zhai C, Smith BD. Structural Engineering of Fluorescent Self-Threaded Peptide Probes for Targeted Cell Imaging †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:354-361. [PMID: 33934361 DOI: 10.1111/php.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Squaraine figure-eight (SF8) molecules are a new class of deep-red fluorescent probes that are well suited for fluorescence cell microscopy due to their very high fluorescence brightness and excellent stability. Three homologous SF8 probes, with peptidyl loops that differ by very minor changes in the peptide sequence, were synthesized and assessed for probe uptake by cancer cells. One of probes included the RGD motif that is recognized by many classes of integrin receptors that reside on the surface of the cancer cells, and it permeated the cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In contrast, cell microscopy showed that there was negligible cell uptake of the two homologous SF8 probes indicating differences in probe targeting capability. The synthetic method allows for easy alteration of the peptide sequence; thus, it is straightforward to develop new classes of peptidyl SF8 probes with loop sequences that target other cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Canjia Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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10
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Park JE, JebaMercy G, Pazhanchamy K, Guo X, Ngan SC, Liou KCK, Lynn SE, Ng SS, Meng W, Lim SC, Leow MKS, Richards AM, Pennington DJ, de Kleijn DPV, Sorokin V, Ho HH, McCarthy NE, Sze SK. Aging-induced isoDGR-modified fibronectin activates monocytic and endothelial cells to promote atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 324:58-68. [PMID: 33831670 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aging is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms underlying age-linked atherosclerosis remain unclear. We previously observed that long-lived vascular matrix proteins can acquire 'gain-of-function' isoDGR motifs that might play a role in atherosclerotic pathology. METHODS IsoDGR-specific mAb were generated and used for ELISA-based measurement of motif levels in plasma samples from patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD) and non-CAD controls. Functional consequences of isoDGR accumulation in age-damaged fibronectin were determined by bioassay for capacity to activate monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells (signalling activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and recruitment/adhesion potential). Mice deficient in the isoDGR repair enzyme PCMT1 were used to assess motif distribution and macrophage localisation in vivo. RESULTS IsoDGR-modified fibronectin and fibrinogen levels in patient plasma were significantly enhanced in CAD and further associated with smoking status. Functional assays demonstrated that isoDGR-modified fibronectin activated both monocytes and macrophages via integrin receptor 'outside in' signalling, triggering an ERK:AP-1 cascade and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and TNFα to drive additional recruitment of circulating leukocytes. IsoDGR-modified fibronectin also induced endothelial cell expression of integrin β1 to further enhance cellular adhesion and matrix deposition. Analysis of murine aortic tissues confirmed accumulation of isoDGR-modified proteins co-localised with CD68+ macrophages in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Age-damaged fibronectin features isoDGR motifs that increase binding to integrins on the surface of monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Subsequent activation of 'outside-in' signalling elicits a range of potent cytokines and chemokines that drive additional leukocyte recruitment to the developing atherosclerotic matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Gnanasekaran JebaMercy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Kalailingam Pazhanchamy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Xue Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - SoFong Cam Ngan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Ken Cheng Kang Liou
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Soe EinSi Lynn
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Ser Sue Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Diabetes Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore; Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228; Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vitaly Sorokin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228
| | - Hee Hwa Ho
- Department of Cardiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551.
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11
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Damjanovic J, Miao J, Huang H, Lin YS. Elucidating Solution Structures of Cyclic Peptides Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2292-2324. [PMID: 33426882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are vital to biological processes, but the shape and size of their interfaces make them hard to target using small molecules. Cyclic peptides have shown promise as protein-protein interaction modulators, as they can bind protein surfaces with high affinity and specificity. Dozens of cyclic peptides are already FDA approved, and many more are in various stages of development as immunosuppressants, antibiotics, antivirals, or anticancer drugs. However, most cyclic peptide drugs so far have been natural products or derivatives thereof, with de novo design having proven challenging. A key obstacle is structural characterization: cyclic peptides frequently adopt multiple conformations in solution, which are difficult to resolve using techniques like NMR spectroscopy. The lack of solution structural information prevents a thorough understanding of cyclic peptides' sequence-structure-function relationship. Here we review recent development and application of molecular dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling to studying the solution structures of cyclic peptides. We describe novel computational methods capable of sampling cyclic peptides' conformational space and provide examples of computational studies that relate peptides' sequence and structure to biological activity. We demonstrate that molecular dynamics simulations have grown from an explanatory technique to a full-fledged tool for systematic studies at the forefront of cyclic peptide therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Damjanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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12
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Sedlář A, Trávníčková M, Matějka R, Pražák Š, Mészáros Z, Bojarová P, Bačáková L, Křen V, Slámová K. Growth Factors VEGF-A 165 and FGF-2 as Multifunctional Biomolecules Governing Cell Adhesion and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1843. [PMID: 33673317 PMCID: PMC7917819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 (VEGF-A165) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) are currently used for the functionalization of biomaterials designed for tissue engineering. We have developed a new simple method for heterologous expression and purification of VEGF-A165 and FGF-2 in the yeast expression system of Pichia pastoris. The biological activity of the growth factors was assessed in cultures of human and porcine adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). When added into the culture medium, VEGF-A165 stimulated proliferation only in HUVECs, while FGF-2 stimulated the proliferation of both cell types. A similar effect was achieved when the growth factors were pre-adsorbed to polystyrene wells. The effect of our recombinant growth factors was slightly lower than that of commercially available factors, which was attributed to the presence of some impurities. The stimulatory effect of the VEGF-A165 on cell adhesion was rather weak, especially in ADSCs. FGF-2 was a potent stimulator of the adhesion of ADSCs but had no to negative effect on the adhesion of HUVECs. In sum, FGF-2 and VEGF-A165 have diverse effects on the behavior of different cell types, which maybe utilized in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Sedlář
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (M.T.); or or (Š.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ 12844 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Trávníčková
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (M.T.); or or (Š.P.)
| | - Roman Matějka
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (M.T.); or or (Š.P.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, CZ 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic;
| | - Šimon Pražák
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (M.T.); or or (Š.P.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, CZ 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Mészáros
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (V.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 6, CZ 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, CZ 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Lucie Bačáková
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (M.T.); or or (Š.P.)
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (V.K.)
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13
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Ceruloplasmin Deamidation in Neurodegeneration: From Loss to Gain of Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020663. [PMID: 33440850 PMCID: PMC7827708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders can induce modifications of several proteins; one of which is ceruloplasmin (Cp), a ferroxidase enzyme found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurodegenerative diseases patients. Cp modifications are caused by the oxidation induced by the pathological environment and are usually associated with activity loss. Together with oxidation, deamidation of Cp was found in the CSF from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease patients. Protein deamidation is a process characterized by asparagine residues conversion in either aspartate or isoaspartate, depending on protein sequence/structure and cellular environment. Cp deamidation occurs at two Asparagine-Glycine-Arginine (NGR)-motifs which, once deamidated to isoAspartate-Glycine-Arginine (isoDGR), bind integrins, a family of receptors mediating cell adhesion. Therefore, on the one hand, Cp modifications lead to loss of enzymatic activity, while on the other hand, these alterations confer gain of function to Cp. In fact, deamidated Cp binds to integrins and triggers intracellular signaling on choroid plexus epithelial cells, changing cell functioning. Working in concert with the oxidative environment, Cp deamidation could reach different target cells in the brain, altering their physiology and causing detrimental effects, which might contribute to the pathological mechanism.
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14
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Catignas KK, Frick LR, Pellegatta M, Hurley E, Kolb Z, Addabbo K, McCarty JH, Hynes RO, van der Flier A, Poitelon Y, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. α V integrins in Schwann cells promote attachment to axons, but are dispensable in vivo. Glia 2021; 69:91-108. [PMID: 32744761 PMCID: PMC8491627 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the developing peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SCs) extend their processes to contact, sort, and myelinate axons. The mechanisms that contribute to the interaction between SCs and axons are just beginning to be elucidated. Using a SC-neuron coculture system, we demonstrate that Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides that inhibit αV -containing integrins delay the extension of SCs elongating on axons. αV integrins in SC localize to sites of contact with axons and are expressed early in development during radial sorting and myelination. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of the αV integrin subunit also delays SC extension along axons in vitro, suggesting that αV -containing integrins participate in axo-glial interactions. However, mice lacking the αV subunit in SCs, alone or in combination with the potentially compensating α5 subunit, or the αV partners β3 or β8 , myelinate normally during development and remyelinate normally after nerve crush, indicating that overlapping or compensatory mechanisms may hide the in vivo role of RGD-binding integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K. Catignas
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Luciana R. Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Edward Hurley
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary Kolb
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kathryn Addabbo
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Joseph H. McCarty
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard O. Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arjan van der Flier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts
- Sanofi, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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15
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Vallet SD, Berthollier C, Salza R, Muller L, Ricard-Blum S. The Interactome of Cancer-Related Lysyl Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase-Like Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E71. [PMID: 33383846 PMCID: PMC7794802 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are amine oxidases, which initiate the covalent cross-linking of the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate ECM stiffness, and contribute to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to build the first draft of the interactome of the five members of the LOX family in order to determine its molecular functions, the biological and signaling pathways mediating these functions, the biological processes it is involved in, and if and how it is rewired in cancer. In vitro binding assays, based on surface plasmon resonance and bio-layer interferometry, combined with queries of interaction databases and interaction datasets, were used to retrieve interaction data. The interactome was then analyzed using computational tools. We identified 31 new interactions and 14 new partners of LOXL2, including the α5β1 integrin, and built an interactome comprising 320 proteins, 5 glycosaminoglycans, and 399 interactions. This network participates in ECM organization, degradation and cross-linking, cell-ECM interactions mediated by non-integrin and integrin receptors, protein folding and chaperone activity, organ and blood vessel development, cellular response to stress, and signal transduction. We showed that this network is rewired in colorectal carcinoma, leading to a switch from ECM organization to protein folding and chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain D. Vallet
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Coline Berthollier
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Salza
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (S.D.V.); (C.B.); (R.S.)
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16
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Panzeri S, Arosio D, Gazzola S, Belvisi L, Civera M, Potenza D, Vasile F, Kemker I, Ertl T, Sewald N, Reiser O, Piarulli U. Cyclic RGD and isoDGR Integrin Ligands Containing cis-2-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic ( cis-β-ACPC) Scaffolds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245966. [PMID: 33339382 PMCID: PMC7766232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin ligands containing the tripeptide sequences Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and iso-Asp-Gly- Arg (isoDGR) were actively investigated as inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis and directing unit in tumor-targeting drug conjugates. Reported herein is the synthesis, of two RGD and one isoDGR cyclic peptidomimetics containing (1S,2R) and (1R,2S) cis-2-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (cis-β-ACPC), using a mixed solid phase/solution phase synthetic protocol. The three ligands were examined in vitro in competitive binding assays to the purified αvβ3 and α5β1 receptors using biotinylated vitronectin (αvβ3) and fibronectin (α5β1) as natural displaced ligands. The IC50 values of the ligands ranged from nanomolar (the two RGD ligands) to micromolar (the isoDGR ligand) with a pronounced selectivity for αvβ3 over α5β1. In vitro cell adhesion assays were also performed using the human skin melanoma cell line WM115 (rich in integrin αvβ3). The two RGD ligands showed IC50 values in the same micromolar range as the reference compound (cyclo[RGDfV]), while for the isoDGR derivative an IC50 value could not be measured for the cell adhesion assay. A conformational analysis of the free RGD and isoDGR ligands by NMR (VT-NMR and NOESY experiments) and computational studies (MC/EM and MD), followed by docking simulations performed in the αVβ3 integrin active site, provided a rationale for the behavior of these ligands toward the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Giulio Natta, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Isabell Kemker
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (I.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (I.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Karakus OO, Godugu K, Rajabi M, Mousa SA. Dual Targeting of Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Function and Thyrointegrin αvβ3 Receptors in the Treatment of Neuroblastoma. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7653-7662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ozen Karakus
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Mehdi Rajabi
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
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18
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Rajabi M, Godugu K, Sudha T, Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Triazole Modified Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid Conjugated to Polyethylene Glycol: High Affinity Thyrointegrin α vβ 3 Antagonist with Potent Anticancer Activities in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:3087-3097. [PMID: 31714064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bioactive molecules that target integrins has implicated their role in tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and other pathological angiogenesis processes. Integrins are members of a family of cell surface receptors that play a critical role in the angiogenesis process. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a deaminated derivative of l-thyroxine (T4), is a "thyrointegrin" antagonist that blocks the actions of l-triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 with an interaction site that is located at or near the RGD recognition site identified on integrin αvβ3's binding pocket (thyrointegrin αvβ3 receptors). We have enhanced the biological activity of a tetrac-based inhibitor via significantly improving its αvβ3 receptor binding affinity by introducing a triazole ring on the outer ring of tetrac and covalently conjugating to polymer to increase the product's hydrophilicity via PEGylation. The product, P-bi-TAT, was restricted from nuclear translocation and demonstrated high blood brain barrier permeability and retention in contrast to the non-PEG conjugated derivative. Results of biological activity indicated that this macromolecule new chemical entity P-bi-TAT has greater than 400-fold potent integrin αvβ3 affinity versus the parent compound tetrac and has potent anticancer/anti-angiogenesis efficacy against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). P-bi-TAT administered subcutaneously once daily for 21 days at 1-10 mg/kg mouse body weight resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of GBM tumor growth and viability as monitored with IVIS imaging (P < 0.001). GBM tumors had >95% volume loss and maximal loss of GBM cell viability during the 21 days ON-treatment experiment as well as in the 21 days ON followed by 21 days OFF-treatment experiment (P < 0.001). In conclusion, P-bi-TAT is a promising lead clinical candidate effective in the treatment of human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rajabi
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Rensselaer , New York 12144 , United States
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Rensselaer , New York 12144 , United States
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Rensselaer , New York 12144 , United States
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Rensselaer , New York 12144 , United States
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Rensselaer , New York 12144 , United States
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19
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Li J, Fukase Y, Shang Y, Zou W, Muñoz-Félix JM, Buitrago L, van Agthoven J, Zhang Y, Hara R, Tanaka Y, Okamoto R, Yasui T, Nakahata T, Imaeda T, Aso K, Zhou Y, Locuson C, Nesic D, Duggan M, Takagi J, Vaughan RD, Walz T, Hodivala-Dilke K, Teitelbaum SL, Arnaout MA, Filizola M, Foley MA, Coller BS. Novel Pure αVβ3 Integrin Antagonists That Do Not Induce Receptor Extension, Prime the Receptor, or Enhance Angiogenesis at Low Concentrations. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:387-401. [PMID: 32259072 PMCID: PMC7088984 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The integrin αVβ3 receptor has been implicated in several important diseases, but no antagonists are approved for human therapy. One possible limitation of current small-molecule antagonists is their ability to induce a major conformational change in the receptor that induces it to adopt a high-affinity ligand-binding state. In response, we used structural inferences from a pure peptide antagonist to design the small-molecule pure antagonists TDI-4161 and TDI-3761. Both compounds inhibit αVβ3-mediated cell adhesion to αVβ3 ligands, but do not induce the conformational change as judged by antibody binding, electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and receptor priming studies. Both compounds demonstrated the favorable property of inhibiting bone resorption in vitro, supporting potential value in treating osteoporosis. Neither, however, had the unfavorable property of the αVβ3 antagonist cilengitide of paradoxically enhancing aortic sprout angiogenesis at concentrations below its IC50, which correlates with cilengitide's enhancement of tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Allen and
Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukase
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Yi Shang
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Wei Zou
- Washington
University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - José M. Muñoz-Félix
- Adhesion
and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute—a CR-UK Centre of Excellence,
Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Buitrago
- Allen and
Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Johannes van Agthoven
- Leukocyte
Biology and Inflammation and Structural Biology Programs, Division
of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital
and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Laboratory
of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller
University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United
States
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Yuta Tanaka
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Takashi Nakahata
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Charles Locuson
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4169, United States
| | - Dragana Nesic
- Allen and
Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mark Duggan
- LifeSci
Consulting, LLC, 18243
SE Ridgeview Drive, Tequesta, Florida 33469, United
States
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory
of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Roger D. Vaughan
- Rockefeller
University Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Rockefeller University, 2130 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory
of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller
University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United
States
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion
and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute—a CR-UK Centre of Excellence,
Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Teitelbaum
- Washington
University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - M. Amin Arnaout
- Leukocyte
Biology and Inflammation and Structural Biology Programs, Division
of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital
and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, New York 10029-6574, United States
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Tri-Institutional
Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 East 69 Street, New York, New York 10021, United
States
| | - Barry S. Coller
- Allen and
Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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20
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Tripodi AAP, Ranđelović I, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Mező G, Tóvári J. In Vivo Tumor Growth Inhibition and Antiangiogenic Effect of Cyclic NGR Peptide-Daunorubicin Conjugates Developed for Targeted Drug Delivery. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1879-1892. [PMID: 31820302 PMCID: PMC7297862 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Among various homing devices, peptides containing the NGR tripeptide sequence represent a promising approach to selectively recognize CD13 receptor isoforms on the surface of tumor cells. They have been successfully used for the delivery of various chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor vessels. Here, we report on the murine plasma stability, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of our recently described bioconjugates containing daunorubicin as payload. Furthermore, CD13 expression of KS Kaposi’s Sarcoma cell line and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line was investigated. Flow cytometry studies confirm the fast cellular uptake resulting in the rapid delivery of the active metabolite Dau = Aoa-Gly-OH to tumor cells. The increased in vitro antitumor effect might be explained by the faster rearrangement from NGR to isoDGR in case of conjugate 2 (Dau = Aoa-GFLGK(c[NleNGRE]-GG)-NH2) in comparison with conjugate 1 (Dau = Aoa-GFLGK(c[KNGRE]-GG)-NH2). Nevertheless, results indicated that both conjugates showed significant effect on inhibition of proliferation in the primary tumor and also on blood vessel formation making them a potential candidate for targeting angiogenesis processes in tumors where CD13 and integrins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angelo Pierluigi Tripodi
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ivan Ranđelović
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Gasparri AM, Sacchi A, Basso V, Cortesi F, Freschi M, Rrapaj E, Bellone M, Casorati G, Dellabona P, Mondino A, Corti A, Curnis F. Boosting Interleukin-12 Antitumor Activity and Synergism with Immunotherapy by Targeted Delivery with isoDGR-Tagged Nanogold. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1903462. [PMID: 31523920 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of interleukin-12 (IL12), a cytokine endowed with potent immunotherapeutic anticancer activity, is limited by systemic toxicity. The hypothesis is addressed that gold nanoparticles tagged with a tumor-homing peptide containing isoDGR, an αvβ3-integrin binding motif, can be exploited for delivering IL12 to tumors and improving its therapeutic index. To this aim, gold nanospheres are functionalized with the head-to-tail cyclized-peptide CGisoDGRG (Iso1) and murine IL12. The resulting nanodrug (Iso1/Au/IL12) is monodispersed, stable, and bifunctional in terms of αvβ3 and IL12-receptor recognition. Low-dose Iso1/Au/IL12, equivalent to 18-75 pg of IL12, induces antitumor effects in murine models of fibrosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas, with no evidence of toxicity. Equivalent doses of Au/IL12 (a nanodrug lacking Iso1) fail to delay tumor growth, whereas 15 000 pg of free IL12 is necessary to achieve similar effects. Iso1/Au/IL12 significantly increases tumor infiltration by innate immune cells, such as NK and iNKT cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. NK cell depletion completely inhibits its antitumor effects. Low-dose Iso1/Au/IL12 can also increase the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy in mice with autochthonous prostate cancer. These findings indicate that coupling IL12 to isoDGR-tagged nanogold is a valid strategy for enhancing its therapeutic index and sustaining adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Gasparri
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Filippo Cortesi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Eltjona Rrapaj
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
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22
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Gocheva G, Ivanova A. A Look at Receptor–Ligand Pairs for Active-Targeting Drug Delivery from Crystallographic and Molecular Dynamics Perspectives. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3293-3321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Gocheva
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Borbély A, Figueras E, Martins A, Bodero L, Raposo Moreira Dias A, López Rivas P, Pina A, Arosio D, Gallinari P, Frese M, Steinkühler C, Gennari C, Piarulli U, Sewald N. Conjugates of Cryptophycin and RGD or isoDGR Peptidomimetics for Targeted Drug Delivery. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:737-742. [PMID: 31275795 PMCID: PMC6587324 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RGD-cryptophycin and isoDGR-cryptophycin conjugates were synthetized by combining peptidomimetic integrin ligands and cryptophycin, a highly potent tubulin-binding antimitotic agent across lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala or uncleavable linkers. The conjugates were able to effectively inhibit binding of biotinylated vitronectin to integrin αvβ3, showing a binding affinity in the same range as that of the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the novel conjugates was evaluated on human melanoma cells M21 and M21-L with different expression levels of integrin αvβ3, showing nanomolar potency of all four compounds against both cell lines. Conjugates containing uncleavable linker show reduced activity compared to the corresponding cleavable conjugates, indicating efficient intracellular drug release in the case of cryptophycin-based SMDCs. However, no significant correlation between the in vitro biological activity of the conjugates and the integrin αvβ3 expression level was observed, which is presumably due to a non-integrin-mediated uptake. This reveals the complexity of effective and selective αvβ3 integrin-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Borbély
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25DE-33615BielefeldGermany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25DE-33615BielefeldGermany
| | - Ana Martins
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25DE-33615BielefeldGermany
- Exiris s.r.l.Via di Castel Romano 100IT-00128RomeItaly
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio, 11IT-22100ComoItaly
| | | | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi, 19IT-20133MilanoItaly
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi, 19IT-20133MilanoItaly
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)CNRVia C. Golgi, 19IT-20133MilanoItaly
| | | | - Marcel Frese
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25DE-33615BielefeldGermany
| | | | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi, 19IT-20133MilanoItaly
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio, 11IT-22100ComoItaly
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25DE-33615BielefeldGermany
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24
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Sacco G, Dal Corso A, Arosio D, Belvisi L, Paolillo M, Pignataro L, Gennari C. A dimeric bicyclic RGD ligand displays enhanced integrin binding affinity and strong biological effects on U-373 MG glioblastoma cells. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8913-8917. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A C2-symmetric dimeric bicyclic integrin ligand, bearing two RGD motifs, displays enhanced biological effects compared to monovalent RGD analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sacco
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan
- Italy
| | | | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan
- Italy
- CNR
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Università degli Studi di Pavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan
- Italy
- CNR
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25
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Peptide-based targeted therapeutics: Focus on cancer treatment. J Control Release 2018; 292:141-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Kirikoshi R, Manabe N, Takahashi O. Phosphate-Catalyzed Succinimide Formation from an NGR-Containing Cyclic Peptide: A Novel Mechanism for Deammoniation of the Tetrahedral Intermediate. Molecules 2018; 23:E2217. [PMID: 30200364 PMCID: PMC6225186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous deamidation in the Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif that yields an isoAsp-Gly-Arg (isoDGR) sequence has recently attracted considerable attention because of the possibility of application to dual tumor targeting. It is well known that Asn deamidation reactions in peptide chains occur via the five-membered ring succinimide intermediate. Recently, we computationally showed by the B3LYP density functional theory method, that inorganic phosphate and the Arg side chain can catalyze the NGR deamidation using a cyclic peptide, c[CH₂CO⁻NGRC]⁻NH₂. In this previous study, the tetrahedral intermediate of the succinimide formation was assumed to be readily protonated at the nitrogen originating from the Asn side chain by the solvent water before the release of an NH₃ molecule. In the present study, we found a new mechanism for the decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate that does not require the protonation by an external proton source. The computational method is the same as in the previous study. In the new mechanism, the release of an NH₃ molecule occurs after a proton exchange between the peptide and the phosphate and conformational changes. The rate-determining step of the overall reaction course is the previously reported first step, i.e., the cyclization to form the tetrahedral intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kirikoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Ohgi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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27
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Nardelli F, Paissoni C, Quilici G, Gori A, Traversari C, Valentinis B, Sacchi A, Corti A, Curnis F, Ghitti M, Musco G. Succinimide-Based Conjugates Improve IsoDGR Cyclopeptide Affinity to α vβ 3 without Promoting Integrin Allosteric Activation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7474-7485. [PMID: 29883545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The isoDGR sequence is an integrin-binding motif that has been successfully employed as a tumor-vasculature-homing molecule or for the targeted delivery of drugs and diagnostic agents to tumors. In this context, we previously demonstrated that cyclopeptide 2, the product of the conjugation of c(CGisoDGRG) (1) to 4-( N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxamide, can be successfully used as a tumor-homing ligand for nanodrug delivery to neoplastic tissues. Here, combining NMR, computational, and biochemical methods, we show that the succinimide ring contained in 2 contributes to stabilizing interactions with αvβ3, an integrin overexpressed in the tumor vasculature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that various cyclopeptides containing the isoDGR sequence embedded in different molecular scaffolds do not induce αvβ3 allosteric activation and work as pure integrin antagonists. These results could be profitably exploited for the rational design of novel isoDGR-based ligands and tumor-targeting molecules with improved αvβ3-binding properties and devoid of adverse integrin-activating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Paissoni
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Giacomo Quilici
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , Via Mario Bianco 9 , 20131 Milan , Italy
| | | | | | - Angelina Sacchi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Via Olgettina 60 , 20132 Milan , Italy
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28
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Molecular Imaging of Aminopeptidase N in Cancer and Angiogenesis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:5315172. [PMID: 30046296 PMCID: PMC6036854 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5315172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the molecular imaging of aminopeptidase N (APN, also known as CD13), a zinc metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal neutral amino acids. It is overexpressed in multiple cancer types and also on the surface of vasculature undergoing angiogenesis, making it a promising target for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Molecular imaging probes for APN are divided into two large subgroups: reactive and nonreactive. The structures of the reactive probes (substrates) contain a reporter group that is cleaved and released by the APN enzyme. The nonreactive probes are not cleaved by the enzyme and contain an antibody, peptide, or nonpeptide for targeting the enzyme exterior or active site. Multivalent homotopic probes utilize multiple copies of the same targeting unit, whereas multivalent heterotopic molecular probes are equipped with different targeting units for different receptors. Several recent preclinical cancer imaging studies have shown that multivalent APN probes exhibit enhanced tumor specificity and accumulation compared to monovalent analogues. The few studies that have evaluated APN-specific probes for imaging angiogenesis have focused on cardiac regeneration. These promising results suggest that APN imaging can be expanded to detect and monitor other diseases that are associated with angiogenesis.
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A fusion protein composed of the DSL domain of Dll1 and RGD motif protects cryptic stem cells in irradiation injury. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171255. [PMID: 29444821 PMCID: PMC5843746 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine is vulnerable to irradiation injury, which induces cell death and compromises regeneration of intestinal crypts. It is well accepted that cryptic stem cells, which are responsible for cryptic regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions, are controlled by multiple cell-intrinsic and environmental signals such as Notch signaling. Therefore, in the present study, we tested whether a soluble Notch ligand tethered to endothelial cells-mD1R-the Delta-Serrate-Lag2 (DSL) domain of mouse Notch ligand Delta-like1 fused with a RGD motif could protect cryptic cells from irradiation-induced intestinal injury. The result showed that administration of mD1R, which activated Notch signaling in intestinal cells, ameliorated loss of body weight and reduction of cryptic structures in intestine after total body irradiation (TBI) in mice. Histological staining showed that injection of mD1R after TBI promoted cryptic cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis in crypts. Immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR showed that mD1R increased the level of Lgr5, Bmi1, Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4), and IRIG1 in crypts, suggesting a protective effect on cryptic stem and progenitor cells after irradiation. Moreover, we found that administration of mD1R increased the number of Paneth cells and the mRNA level of Defa1, and the number Alcian Blue+ Goblet cells decreased first and then increased after irradiation, suggesting that mD1R promoted the maturation of the intestinal crypt after irradiation injury. Our data suggested that mD1R could serve as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of irradiation-induced intestinal injury.
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Kapp TG, Di Leva FS, Notni J, Räder AFB, Fottner M, Reichart F, Reich D, Wurzer A, Steiger K, Novellino E, Marelli UK, Wester HJ, Marinelli L, Kessler H. N-Methylation of isoDGR Peptides: Discovery of a Selective α5β1-Integrin Ligand as a Potent Tumor Imaging Agent. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2490-2499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias G. Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Johannes Notni
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner Straße 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas F. B. Räder
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fottner
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik Reich
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner Straße 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Wurzer
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner Straße 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility and Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Radiochemie, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner Straße 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Bodero L, López Rivas P, Korsak B, Hechler T, Pahl A, Müller C, Arosio D, Pignataro L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of RGD and isoDGR peptidomimetic-α-amanitin conjugates for tumor-targeting. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520305 PMCID: PMC5827777 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RGD-α-amanitin and isoDGR-α-amanitin conjugates were synthesized by joining integrin ligands to α-amanitin via various linkers and spacers. The conjugates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3 receptor, retaining good binding affinity, in the same nanomolar range as the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the conjugates was evaluated in three cell lines possessing different levels of αVβ3 integrin expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αVβ3+), human lung carcinoma A549 (αVβ3−) and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−). In the U87, in the MDA-MB-468, and partly in the A549 cancer cell lines, the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates bearing the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala linker were found to be slightly more potent than α-amanitin. Apparently, for all these α-amanitin conjugates there is no correlation between the cytotoxicity and the expression of αVβ3 integrin. To determine whether the increased cytotoxicity of the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates is governed by an integrin-mediated binding and internalization process, competition experiments were carried out in which the conjugates were tested with U87 (αVβ3+, αVβ5+, αVβ6−, α5β1+) and MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−, αVβ5+, αVβ6+, α5β1−) cells in the presence of excess cilengitide, with the aim of blocking integrins on the cell surface. Using the MDA-MB-468 cell line, a fivefold increase of the IC50 was observed for the conjugates in the presence of excess cilengitide, which is known to strongly bind not only αVβ3, but also αVβ5, αVβ6, and α5β1. These data indicate that in this case the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates are possibly internalized by a process mediated by integrins different from αVβ3 (e.g., αVβ5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Korsak
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolare (ITSM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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Corti A, Gasparri AM, Ghitti M, Sacchi A, Sudati F, Fiocchi M, Buttiglione V, Perani L, Gori A, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Pastorino F, Ponzoni M, Musco G, Curnis F. Glycine N-methylation in NGR-Tagged Nanocarriers Prevents Isoaspartate formation and Integrin Binding without Impairing CD13 Recognition and Tumor Homing. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1701245. [PMID: 28979182 PMCID: PMC5624507 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NGR (asparagine-glycine-arginine) is a tumor vasculature-homing peptide motif widely used for the functionalization of drugs, nanomaterials and imaging compounds for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Unfortunately, this motif has a strong propensity to undergo rapid deamidation. This reaction, which converts NGR into isoDGR, is associated with receptor switching from CD13 to integrins, with potentially important manufacturing, pharmacological and toxicological implications. It is found that glycine N-methylation of NGR-tagged nanocarriers completely prevents asparagine deamidation without impairing CD13 recognition. Studies in animal models have shown that the methylated NGR motif can be exploited for delivering radiolabeled compounds and nanocarriers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-bearing nanogold and liposomal doxorubicin, to tumors with improved selectivity. These findings suggest that this NGR derivative is a stable and efficient tumor-homing ligand that can be used for delivering functional nanomaterials to tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gasparri
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Francesco Sudati
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Fiocchi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Perani
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Istituto G. Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Joint inflammation related citrullination of functional arginines in extracellular proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8246. [PMID: 28811641 PMCID: PMC5557964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the extent, specific sites and structural requirements of joint inflammation related citrullination in extracellular proteins. A total of 40 synovial fluid samples derived from chronically inflamed human joints were analysed by heparin-agarose fractionation and LC-MS/MS. Citrullination of 55 arginines in extracellular proteins was detected. Importantly, 20% of the sites have a characterized function related to the hallmarks of destructive joint inflammation. E.g. four arginine residues, shown here to be citrullinated, are also affected by mutations in inherited diseases causing haemolysis or blood clotting dysfunction. Citrullination of integrin ligands was selected for further studies since fibronectin R234 in isoDGR was among the most frequently citrullinated arginines in synovial fluid. Assays with synovial fibroblasts and integrin αVβ3 indicated decreased affinity to the enzymatically citrullinated integrin binding sites. To conclude, our data indicate that in inflamed joints extensive citrullination affects the functional arginine residues in extracellular proteins.
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34
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Monocyte adhesion to atherosclerotic matrix proteins is enhanced by Asn-Gly-Arg deamidation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5765. [PMID: 28720870 PMCID: PMC5515959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis arises from leukocyte infiltration and thickening of the artery walls and constitutes a major component of vascular disease pathology, but the molecular events underpinning this process are not fully understood. Proteins containing an Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif readily undergo deamidation of asparagine to generate isoDGR structures that bind to integrin αvβ3 on circulating leukocytes. Here we report the identification of isoDGR motifs in human atherosclerotic plaque components including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and tenascin C, which have been strongly implicated in human atherosclerosis. We further demonstrate that deamidation of NGR motifs in fibronectin and tenascin C leads to increased adhesion of the monocytic cell line U937 and enhanced binding of primary human monocytes, except in the presence of a αvβ3-blocking antibody or the αv-selective inhibitor cilengitide. In contrast, under the same deamidating conditions monocyte-macrophages displayed only weak binding to the alternative ECM component vitronectin which lacks NGR motifs. Together, these findings confirm a critical role for isoDGR motifs in mediating leukocyte adhesion to the ECM via integrin αvβ3 and suggest that protein deamidation may promote the pathological progression of human atherosclerosis by enhancing monocyte recruitment to developing plaques.
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Wang G, Yuan N, Huang S, Feng L, Han R, Zhang Y, Ren J, Meng M, Zhao X. The CNGRCLLII(KLAKLAK)2 peptide shows cytotoxicity against HUVECs by inducing apoptosis: An in vitro and in vivo study. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317701649. [PMID: 28475015 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317701649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen Asn-Gly-Arg motif can specifically recognize and bind to Aminopeptidase N (CD13) on vascular endothelial cells in newly formed tumor vessels. Adipose-derived stem cells can serve as ideal vectors for gene therapy because of their ability of migrating to tumor tissues. First, this study was aimed to design a new peptide (CNGRCLLII(KLAKLAK)2) named CNAK which contains cyclic Asn-Gly-Arg motif and test its biological activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Second, we aimed to construct stably transfected adipose-derived stem cells which express the CNAK peptide and investigate their anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. Adipose-derived stem cells were employed to localize CNAK on vascular endothelial cells in tumors based on their homing property. First of all, the new peptide was synthesized, which effectively entered into CD13+ human umbilical vein endothelial cells and showed cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The peptide induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, and promoted the expression of Caspase-3 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were inhibited by CNAK. Primary adipose-derived stem cells were then isolated and identified. Stably transfected adipose-derived stem cells which express CNAK peptide (CNAK-ASCs) were successfully established, and the migration of CNAK-ASCs was assessed. In vivo, CNAK-ASCs were found to inhibit the growth and angiogenesis of breast cancer xenografts. This effect may be through inhibiting the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase in vivo. It was also found that CNAK-ASCs reduced the quantity of breast cancer stem cells in tumor tissues. Our data suggested that the new peptide CNAK containing Asn-Gly-Arg motif had anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Wang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yuan
- 2 Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangke Huang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Han
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ren
- 3 Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Meng
- 4 Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Zanella S, Angerani S, Pina A, López Rivas P, Giannini C, Panzeri S, Arosio D, Caruso M, Gasparri F, Fraietta I, Albanese C, Marsiglio A, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Tumor Targeting with an isoDGR-Drug Conjugate. Chemistry 2017; 23:7910-7914. [PMID: 28449309 PMCID: PMC5488297 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first example of an isoDGR-drug conjugate (2), designed to release paclitaxel selectively within cancer cells expressing integrin αV β3 . Conjugate 2 was synthesized by connecting the isoDGR peptidomimetic 5 with paclitaxel via the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala dipeptide linker. Conjugate 2 displayed a low nanomolar affinity for the purified integrin αV β3 receptor (IC50 =11.0 nm). The tumor targeting ability of conjugate 2 was assessed in vitro in anti-proliferative assays on two isogenic cancer cell lines characterized by different integrin αV β3 expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αV β3 +) and U87 β3 -KO (αV β3 -). The isoDGR-PTX conjugate 2 displayed a remarkable targeting index (TI=9.9), especially when compared to the strictly related RGD-PTX conjugate 4 (TI=2.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Simona Angerani
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Clelia Giannini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Silvia Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)CNRVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Ivan Fraietta
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | - Clara Albanese
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS)Via Pasteur 1020014NervianoItaly
| | | | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
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Ahmedah HT, Patterson LH, Shnyder SD, Sheldrake HM. RGD-Binding Integrins in Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9060056. [PMID: 28587135 PMCID: PMC5483875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in integrin expression and function promote tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. Head and neck cancers are highly vascular tumours with a tendency to metastasise. They express a wide range of integrin receptors. Expression of the αv and β1 subunits has been explored relatively extensively and linked to tumour progression and metastasis. Individual receptors αvβ3 and αvβ5 have proved popular targets for diagnostic and therapeutic agents but lesser studied receptors, such as αvβ6, αvβ8, and β1 subfamily members, also show promise. This review presents the current knowledge of integrin expression and function in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), with a particular focus on the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-binding integrins, in order to highlight the potential of integrins as targets for personalised tumour-specific identification and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Talal Ahmedah
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Steven D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Helen M Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Succinimide Formation from an NGR-Containing Cyclic Peptide: Computational Evidence for Catalytic Roles of Phosphate Buffer and the Arginine Side Chain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020429. [PMID: 28212316 PMCID: PMC5343963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif and its deamidation product isoAsp-Gly-Arg (isoDGR) have recently attracted considerable attention as tumor-targeting ligands. Because an NGR-containing peptide and the corresponding isoDGR-containing peptide target different receptors, the spontaneous NGR deamidation can be used in dual targeting strategies. It is well known that the Asn deamidation proceeds via a succinimide derivative. In the present study, we computationally investigated the mechanism of succinimide formation from a cyclic peptide, c[CH2CO-NGRC]-NH2, which has recently been shown to undergo rapid deamidation in a phosphate buffer. An H2PO4− ion was explicitly included in the calculations. We employed the density functional theory using the B3LYP functional. While geometry optimizations were performed in the gas phase, hydration Gibbs energies were calculated by the SM8 (solvation model 8) continuum model. We have found a pathway leading to the five-membered ring tetrahedral intermediate in which both the H2PO4− ion and the Arg side chain act as catalyst. This intermediate, once protonated at the NH2 group on the five-membered ring, was shown to easily undergo NH3 elimination leading to the succinimide formation. This study is the first to propose a possible catalytic role for the Arg side chain in the NGR deamidation.
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Huang Y, Cheng Q, Jin X, Ji JL, Guo S, Zheng S, Wang X, Cao H, Gao S, Liang XJ, Du Q, Liang Z. Systemic and tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA by cyclic NGR and isoDGR motif-containing peptides. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:494-510. [PMID: 26783563 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00429b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The drug development of siRNA has been seriously hindered by the lack of an effective, safe and clinically applicable delivery system. The cyclic NGR motif and its isomerization product isoDGR recruit CD13 and integrin as their specific receptors, both of which are overexpressed by tumor and neovascular cells. In this study, a bi-functional peptide, named NGR-10R, was designed and tested for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Through the formation of peptide/siRNA nanoparticles, RNase resistance was greatly enhanced for the siRNAs. Both FACS and confocal assays revealed that the peptide/siRNA complexes were effectively internalized by MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene silencing assays indicated that anti-Lamin A/C siRNA delivered by NGR-10R robustly repressed gene expression in MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC (a CD13(+)/αvβ3(+) cell). Importantly, the siRNAs were efficiently delivered into tumor tissues and localized around the nuclei, as revealed by in vivo imaging and cryosection examination. In summary, NGR-10R not only efficiently delivered siRNAs into MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro but also delivered siRNAs into tumor cells in vivo, taking advantage of its specific binding to CD13 (neovascular) or αvβ3 (MDA-MB-231). Therefore, the NGR-10R peptide provides a promising siRNA delivery reagent that could be used for drug development, particularly for anti-tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xingyu Jin
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Jia-Li Ji
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Shutao Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuquan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Quan Du
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zicai Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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40
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Veneti E, Tu RS, Auguste DT. RGD-Targeted Liposome Binding and Uptake on Breast Cancer Cells Is Dependent on Elastin Linker Secondary Structure. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1813-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Veneti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Raymond S. Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Debra T. Auguste
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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41
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Zhao H, Gao H, Zhai L, Liu X, Jia B, Shi J, Wang F. 99mTc-HisoDGR as a Potential SPECT Probe for Orthotopic Glioma Detection via Targeting of Integrin α5β1. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1259-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhao
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hannan Gao
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luoping Zhai
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xujie Liu
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiyun Shi
- Key
Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules,
Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical
Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key
Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules,
Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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42
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Curnis F, Fiocchi M, Sacchi A, Gori A, Gasparri A, Corti A. NGR-tagged nano-gold: A new CD13-selective carrier for cytokine delivery to tumors. NANO RESEARCH 2016; 9:1393-1408. [PMID: 27226823 PMCID: PMC4876925 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-016-1035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal gold (Au), a well-tolerated nanomaterial, is currently exploited for several applications in nanomedicine. We show that gold nanoparticles tagged with a novel tumor-homing peptide containing Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR), a ligand of CD13 expressed by the tumor neovasculature, can be exploited as carriers for cytokine delivery to tumors. Biochemical and functional studies showed that the NGR molecular scaffold/linker used for gold functionalization is critical for CD13 recognition. Using fibrosarcoma-bearing mice, NGR-tagged nanodrugs could deliver extremely low, yet pharmacologically active doses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an anticancer cytokine, to tumors with no evidence of toxicity. Mechanistic studies confirmed that CD13 targeting was a primary mechanism of drug delivery and excluded a major role of integrin targeting consequent to NGR deamidation, a degradation reaction that generates the isoAsp-Gly-Arg (isoDGR) integrin ligand. NGR-tagged gold nanoparticles can be used, in principle, as a novel platform for single- or multi-cytokine delivery to tumor endothelial cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Curnis
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Address correspondence to Flavio Curnis, ; Angelo Corti,
| | - Martina Fiocchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Angelina Sacchi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Anna Gasparri
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan
- Address correspondence to Flavio Curnis, ; Angelo Corti,
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Distal M domain of cobra ADAM-like metalloproteinase mediates the binding of positively charged cysteine-rich domain to αvβ3 integrin in the suppression of cell migration. Toxicon 2016; 118:1-12. [PMID: 27090013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified two new P-III type ADAM-like snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), i.e., atragin and kaouthiagin-like, from Taiwan cobra venom and determined their 3D structures with a distinct C- and I-shaped metalloproteinase/disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (MDC) modular architecture. Herein, we investigated their functional targets to elucidate the role of cobra SVMPs in perturbing wound healing in snakebite victims. We showed that the non-RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) C-shaped SVMP atragin binds about ten-fold stronger than the RGD-containing I-shaped SVMP kaouthiagin-like to αvβ3 integrin in the surface-immobilized form. Atragin binds to αvβ3 integrin through a novel interaction mode involving distal M and C domains via the RRN sequence motif in the hyper variable loop. In a cell adhesion assay, the adhesion of fibroblasts to atragin was mediated by αvβ3 integrin. Furthermore, atragin inhibited wound healing and suppressed cell migration in a αvβ3 integrin-dependent manner. These results, together with our previous demonstration of non-cytotoxic cobra CTX A5 in targeting αvβ3 integrin, suggest that cobra venom consists of several non-RGD toxins with integrin-binding specificity that could perturb wound healing in snakebite victims.
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Mezentsev YV, Medvedev AE, Kechko OI, Makarov AA, Ivanov AS, Mantsyzov AB, Kozin SA. Zinc-induced heterodimer formation between metal-binding domains of intact and naturally modified amyloid-beta species: implication to amyloid seeding in Alzheimer's disease? J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2317-26. [PMID: 26513486 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions and modified amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) play a critical role in the pathological aggregation of endogenous Aβ in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc-induced Aβ oligomerization is mediated by the metal-binding domain (MBD) which includes N-terminal residues 1-16 (Aβ1-16). Earlier, it has been shown that Aβ1-16 as well as some of its naturally occurring variants undergoes zinc-induced homodimerization via the interface in which zinc ion is coordinated by Glu11 and His14 of the interacting subunits. In this study using surface plasmon resonance technique, we have found that in the presence of zinc ions Aβ1-16 forms heterodimers with MBDs of two Aβ species linked to AD: Aβ containing isoAsp7 (isoAβ) and Aβ containing phosphorylated Ser8 (pS8-Aβ). The heterodimers appear to possess the same interface as the homodimers. Simulation of 200 ns molecular dynamic trajectories in two constructed models of dimers ([Aβ1-16/Zn/Aβ1-16] and [isoAβ1-16/Zn/Aβ1-16]), has shown that conformational flexibility of the N-terminal fragments of the dimer subunits is controlled by the structure of corresponding sites 6-8. The data suggest that isoAβ and pS8-Aβ can be involved in the AD pathogenesis by means of their zinc-dependent interactions with endogenous Aβ resulting in the formation of heterodimeric seeds for amyloid aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Mezentsev
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexei E Medvedev
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Olga I Kechko
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Alexis S Ivanov
- b Institute of Biomedical Chemistry , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Alexey B Mantsyzov
- c Faculty of Fundamental Medicine , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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45
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Arosio D, Casagrande C. Advancement in integrin facilitated drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:111-43. [PMID: 26686830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research of integrin-targeted anticancer agents has recorded important advancements in ingenious design of delivery systems, based either on the prodrug approach, or on nanoparticle carriers, but for now, none of these has reached a clinical stage of development. Past work in this area has been extensively reviewed by us and others. Thus, the purpose and scope of the present review is to survey the advancement reported in the last 3years, with focus on innovative delivery systems that appear to afford openings for future developments. These systems exploit the labelling with conventional and novel integrin ligands for targeting the interface of cancer cells and of endothelial cells involved in cancer angiogenesis, with the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in the circulation, in tissues, and in tumour stroma, as the site of progression and metastatic evolution of the disease. Furthermore, these systems implement the expertise in the development of nanomedicines to the purpose of achieving preferential biodistribution and uptake in cancer tissues, internalisation in cancer cells, and release of the transported drugs at intracellular sites. The assessment of the value of controlling these factors, and their combination, for future developments requires support of biological testing in appropriate mechanistic models, but also imperatively demand confirmation in therapeutically relevant in vivo models for biodistribution, efficacy, and lack of off-target effects. Thus, among many studies, we have tried to point out the results supported by relevant in vivo studies, and we have emphasised in specific sections those addressing the medical needs of drug delivery to brain tumours, as well as the delivery of oligonucleotides modulating gene-dependent pathological mechanism. The latter could constitute the basis of a promising third branch in the therapeutic armamentarium against cancer, in addition to antibody-based agents and to cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cesare Casagrande
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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Panzeri S, Zanella S, Arosio D, Vahdati L, Dal Corso A, Pignataro L, Paolillo M, Schinelli S, Belvisi L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Cyclic isoDGR and RGD peptidomimetics containing bifunctional diketopiperazine scaffolds are integrin antagonists. Chemistry 2015; 21:6265-71. [PMID: 25761230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cyclo[DKP-isoDGR] peptidomimetics 2-5, containing bifunctional diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffolds that differ in the configuration of the two DKP stereocenters and in the substitution at the DKP nitrogen atoms, were prepared and examined in vitro in competitive binding assays with purified αv β3 and αv β5 integrin receptors. IC50 values ranged from low nanomolar (ligand 3) to submicromolar with αv β3 integrin. The biological activities of ligands cyclo[DKP3-RGD] 1 and cyclo[DKP3-isoDGR] 3, bearing the same bifunctional DKP scaffold and showing similar αV β3 integrin binding values, were compared in terms of their cellular effects in human U373 glioblastoma cells. Compounds 1 and 3 displayed overlapping inhibitory effects on the FAK/Akt integrin activated transduction pathway and on integrin-mediated cell infiltration processes, and qualify therefore, despite the different RGD and isoDGR sequences, as integrin antagonists. Both compounds induced apoptosis in glioma cells after 72 hour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panzeri
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como (Italy)
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Ye TM, Pang RT, Leung CO, Chiu JF, Yeung WS. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry–based proteomic characterization of endometrial luminal epithelial surface proteins responsible for embryo implantation. Fertil Steril 2015; 103:853-61.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Enyedi KN, Czajlik A, Knapp K, Láng A, Majer Z, Lajkó E, Kőhidai L, Perczel A, Mező G. Development of cyclic NGR peptides with thioether linkage: structure and dynamics determining deamidation and bioactivity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1806-17. [PMID: 25646854 DOI: 10.1021/jm501630j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NGR peptides that recognize CD13 receptors in tumor neovasculature are of high interest, in particular due to their potential applications in drug targeting. Here we report the synthesis and structural analysis of novel thioether bond-linked cyclic NGR peptides. Our results show that their chemostability (resistance against spontaneous decomposition forming isoAsp and Asp derivatives) strongly depends on both sample handling conditions and structural properties. A significant correlation was found between chemostability and structural measures, such as NH(Gly)-CO(Asn-sc) distances. The side-chain orientation of Asn is a key determining factor; if it is turned away from HN(Gly), the chemostability increases. Structure stabilizing factors (e.g., H-bonds) lower their internal dynamics, and thus biomolecules become even more resistant against spontaneous decomposition. The effect of cyclic NGR peptides on cell adhesion was examined in A2058 melanoma cell lines. It was found that some of the investigated peptides gradually increased cell adhesion with long-term characteristics, indicating time-dependent formation of integrin binding isoAsp derivatives that are responsible for the adhesion-inducing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Nóra Enyedi
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,▽MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ∥Laboratory for Chiroptical Structure Analysis, Institute of Chemistry, and ⊥Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Pathuri G, Madka V, Hedrick AF, Lightfoot S, Awasthi V, Cowley BD, Rao CV, Gali H. Evaluation of (99m)Tc-probestin SPECT as a novel technique for noninvasive imaging of kidney aminopeptidase N expression. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2948-53. [PMID: 24988047 PMCID: PMC4144757 DOI: 10.1021/mp5002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; EC 3.4.11.2) is a zinc-dependent membrane-bound exopeptidase that catalyzes the removal of N-terminal amino acids from peptides. APN is known to be highly expressed on renal cortical proximal tubules. APN expression levels are markedly decreased under the influence of nephrotoxins and in the tumor regions of renal cancers. Thus, molecular imaging of kidney APN expression could provide pathophysiological information about kidneys noninvasively. Probestin is a potent APN inhibitor and binds to APN. Abdominal SPECT imaging was conducted at 1 h postinjection of (99m)Tc-probestin in a group of 12 UPII-SV40T transgenic and wild-type mice. UPII-SV40T mice spontaneously develop urothelial carcinoma in situ and invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) that invade kidneys. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to confirm the presence of tumor and to evaluate APN expression in kidney. Radioactivity in normal tissue regions of renal cortex was clearly visible in SPECT images, whereas tumor regions of renal cortex displayed significantly lower or no radioactivity uptake. Histopathological analysis of kidney sections showed normal morphology for both renal pelvic and cortical regions in wild-type mice and abnormal morphology in some transgenic mice. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining confirmed the presence of tumor in those abnormal regions. Immunohistochemical analysis of kidney sections using anti-CD13 antibody showed significantly lower APN expression in tumor regions compared to normal regions. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential use of (99m)Tc-probestin SPECT as a novel technique for noninvasive imaging of kidney APN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Andria F. Hedrick
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Stanley
A. Lightfoot
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Cowley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Center for Cancer
Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology/Oncology Section, Department
of Medicine, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, and Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine,
College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma
Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
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50
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13F-1, a novel 5-fluorouracil prodrug containing an Asn-Gly-Arg (NO2) COOCH3 tripeptide, inhibits human colonic carcinoma growth by targeting Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13). Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 734:50-9. [PMID: 24726845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
13F-1 is a 5-fluorouracil prodrug containing an Asn-Gly-Arg (NO2) COOCH3 tripeptide. 13F-1 might possess the activity against cancer growth by targeting Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13). Our goal in this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of 13F-1 on the growth of human colonic carcinoma by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Experiments were performed in colonic carcinoma Colo205 cells, which highly express APN/CD13 on cell surface. The inhibition of 13F-1 on cancer cell growth was estimated by the colorimetric and clonogenic assays. The assays of Annexin V-FITC/PI and JC-1 fluorescence probe were employed to determine the apoptotic cells. Further experiment was performed in mice bearing Colo205 xenografts. 13F-1 was injected for three consecutive weeks. The specimens of Colo205 xenografts were removed for TUNEL staining and western blotting analysis. The expressions of APN/CD13 were analyzed by immunofluorescent flow cytometry and western blotting assays. 13F-1 significantly inhibited Colo205 cell proliferation. 13F-1 by injection delayed the expansion of Colo205 xenografts without significant toxicity to mice. The inhibitory effect of 13F-1 might arise from its role in apoptotic induction. Further analysis indicated that 13F-1 strongly inhibited APN/CD13 expression on cancer cell surface. In contrast, 5-FU did not affect APN/CD13 expression. These results indicated the mechanism of 13F-1 action that 13F-1׳s effect was associated with its role in suppression of APN/CD13 expression. Conclusion, 13F-1 could be developed as a promising agent for treatment of cancers with high expression of APN/CD13.
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