1
|
Cartwright M, Louw-du Toit R, Jackson H, Janse van Vuuren M, Africander D. Progesterone receptor isoform ratios influence the transcriptional activity of progestins via the progesterone receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106348. [PMID: 37315868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Progestins (synthetic progestogens) are progesterone receptor (PR) ligands used globally by women in both hormonal contraception and menopausal hormone therapy. Although four generations of unique progestins have been developed, studies seldom distinguish between the activities of progestins via the two functionally distinct PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B. Moreover, not much is known about the action of progestins in breast cancer tumors where PR-A is mostly overexpressed relative to PR-B. Understanding progestin action in breast cancer is crucial since the clinical use of some progestins has been associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. This study directly compared the agonist activities of selected progestins from all four generations for transactivation and transrepression via either PR-A or PR-B, and when PR-A and PR-B were co-expressed at ratios comparable to those detected in breast cancer tumors. Comparative dose-response analysis showed that earlier generation progestins mostly displayed similar efficacies for transactivation on a minimal progesterone response element via the PR isoforms, while most of the 4th generation progestins, similar to the natural progestogen, progesterone (P4), were more efficacious via PR-B. Most of the progestogens were however more potent via PR-A. We are the first to show that the efficacies of the selected progestogens via the individual PR isoforms were generally decreased when PR-A and PR-B were co-expressed, irrespective of the ratio of PR-A:PR-B. While the potencies of most progestogens via PR-B were enhanced when the ratio of PR-A relative to PR-B was increased, those via PR-A were minimally influenced. This study is also the first to report that all progestogens evaluated, except 1st generation medroxyprogesterone acetate and 4th generation drospirenone, displayed similar agonist activity for transrepression via PR-A and PR-B on a minimal nuclear factor kappa B containing promoter. Moreover, we showed that the progestogen activity for transrepression was significantly increased when PR-A and PR-B were co-expressed. Taken together, our results highlight that PR agonists (progestogens) do not always display the same activity via PR-A and PR-B, or when PR-A and PR-B are co-expressed at ratios mimicking those found in breast cancer tumors. These results suggest that biological responses are progestogen- and PR isoform-dependent and may differ in target tissues expressing varying PR-A:PR-B ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Cartwright
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Hayley Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Melani Janse van Vuuren
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cartwright M, Toit RLD, Africander D. The transcriptional activity of progestins used in contraception and menopausal hormone therapy via progesterone receptor A is dependent on the density of the receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 639:70-76. [PMID: 36470074 PMCID: PMC9876880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies directly comparing the efficacies and potencies of multiple progestins used in contraception and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in parallel via human progesterone receptor isoform A (PR-A) in the same model system are limited, and how these parameters are influenced by the density of PR-A are unclear. This is surprising as it is known that the expression levels of PR-A vary in different tissues and diseases. We thus determined for the first time the relative efficacies and potencies for transactivation of the natural PR ligand, progesterone (P4), the PR-specific agonist promegestone (R5020), and selected progestins from all four generations in parallel via different densities of PR-A overexpressed in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Comparative dose-response analysis showed that P4, R5020, the 1st generation progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone, 2nd generation progestin levonorgestrel, 3rd generation progestin gestodene, as well as 4th generation progestins nesterone, nomegestrol acetate and drospirenone display differential agonist efficacies and potencies via PR-A. Moreover, we showed that the agonist efficacies and potencies of the progestins via PR-A were modulated in a density- and progestin-specific manner. Our finding that the potencies of the progestins via PR-A, at all densities, do not exceed reported progestin serum concentrations in women, suggest that these progestins are likely to elicit similar effects in vivo. We are the first to report that P4 and the selected progestins display similar agonist activity for transrepression via PR-A, and that the density of PR-A enhances the transrepression activity of some, but not all progestogens. Collectively, our findings provide proof of concept that the effects of the selected progestins via PR-A is progestin-specific and dependent on the density of the receptor, suggesting differential progestin responses in women using these progestins in contraception and MHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Cartwright
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Progesterone Receptor Signaling in the Uterus Is Essential for Pregnancy Success. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091474. [PMID: 35563781 PMCID: PMC9104461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterus plays an essential role in the reproductive health of women and controls critical processes such as embryo implantation, placental development, parturition, and menstruation. Progesterone receptor (PR) regulates key aspects of the reproductive function of several mammalian species by directing the transcriptional program in response to progesterone (P4). P4/PR signaling controls endometrial receptivity and decidualization during early pregnancy and is critical for the establishment and outcome of a successful pregnancy. PR is also essential throughout gestation and during labor, and it exerts critical roles in the myometrium, mainly by the specialized function of its two isoforms, progesterone receptor A (PR-A) and progesterone receptor B (PR-B), which display distinct and separate roles as regulators of transcription. This review summarizes recent studies related to the roles of PR function in the decidua and myometrial tissues. We discuss how PR acquired key features in placental mammals that resulted in a highly specialized and dynamic role in the decidua. We also summarize recent literature that evaluates the myometrial PR-A/PR-B ratio at parturition and discuss the efficacy of current treatment options for preterm birth.
Collapse
|
4
|
Characterisation of progestins used in hormonal contraception and progesterone via the progesterone receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:879-885. [PMID: 33008590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different progestogens are widely used in hormonal therapy and mediate their therapeutic actions via the progesterone receptor (PR). Little published data exist on their relative efficacies and potencies via the PR, while those available may be confounded by off-target receptors, different methodologies and model systems. We performed dose-response analysis to investigate the efficacies and potencies for transcription of progesterone and several progestins widely used in contraception via the B isoform of human PR (PR-B). We compared responses using three different cell lines and two different transient transfection conditions. Results show that in vitro biological responses via PR-B for the select progestogens can vary significantly in biocharacter, rank order and absolute values for efficacies and potencies, depending on the cell line and transfection condition. Progestogen rank orders for published relative binding affinities are mostly different to those for relative efficacies and potencies. These in vitro differences suggest that rank orders and absolute values of the efficacies and potencies of the progestogens are likely to vary in vivo in a cell-specific and progestogen-specific manner, and cannot easily be extrapolated from in vitro data, as is usually the practice. While obtaining such data in vivo is not possible, these in vitro data show proof of concept for likely significant cell- and progestogen-specific PR-B effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Piasecka D, Braun M, Kitowska K, Mieczkowski K, Kordek R, Sadej R, Romanska H. FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signalling in regulation of steroid hormone receptors - implications for therapy of luminal breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:230. [PMID: 31142340 PMCID: PMC6542018 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stromal stimuli mediated by growth factor receptors, leading to ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors, have long been implicated in development of breast cancer resistance to endocrine therapy. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes have been associated with a higher incidence and progression of breast cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that FGFR-mediated interaction between luminal invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and its microenvironment contributes to the progression to hormone-independence. Therapeutic strategies based on FGFR inhibitors hold promise for overcoming resistance to the ER-targeting treatment. A series of excellent reviews discuss a potential role of FGFR in development of IDC. Here, we provide a concise updated summary of existing literature on FGFR-mediated signalling with an emphasis on an interaction between FGFR and estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) in IDC. Focusing on the regulatory role of tumour microenvironment in the activity of steroid hormone receptors, we compile the available functional data on FGFRs-mediated signalling, as a fundamental mechanism of luminal IDC progression and failure of anti-ER treatment. We also highlight the translational value of the presented findings and summarize ongoing oncologic clinical trials investigating FGFRs inhibition in interventional studies in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Piasecka
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Mieczkowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
SUMOylation Regulates Transcription by the Progesterone Receptor A Isoform in a Target Gene Selective Manner. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6010005. [PMID: 29301281 PMCID: PMC5871951 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal breast cancers express estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, and respond to endocrine therapies. However, some ER+PR+ tumors display intrinsic or acquired resistance, possibly related to PR. Two PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, regulate distinct gene subsets that may differentially influence tumor fate. A high PR-A:PR-B ratio is associated with poor prognosis and tamoxifen resistance. We speculate that excessive PR-A marks tumors that will relapse early. Here we address mechanisms by which PR-A regulate transcription, focusing on SUMOylation. We use receptor mutants and synthetic promoter/reporters to show that SUMOylation deficiency or the deSUMOylase SENP1 enhance transcription by PR-A, independent of the receptors’ dimerization interface or DNA binding domain. De-SUMOylation exposes the agonist properties of the antiprogestin RU486. Thus, on synthetic promoters, SUMOylation functions as an independent brake on transcription by PR-A. What about PR-A SUMOylation of endogenous human breast cancer genes? To study these, we used gene expression profiling. Surprisingly, PR-A SUMOylation influences progestin target genes differentially, with some upregulated, others down-regulated, and others unaffected. Hormone-independent gene regulation is also PR-A SUMOylation dependent. Several SUMOylated genes were analyzed in clinical breast cancer database. In sum, we show that SUMOylation does not simply repress PR-A. Rather it regulates PR-A activity in a target selective manner including genes associated with poor prognosis, shortened survival, and metastasis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chow CC, Simons SS. An Approach to Greater Specificity for Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:76. [PMID: 29593646 PMCID: PMC5859375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid steroids are among the most prescribed drugs each year. Nonetheless, the many undesirable side effects, and lack of selectivity, restrict their greater usage. Research to increase glucocorticoid specificity has spanned many years. These efforts have been hampered by the ability of glucocorticoids to both induce and repress gene transcription and also by the lack of success in defining any predictable properties that control glucocorticoid specificity. Correlations of transcriptional specificity have been observed with changes in steroid structure, receptor and chromatin conformation, DNA sequence for receptor binding, and associated cofactors. However, none of these studies have progressed to the point of being able to offer guidance for increased specificity. We summarize here a mathematical theory that allows a novel and quantifiable approach to increase selectivity. The theory applies to all three major actions of glucocorticoid receptors: induction by agonists, induction by antagonists, and repression by agonists. Simple graphical analysis of competition assays involving any two factors (steroid, chemical, peptide, protein, DNA, etc.) yields information (1) about the kinetically described mechanism of action for each factor at that step where the factor acts in the overall reaction sequence and (2) about the relative position of that step where each factor acts. These two pieces of information uniquely provide direction for increasing the specificity of glucocorticoid action. Consideration of all three modes of action indicate that the most promising approach for increased specificity is to vary the concentrations of those cofactors/pharmaceuticals that act closest to the observed end point. The potential for selectivity is even greater when varying cofactors/pharmaceuticals in conjunction with a select class of antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carson C. Chow
- Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
| | - S. Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/LERB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Carson C. Chow, ; S. Stoney Simons, Jr.,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen CC, Montalbano AP, Hussain I, Lee WR, Mendelson CR. The transcriptional repressor GATAD2B mediates progesterone receptor suppression of myometrial contractile gene expression. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12560-12576. [PMID: 28576827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby progesterone (P4), acting via the progesterone receptor (PR), inhibits proinflammatory/contractile gene expression during pregnancy are incompletely defined. Using immortalized human myometrial (hTERT-HM) cells stably expressing wild-type PR-A or PR-B (PRWT), we found that P4 significantly inhibited IL-1β induction of the NF-κB target genes, COX-2 and IL-8 P4-PRWT transrepression occurred at the level of transcription initiation and was mediated by decreased recruitment of NF-κB p65 and RNA polymerase II to COX-2 and IL-8 promoters. However, in cells stably expressing a PR-A or PR-B DNA-binding domain mutant (PRmDBD), P4-mediated transrepression was significantly reduced, suggesting a critical role of the PR DBD. ChIP analysis of hTERT-HM cells stably expressing PRWT or PRmDBD revealed that P4 treatment caused equivalent recruitment of PRWT and PRmDBD to COX-2 and IL-8 promoters, suggesting that PR inhibitory effects were not mediated by its direct DNA binding. Using immunoprecipitation, followed by MS, we identified a transcriptional repressor, GATA zinc finger domain-containing 2B (GATAD2B), that interacted strongly with PRWT but poorly with PRmDBD P4 treatment of PRWT hTERT-HM cells caused enhanced recruitment of endogenous GATAD2B to COX-2 and IL-8 promoters. Further, siRNA knockdown of endogenous GATAD2B significantly reduced P4-PRWT transrepression of COX-2 and IL-8 Notably, GATAD2B expression was significantly decreased in pregnant mouse and human myometrium during labor. Our findings suggest that GATAD2B serves as an important mediator of P4-PR suppression of proinflammatory and contractile genes during pregnancy. Decreased GATAD2B expression near term may contribute to the decline in PR function, leading to labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Alina P Montalbano
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Carole R Mendelson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diep CH, Knutson TP, Lange CA. Active FOXO1 Is a Key Determinant of Isoform-Specific Progesterone Receptor Transactivation and Senescence Programming. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:141-62. [PMID: 26577046 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Progesterone promotes differentiation coupled to proliferation and prosurvival in the breast, but inhibits estrogen-driven growth in the reproductive tract and ovaries. Herein, it is demonstrated, using progesterone receptor (PR) isoform-specific ovarian cancer model systems, that PR-A and PR-B promote distinct gene expression profiles that differ from PR-driven genes in breast cancer cells. In ovarian cancer models, PR-A primarily regulates genes independently of progestin, while PR-B is the dominant ligand-dependent isoform. Notably, FOXO1 and the PR/FOXO1 target gene p21 (CDKN1A) are repressed by PR-A, but induced by PR-B. In the presence of progestin, PR-B, but not PR-A, robustly induced cellular senescence via FOXO1-dependent induction of p21 and p15 (CDKN2B). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays performed on PR isoform-specific cells demonstrated that while each isoform is recruited to the same PRE-containing region of the p21 promoter in response to progestin, only PR-B elicits active chromatin marks. Overexpression of constitutively active FOXO1 in PR-A-expressing cells conferred robust ligand-dependent upregulation of the PR-B target genes GZMA, IGFBP1, and p21, and induced cellular senescence. In the presence of endogenous active FOXO1, PR-A was phosphorylated on Ser294 and transactivated PR-B at PR-B target genes; these events were blocked by the FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856). PR isoform-specific regulation of the FOXO1/p21 axis recapitulated in human primary ovarian tumor explants treated with progestin; loss of progestin sensitivity correlated with high AKT activity. IMPLICATIONS This study indicates FOXO1 as a critical component for progesterone signaling to promote cellular senescence and reveals a novel mechanism for transcription factor control of hormone sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Diep
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Todd P Knutson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen L, Li W, Qiu W, Ren W, Li Q, Han B, Zhou L, Cheng L, Zhang H, Ye Q. RSRC1 SUMOylation enhances SUMOylation and inhibits transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor β. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1476-84. [PMID: 25937118 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor estrogen receptor β (ERβ) plays roles in the central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. ERβ can be SUMOylated. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that RSRC1/SRrp53 interacts with ERβ and SUMOylation of RSRC1 is required for regulation of PIAS1-mediated ERβ SUMOylation. RSRC1 promotes ERβ SUMOylation through enhanced interaction between ERβ and PIAS1. RSRC1 represses ERβ transcriptional activity through regulation of ERβ SUMOylation. By establishing RSRC1 as a novel cofactor for SUMOylation, our data provide insight into regulation of ERβ SUMOylation and indicate that SUMOylation of one protein can regulate another protein SUMOylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Chen
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Weini Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Weiyi Qiu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen Ren
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qincao Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Baiyu Han
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China; Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Progesterone and progesterone receptors (PRs) are essential for the development and cyclical regulation of hormone-responsive tissues including the breast and reproductive tract. Altered functions of PR isoforms contribute to the pathogenesis of tumors that arise in these tissues. In the breast, progesterone acts in concert with estrogen to promote proliferative and pro-survival gene programs. In sharp contrast, progesterone inhibits estrogen-driven growth in the uterus and protects the ovary from neoplastic transformation. Progesterone-dependent actions and associated biology in diverse tissues and tumors are mediated by two PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B. These isoforms are subject to altered transcriptional activity or expression levels, differential crosstalk with growth factor signaling pathways, and distinct post-translational modifications and cofactor-binding partners. Herein, we summarize and discuss the recent literature focused on progesterone and PR isoform-specific actions in breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers. Understanding the complexity of context-dependent PR actions in these tissues is critical to developing new models that will allow us to advance our knowledge base with the goal of revealing novel and efficacious therapeutic regimens for these hormone-responsive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Diep
- HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Andrea R Daniel
- HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Laura J Mauro
- HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Todd P Knutson
- HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA HematologyOncology, and Transplantation DivisionDepartments of MedicinePharmacologyMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer Cardiology Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USADivision of Physiology and GrowthDepartment of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wetendorf M, DeMayo FJ. Progesterone receptor signaling in the initiation of pregnancy and preservation of a healthy uterus. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 58:95-106. [PMID: 25023675 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.140069mw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infertility and reproductive-associated disease are global problems in the world today affecting millions of women. A successful pregnancy requires a healthy uterus ready to receive and support an implanting embryo. As an endocrine organ, the uterus is dependent on the secretions of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone which signal via their cognate receptors, the estrogen and progesterone receptors. The progesterone receptor not only functions using classical nuclear receptor signaling, but also participates in non-genomic signaling at the cellular membrane. The complexity of progesterone signaling is further enhanced by the existence of multiple isoforms and post-translational regulation via kinases and transcription coregulators. This dynamic means of regulation of the progesterone receptor is evidenced in its necessary role in a successful pregnancy. Within early pregnancy, the progesterone receptor elicits activation of its target genes in a spatiotemporal manner in order to allow for successful embryo attachment and uterine decidualization. Additionally, appropriate progesterone signaling is important for the prevention of uterine disease such as endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyoma. The utilization of progesterone receptor modulators in the treatment of these devastating uterine diseases is promising. This review presents a general overview of progesterone receptor structure, function, and regulation and highlights its important role in the establishment of pregnancy and as a therapeutic target in uterine disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margeaux Wetendorf
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program , Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:80-9. [PMID: 24333793 PMCID: PMC3923415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone plays a key role in the development, differentiation and maintenance of female reproductive tissues and has multiple non-reproductive neural functions. Depending on the cell and tissue, the hormonal environment, growth conditions and the developmental stage, progesterone can either stimulate cell growth or inhibit it while promoting differentiation. Progesterone receptors (PRs) belong to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. PR proteins are subject to extensive post-translational modifications that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. The interplay among these modifications is complex with alteration of the receptors by one factor influencing the impact of another. Control over these modifications is species-, tissue- and cell-specific. They in turn regulate multiple functions including PR stability, their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and transcriptional activity. These complexities may explain how tissue- and gene-specific differences in regulation are achieved in the same organism, by the same receptor protein and hormone. Here we review current knowledge of PR post-translational modifications and discuss how these may influence receptor function focusing on human breast cancer cells. There is much left to be learned. However, our understanding of this may help to identify therapeutic agents that target PR activity in tissue-specific, even gene-specific ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kathryn B Horwitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chung HH, Sze SK, Woo ARE, Sun Y, Sim KH, Dong XM, Lin VCL. Lysine methylation of progesterone receptor at activation function 1 regulates both ligand-independent activity and ligand sensitivity of the receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5704-22. [PMID: 24415758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) exists in two isoforms, PRA and PRB, and both contain activation functions AF-1 and AF-2. It is believed that AF-1 is primarily responsible for the ligand-independent activity, whereas AF-2 mediates ligand-dependent PR activation. Although more than a dozen post-translational modifications of PR have been reported, no post-translational modification on AF-1 or AF-2 has been reported. Using LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis, this study revealed AF-1 monomethylation at Lys-464. Mutational analysis revealed the remarkable importance of Lys-464 in regulating PR activity. Single point mutation K464Q or K464A led to ligand-independent PR gel upshift similar to the ligand-induced gel upshift. This upshift was associated with increases in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent PR phosphorylation and PR activity due to the hyperactivation of AF-1. In contrast, mutation of Lys-464 to the bulkier phenylalanine to mimic the effect of methylation caused a drastic decrease in PR activity. Importantly, PR-K464Q also showed heightened ligand sensitivity, and this was associated with increases in its functional interaction with transcription co-regulators NCoR1 and SRC-1. These results suggest that monomethylation of PR at Lys-464 probably has a repressive effect on AF-1 activity and ligand sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Hwa Chung
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Petersen SL, Intlekofer KA, Moura-Conlon PJ, Brewer DN, Del Pino Sans J, Lopez JA. Nonclassical progesterone signalling molecules in the nervous system. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:991-1001. [PMID: 23763432 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) regulates a wide range of cognitive, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and neuroprotective functions. Therefore, it is not surprising that this ovarian hormone acts through multiple receptors. Ever since the 1980s, studies investigating the neural effects of P4 have focused mainly on genomic and nongenomic actions of the classical progestin receptor (PGR). More recently, two groups of nonclassical P4 signalling molecules have been identified: (i) the class II progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family, which includes PAQR 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, also called membrane progestin receptor α (mPRα; PAQR7), mPRβ (PAQR8), mPRγ (PAQR5), mPRδ (PAQR6) and mPRε (PAQR9), and (ii) the b5-like haeme/steroid-binding protein family, which includes progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1), Pgrmc2, neudesin and neuferricin. In this review, we describe the structures, neuroanatomical localisation and signalling mechanisms of these molecules. We also discuss gonadotrophin-releasing hormone regulation as an example of a physiological function regulated by multiple progesterone receptors but through different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Petersen
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schumacher M, Mattern C, Ghoumari A, Oudinet JP, Liere P, Labombarda F, Sitruk-Ware R, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: resurgence of the progesterone receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 113:6-39. [PMID: 24172649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone are also male hormones, as they are produced in both sexes by the adrenal glands. In addition, they are synthesized within the nervous system. Progesterone and allopregnanolone are associated with adaptation to stress, and increased production of progesterone within the brain may be part of the response of neural cells to injury. Progesterone receptors (PR) are widely distributed throughout the brain, but their study has been mainly limited to the hypothalamus and reproductive functions, and the extra-hypothalamic receptors have been neglected. This lack of information about brain functions of PR is unexpected, as the protective and trophic effects of progesterone are much investigated, and as the therapeutic potential of progesterone as a neuroprotective and promyelinating agent is currently being assessed in clinical trials. The little attention devoted to the brain functions of PR may relate to the widely accepted assumption that non-reproductive actions of progesterone may be mainly mediated by allopregnanolone, which does not bind to PR, but acts as a potent positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABA(A) receptors, with main focus on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schumacher
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - C Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - A Ghoumari
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J P Oudinet
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council and Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Guennoun
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar R, Moure CM, Khan SH, Callaway C, Grimm SL, Goswami D, Griffin PR, Edwards DP. Regulation of the structurally dynamic N-terminal domain of progesterone receptor by protein-induced folding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30285-30299. [PMID: 23995840 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal domain (NTD) of steroid receptors harbors a transcriptional activation function (AF1) that is composed of an intrinsically disordered polypeptide. We examined the interaction of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) with the NTD of the progesterone receptor (PR) and its ability to regulate AF1 activity through coupled folding and binding. As assessed by solution phase biophysical methods, the isolated NTD of PR contains a large content of random coil, and it is capable of adopting secondary α-helical structure and more stable tertiary folding either in the presence of the natural osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide or through a direct interaction with TBP. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry confirmed the highly dynamic intrinsically disordered property of the NTD within the context of full-length PR. Deletion mapping and point mutagenesis defined a region of the NTD (amino acids 350-428) required for structural folding in response to TBP interaction. Overexpression of TBP in cells enhanced transcriptional activity mediated by the PR NTD, and deletion mutations showed that a region (amino acids 327-428), similar to that required for TBP-induced folding, was required for functional response. TBP also increased steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1) interaction with the PR NTD and cooperated with SRC-1 to stimulate NTD-dependent transcriptional activity. These data suggest that TBP can mediate structural reorganization of the NTD to facilitate the binding of co-activators required for maximal transcriptional activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- the Department of Basic Sciences, Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509
| | - Carmen M Moure
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and
| | - Shagufta H Khan
- the Department of Basic Sciences, Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509
| | | | - Sandra L Grimm
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and
| | - Devrishi Goswami
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- From the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and; Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030,.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arredondo C, Orellana M, Vecchiola A, Pereira LA, Galdames L, Andrés ME. PIASγ enhanced SUMO-2 modification of Nurr1 activation-function-1 domain limits Nurr1 transcriptional synergy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55035. [PMID: 23358114 PMCID: PMC3554661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 (NR4A2) is a transcription factor that belongs to the orphan NR4A group of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Nurr1 plays key roles in the origin and maintenance of midbrain dopamine neurons, and peripheral inflammatory processes. PIASγ, a SUMO-E3 ligase, represses Nurr1 transcriptional activity. We report that Nurr1 is SUMOylated by SUMO-2 in the lysine 91 located in the transcriptional activation function 1 domain of Nurr1. Nurr1 SUMOylation by SUMO-2 is markedly facilitated by overexpressing wild type PIASγ, but not by a mutant form of PIASγ lacking its first LXXLL motif (PIASγmut1). This PIASγmut1 is also unable to interact with Nurr1 and to repress Nurr1 transcriptional activity. Interestingly, the mutant PIASγC342A that lacks SUMO ligase activity is still able to significantly repress Nurr1-dependent transcriptional activity, but not to enhance Nurr1 SUMOylation. A SUMOylation-deficient Nurr1 mutant displays higher transcriptional activity than the wild type Nurr1 only in promoters harboring more than one Nurr1 response element. Furthermore, lysine 91, the major target of Nurr1 SUMOylation is contained in a canonical synergy control motif, indicating that SUMO-2 posttranslational modification of Nurr1 regulates its transcriptional synergy in complex promoters. In conclusion, PIASγ can exert two types of negative regulations over Nurr1. On one hand, PIASγ limits Nurr1 transactivation in complex promoters by SUMOylating its lysine 91. On the other hand, PIASγ fully represses Nurr1 transactivation through a direct interaction, independently of its E3-ligase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arredondo
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Orellana
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Alberto Pereira
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leopoldo Galdames
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Estela Andrés
- Millennium Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dynamic regulation of steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity by reversible SUMOylation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2013; 93:227-61. [PMID: 23810010 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416673-8.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcription complexes containing steroid hormone receptors (SRs) have been well characterized at selected canonical target genes. More recently, the advent of whole genome technologies has allowed for complete SR transcriptome analyses in diverse cell types and in response to a variety of cellular stimuli. These types of studies have revealed little overlap between the tissue or cell type-specific transcriptomes of a given SR, suggesting that all SRs are highly context-dependent transcription factors. However, the mechanisms controlling SR promoter selectivity have not been fully elucidated. Many factors may influence SR promoter selectivity, including chromatin structure, cofactor availability, and posttranslational modifications to SRs and/or their numerous coregulators; this review focuses on the impact that covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) moieties to SRs (i.e., SUMOylation) have on the transcriptional regulation of SR target genes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chabbert-Buffet N, Pintiaux A, Bouchard P. The immninent dawn of SPRMs in obstetrics and gynecology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:232-43. [PMID: 22415029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) have been developed since the late 70s when mifepristone was first described. They act through nuclear progesterone receptors and can have agonist or mixed agonist antagonist actions depending on the cell and tissue. Mifepristone has unique major antagonist properties allowing its use for pregnancy termination. Ulipristal acetate has been marketed in 2009 for emergency contraception and has been recently approved for preoperative myoma treatment. Further perspectives for SPRMs use include long term estrogen free contraception, endometriosis treatment. However long term applications will be possible only after confirmation of endometrial safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Department, AP-HP, Hospital Tenon, UPMC Paris 06, Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Sabbagh M, Lam EWF, Brosens JJ. Mechanisms of endometrial progesterone resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:208-15. [PMID: 22085558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the reproductive years, the rise and fall in ovarian hormones elicit in the endometrium waves of cell proliferation, differentiation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, tissue breakdown and regeneration. The activated progesterone receptor, a member of the superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors, is the master regulator of this intense tissue remodelling process in the uterus. Its activity is tightly regulated by interaction with cell-specific transcription factors and coregulators as well as by specific posttranslational modifications that respond dynamically to a variety of environmental and inflammatory signals. Endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, disrupts coordinated progesterone responses throughout the reproductive tract, including in the endometrium. This phenomenon is increasingly referred to as 'progesterone resistance'. Emerging evidence suggests that progesterone resistance in endometriosis is not just a consequence of perturbed progesterone signal transduction caused by chronic inflammation but associated with epigenetic chromatin changes that determine the intrinsic responsiveness of endometrial cells to differentiation cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Al-Sabbagh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Control of progesterone receptor transcriptional synergy by SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:10. [PMID: 22439847 PMCID: PMC3373386 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Covalent modification of nuclear receptors by the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) is dynamically regulated by competing conjugation/deconjugation steps that modulate their overall transcriptional activity. SUMO conjugation of progesterone receptors (PRs) at the N-terminal lysine (K) 388 residue of PR-B is hormone-dependent and suppresses PR-dependent transcription. Mutation of the SUMOylation motif promotes transcriptional synergy. Results The present studies address mechanisms underlying this transcriptional synergy by using SUMOylation deficient PR mutants and PR specifically deSUMOylated by Sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs). We show that deSUMOylation of a small pool of receptors by catalytically competent SENPs globally modulates the cooperativity-driven transcriptional synergy between PR observed on exogenous promoters containing at least two progesterone-response elements (PRE2). This occurs in part by raising PR sensitivity to ligands. The C-terminal ligand binding domain of PR is required for the transcriptional stimulatory effects of N-terminal deSUMOylation, but neither a functional PR dimerization interface, nor a DNA binding domain exhibiting PR specificity, are required. Conclusion We conclude that direct and reversible SUMOylation of a minor PR protein subpopulation tightly controls the overall transcriptional activity of the receptors at complex synthetic promoters. Transcriptional synergism controlled by SENP-dependent PR deSUMOylation is dissociable from MAPK-catalyzed receptor phosphorylation, from SRC-1 coactivation and from recruitment of histone deacetylases to promoters. This will provide more information for targeting PR as a part of hormonal therapy of breast cancer. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the SUMOylation/deSUMOylation pathway is an interesting target for therapeutic treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hill KK, Roemer SC, Churchill ME, Edwards DP. Structural and functional analysis of domains of the progesterone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:418-29. [PMID: 21803119 PMCID: PMC4437577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors are multi-domain proteins composed of conserved well-structured regions, such as ligand (LBD) and DNA binding domains (DBD), plus other naturally unstructured regions including the amino-terminal domain (NTD) and the hinge region between the LBD and DBD. The hinge is more than just a flexible region between the DBD and LBD and is capable of binding co-regulatory proteins and the minor groove of DNA flanking hormone response elements. Because the hinge can directly participate in DNA binding it has also been termed the carboxyl terminal extension (CTE) of the DNA binding domain. The CTE and NTD are dynamic regions of the receptor that can adopt multiple conformations depending on the environment of interacting proteins and DNA. Both regions have important regulatory roles for multiple receptor functions that are related to the ability of the CTE and NTD to form multiple active conformations. This review focuses on studies of the CTE and NTD of progesterone receptor (PR), as well as related work with other steroid/nuclear receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista K. Hill
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Sarah C. Roemer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mair E.A. Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The progesterone receptor as a transcription factor regulates phospholipase D1 expression through independent activation of protein kinase A and Ras during 8-Br-cAMP-induced decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells. Biochem J 2011; 436:181-91. [PMID: 21284604 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Decidualization is a biological and morphological process occurring in hES (human endometrial stromal) cells. Previously, we reported that PLD1 (phospholipase D1) plays an important role in cAMP-induced decidualization of hES cells. In the present study, we focused on how PLD1 expression is up-regulated during decidualization. Treatment with PKA (protein kinase A) inhibitors (Rp-cAMP or H89) or a Ras inhibitor (manumycin) partially inhibited PLD1 expression and decidua formation in response to cAMP treatment. Interestingly, dual inhibition of PKA and Ras completely inhibited PLD1 expression and cAMP-induced decidualization. These results suggest that PLD1 expression during decidualization is controlled additively by PKA and Ras. The use of inhibitors showed that extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, a downstream effector of Ras, was required for PLD activation and the morphological changes during decidualization, but not for the increase in PLD1 protein. Next, to investigate the regulator of the PLD1 gene at the transcriptional level, a promoter assay using deletion mutants of the PLD1 promoter was performed; the result indicated that PR (progesterone receptor) was a possible regulator of the PLD1 gene. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays on the PLD1 promoter identified PR as a transcription factor for PLD1 expression during 8-Br-cAMP-induced decidualization. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PKA and Ras are novel regulators of PLD1 expression and also identify PR as a transcription factor for PLD1 expression during the decidualization of hES cells.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang YT, Yang WB, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Interplay of Posttranslational Modifications in Sp1 Mediates Sp1 Stability during Cell Cycle Progression. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Jensik PJ, Arbogast LA. Differential and interactive effects of ligand-bound progesterone receptor A and B isoforms on tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:915-25. [PMID: 21815951 PMCID: PMC3721978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The classical progesterone receptors (PRs) are expressed in some hypothalamic dopaminergic and brainstem noradrenergic neurones. Progesterone influences prolactin and luteinising hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland, in part by regulating the activity of these catecholaminergic neurones. The present study aimed to determine the effects of PRs on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter activity. When CAD, SK-N-SH and CV-1 cells were transfected with TH promoter constructs and PR-A or PR-B expression vectors, progesterone treatment caused three- to six-fold increases in TH-9.0 kb promoter activity in PR-B expressing cells, although only a modest increase or no change in PR-A expressing cells. Using CAD cells, deletional analysis mapped the site of PR action to the -1403 to -1304 bp region of the TH promoter. Mutational analysis of putative regulatory sequences in this region indicated that multiple DNA elements are required for complete PR-B transactivation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were unable to demonstrate direct PR-B binding to TH promoter DNA sequences. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated PR-B was recruited to the TH promoter. Two different PR-B DNA binding domain mutants had opposing effects on PR-B-mediated TH promoter activation. A GS to AA mutation located in the p-box of the first zinc finger of PR-B inhibited progesterone transactivation of the TH promoter, whereas a C to A mutation in the zinc finger increased transactivation. PR-A was able to inhibit PR-B transactivation in a dose-dependent manner, although the degree of PR-A inhibition was dependent on the TH promoter deletion construct. These data indicate that ligand-bound PR-B is recruited to DNA elements in the TH promoter and acts as a transcriptional activator of the TH gene, and also that changes in the ratio of PR-A to PR-B may affect the ability of progesterone to increase TH expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Jensik
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bao B, Hong B, Feng QL, Xu WH. Transcription factor fork head regulates the promoter of diapause hormone gene in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, and the modification of SUMOylation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:670-679. [PMID: 21575721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor fork head (FoxA) plays important roles in development and metabolism. Here, we cloned a fork head gene in Helicoverpa armigera, and found that the fork head protein is mainly located in the nucleus. This fork head gene belongs to the FoxA subfamily of the Fox transcription factors. The diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN), which are two well-documented insect neuropeptides that regulate insect development and pheromone biosynthesis, are encoded by a single mRNA. In the present study, fork head was shown to bind strongly to the promoter of H. armigera DH-PBAN gene, and regulate its promoter activity. Furthermore, the effect of SUMOylation of the FH protein on the regulation of Har-DH-PBAN gene was investigated, and we show that the SUMO can modify Har-FH protein and cause down-regulation of DH-PBAN gene expression. These results suggest that SUMOylated FH plays a key role in insect diapause in H. armigera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang S, Thiel KW, Leslie KK. Progesterone: the ultimate endometrial tumor suppressor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:145-52. [PMID: 21353793 PMCID: PMC4062362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The uterine endometrium is exquisitely sensitive to steroid hormones that act through well-described nuclear receptors. Estrogen drives epithelial proliferation, and progesterone inhibits growth and causes cell differentiation. The importance of progesterone as a key inhibitor of carcinogenesis is reflected by the observation that women who ovulate and produce progesterone almost never get endometrial cancer. In this review we describe seminal research findings that define progesterone as the major endometrial tumor suppressor. We discuss the genes and diverse signaling pathways that are controlled by progesterone through progesterone receptors (PRs) and also the multiple factors that regulate progesterone/PR activity. By defining these progesterone-regulated factors and pathways we identify the principal therapeutic opportunities to control the growth of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center,The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ahmad N, Kumar R. Steroid hormone receptors in cancer development: a target for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2011; 300:1-9. [PMID: 20926181 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are ligand-dependent intracellular transcription factors that are known to influence the development and growth of many human cancers. SHRs pass signals from a steroid/hormone to the target genes by interacting with specific response element DNA sequences and various coregulatory proteins that consists of activators and/or corepressors. Disruptions in physiological functions of SHRs leads to several types of malignancies such as breast cancer, leukemia and lymphoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer among others. Steroids/hormones/SHRs and their coregulators have opened up a unique window for novel steroid-based targeted therapies for cancer. Thus, dysregulation of SHR signaling in cancers compared with normal tissues can be exploited to target drugs that prevent and treat human cancers. In recent years, hormonal therapy has made a major contribution to the treatment of several cancers including reduced recurrence rates and longer survival rates. Development of various steroid receptor modulators and their potential therapeutic efficacies has provided us a great opportunity to effectively manage diseases like cancer in future. In this review article, we have summarized up-to-date knowledge of the role of SHRs in the development and progression of cancers, and potential endocrine-based therapeutic approaches to tackle these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Simons SS. Glucocorticoid receptor cofactors as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:613-9. [PMID: 20801081 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous transcriptional cofactors (e.g. coactivators, corepressors, and comodulators) are known to alter the maximal transcriptional activity (A(max)) in gene induction and repression by steroid receptors in general and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in particular. However, recent data advance the earlier reports that these same factors also modify other parameters of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity: the potency of agonists (or EC₅₀ and the partial agonist activity of antisteroids (or PAA). In several instances, factors modulate the EC₅₀ and/or PAA without changing A(max). Thus, studies of all three parameters reveal new factors acting at various stages of receptor action, thereby increasing the potential therapeutic targets for adjusting GR actions in pathological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section, Bldg. 10, Room 8N-307B, NIDDK/CEB, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-1772, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sanchez M, Picard N, Sauvé K, Tremblay A. Challenging estrogen receptor beta with phosphorylation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:104-10. [PMID: 19837602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From classical gland-based endocrinology to nuclear hormone receptor biology, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of hormone responses underlying cellular communication. Estrogen elicits a myriad of biological processes in reproductive and peripheral target tissues through its interaction with the estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta. However, our knowledge of estrogen-dependent and independent action has mainly focused on ERalpha, leaving the role of ERbeta obscure. This review discusses our current understanding of ERbeta function and the emerging role of intracellular signals that act upon and achieve estrogen-like effects through phosphorylation of ERbeta protein. Improving our understanding of how cellular determinants impact estrogen receptor actions will likely lead to treatment strategies for related endocrine diseases affecting women's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry, Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
SUMO and ubiquitin modifications during steroid hormone synthesis and function. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:54-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0380054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones control many aspects of animal physiology and behaviour. They are highly regulated, among other mechanisms, by post-translational modifications of the transcription factors involved in their synthesis and response. In the present review, we will focus on the influence of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) and ubiquitin modifications on the function of transcription factors involved in adrenal cortex formation, steroidogenesis and the hormonal response.
Collapse
|
33
|
Stanisić V, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Modulation of steroid hormone receptor activity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 181:153-76. [PMID: 20478437 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)81009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Classical steroid hormones (SHs) - estrogens, androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids - play critical roles in the regulation of reproduction, metabolism and cancer. SHs act via their cognate steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) in multiple target tissues throughout the body, exerting their physiological effects through nuclear receptor (NR)-mediated gene transcription. Since SHRs are the mediators of steroid hormone signalling in cells, regulation of their expression and function is critical for appropriate physiological responses to SHs. Cells regulate SHRs by determining the cellular concentration of SHR proteins in the cell and by tightly regulating their activity through post-translational modifications and interactions with coactivator protein complexes. In this chapter we will examine each of these regulatory mechanisms and assess their functional impact on the activity of SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Stanisić
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are hormone-activated transcription factors important for a wide variety of cellular functions. Post-translational modifications of SRs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and sumoylation regulate their expression and function. The remarkable number of phosphorylation sites in these receptors and the wide variety of kinases shown to modulate phosphorylation influence the integration between cell-signaling pathways and SR action. These phosphorylation sites have been identified in all of the functional domains with the majority being located within the amino-terminal portions of the receptors. The regulation of function is receptor specific, site specific, and often dependent on the cellular context. Numerous roles for site-specific phosphorylation have been elucidated including sensitivity of hormone response, DNA binding, expression, stability, subcellular localization, dimerization, and protein-protein interactions that can determine the regulation of specific target genes. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding receptor site-specific phosphorylation and regulation of function. As functional assays become more sophisticated, it is likely that additional roles for phosphorylation in receptor function will be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|