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Gehin C, Lone MA, Lee W, Capolupo L, Ho S, Adeyemi AM, Gerkes EH, Stegmann AP, López-Martín E, Bermejo-Sánchez E, Martínez-Delgado B, Zweier C, Kraus C, Popp B, Strehlow V, Gräfe D, Knerr I, Jones ER, Zamuner S, Abriata LA, Kunnathully V, Moeller BE, Vocat A, Rommelaere S, Bocquete JP, Ruchti E, Limoni G, Van Campenhoudt M, Bourgeat S, Henklein P, Gilissen C, van Bon BW, Pfundt R, Willemsen MH, Schieving JH, Leonardi E, Soli F, Murgia A, Guo H, Zhang Q, Xia K, Fagerberg CR, Beier CP, Larsen MJ, Valenzuela I, Fernández-Álvarez P, Xiong S, Śmigiel R, López-González V, Armengol L, Morleo M, Selicorni A, Torella A, Blyth M, Cooper NS, Wilson V, Oegema R, Herenger Y, Garde A, Bruel AL, Tran Mau-Them F, Maddocks AB, Bain JM, Bhat MA, Costain G, Kannu P, Marwaha A, Champaigne NL, Friez MJ, Richardson EB, Gowda VK, Srinivasan VM, Gupta Y, Lim TY, Sanna-Cherchi S, Lemaitre B, Yamaji T, Hanada K, Burke JE, Jakšić AM, McCabe BD, De Los Rios P, Hornemann T, D’Angelo G, Gennarino VA. CERT1 mutations perturb human development by disrupting sphingolipid homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165019. [PMID: 36976648 PMCID: PMC10178846 DOI: 10.1172/jci165019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural differentiation, synaptic transmission, and action potential propagation depend on membrane sphingolipids, whose metabolism is tightly regulated. Mutations in the ceramide transporter CERT (CERT1), which is involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis, are associated with intellectual disability, but the pathogenic mechanism remains obscure. Here, we characterize 31 individuals with de novo missense variants in CERT1. Several variants fall into a previously uncharacterized dimeric helical domain that enables CERT homeostatic inactivation, without which sphingolipid production goes unchecked. The clinical severity reflects the degree to which CERT autoregulation is disrupted, and inhibiting CERT pharmacologically corrects morphological and motor abnormalities in a Drosophila model of the disease, which we call ceramide transporter (CerTra) syndrome. These findings uncover a central role for CERT autoregulation in the control of sphingolipid biosynthetic flux, provide unexpected insight into the structural organization of CERT, and suggest a possible therapeutic approach for patients with CerTra syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gehin
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Museer A. Lone
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Genetics and Development and
- Department Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Capolupo
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ho
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adekemi M. Adeyemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erica H. Gerkes
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander P.A. Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Estrella López-Martín
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Bermejo-Sánchez
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernt Popp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center of Functional Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Gräfe
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ina Knerr
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children’s Health Ireland (CHI) at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eppie R. Jones
- Genuity Science, Cherrywood Business Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefano Zamuner
- Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A. Abriata
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling and Protein Purification and Structure Facility, EPFL and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Vidya Kunnathully
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Brandon E. Moeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Evelyne Ruchti
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Greta Limoni
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Samuel Bourgeat
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Henklein
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bregje W. van Bon
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jolanda H. Schieving
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children’s Hospital and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Leonardi
- Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Soli
- Medical Genetics Department, APSS Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Christina R. Fagerberg
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph P. Beier
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin J. Larsen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d′Hebron, Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Vall d′Hebron, Medicine Genetics Group, Valle Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiyi Xiong
- Fetal Medicine Unit and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Department of Family and Pediatric Nursing, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vanesa López-González
- Sección de Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-ISCIII, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lluís Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, S.L., CSO & CEO, Esplugues del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Lariana Sant’ Anna Hospital, San Fermo Della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Naples, Italy
| | - Moira Blyth
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Clinical Genetics Centre, Ashgrove House, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Cooper
- W Midlands Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Wilson
- Northern Regional Genetics Laboratory, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvan Herenger
- Genetica AG, Humangenetisches Labor und Beratungsstelle, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Garde
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Alexis B.R. Maddocks
- Department of Radiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bain
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Musadiq A. Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Kannu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ashish Marwaha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neena L. Champaigne
- Greenwood Genetic Center and the Medical University of South Carolina, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J. Friez
- Greenwood Genetic Center and the Medical University of South Carolina, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen B. Richardson
- Greenwood Genetic Center and the Medical University of South Carolina, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Vykuntaraju K. Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Yask Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tze Y. Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John E. Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana Marjia Jakšić
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian D. McCabe
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo De Los Rios
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni D’Angelo
- Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences and
| | - Vincenzo A. Gennarino
- Department of Genetics and Development and
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Neurology
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Benedyk TH, Connor V, Caroe ER, Shamin M, Svergun DI, Deane JE, Jeffries CM, Crump CM, Graham SC. Herpes simplex virus 1 protein pUL21 alters ceramide metabolism by activating the interorganelle transport protein CERT. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102589. [PMID: 36243114 PMCID: PMC9668737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 dramatically alters the architecture and protein composition of cellular membranes during infection, but its effects upon membrane lipid composition remain unclear. HSV-1 pUL21 is a virus-encoded protein phosphatase adaptor that promotes dephosphorylation of multiple cellular and virus proteins, including the cellular ceramide (Cer) transport protein CERT. CERT mediates nonvesicular Cer transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network, whereupon Cer is converted to sphingomyelin (SM) and other sphingolipids that play important roles in cellular proliferation, signaling, and membrane trafficking. Here, we use click chemistry to profile the kinetics of sphingolipid metabolism, showing that pUL21-mediated dephosphorylation activates CERT and accelerates Cer-to-SM conversion. Purified pUL21 and full-length CERT interact with submicromolar affinity, and we solve the solution structure of the pUL21 C-terminal domain in complex with the CERT Pleckstrin homology and steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domains using small-angle X-ray scattering. We identify a single amino acid mutation on the surface of pUL21 that disrupts CERT binding in vitro and in cultured cells. This residue is highly conserved across the genus Simplexvirus. In addition, we identify a pUL21 residue essential for binding to HSV-1 pUL16. Sphingolipid profiling demonstrates that Cer-to-SM conversion is severely diminished in the context of HSV-1 infection, a defect that is compounded when infecting with a virus encoding the mutated form of pUL21 that lacks the ability to activate CERT. However, virus replication and spread in cultured keratinocytes or epithelial cells is not significantly altered when pUL21-mediated CERT dephosphorylation is abolished. Collectively, we demonstrate that HSV-1 modifies sphingolipid metabolism via specific protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viv Connor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eve R Caroe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Shamin
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janet E Deane
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen C Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Targeting the Sphingolipid Rheostat in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169255. [PMID: 36012521 PMCID: PMC9408832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are highly aggressive cancer types that are in urgent need of novel drugs and targeted therapies. Treatment protocols have not improved in over a decade, and glioma patient survival remains among the worst of all cancer types. As a result, cancer metabolism research has served as an innovative approach to identifying novel glioma targets and improving our understanding of brain tumors. Recent research has uncovered a unique metabolic vulnerability in the sphingolipid pathways of gliomas that possess the IDH1 mutation. Sphingolipids are a family of lipid signaling molecules that play a variety of second messenger functions in cellular regulation. The two primary metabolites, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, maintain a rheostat balance and play opposing roles in cell survival and proliferation. Altering the rheostat such that the pro-apoptotic signaling of the ceramides outweighs the pro-survival S1P signaling in glioma cells diminishes the hallmarks of cancer and enhances tumor cell death. Throughout this review, we discuss the sphingolipid pathway and identify the enzymes that can be most effectively targeted to alter the sphingolipid rheostat and enhance apoptosis in gliomas. We discuss each pathway’s steps based on their site of occurrence in the organelles and postulate novel targets that can effectively exploit this vulnerability.
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Chung LH, Liu D, Liu XT, Qi Y. Ceramide Transfer Protein (CERT): An Overlooked Molecular Player in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13184. [PMID: 34947980 PMCID: PMC8705978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of essential lipids implicated in constructing cellular membranes and regulating nearly all cellular functions. Sphingolipid metabolic network is centered with the ceramide-sphingomyelin axis. Ceramide is well-recognized as a pro-apoptotic signal; while sphingomyelin, as the most abundant type of sphingolipids, is required for cell growth. Therefore, the balance between these two sphingolipids can be critical for cancer cell survival and functioning. Ceramide transfer protein (CERT) dictates the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin within the cell. It is the only lipid transfer protein that specifically delivers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where ceramide serves as the substrate for sphingomyelin synthesis. In the past two decades, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a critical role of CERT in cancer, but much more intensive efforts are required to draw a definite conclusion. Herein, we review all research findings of CERT, focusing on its molecular structure, cellular functions and implications in cancer. This comprehensive review of CERT will help to better understand the molecular mechanism of cancer and inspire to identify novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hoa Chung
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
| | | | | | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
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5
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Ghoula M, Le Marec A, Magnan C, Le Stunff H, Taboureau O. Identification of the Interactions Interference Between the PH and START Domain of CERT by Limonoid and HPA Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:603983. [PMID: 33330630 PMCID: PMC7729066 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.603983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi domain ceramide transfer protein (CERT) which contains the domains START and PH, is a protein that allows the transport of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and so it plays a major role in sphingolipid metabolism. Recently, the crystal structure of the PH-START complex has been released, suggesting an inhibitory action of START to the binding of the PH domain to the Golgi apparatus and thus limiting the CERT activity. Our study presents a combination of docking and molecular dynamic simulations of N-(3-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl)alkanamides (HPA) analogs and limonoids compounds known to inhibit CERT. Through our computational study, we compared the binding affinity of 14 ligands at both domains (START and PH) and also at the START-PH interface, including several mutations known to play a role in the CERT’s activity. At the difference of HPA compounds, limonoids have a stronger binding affinity for the START-PH interface. Furthermore, 2 inhibitors (HPA-12 and isogedunin) were investigated through molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. 50 ns of molecular dynamic simulations have displayed the stability of isogedunin as well as keys residues in the binding of this molecule at the interface of the PH-START complex. Therefore, this study suggests a novel inhibitory mechanism of CERT for limonoid compounds involving the stabilization of the START-PH interface. This could help to develop new and potentially more selective inhibitors of this transporter, which is a potent target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Ghoula
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1133, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Université Paris Saclay, Institut des Neurosciences Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Orsay, France
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6
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Kumagai K, Hanada K. Structure, functions and regulation of CERT, a lipid-transfer protein for the delivery of ceramide at the ER-Golgi membrane contact sites. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2366-2377. [PMID: 31254361 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inter-organelle transport of lipids must be regulated to ensure appropriate lipid composition of each organelle. In mammalian cells, ceramide synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is transported to the trans-Golgi regions, where ceramide is converted to sphingomyelin (SM) with the concomitant production of diacylglycerol. Ceramide transport protein (CERT) transports ceramide from the ER to the trans-Golgi regions at the ER-Golgi membrane contact sites (MCS). The function of CERT is down-regulated by multisite phosphorylation of a serine-repeat motif (SRM) and up-regulated by phosphorylation of serine 315 in CERT. Multisite phosphorylation of the SRM is primed by protein kinase D, which is activated by diacylglycerol. The function of CERT is regulated by a phosphorylation-dependent feedback mechanism in response to cellular requirements of SM. CERT-dependent ceramide transport is also affected by the pool of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) in the trans-Golgi regions, while the PtdIns(4)P pool is regulated by PtdIns-4-kinases and oxysterol-binding protein. The ER-Golgi MCS may serve as inter-organelle communication zones, in which many factors work in concert to serve as an extensive rheostat of SM, diacylglycerol, cholesterol and PtdIns(4)P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Zelnik ID, Ventura AE, Kim JL, Silva LC, Futerman AH. The role of ceramide in regulating endoplasmic reticulum function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158489. [PMID: 31233888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are an important class of membrane lipids containing a long chain sphingoid base backbone. SL synthesis is compartmentalized between two major cell organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus. The initial steps of sphingolipid synthesis take place in the ER, where the simplest SL, ceramide, is synthesized. Although ceramide is a critical membrane component, an imbalance of ceramide levels can have significant deleterious effects on cell properties leading to events such as apoptosis. For this reason and others, ER ceramide levels must be tightly regulated. Here, we describe the biological and biophysical properties of ceramide and discuss how this might impact the ER membrane. This article is part of a special issue entitled: ER Platforms for Membrane Lipid Dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris D Zelnik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ana E Ventura
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiyoon L Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liana C Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Kumagai K, Elwell CA, Ando S, Engel JN, Hanada K. Both the N- and C- terminal regions of the Chlamydial inclusion protein D (IncD) are required for interaction with the pleckstrin homology domain of the ceramide transport protein CERT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1070-1076. [PMID: 30314703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that replicates within a membranous compartment, the inclusion, in host cells. Its intracellular life cycle requires host sphingolipids, which are in part acquired through the ER-Golgi localized ceramide transport protein (CERT). The Chlamydia-encoded inclusion membrane protein IncD is composed of two closely linked long hydrophobic domains with their N- and C-termini exposed to the host cytosol. IncD binds directly to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of CERT, likely redirecting ceramide to the inclusion. The precise regions of IncD required for this interaction have not been delineated. Using co-transfection studies together with phylogenetic studies, we demonstrate that both the IncD N- and C-terminal regions are required for binding to the CERT PH domain and define key interaction residues. Native gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrates that the transmembrane region of IncD forms SDS-resistant but dithiothreitol-sensitive homodimers, which in turn can assemble to form higher order oligomers through additional N- and C-terminal domain contacts. IncD oligomerization may facilitate high affinity binding to CERT, allowing C. trachomatis to efficiently redirect host ceramide to the inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Cherilyn A Elwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuji Ando
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Joanne N Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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9
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Hanada K. Lipid transfer proteins rectify inter-organelle flux and accurately deliver lipids at membrane contact sites. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1341-1366. [PMID: 29884707 PMCID: PMC6071762 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main center for the synthesis of various lipid types in cells, and newly synthesized lipids are delivered from the ER to other organelles. In the past decade, various lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) have been recognized as mediators of lipid transport from the ER to other organelles; inter-organelle transport occurs at membrane contact sites (MCSs) and in a nonvesicular manner. Although the intermembrane transfer reaction catalyzed by LTPs is an equilibrium reaction, various types of newly synthesized lipids are transported unidirectionally in cells. This review provides a brief history of the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and summarizes the structural and biochemical characteristics of the ceramide transport protein (CERT) as a typical LTP acting at MCSs. In addition, this review compares several LTP-mediated inter-organelle lipid trafficking systems and proposes that LTPs generate unidirectional fluxes of specific lipids between different organelles by indirect coupling with the metabolic reactions that occur in specific organelles. Moreover, the available data also suggest that the major advantage of LTP-mediated lipid transport at MCSs may be the accuracy of delivery. Finally, how cholesterol is enriched in the plasma membrane is discussed from a thermodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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10
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Sugiki T, Egawa D, Kumagai K, Kojima C, Fujiwara T, Takeuchi K, Shimada I, Hanada K, Takahashi H. Phosphoinositide binding by the PH domain in ceramide transfer protein (CERT) is inhibited by hyperphosphorylation of an adjacent serine-repeat motif. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11206-11217. [PMID: 29848549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids such as ceramide are important constituents of cell membranes. The ceramide transfer protein (CERT) moves ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in a nonvesicular manner. Hyperphosphorylation of the serine-repeat motif (SRM) adjacent to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of CERT down-regulates the inter-organelle ceramide transport function of CERT. However, the mechanistic details of this down-regulation remain elusive. Using solution NMR and binding assays, we herein show that a hyperphosphorylation-mimetic CERT variant in which 10 serine/threonine residues of SRM had been replaced with glutamate residues (the 10E variant) displays an intramolecular interaction between SRM and positively charged regions of the PH domain, which are involved in the binding of this domain to phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI4P). Of note, the binding of the PH domain to PI4P-embedded membranes was attenuated by the SRM 10E substitutions in cell-free assays. Moreover, the 10E substitutions reduced the Golgi-targeting activity of the PH-SRM construct in living cells. These results indicate that hyperphosphorylated SRM directly interacts with the surface of the PH domain in an intramolecular manner, thereby decreasing the PI4P-binding activity of the PH domain. In light of these findings, we propose that the hyperphosphorylation of SRM may trigger the dissociation of CERT from the Golgi apparatus, resulting in a functionally less active conformation of CERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,the Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8073, Japan.,the Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.,the Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daichi Egawa
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keigo Kumagai
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chojiro Kojima
- the Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,the Graduate School and Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan, and
| | - Toshimichi Fujiwara
- the Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- the Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,the Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- the Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, .,the Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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11
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D'Angelo G, Moorthi S, Luberto C. Role and Function of Sphingomyelin Biosynthesis in the Development of Cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 140:61-96. [PMID: 30060817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthesis represents a complex, finely regulated process, mostly occurring in vertebrates. It is intimately linked to lipid transport and it is ultimately carried out by two enzymes, SM synthase 1 and 2, selectively localized in the Golgi and plasma membrane. In the course of the SM biosynthetic reaction, various lipids are metabolized. Because these lipids have both structural and signaling functions, the SM biosynthetic process has the potential to affect diverse important cellular processes (such as cell proliferation, cell survival, and migration). Thus defects in SM biosynthesis might directly or indirectly impact the normal physiology of the cell and eventually of the organism. In this chapter, we will focus on evidence supporting a role for SM biosynthesis in specific cellular functions and how its dysregulation can affect neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Sitapriya Moorthi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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12
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Koch-Edelmann S, Banhart S, Saied EM, Rose L, Aeberhard L, Laue M, Doellinger J, Arenz C, Heuer D. The cellular ceramide transport protein CERT promotes Chlamydia psittaci infection and controls bacterial sphingolipid uptake. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28544656 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are bacterial pathogens that cause diverse diseases in humans and animals. Despite their broad host and tissue tropism, all Chlamydia species share an obligate intracellular cycle of development and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to interact with their eukaryotic host cells. Here, we have analysed interactions of the zoonotic pathogen Chlamydia psittaci with a human epithelial cell line. We found that C. psittaci recruits the ceramide transport protein (CERT) to its inclusion. Chemical inhibition and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of CERT showed that CERT is a crucial factor for C. psittaci infections thereby affecting different stages of the infection including inclusion growth and infectious progeny formation. Interestingly, the uptake of fluorescently labelled sphingolipids in bacteria inside the inclusion was accelerated in CERT-knockout cells indicating that C. psittaci can exploit CERT-independent sphingolipid uptake pathways. Moreover, the CERT-specific inhibitor HPA-12 strongly diminished sphingolipid transport to inclusions of infected CERT-knockout cells, suggesting that other HPA-12-sensitive factors are involved in sphingolipid trafficking to C. psittaci. Further analysis is required to decipher these interactions and to understand their contributions to bacterial development, host range, tissue tropism, and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Koch-Edelmann
- Junior Research Group "Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens" (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Banhart
- Junior Research Group "Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens" (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Essa M Saied
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Laura Rose
- Junior Research Group "Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens" (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Aeberhard
- Junior Research Group "Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens" (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Doellinger
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS 6), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Heuer
- Junior Research Group "Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens" (NG 5), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Santos C, Stauffert F, Ballereau S, Dehoux C, Rodriguez F, Bodlenner A, Compain P, Génisson Y. Iminosugar-based ceramide mimicry for the design of new CERT START domain ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1984-1989. [PMID: 28237558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The enigmatical dichotomy between the two CERT/GPBP protein isoforms, their vast panel of biological implications and the scarcity of known antagonist series call for new ligand chemotypes identification. We report the design of iminosugar-based ceramide mimics for the development of new START domain ligands potentially targeting either protein isoforms. Strategic choice of (i) an iminoxylitol core structure and (ii) the positioning of two dodecyl residues led to an extent of protein binding comparable to that of the natural cargo lipid ceramide or the archetypical inhibitor HPA-12. Molecular docking study evidenced a possible mode of protein binding fully coherent with the one observed in crystalline co-structures of known ligands. The present study thus paves the way for cellular CERT inhibition studies en route to the development of pharmacological tools aiming at deciphering the respective function and therapeutic potential of the two CERT/GPBP protein isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Santos
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Fabien Stauffert
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Ballereau
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Cécile Dehoux
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Frédéric Rodriguez
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Anne Bodlenner
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Yves Génisson
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France.
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14
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Berkeš D, Daïch A, Santos C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. Chemistry and Biology of HPAs: A Family of Ceramide Trafficking Inhibitors. Chemistry 2016; 22:17514-17525. [PMID: 27628428 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, two years before the disclosure of the CERT-associated Cer transfer machinery, N-(3-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl)alkanamides (HPAs) were described as the first, and to date unique, family of intracellular Cer trafficking inhibitors. The dodecanamide derivative, HPA-12, turned out to be a benchmark as a cellular inhibitor of CERT-mediated de novo sphingomyelin biosynthesis. In only 15 years after its first disclosure, this compound has prompted a growing number of biological and chemical studies. Its initial chemical development closely paralleled the study of the CERT protein. It was only after its structural revision in 2011 that HPA-12 received broad attention from the synthetic chemistry community, leading to novel analogues with enhanced protein binding. This Minireview aims at presenting an exhaustive report of the syntheses of HPA-12 and analogues. Biological activities of this CERT inhibitor and structure-activity relationships are also presented to afford a comprehensive overview of the chemistry and biology of the HPA series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berkeš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Adam Daïch
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Université du Havre, URCOM EA-3221, INC3 M CNRS FR-3038, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, B.P. 1123, 76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Santos
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Ballereau
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Génisson
- SPCMIB, UMR5068 CNRS-, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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15
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Lalwani KG, Sudalai A. Organocatalytic route to enantioselective synthesis of ceramide trafficking inhibitor HPA-12. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Santos C, Fleury L, Rodriguez F, Markus J, Berkeš D, Daïch A, Ausseil F, Baudoin-Dehoux C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. The CERT antagonist HPA-12: first practical synthesis and individual binding evaluation of the four stereoisomers. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2004-9. [PMID: 25818765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first unified synthetic route to the four enantiopure HPA-12 stereoisomers in multi-gram scale is reported based on Crystallization-Induced Asymmetric Transformation (CIAT) technology. This preparative stereoselective synthesis allowed the unprecedented comparative evaluation of HPA-12 stereoisomers regarding their interaction with the CERT START domain. In vitro binding assay coupled to in silico docking approach indicate a possible interaction for the four derivatives. The first TR-FRET homogeneous-phase assay was developed to quantify their binding to the START domain, allowing complete determination of HPA-12 EC₅₀. Results indicate that not only the (1R,3S) lead to the strongest binding, but that both 1R and 3S stereocenters similarly contribute to extent of recognition This automated homogenous assay further opens up promising prospect for the identification of novel potential CERT antagonist by means of high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Santos
- SPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Fleury
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre n°3388 ETaC, CRDPF, 3 avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Frédéric Rodriguez
- SPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jozef Markus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Adam Daïch
- URCOM, EA 3221, INC3M CNRS FR-3038, UFR Sciences & Techniques, University of Le Havre, 25, rue Philippe Lebon, B.P. 540, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre n°3388 ETaC, CRDPF, 3 avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Cécile Baudoin-Dehoux
- SPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphanie Ballereau
- SPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Yves Génisson
- SPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118, route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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17
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Fleury L, Faux C, Santos C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y, Ausseil F. Development of a CERT START Domain-Ceramide HTRF Binding Assay and Application to Pharmacological Studies and Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:779-87. [PMID: 25716975 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115573402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) metabolism deregulation was recently associated with cell metastasis and chemoresistance, and several pharmacological strategies targeting SM metabolism have emerged. The ceramide (Cer) generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be transformed into SM. CERamide Transfer (CERT) protein is responsible for the nonvesicular trafficking of Cer to Golgi. Blocking the CERT-mediated ER-to-Golgi Cer transfer is an interesting antioncogenic therapeutic approach. Here, we developed a protein-lipid interaction assay for the identification of new CERT-Cer interaction inhibitors. Frequently used for protein-protein interaction by enzymatic and analyte dosage assays, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technology was adapted for the first time to a lipid-protein binding assay. This test was developed for high-throughput screening, and a library of 672 molecules was screened. Seven hits were identified, and their inhibitory effect quantified by EC50 measurements showed binding inhibition three orders of magnitude more potent than that of HPA12, the unique known CERT antagonist to date. Each compound was tested on an independent test, confirming its high affinity and pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Faux
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Santos
- LSPCMIB, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Yves Génisson
- LSPCMIB, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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18
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Santos C, Rogriguez F, Garcia V, Moravčíková D, Berkeš D, Daïch A, Levade T, Baudoin-Dehoux C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. Identification of Novel CERT Ligands as Potential Ceramide Trafficking Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2522-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Saied EM, Diederich S, Arenz C. Facile synthesis of the CERT inhibitor HPA-12 and some novel derivatives. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2092-4. [PMID: 24888419 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
HPA-12 is an inhibitor of CERT-mediated non-vesicular transport of ceramide from the ER membranes to the Golgi apparatus. The inhibitor effectively blocks the synthesis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin and may represent a novel drug prototype. Previous syntheses relied on non-commercial catalysts or specialized chemistries. Here we present a straightforward and effective method to synthesize HPA-12 from commercially available protected L-serinol in four steps. Some new analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their CERT-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa M Saied
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30-2093 6947; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia (Egypt)
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20
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Kumagai K, Kawano-Kawada M, Hanada K. Phosphoregulation of the ceramide transport protein CERT at serine 315 in the interaction with VAMP-associated protein (VAP) for inter-organelle trafficking of ceramide in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10748-10760. [PMID: 24569996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ceramide transport protein CERT mediates the inter-organelle transport of ceramide for the synthesis of sphingomyelin, presumably through endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi membrane contact sites. CERT has a short peptide motif named FFAT, which associates with the ER-resident membrane protein VAP. We show that the phosphorylation of CERT at serine 315, which is adjacent to the FFAT motif, markedly enhanced the interaction of CERT with VAP. The phosphomimetic CERT S315E mutant exhibited higher activity to support the ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide than the wild-type control in a semi-intact cell system, and this enhanced activity was abrogated when its FFAT motif was deleted. The level of phosphorylation of CERT at Ser-315 increased in HeLa cells treated with a sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor or exogenous sphingomyelinase. Expression of CERT S315E induced intracellular punctate structures, to which CERT and VAP were co-localized, and the occurrence of the structure was dependent on both phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate binding and VAP binding activities of CERT. Phosphorylation of another region (named a serine-rich motif) in CERT is known to down-regulate the activity of CERT. Analysis of various CERT mutant constructs showed that the de-phosphorylation of the serine-rich motif and the phosphorylation of Ser-315 likely have the additive contribution to enhance the activity of CERT. These results demonstrate that the phosphorylation of CERT at the FFAT motif-adjacent serine affected its affinity for VAP, which may regulate the inter-organelle trafficking of ceramide in response to the perturbation of cellular sphingomyelin and/or other sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kumagai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawano-Kawada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Uchida Y. Ceramide signaling in mammalian epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:453-62. [PMID: 24055887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide, the backbone structure of all sphingolipids, as well as a minor component of cellular membranes, has a unique role in the skin, by forming the epidermal permeability barrier at the extracellular domains of the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is required for terrestrial mammalian survival. In contrast to the role of ceramide in forming the permeability barrier, the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites have not yet been recognized. Ceramide and/or its metabolites regulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes. Recent studies have further demonstrated that a ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, modulates innate immune function. Ceramide has already been applied to therapeutic approaches for treatment of eczema associated with attenuated epidermal permeability barrier function. Pharmacological modulation of ceramide and its metabolites' signaling can also be applied to cutaneous disease prevention and therapy. The author here describes the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites in mammalian cells and tissues, including the epidermis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Dermatology Service and Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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22
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Ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:422-34. [PMID: 23988654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis and in particular its outermost layer the stratum corneum provides terrestrial vertebrates with a pivotal defensive barrier against water loss, xenobiotics and harmful pathogens. A vital demand for this epidermal permeability barrier is the lipid-enriched lamellar matrix that embeds the enucleated corneocytes. Ceramides are the major components of these highly ordered intercellular lamellar structures, in which linoleic acid- and protein-esterified ceramides are crucial for structuring and maintaining skin barrier integrity. In this review, we describe the fascinating diversity of epidermal ceramides including 1-O-acylceramides. We focus on epidermal ceramide biosynthesis emphasizing its metabolic and topological requirements and discuss enzymes that may be involved in α- and ω-hydroxylation. Finally, we turn to epidermal ceramide regulation, highlighting transcription factors and liposensors recently described to play crucial roles in modulating skin lipid metabolism and epidermal barrier homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier.
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23
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Liu YY, Hill RA, Li YT. Ceramide glycosylation catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase and cancer drug resistance. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 117:59-89. [PMID: 23290777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394274-6.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, catalyzes the first reaction of ceramide glycosylation in sphingolipid metabolism. This glycosylation by GCS is a critical step regulating the modulation of cellular activities by controlling ceramide and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). An increase of ceramide in response to stresses, such as chemotherapy, drives cells to proliferation arrest and apoptosis or autophagy; however, ceramide glycosylation promptly eliminates ceramide and consequently, these induced processes, thus protecting cancer cells. Further, persistently enhanced ceramide glycosylation can increase GSLs, participating in selecting cancer cells to drug resistance. GCS is overexpressed in diverse drug-resistant cancer cells and in tumors of breast, colon, and leukemia that display poor response to chemotherapy. As ceramide glycosylation by GCS is a rate-limiting step in GSL synthesis, inhibition of GCS sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs and eradicates cancer stem cells. Mechanistic studies indicate that uncoupling ceramide glycosylation can modulate gene expression, decreasing MDR1 through the cSrc/β-catenin pathway and restoring p53 expression via RNA splicing. These studies not only expand our knowledge in understanding how ceramide glycosylation affects cancer cells but also provide novel therapeutic approaches for targeting refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Liu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
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24
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Ueno M, Huang YY, Yamano A, Kobayashi S. Revised Stereochemistry of Ceramide-Trafficking Inhibitor HPA-12 by X-ray Crystallography Analysis. Org Lett 2013; 15:2869-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401101u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Yi-Yong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Shu̅ Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Application Laboratories, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
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25
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Resveratrol stimulates sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling of cathelicidin production. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1942-9. [PMID: 23856934 PMCID: PMC3753186 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered a regulatory mechanism that stimulates production of the multifunctional antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). In response to subtoxic levels of ER stress, increased sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) production activates an NFκB→C/EBPα dependent pathway that enhances CAMP production in cultured human keratinocytes. Since the multifunctional stilbenoid compound, resveratrol (RESV), increases ceramide (Cer) levels, a precursor of S1P, we hypothesized and assessed whether RESV could exploit the same pathway to regulate CAMP production. Accordingly, RESV significantly increased Cer and S1P levels in cultured keratinocytes, paralleled by increased CAMP mRNA/protein expression. Furthermore, topical RESV also increased murine CAMP mRNA/protein expression in mouse skin. Conversely, blockade of Cer→sphingosine→S1P metabolic conversion, with specific inhibitors of ceramidase or sphingosine kinase, attenuated the expected RESV-mediated increase in CAMP expression. The RESV-induced increase in CAMP expression required both NF-κB and C/EBPα transactivation. Moreover, conditioned media from keratinocyte treated with RESV significantly suppressed Staphylococcus aureus growth. Finally, topical RESV, if not coapplied with a specific inhibitor of sphingosine kinase, blocked Staphylococcus aureus invasion into murine skin. These results demonstrate that the dietary stilbenoid, RESV, stimulates S1P signaling of CAMP production through an NF-κB→C/EBPα-dependent mechanism, leading to enhanced antimicrobial defense against exogenous microbial pathogens.
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26
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Combemale S, Santos C, Rodriguez F, Garcia V, Galaup C, Frongia C, Lobjois V, Levade T, Baudoin-Dehoux C, Ballereau S, Génisson Y. A biologically relevant ceramide fluorescent probe to assess the binding of potential ligands to the CERT transfer protein. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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A novel role of a lipid species, sphingosine-1-phosphate, in epithelial innate immunity. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:752-62. [PMID: 23230267 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01103-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of external perturbations can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by stimulation of epithelial cells to produce an innate immune element, the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). ER stress also increases production of the proapoptotic lipid ceramide and its antiapoptotic metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We demonstrate here that S1P mediates ER stress-induced CAMP generation. Cellular ceramide and S1P levels rose in parallel with CAMP levels following addition of either exogenous cell-permeating ceramide (C2Cer), which increases S1P production, or thapsigargin (an ER stressor), applied to cultured human skin keratinocytes or topically to mouse skin. Knockdown of S1P lyase, which catabolizes S1P, enhanced ER stress-induced CAMP production in cultured cells and mouse skin. These and additional inhibitor studies show that S1P is responsible for ER stress-induced upregulation of CAMP expression. Increased CAMP expression is likely mediated via S1P-dependent NF-κB-C/EBPα activation. Finally, lysates of both ER-stressed and S1P-stimulated cells blocked growth of virulent Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and topical C2Cer and LL-37 inhibited invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into murine skin. These studies suggest that S1P generation resulting in increased CAMP production comprises a novel regulatory mechanism of epithelial innate immune responses to external perturbations, pointing to a new therapeutic approach to enhance antimicrobial defense.
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28
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Regulation of cell migration by sphingomyelin synthases: sphingomyelin in lipid rafts decreases responsiveness to signaling by the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3242-52. [PMID: 22688512 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00121-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) catalyzes the formation of sphingomyelin, a major component of the plasma membrane and lipid rafts. To investigate the role of SMS in cell signaling and migration induced by binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to CXCR4, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in SMS1 and/or SMS2 and examined the effects of SMS deficiency on cell migration. SMS deficiency promoted cell migration through a CXCL12/CXCR4-dependent signaling pathway involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. In addition, SMS1/SMS2 double-knockout cells had heightened sensitivity to CXCL12, which was significantly suppressed upon transfection with the SMS1 or SMS2 gene or when they were treated with exogenous sphingomyelin but not when they were treated with the SMS substrate ceramide. Notably, SMS deficiency facilitated relocalization of CXCR4 to lipid rafts, which form platforms for the regulation and transduction of receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, we found that SMS deficiency potentiated CXCR4 dimerization, which is required for signal transduction. This dimerization was significantly repressed by sphingomyelin treatment. Collectively, our data indicate that SMS-derived sphingomyelin lowers responsiveness to CXCL12, thereby reducing migration induced by this chemokine. Our findings provide the first direct evidence for an involvement of SMS-generated sphingomyelin in the regulation of cell migration.
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29
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Olayioye MA, Hausser A. Integration of non-vesicular and vesicular transport processes at the Golgi complex by the PKD-CERT network. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:1096-103. [PMID: 22226883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-vesicular transport of ceramide from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi membranes is essential for cellular lipid homeostasis. Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine-threonine kinase that controls vesicle fission at Golgi membranes. Here we highlight the intimate connections between non-vesicular and vesicular transport at the level of the Golgi complex, and suggest that PKD and its substrate CERT, the ceramide transfer protein, play central roles in coordinating these processes by fine-tuning the local membrane lipid composition to maintain Golgi secretory function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipids and Vesicular Transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monilola A Olayioye
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
Ceramides are a class of sphingolipids that are abundant in cell membranes. They are important structural components of the membrane but can also act as second messengers in various signaling pathways. Until recently, ceramides and dihydroceramides were considered as a single functional class of lipids and no distinction was made between molecules with different chain lengths. However, based on the development of high-throughput, structure-specific and quantitative analytical methods to measure ceramides, it has now become clear that in cellular systems the amounts of ceramides differ with respect to their chain length. Further studies have indicated that some functions of ceramides are chain-length dependent. In this review, we discuss the chain length-specific differences of ceramides including their pathological impact on Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grösch
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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31
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Apoptotic sphingolipid ceramide in cancer therapy. J Lipids 2011; 2011:565316. [PMID: 21490804 PMCID: PMC3066853 DOI: 10.1155/2011/565316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is physiologically and pathologically involved in cellular homeostasis. Escape of apoptotic signaling is a critical strategy commonly used for cancer tumorigenesis. Ceramide, a derivative of sphingolipid breakdown products, acts as second messenger for multiple extracellular stimuli including growth factors, chemical agents, and environmental stresses, such as hypoxia, and heat stress as well as irradiation. Also, ceramide acts as tumor-suppressor lipid because a variety of stress stimuli cause apoptosis by increasing intracellular ceramide to initiate apoptotic signaling. Defects on ceramide generation and sphingolipid metabolism are developed for cancer cell survival and cancer therapy resistance. Alternatively, targeting ceramide metabolism to correct these defects might provide opportunities to overcome cancer therapy resistance.
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32
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Hydrolytic pathway protects against ceramide-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes exposed to UVB. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2472-80. [PMID: 20520628 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although ceramides (Cers) are key constituents of the epidermal permeability barrier, they also function as apoptogenic signals for UVB irradiation-induced apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes. As epidermis is continuously exposed to UV irradiation, we hypothesized that Cer hydrolysis protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced apoptosis by attenuating Cer levels. Both low-dose UVB (L-UVB) (< 35 mJ cm(-2)) and high-dose UVB (H-UVB) (> or = 45 mJ cm(-2)) irradiation inhibited DNA synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes, but apoptosis occurred only after H-UVB. Whereas Cer production increased after both L- and H-UVB, it normalized only in L-UVB-exposed keratinocytes, but remained elevated after H-UVB. Both acidic ceramidase (aCDase) and neutral ceramidase (nCDase) activities declined after L- and H-UVB, but returned to normal only in L-UVB cells, with decreased CDase activities or mRNA or protein levels being sustained in H-UVB cells. Inhibition of CDase using either a CDase inhibitor, N-oleoylethanolamine, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) (either to a- and/or n-CDase(s)) sensitized keratinocytes to L-UVB-induced apoptosis in parallel with further Cer accumulation. Blockade of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) (but not SPHK2) by siRNA also increased apoptosis in L-UVB keratinocytes, revealing that conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) further protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced cell death. Thus, Cer → sphingosine → S1Pmetabolic conversion protects against UVB-induced, Cer-mediated apoptosis in keratinocytes, but excessive UVB overwhelms this mechanism, thereby leading to keratinocyte apoptosis.
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33
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Gault CR, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. An overview of sphingolipid metabolism: from synthesis to breakdown. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 688:1-23. [PMID: 20919643 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6741-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids constitute a class of lipids defined by their eighteen carbon amino-alcohol backbones which are synthesized in the ER from nonsphingolipid precursors. Modification of this basic structure is what gives rise to the vast family of sphingolipids that play significant roles in membrane biology and provide many bioactive metabolites that regulate cell function. Despite the diversity of structure and function of sphingolipids, their creation and destruction are governed by common synthetic and catabolic pathways. In this regard, sphingolipid metabolism can be imagined as an array of interconnected networks that diverge from a single common entry point and converge into a single common breakdown pathway. In their simplest forms, sphingosine, phytosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine serve as the backbones upon which further complexity is achieved. For example, phosphorylation of the C1 hydroxyl group yields the final breakdown products and/or the important signaling molecules sphingosine-1-phosphate, phytosphingosine-1-phosphate and dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. On the other hand, acylation of sphingosine, phytosphingosine, or dihydrosphingosine with one of several possible acyl CoA molecules through the action of distinct ceramide synthases produces the molecules defined as ceramide, phytoceramide, or dihydroceramide. Ceramide, due to the differing acyl CoAs that can be used to produce it, is technically a class of molecules rather than a single molecule and therefore may have different biological functions depending on the acyl chain it is composed of. At the apex of complexity is the group of lipids known as glycosphingolipids (GSL) which contain dozens of different sphingolipid species differing by both the order and type of sugar residues attached to their headgroups. Since these molecules are produced from ceramide precursors, they too may have differences in their acyl chain composition, revealing an additional layer of variation. The glycosphingolipids are divided broadly into two categories: glucosphingolipids and galactosphingolipids. The glucosphingolipids depend initially on the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) which attaches glucose as the first residue to the C1 hydroxyl position. Galactosphingolipids, on the other hand, are generated from galactosylceramide synthase (GalCerS), an evolutionarily dissimilar enzyme from GCS. Glycosphingolipids are further divided based upon further modification by various glycosyltransferases which increases the potential variation in lipid species by several fold. Far more abundant are the sphingomyelin species which are produced in parallel with glycosphingolipids, however they are defined by a phosphocholine headgroup rather than the addition of sugar residues. Although sphingomyelin species all share a common headgroup, they too are produced from a variety of ceramide species and therefore can have differing acyl chains attached to their C-2 amino groups. Whether or not the differing acyl chain lengths in SMs dictate unique functions or important biophysical distinctions has not yet been established. Understanding the function of all the existing glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin species will be a major undertaking in the future since the tools to study and measure these species are only beginning to be developed (see Fig 1 for an illustrated depiction of the various sphingolipid structures). The simple sphingolipids serve both as the precursors and the breakdown products of the more complex ones. Importantly, in recent decades, these simple sphingolipids have gained attention for having significant signaling and regulatory roles within cells. In addition, many tools have emerged to measure the levels of simple sphingolipids and therefore have become the focus of even more intense study in recent years. With this thought in mind, this chapter will pay tribute to the complex sphingolipids, but focus on the regulation of simple sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Gault
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Lafont E, Milhas D, Carpentier S, Garcia V, Jin ZX, Umehara H, Okazaki T, Schulze-Osthoff K, Levade T, Benoist H, Ségui B. Caspase-mediated inhibition of sphingomyelin synthesis is involved in FasL-triggered cell death. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:642-54. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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