1
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Fleming Martinez AK, Storz P. Protein kinase D1 - A targetable mediator of pancreatic cancer development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119646. [PMID: 38061566 PMCID: PMC10872883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Members of the Protein kinase D (PKD) kinase family each play important cell-specific roles in the regulation of normal pancreas functions. In pancreatic diseases PKD1 is the most widely characterized isoform with roles in pancreatitis and in induction of pancreatic cancer and its progression. PKD1 expression and activation increases in pancreatic acinar cells through macrophage secreted factors, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving the formation of precancerous lesions. In precancerous lesions PKD1 regulates cell survival, growth, senescence, and generation of doublecortin like kinase 1 (DCLK1)-positive cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within tumors, regulation by PKD1 includes chemoresistance, apoptosis, proliferation, CSC features, and the Warburg effect. Thus, PKD1 plays a critical role throughout pancreatic disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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2
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Yuan J, Chheda C, Tan G, Elmadbouh O, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase D: A therapeutic target in experimental alcoholic pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166486. [PMID: 35835415 PMCID: PMC9481726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse, a main cause of pancreatitis, has been known to augment NF-κB activation and cell necrosis in pancreatitis. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We recently reported that inhibition of protein kinase D (PKD) alleviated NF-κB activation and severity of experimental pancreatitis. Here we investigated whether PKD signaling mediated the modulatory effects of alcohol abuse on pathological responses in alcoholic pancreatitis. METHODS Alcoholic pancreatitis was provoked in two rodent models with pair-feeding control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for up to 8 weeks followed by up to 7 hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein at 1 μg/kg (rats) or 3 μg/kg (mice). Effects of PKD inhibition by PKD inhibitors or genetic deletion of pancreatic PKD isoform (PKD3Δpanc mice) on alcoholic pancreatitis parameters were determined. RESULTS Ethanol administration amplified PKD signaling by promoting expression and activation of pancreatic PKD, resulted in augmented/promoted pancreatitis responses. Pharmacological inhibition of PKD or with PKD3Δpanc mice prevented the augmenting/sensitizing effect of ethanol on NF-κB activation and inflammatory responses, cell necrotic death and the severity of disease in alcoholic pancreatitis. PKD inhibition prevented alcohol-enhanced trypsinogen activation, mRNA expression of multiple inflammatory molecules, the receptor-interacting protein kinase activation, ATP depletion, and downregulation of pro-survival Bcl-2 protein in alcoholic pancreatitis. Furthermore, PKD inhibitor CID755673 or CRT0066101, administrated after the induction of pancreatitis in mouse and rat alcoholic pancreatitis models, significantly mitigated the severity of pancreatitis. CONCLUSION PKD mediates effect of alcohol abuse on pathological process of pancreatitis and constitutes a novel therapeutic target to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA.
| | | | - Grace Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA; Loma Linda Medical School, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA
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3
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Döppler HR, Liou GY, Storz P. Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Downstream Protein Kinase D1 Signaling Is a Common Feature of Inducers of Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010137. [PMID: 35052641 PMCID: PMC8772746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a reversible process that occurs after pancreatic injury, but becomes permanent and leads to pancreatic lesions in the presence of an oncogenic mutation in KRAS,. While inflammatory macrophage-secreted chemokines, growth factors that activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and oncogenic KRAS have been implicated in the induction of ADM, it is currently unclear whether a common underlying signaling mechanism exists that drives this process. In this study, we show that different inducers of ADM increase levels of hydrogen peroxide, most likely generated at the mitochondria, and upregulate the expression of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1), a kinase that can be activated by hydrogen peroxide. PKD1 expression in acinar cells affects their survival and mediates ADM, which is in part due to the PKD1 target NF-κB. Overall, our data implicate ROS-PKD1 signaling as a common feature of different inducers of pancreatic ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike R. Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (H.R.D.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (H.R.D.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research & Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (H.R.D.); (G.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-904-953-6909; Fax: +1-904-953-0277
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4
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Chao Y, Wang QJ. Multifaceted Functions of Protein Kinase D in Pathological Processes and Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030483. [PMID: 33807058 PMCID: PMC8005150 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. The three family members, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and transduce cell signals affecting many aspects of basic cell functions including secretion, migration, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Dysregulation of PKD in expression and activity has been detected in many human diseases. Further loss- or gain-of-function studies at cellular levels and in animal models provide strong support for crucial roles of PKD in many pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiac diseases, central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and immune dysregulation. Complexity in enzymatic regulation and function is evident as PKD isoforms may act differently in different biological systems and disease models, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and their biological significance in vivo is essential for the development of safer and more effective PKD-targeted therapies. In this review, to provide a global understanding of PKD function, we present an overview of the PKD family in several major human diseases with more focus on cancer-associated biological processes.
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5
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Yuan J, Chheda C, Piplani H, Geng M, Tan G, Thakur R, Pandol SJ. Pancreas-specific deletion of protein kinase D attenuates inflammation, necrosis, and severity of acute pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165987. [PMID: 33039594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase D (PKD) family, which includes PKD/PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions and human diseases. We recently reported that pharmacologic inhibition of PKD ameliorated the pathologic responses and severity of pancreatitis. However, to further investigate the importance of PKD family members in pancreatitis, it is necessary to explore the effects of pancreas-specific genetic inhibition of PKD isoform on pathology of pancreatitis. METHODS We generated a mouse model (referred as PKD3Δpanc mice) with pancreas-specific deletion of PKD3, the predominant PKD isoform in mouse pancreatic acinar cells, by crossing Pkd3flox/flox mice with Pdx1-Cre transgenic mice which express Cre recombinase under the control of the mouse Pdx1 promoter. Pancreas-specific deletion of the PKD3 gene and PKD3 protein was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis. Experimental pancreatitis was induced in PKD3Δpanc and Pkd3flox/flox (control mice) littermates by intraperitoneal injections of cerulein or L-arginine. RESULTS Compared to the control mice, PKD3Δpanc mice displayed significant attenuation in inflammation, necrosis, and severity of pancreatitis in both experimental models. PKD3Δpanc mice had markedly decreased NF-κB and trypsinogen activation, pancreatic mRNA expression of multiple inflammatory molecules, and the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) activation in pancreatitis. PKD3Δpanc mice also had less pancreatic ATP depletion, increased pro-survival Bcl-2 family protein expression, and autophagy promotion. CONCLUSION With PKD3Δpanc mouse model, we further demonstrated that PKD plays a critical role in pathobiological process of pancreatitis and PKD constitutes a novel therapeutic target to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA.
| | | | | | - Meng Geng
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA; Frank Netter H. School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, CT, USA
| | - Grace Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA; Loma Linda Medical School, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Reetu Thakur
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California, USA
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6
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Youssef I, Ricort JM. Deciphering the Role of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) in Cellular Proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1961-1974. [PMID: 31311827 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase family, and is involved in multiple mechanisms implicated in tumor progression such as cell motility, invasion, proliferation, protein transport, and apoptosis. While it is expressed in most tissues in the normal state, PKD1 expression may increase or decrease during tumorigenesis, and its role in proliferation is context-dependent and poorly understood. In this review, we present and discuss the current landscape of studies investigating the role of PKD1 in the proliferation of both cancerous and normal cells. Indeed, as a potential therapeutic target, deciphering whether PKD1 exerts a pro- or antiproliferative effect, and under what conditions, is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilige Youssef
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France.,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ricort
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR_8113, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Cachan, France. .,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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7
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Williams JA. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Regulation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Physiological Actions and Signal Transduction Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:535-564. [PMID: 30873601 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize and secrete about 20 digestive enzymes and ancillary proteins with the processes that match the supply of these enzymes to their need in digestion being regulated by a number of hormones (CCK, secretin and insulin), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and VIP) and growth factors (EGF and IGF). Of these regulators, one of the most important and best studied is the gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, the acinar cell has become a model for seven transmembrane, heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors to regulate multiple processes by distinct signal transduction cascades. In this review, we briefly describe the chemistry and physiology of CCK and then consider the major physiological effects of CCK on pancreatic acinar cells. The majority of the review is devoted to the physiologic signaling pathways activated by CCK receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins and the functions they affect. The pathways covered include the traditional second messenger pathways PLC-IP3-Ca2+ , DAG-PKC, and AC-cAMP-PKA/EPAC that primarily relate to secretion. Then there are the protein-protein interaction pathways Akt-mTOR-S6K, the three major MAPK pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK), and Ca2+ -calcineurin-NFAT pathways that primarily regulate non-secretory processes including biosynthesis and growth, and several miscellaneous pathways that include the Rho family small G proteins, PKD, FAK, and Src that may regulate both secretory and nonsecretory processes but are not as well understood. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:535-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- University of Michigan, Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Xu W, Qian J, Zeng F, Li S, Guo W, Chen L, Li G, Zhang Z, Wang QJ, Deng F. Protein kinase Ds promote tumor angiogenesis through mast cell recruitment and expression of angiogenic factors in prostate cancer microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:114. [PMID: 30841931 PMCID: PMC6404326 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Mast cells are being increasingly recognized as critical components in the tumor microenvironment. Protein Kinase D (PKD) is essential for the progression of prostate cancer, but its role in prostate cancer microenvironment remains poorly understood. Methods The expression of PKD, mast cells and microvessel density were examined by IHC. The clinical significance was determined by statistical analyses. The biological function of PKD and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. Results PKD2/3 contributed to MCs recruitment and tumor angiogenesis in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Clinical data showed that increased activation of PKD at Ser744/748 in prostate cancer was correlated with mast cell infiltration and microvascular density. PKD2/3 silencing of prostate cancer cells markedly decreased MCs migration and tube formation of HUVEC cells. Moreover, PKD2/3 depletion not only reduced SCF, CCL5 and CCL11 expression in prostate cancer cells but also inhibited angiogenic factors in MCs. Conversely, exogenous SCF, CCL5 and CCL11 reversed the effect on MCs migration inhibited by PKD2/3 silencing. Mechanistically, PKD2/3 interacted with Erk1/2 and activated Erk1/2 or NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to AP-1 or NF-κB binding to the promoter of scf, ccl5 and ccl11. Finally, PKD-specific inhibitor significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor growth in mice bearing RM-1 prostate cancer cells, which was attributed to attenuation of mast cell recruitment and tumor angiogenesis. Conclusions These results demonstrate a novel PKDs function that contributes to tumor angiogenesis and progression through mast cells recruitment in prostate cancer microenvironment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1118-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfu Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Present address: Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Jiabi Qian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Present address: Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Fangyin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guihuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhishuai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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9
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Deficiency of PRKD2 triggers hyperinsulinemia and metabolic disorders. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2015. [PMID: 29789568 PMCID: PMC5964083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is the earliest symptom of insulin resistance (IR), but a causal relationship between the two remains to be established. Here we show that a protein kinase D2 (PRKD2) nonsense mutation (K410X) in two rhesus monkeys with extreme hyperinsulinemia along with IR and metabolic defects by using extreme phenotype sampling and deep sequencing analyses. This mutation reduces PRKD2 at both the mRNA and the protein levels. Taking advantage of a PRKD2-KO mouse model, we demonstrate that PRKD2 deletion triggers hyperinsulinemia which precedes to IR and metabolic disorders in the PRKD2 ablation mice. PRKD2 deficiency promotes β-cell insulin secretion by increasing the expression and activity of L-type Ca2+ channels and subsequently augmenting high glucose- and membrane depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx. Altogether, these results indicate that down-regulation of PRKD2 is involved in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinemia which, in turn, results in IR and metabolic disorders. Hyperinsulinemia can precede the development of insulin resistance. Here the authors identify a PKD2 mutation that leads to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in Rhesus monkey and show that PKD2 deficiency promotes beta cell insulin secretion by activating L-type Ca2+ channels.
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10
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Yuan J, Tan T, Geng M, Tan G, Chheda C, Pandol SJ. Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinase D Suppress NF-kappaB Activation and Attenuate the Severity of Rat Cerulein Pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1014. [PMID: 29270134 PMCID: PMC5725929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation is a key early signal regulating inflammatory and cell death responses in acute pancreatitis. Our previous in vitro studies with molecular approaches on AR42J cell showed that protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) activation was required in NF-κB activation induced by cholecystokinin 8 (CCK) or carbachol (CCh) in pancreatic acinar cells. Recently developed small molecule PKD inhibitors, CID755673 and CRT0066101, provide potentially important pharmacological approaches to further investigate the effect of PKD in pancreatitis therapy. The aim of this study was to explore whether CID755673 and CRT0066101 block NF-κB activation with in vitro and in vivo models of experimental pancreatitis and whether the small molecule PKD inhibitors have therapeutic effects when given before or after the initiation of experimental pancreatitis. Freshly prepared pancreatic acini were incubated with CID755673 or CRT006101, followed by hyperstimulation with CCK or CCh. For in vivo experimental pancreatitis, rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CID755673 or CRT0066101 prior to or after administering cerulein or saline. PKD activation and NF-κB-DNA binding activity in nuclear extracts from pancreatic acini and tissue were measured. The effects of PKD inhibitors on pancreatitis responses were evaluated. Our results showed that both CID755673 or CRT0066101 selectively and specifically inhibited PKD without effects on related protein kinase Cs. Inhibition of PKD resulted in significantly attenuation of NF-κB activation in both in vitro and in vivo models of experimental pancreatitis. NF-κB inhibition by CID755673 was associated with decreased inflammatory responses and attenuated severity of the disease, which were indicated by less inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced pancreatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), decreased intrapancreatic trypsin activation, and alleviation in pancreatic necrosis, edema and vacuolization. Furthermore, PKD inhibitor CID755673, given after the initiation of pancreatitis in experimental rat model, significantly attenuated the severity of acute pancreatitis. Therapies for acute pancreatitis are limited. Our results indicate that small chemical PKD inhibitors have significant potential as therapeutic interventions by suppressing NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tanya Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Meng Geng
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Frank Netter H. School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - Grace Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chintan Chheda
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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11
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The PRKD1 promoter is a target of the KRas-NF-κB pathway in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33758. [PMID: 27649783 PMCID: PMC5030668 DOI: 10.1038/srep33758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of PRKD1 and its gene product protein kinase D1 (PKD1) are linked to oncogenic signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but a direct functional relationship to oncogenic KRas has not been established so far. We here describe the PRKD1 gene promoter as a target for oncogenic KRas signaling. We demonstrate that KRas-induced activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway is one mechanism of how PRKD1 expression is increased and identify the binding sites for NF-κB in the PRKD1 promoter. Altogether, these results describe a novel mechanism governing PRKD1 gene expression in PDA and provide a functional link between oncogenic KRas, NF-κB and expression of PRKD1.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is a serious medical disorder with no current therapies directed to the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder. Inflammation, inappropriate intracellular activation of digestive enzymes, and parenchymal acinar cell death by necrosis are the critical pathophysiologic processes of acute pancreatitis. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the key molecular signals that mediate these pathobiologic processes and develop new therapeutic strategies to attenuate the appropriate signaling pathways in order to improve outcomes for this disease. A novel serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) family has emerged as key participants in signal transduction, and this family is increasingly being implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions and diseases. METHODS This review summarizes recent findings of our group and others regarding the signaling pathway and the biological roles of the PKD family in pancreatic acinar cells. In particular, we highlight our studies of the functions of PKD in several key pathobiologic processes associated with acute pancreatitis in experimental models. RESULTS Our findings reveal that PKD signaling is required for NF-κB activation/inflammation, intracellular zymogen activation, and acinar cell necrosis in rodent experimental pancreatitis. Novel small-molecule PKD inhibitors attenuate the severity of pancreatitis in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Further, this review emphasizes our latest advances in the therapeutic application of PKD inhibitors to experimental pancreatitis after the initiation of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest that PKD signaling is a necessary modulator in key initiating pathobiologic processes of pancreatitis, and that it constitutes a novel therapeutic target for treatments of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Bldg 258, Rm 340, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Bldg 258, Rm 340, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Protein kinase D1 drives pancreatic acinar cell reprogramming and progression to intraepithelial neoplasia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6200. [PMID: 25698580 PMCID: PMC4394184 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells to a ductal phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, ADM) occurs after injury or inflammation of the pancreas and is a reversible process. However, in the presence of activating Kras mutations or persistent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) signalling, cells that underwent ADM can progress to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and eventually pancreatic cancer. In transgenic animal models, ADM and PanINs are initiated by high-affinity ligands for EGF-R or activating Kras mutations, but the underlying signalling mechanisms are not well understood. Here, using a conditional knockout approach, we show that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is sufficient to drive the reprogramming process to a ductal phenotype and progression to PanINs. Moreover, using 3D explant culture of primary pancreatic acinar cells, we show that PKD1 acts downstream of TGFα and Kras, to mediate formation of ductal structures through activation of the Notch pathway.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by advanced stage desmoplastic tumors with a high prevalence of genetic abnormalities. Occurrence of PDA is linked to activating Kras mutations and aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, leading to additional activation of wild-type Kras. As Kras is difficult to target, there is a constant need to identify novel targets acting downstream of this molecule in driving the formation or progression of PDA. Recently, it was shown that protein kinase D enzymes not only are increasingly expressed in PDA but also causatively linked to the development and progression of this cancer. They act downstream of both mutant Kras and growth factors and therefore may represent ideal novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Storz
- Correspondence to: Peter Storz, Mayo Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. Tel: 904 953-6909, Fax: 904 953-0277,
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Protein kinase D3 is essential for prostratin-activated transcription of integrated HIV-1 provirus promoter via NF-κB signaling pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:968027. [PMID: 25136641 PMCID: PMC4127265 DOI: 10.1155/2014/968027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostratin has been proposed as a promising reagent for eradicating the latent HIV-1 provirus by inducing HIV-1 transcription activation. The molecular mechanism of this activation, however, is far from clear. Here, we show that the protein kinase D3 (PKD3) is essential for prostratin-induced transcription activation of latent HIV-1 provirus. First, silencing PKD3, but not the other members of PKD family, blocked prostratin-induced transcription of HIV-1. Second, overexpressing the constitutively active form of PKD3, but not the wild-type or kinase-dead form of PKD3, augmented the expression of HIV-1. Consistent with this observation, we found that prostratin could trigger PKD3 activation by inducing the phosphorylation of its activation loop. In addition, we identified PKCε of the novel PKC subfamily as the upstream kinase for this phosphorylation. Finally, the activation effect of PKD3 on HIV-1 transcription was shown to depend on the presence of κB element and the prostratin-induced activation of NF-κB, as indicated by the fact that silencing PKD3 blocked prostratin-induced NF-κB activation and NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 transcription. Therefore, for the first time, PKD3 is implicated in the transcription activation of latent HIV-1 provirus, and our results revealed a molecular mechanism of prostratin-induced HIV-1 transcription via PKCε/PKD3/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Lau WW, Chan AS, Poon LS, Zhu J, Wong YH. Gβγ-mediated activation of protein kinase D exhibits subunit specificity and requires Gβγ-responsive phospholipase Cβ isoforms. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:22. [PMID: 23561540 PMCID: PMC3637504 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase D (PKD) constitutes a novel family of serine/threonine protein kinases implicated in fundamental biological activities including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and immune responses. Activation of PKD in these cellular activities has been linked to many extracellular signals acting through antigen receptor engagement, receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as G protein-coupled receptors. In the latter case, it is generally believed that the Gα subunits of the Gq family are highly effective in mediating PKD activation, whereas little is known with regard to the ability of Gβγ dimers and other Gα subunits to stimulate PKD. It has been suggested that the interaction between Gβγ and the PH domain of PKD, or the Gβγ-induced PLCβ/PKC activity is critical for the induction of PKD activation. However, the relative contribution of these two apparently independent events to Gβγ-mediated PKD activation has yet to be addressed. Results In this report, we demonstrate that among various members in the four G protein families, only the Gα subunits of the Gq family effectively activate all the three PKD isoforms (PKD1/2/3), while Gα subunits of other G protein families (Gs, Gi, and G12) are ineffective. Though the Gα subunits of Gi family are unable to stimulate PKD, receptors linked to Gi proteins are capable of triggering PKD activation in cell lines endogenously expressing (HeLa cells and Jurkat T-cells) or exogenously transfected with (HEK293 cells) Gβγ-sensitive PLCβ2/3 isoforms. This indicates that the Gi-mediated PKD activation is dependent on the released Gβγ dimers upon stimulation. Further investigation on individual Gβγ combinations (i.e. Gβ1 with Gγ1–13) revealed that, even if they can stimulate the PLCβ activity in a comparable manner, only those Gβ1γ dimers with γ2, γ3, γ4, γ5, γ7, and γ10 can serve as effective activators of PKD. We also demonstrated that Gi-mediated PKD activation is essential for the SDF-1α-induced chemotaxis on Jurkat T-cells. Conclusions Our current report illustrates that Gβγ dimers from the Gi proteins may activate PKD in a PLCβ2/3-dependent manner, and the specific identities of Gγ components within Gβγ dimers may determine this stimulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Wi Lau
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Guo J, Clausen DM, Beumer JH, Parise RA, Egorin MJ, Bravo-Altamirano K, Wipf P, Sharlow ER, Wang QJ, Eiseman JL. In vitro cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of small-molecule protein kinase D inhibitors, kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09, in mice bearing human cancer xenografts. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 71:331-44. [PMID: 23108699 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-2010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein kinase D (PKD) mediates diverse biological responses including cell growth and survival. Therefore, PKD inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of two PKD inhibitors, kb-NB142-70 and its methoxy analogue, kb-NB165-09, and examined their in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics. METHODS The in vitro cytotoxicities of kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were evaluated by MTT assay against PC-3, androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and CFPAC-1 and PANC-1, pancreatic cancer cells. Efficacy studies were conducted in mice bearing either PC-3 or CPFAC-1 xenografts. Tumor-bearing mice were euthanized between 5 and 1,440 min after iv dosing, and plasma and tissue concentrations were measured by HPLC-UV. Metabolites were characterized by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 inhibited cellular growth in the low-mid μM range. The compounds were inactive when administered to tumor-bearing mice. In mice treated with kb-NB142-70, the plasma C (max) was 36.9 nmol/mL, and the PC-3 tumor C (max) was 11.8 nmol/g. In mice dosed with kb-NB165-09, the plasma C (max) was 61.9 nmol/mL, while the PANC-1 tumor C (max) was 8.0 nmol/g. The plasma half-lives of kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were 6 and 14 min, respectively. Both compounds underwent oxidation and glucuronidation. CONCLUSIONS kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were rapidly metabolized, and concentrations in tumor were lower than those required for in vitro cytotoxicity. Replacement of the phenolic hydroxyl group with a methoxy group increased the plasma half-life of kb-NB165-09 2.3-fold over that of kb-NB142-70. Rapid metabolism in mice suggests that next-generation compounds will require further structural modifications to increase potency and/or metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Guo
- Molecular Therapeutics and Drug Discovery, The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Ave, Room G27b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kim SO, Ives KL, Wang X, Davey RA, Chao C, Hellmich MR. Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) mediates ethanol-induced sensitization of secretagogue signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33377-88. [PMID: 22859298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with most cases of chronic pancreatitis, a progressive necrotizing inflammatory disease that can result in pancreatic insufficiency due to acinar atrophy and fibrosis and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. At a cellular level acute alcohol exposure can sensitize pancreatic acinar cells to secretagogue stimulation, resulting in dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and premature digestive enzyme activation; however, the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol exerts these toxic effects have remained undefined. In this study we identify Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein as an essential mediator of ethanol-induced sensitization of cholecystokinin- and carbachol-regulated Ca(2+) signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. We show that exposure of rodent acinar cells to ethanol induces protein kinase C-dependent Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein phosphorylation, sensitization of cholecystokinin-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling, and potentiation of both basal and cholecystokinin-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Furthermore, we show that either suppression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein expression using short hairpin RNA or gene ablation prevented the sensitizing effects of ethanol on cholecystokinin- and carbachol-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling and intracellular chymotrypsin activation in pancreatic acinar cells, suggesting that the modulation of Raf-1 inhibitory protein expression may have future therapeutic utility in the prevention or treatment of alcohol-associated pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0722, USA
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19
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Zou Z, Zeng F, Xu W, Wang C, Ke Z, Wang QJ, Deng F. PKD2 and PKD3 promote prostate cancer cell invasion by modulating NF-κB- and HDAC1-mediated expression and activation of uPA. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4800-11. [PMID: 22797919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein kinase D3 (PKD3) has been shown to contribute to prostate cancer cell growth and survival, the role of PKD in prostate cancer cell motility remains unclear. Here, we show that PKD2 and PKD3 promote nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression/activation, which are crucial for prostate cancer cell invasion. Silencing of endogenous PKD2 and/or PKD3 markedly decreased prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, reduced uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) expression and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) expression. These results were further substantiated by the finding that PKD2 and PKD3 promoted the activity of uPA and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Furthermore, depletion of PKD2 and/or PKD3 decreased the level of binding of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the promoter of the gene encoding uPA (PLAU), suppressing transcriptional activation of uPA. Endogenous PKD2 and PKD3 interacted with inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ); PKD2 mainly regulated the phosphorylated IKK (pIKK)-phosphorylated IκB (pIκB)-IκB degradation cascade, p65 nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation of Ser276 on p65, whereas PKD3 was responsible for the phosphorylation of Ser536 on p65. Conversely, inhibition of uPA transactivation by PKD3 silencing was rescued by constitutive Ser536 p65 phosphorylation, and reduced tumor cell invasion resulting from PKD2 or PKD3 silencing was rescued by ectopic expression of p65. Interestingly, PKD3 interacted with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), suppressing HDAC1 expression and decreasing its binding to the uPA promoter. Moreover, depletion of HDAC1 resulted in recovery of uPA transactivation in PKD3-knockdown cells. Taken together, these data suggest that PKD2 and PKD3 coordinate to promote prostate cancer cell invasion through p65 NF-κB- and HDAC1-mediated expression and activation of uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Takahashi H, Okamura D, Starr ME, Saito H, Evers BM. Age-dependent reduction of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α suppresses pancreatic acinar cell proliferation. Aging Cell 2012; 11:305-14. [PMID: 22212451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is important for tissue proliferation. Previously, we found that tissue regeneration after partial pancreatic resection was markedly attenuated in aged mice as compared to young mice and that this attenuation was because of an age-dependent reduction of PI3K/Akt signaling in the pancreatic acini; however, the mechanisms for the age-associated decline of pancreatic PI3K/Akt signaling remained unknown. To better delineate the mechanisms for the decreased PI3K/Akt activation with aging, age-associated changes in cell proliferation and PI3K/Akt signaling were investigated in the present study using in vitro primary pancreatic acinar cell cultures derived from young and aged mice. In response to treatment with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), acinar cells from young but not aged mice showed increased activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and cell proliferation, indicating that intrinsic cellular mechanisms cause the age-associated changes in pancreatic acinar cells. We also found that the expression of PI3K p85α subunit, but not IGF-1 receptor or other PI3K subunits, was significantly reduced in pancreatic acinar cells from aged mice; this age-associated reduction of p85α was confirmed in both mouse and human pancreatic tissues. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of p85α expression in acinar cells from young mice resulted in markedly attenuated activation of PI3K/Akt downstream signaling in response to IGF-1. From these results, we conclude that exocrine pancreatic expression of PI3K p85α subunit is attenuated by aging, which is likely responsible for the age-associated decrease in activation of pancreatic PI3K signaling and acinar cell proliferation in response to growth-promoting stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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21
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Yuan J, Liu Y, Tan T, Guha S, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya A, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase d regulates cell death pathways in experimental pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:60. [PMID: 22470346 PMCID: PMC3313474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and acinar cell necrosis are two major pathological responses of acute pancreatitis, a serious disorder with no current therapies directed to its molecular pathogenesis. Serine/threonine protein kinase D family, which includes PKD/PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathophysiological effects. We recently reported that PKD/PKD1, the predominant PKD isoform expressed in rat pancreatic acinar cells, mediates early events of pancreatitis including NF-κB activation and inappropriate intracellular digestive enzyme activation. In current studies, we investigated the role and mechanisms of PKD/PKD1 in the regulation of necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells by using two novel small molecule PKD inhibitors CID755673 and CRT0066101 and molecular approaches in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of acute pancreatitis. Our results demonstrated that both CID755673 and CRT0066101 are PKD-specific inhibitors and that PKD/PKD1 inhibition by either the chemical inhibitors or specific PKD/PKD1 siRNAs attenuated necrosis while promoting apoptosis induced by pathological doses of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK) in pancreatic acinar cells. Conversely, up-regulation of PKD expression in pancreatic acinar cells increased necrosis and decreased apoptosis. We further showed that PKD/PKD1 regulated several key cell death signals including inhibitors of apoptotic proteins, caspases, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 to promote necrosis. PKD/PKD1 inhibition by CID755673 significantly ameliorated necrosis and severity of pancreatitis in an in vivo experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Thus, our studies indicate that PKD/PKD1 is a key mediator of necrosis in acute pancreatitis and that PKD/PKD1 may represent a potential therapeutic target in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gremmels H, Fledderus JO, van Balkom BWM, Verhaar MC. Transcriptome analysis in endothelial progenitor cell biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1029-42. [PMID: 20812873 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is a promising new treatment option for cardiovascular diseases. Many of the underlying mechanisms that result in an improvement of endothelial function in vivo remain poorly elucidated to this date, however. We summarize the current positions and potential applications of gene-expression profiling in the field of EPC biology. Based on our own and published gene-expression data, we demonstrate that gene-expression profiling can efficiently be used to characterize different EPC types. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of gene-expression profiling for the analysis of changes that EPCs undergo during culture and examine changes in gene transcription in diseased patients. Transcriptome profiling is a powerful tool for the characterization and functional analysis of EPCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Chen J, Shen Q, Labow M, Gaither LA. Protein kinase D3 sensitizes RAF inhibitor RAF265 in melanoma cells by preventing reactivation of MAPK signaling. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4280-91. [PMID: 21527556 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RAS mutations occur in more than 30% of all human cancers but efforts to directly target mutant RAS signaling as a cancer therapy have yet to succeed. As alternative strategies, RAF and MEK inhibitors have been developed to block oncogenic signaling downstream of RAS. As might be expected, studies of these inhibitors have indicated that tumors with RAS or BRAF mutations display resistance RAF or MEK inhibitors. In order to better understand the mechanistic basis for this resistance, we conducted a RNAi-based screen to identify genes that mediated chemoresistance to the RAF kinase inhibitor RAF265 in a BRAF (V600E) mutant melanoma cell line that is resistant to this drug. In this way, we found that knockdown of protein kinase D3 (PRKD3) could enhance cell killing of RAF and MEK inhibitors across multiple melanoma cell lines of various genotypes and sensitivities to RAF265. PRKD3 blockade cooperated with RAF265 to prevent reactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway, interrupt cell cycle progression, trigger apoptosis, and inhibit colony formation growth. Our findings offer initial proof-of-concept that PRKD3 is a valid target to overcome drug resistance being encountered widely in the clinic with RAF or MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Thrower EC, Yuan J, Usmani A, Liu Y, Jones C, Minervini SN, Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Guha S. A novel protein kinase D inhibitor attenuates early events of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat acini. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G120-9. [PMID: 20947701 PMCID: PMC3025506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel protein kinase C isoforms (PKC δ and ε) mediate early events in acute pancreatitis. Protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) is a convergent point of PKC δ and ε in the signaling pathways triggered through CCK or cholinergic receptors and has been shown to activate the transcription factor NF-κB in acute pancreatitis. For the present study we hypothesized that a newly developed PKD/PKD1 inhibitor, CRT0066101, would prevent the initial events leading to pancreatitis. We pretreated isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells with CRT0066101 and a commercially available inhibitor Gö6976 (10 μM). This was followed by stimulation for 60 min with high concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.1 μM), carbachol (CCh, 1 mM), or bombesin (10 μM) to induce initial events of pancreatitis. PKD/PKD1 phosphorylation and activity were measured as well as zymogen activation, amylase secretion, cell injury and NF-κB activation. CRT0066101 dose dependently inhibited secretagogue-induced PKD/PKD1 activation and autophosphorylation at Ser-916 with an IC(50) ∼3.75-5 μM but had no effect on PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the PKD/PKD1 activation loop (Ser-744/748). Furthermore, CRT0066101 reduced secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and amylase secretion. Gö6976 reduced zymogen activation but not amylase secretion. Neither inhibitor affected basal zymogen activation or secretion. CRT0066101 did not affect secretagogue-induced cell injury or changes in cell morphology, but it reduced NF-κB activation by 75% of maximal for CCK- and CCh-stimulated acinar cells. In conclusion, CRT0066101 is a potent and specific PKD family inhibitor. Furthermore, PKD/PKD1 is a potential mediator of zymogen activation, amylase secretion, and NF-κB activation induced by a range of secretagogues in pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Thrower
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ashar Usmani
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Yannan Liu
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Courtney Jones
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Samantha N. Minervini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Martine Alexandre
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sushovan Guha
- 3University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Houston, Texas
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Kim SO, Choe WK. Effect of EGCG on Expression of Neurogenin 3 via the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in AR42J Cells, a Rat Pancreatic Tumor Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4163/kjn.2011.44.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Kim
- Department of surgery and the Sealy Center for Cancer Cell biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Won Kyung Choe
- Department of Food Nutrition, Gimcheon University, Gimcheon 740-704, Korea
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Qureshi A, Subathra M, Grey A, Schey K, Del Poeta M, Luberto C. Role of sphingomyelin synthase in controlling the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils against Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15587. [PMID: 21203393 PMCID: PMC3011003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The key host cellular pathway(s) necessary to control the infection caused by inhalation of the environmental fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans are still largely unknown. Here we have identified that the sphingolipid pathway in neutrophils is required for them to exert their killing activity on the fungus. In particular, using both pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that inhibition of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) activity profoundly impairs the killing ability of neutrophils by preventing the extracellular release of an antifungal factor(s). We next found that inhibition of protein kinase D (PKD), which controls vesicular sorting and secretion and is regulated by diacylglycerol (DAG) produced by SMS, totally blocks the extracellular killing activity of neutrophils against C. neoformans. The expression of SMS genes, SMS activity and the levels of the lipids regulated by SMS (namely sphingomyelin (SM) and DAG) are up-regulated during neutrophil differentiation. Finally, tissue imaging of lungs infected with C. neoformans using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), revealed that specific SM species are associated with neutrophil infiltration at the site of the infection. This study establishes a key role for SMS in the regulation of the killing activity of neutrophils against C. neoformans through a DAG-PKD dependent mechanism, and provides, for the first time, new insights into the protective role of host sphingolipids against a fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfia Qureshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marimuthu Subathra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Angus Grey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kevin Schey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on studies from the past year that have greatly advanced our understanding of molecular and cellular regulation of pancreatic acinar cell function. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances focus on signals dictating pancreatic development, acinar cell fate, pancreatic growth, and secretion. Regeneration of acinar cells after pancreatitis depends on expression of embryonic signals in mature acinar cells. In this setting, acinar cells can also transdifferentiate into adipose cells. With the forced induction of certain early and endocrine-driving transcription factors, acinar cells can also transdifferentiate into beta-cells. There has also been an increased understanding of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and the subsequent formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions. Multiple proteins involved in secretion have been characterized, including small guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins, and ion channels. SUMMARY These findings demonstrate the regenerative potential of the acinar cell to mitigate injurious states such as pancreatitis. The ability of acinar cells to transdifferentiate into beta-cells could potentially provide a treatment for diabetes. Finally, the results might be helpful in preventing malignant transformation events arising from the acinar cell. Developments in proteomics and computer modeling could expand our view of proteins mediating acinar cell function.
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Johnson SM, Gulhati P, Arrieta I, Wang X, Uchida T, Gao T, Evers BM. Curcumin inhibits proliferation of colorectal carcinoma by modulating Akt/mTOR signaling. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:3185-3190. [PMID: 19661333 PMCID: PMC2901158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin, a natural polyphenol product of the plant Curcuma longa, has been shown to inhibit the growth and progression of colorectal cancer; however, the anticancer mechanism of curcumin remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colorectal cancer cells were treated with curcumin and changes in proliferation, protein and mRNA levels were analyzed. RESULTS Curcumin inhibited proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. This effect was mediated by inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of downstream effectors of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), p70S6K and 4E-BP1. Curcumin decreased total expression of mTOR, Raptor and Rictor protein and mRNA levels. Surprisingly, curcumin induced phosphorylation of Akt(Ser 473); this effect may be attributed to a decrease in levels of the PHLPP1 phosphatase, an inhibitor of Akt. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that curcumin, a natural compound, may exert its antiproliferative effects by inhibition of mTOR signaling and thus may represent a novel class of mTOR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - Pat Gulhati
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
- The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - Isela Arrieta
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - Tatsuo Uchida
- Office of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
- The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
- The Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77550, USA
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