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Nunes RD, Romeiro NC, De Carvalho HT, Moreira JR, Sola-Penna M, Silva-Neto MAC, Braz GRC. Unique PFK regulatory property from some mosquito vectors of disease, and from Drosophila melanogaster. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:107. [PMID: 26911930 PMCID: PMC4766633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropod-borne diseases are some of the most rapidly spreading diseases. Reducing the vector population is currently the only effective way to reduce case numbers. Central metabolic pathways are potential targets to control vector populations, but have not been well explored to this aim. The information available on energy metabolism, as a way to control lifespan and dispersion through flight of dipteran vectors, is inadequate. METHODS Phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity was measured in the presence of both of its substrates, fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and ATP, as well as some allosteric effectors: Fructose- 2,6 - bisphosphate (F2, 6BP), citrate and AMP. Aedes aegypti phosphofructokinase sequence (AaPFK) was aligned with many other insects and also vertebrate sequences. A 3D AaPFK model was produced and docking experiments were performed with AMP and citrate. RESULTS The kinetic parameters of AaPFK were determined for both substrates: F6P (V = 4.47 ± 0.15 μmol of F1, 6BP/min, K0.5 = 1.48 ± 0.22 mM) and ATP (V = 4.73 ± 0.57 μmol of F1, 6BP/min, K0.5 = 0.43 ± 0.10 mM). F2,6P was a powerful activator of AaPFK, even at low ATP concentrations. AaPFK inhibition by ATP was not enhanced by citrate, consistent with observations in other insects. After examining the sequence alignment of insect and non-insect PFKs, the hypothesis is that a modification of the citrate binding site is responsible for this unique behavior. AMP, a well-known positive effector of PFK, was not capable of reverting ATP inhibition. Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are dengue, malaria and filariasis vectors, respectively, and are shown to have this distinct characteristic in phosphofructokinase control. The alignment of several insect PFKs suggested a difference in the AMP binding site and a significant change in local charges, which introduces a highly negative charge in this part of the protein, making the binding of AMP unlikely. This hypothesis was supported by 3D modeling of PFK with AMP docking, which suggested that the AMP molecule binds in a reverse orientation due to the electrostatic environment. The present findings imply a potential new way to control PFK activity and are a unique feature of these Diptera. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide the first molecular explanation for citrate insensitivity in insect PFKs, as well as demonstrating for the first time AMP insensitivity in dipterans. It also identified a potential target for novel insecticides for the control of arthropod-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dutra Nunes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,NUPEM-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Tremonte De Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Riode Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jean Ribeiro Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Riode Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mário Alberto C Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Glória Regina Cardoso Braz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Riode Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Webb BA, Forouhar F, Szu FE, Seetharaman J, Tong L, Barber DL. Structures of human phosphofructokinase-1 and atomic basis of cancer-associated mutations. Nature 2015; 523:111-4. [PMID: 25985179 PMCID: PMC4510984 DOI: 10.1038/nature14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), the “gatekeeper” of glycolysis, catalyses the committed step of the glycolytic pathway by converting fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Allosteric activation and inhibition of PFK1 by over 10 metabolites and in response to hormonal signaling fine-tune glycolytic flux to meet energy requirements1. Mutations inhibiting PFK1 activity cause glycogen storage disease type VII, also known as Tarui disease2, and mice deficient in muscle PFK1 have decreased fat stores3. Additionally, PFK1 is suggested to have important roles in metabolic reprograming in cancer4,5. Despite its critical role in glucose flux, the biologically relevant crystal structure of the mammalian PFK1 tetramer has not been determined. We report here the first structures of the mammalian PFK1 tetramer, for the human platelet isoform (PFKP), in complex with ATP-Mg2+ and ADP at 3.1 and 3.4 Å, respectively. The structures reveal substantial conformational changes in the enzyme upon nucleotide hydrolysis as well as a unique tetramer interface. Mutations of residues in this interface can affect tetramer formation, enzyme catalysis and regulation, indicating the functional importance of the tetramer. With altered glycolytic flux being a hallmark of cancers6, these new structures allow a molecular understanding of the functional consequences of somatic PFK1 mutations identified in human cancers. We characterized three of these mutations and show they have distinct effects on allosteric regulation of PFKP activity and lactate production. The PFKP structural blueprint for somatic mutations as well as the catalytic site can guide therapeutic targeting of PFK1 activity to control dysregulated glycolysis in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Webb
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Farhad Forouhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Fu-En Szu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Jayaraman Seetharaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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3
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Enzo E, Santinon G, Pocaterra A, Aragona M, Bresolin S, Forcato M, Grifoni D, Pession A, Zanconato F, Guzzo G, Bicciato S, Dupont S. Aerobic glycolysis tunes YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity. EMBO J 2015; 34:1349-70. [PMID: 25796446 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glucose metabolism and reprogramming toward aerobic glycolysis are a hallmark of cancer cells, meeting their metabolic needs for sustained cell proliferation. Metabolic reprogramming is usually considered as a downstream consequence of tumor development and oncogene activation; growing evidence indicates, however, that metabolism on its turn can support oncogenic signaling to foster tumor malignancy. Here, we explored how glucose metabolism regulates gene transcription and found an unexpected link with YAP/TAZ, key transcription factors regulating organ growth, tumor cell proliferation and aggressiveness. When cells actively incorporate glucose and route it through glycolysis, YAP/TAZ are fully active; when glucose metabolism is blocked, or glycolysis is reduced, YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity is decreased. Accordingly, glycolysis is required to sustain YAP/TAZ pro-tumorigenic functions, and YAP/TAZ are required for the full deployment of glucose growth-promoting activity. Mechanistically we found that phosphofructokinase (PFK1), the enzyme regulating the first committed step of glycolysis, binds the YAP/TAZ transcriptional cofactors TEADs and promotes their functional and biochemical cooperation with YAP/TAZ. Strikingly, this regulation is conserved in Drosophila, where phosphofructokinase is required for tissue overgrowth promoted by Yki, the fly homologue of YAP. Moreover, gene expression regulated by glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells is strongly associated in a large dataset of primary human mammary tumors with YAP/TAZ activation and with the progression toward more advanced and malignant stages. These findings suggest that aerobic glycolysis endows cancer cells with particular metabolic properties and at the same time sustains transcription factors with potent pro-tumorigenic activities such as YAP/TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Enzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Santinon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Pocaterra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bresolin
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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4
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Vaidyanathan K, Durning S, Wells L. Functional O-GlcNAc modifications: implications in molecular regulation and pathophysiology. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:140-163. [PMID: 24524620 PMCID: PMC4912837 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.884535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due to its reliance on glucose flux and substrate availability, a major focus in the field has been on how O-GlcNAc contributes to metabolic disease. For years this post-translational modification has been known to modify thousands of proteins implicated in various disorders, but direct functional connections have until recently remained elusive. New research is beginning to reveal the specific mechanisms through which O-GlcNAc influences cell dynamics and disease pathology including clear examples of O-GlcNAc modification at a specific site on a given protein altering its biological functions. The following review intends to focus primarily on studies in the last half decade linking O-GlcNAc modification of proteins with chromatin-directed gene regulation, developmental processes, and several metabolically related disorders including Alzheimer's, heart disease and cancer. These studies illustrate the emerging importance of this post-translational modification in biological processes and multiple pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Durning
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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5
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Stine ZE, Dang CV. Stress eating and tuning out: cancer cells re-wire metabolism to counter stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:609-19. [PMID: 24099138 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.844093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram metabolism to maintain rapid proliferation under often stressful conditions. Glycolysis and glutaminolysis are two central pathways that fuel cancer metabolism. Allosteric regulation and metabolite driven post-translational modifications of key metabolic enzymes allow cancer cells glycolysis and glutaminolysis to respond to changes in nutrient availability and the tumor microenvironment. While increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) has been a noted part of cancer metabolism for over 80 years, recent work has shown that the elevated levels of glycolytic intermediates are critical to cancer growth and metabolism due to their ability to feed into the anabolic pathways branching off glycolysis such as the pentose phosphate pathway and serine biosynthesis pathway. The key glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), pyruvate kinase (PKM2) and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) are regulated by upstream and downstream metabolites to balance glycolytic flux with flux through anabolic pathways. Glutamine regulation is tightly controlled by metabolic intermediates that allosterically inhibit and activate glutamate dehydrogenase, which fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle by converting glutamine derived glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. The elucidation of these key allosteric regulatory hubs in cancer metabolism will be essential for understanding and predicting how cancer cells will respond to drugs that target metabolism. Additionally, identification of the structures involved in allosteric regulation will inform the design of anti-metabolism drugs which bypass the off-target effects of substrate mimics. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of allosteric control of glycolysis and glutaminolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Stine
- Abramson Cancer Center, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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6
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Copeland RJ, Han G, Hart GW. O-GlcNAcomics--Revealing roles of O-GlcNAcylation in disease mechanisms and development of potential diagnostics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:597-606. [PMID: 23640805 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic PTM of the 3'-hydroxyl groups of serine or threonine residues of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins. The cycling of this modification is regulated in response to nutrients, stress, and other extracellular stimuli by the catalytic activities of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. O-GlcNAc is functionally similar to phosphorylation and has been demonstrated to play critical roles in numerous biological processes, including cell signaling, transcription, and disease etiology. Since its discovery nearly 30 years ago, studies have demonstrated that the O-GlcNAc is highly abundant and widespread, like phosphorylation however, the development of methodologies to study O-GlcNAc at the site level has been challenging. Recently, a number of studies have overcome these challenges and describe new tagging, enrichment, and mass spectrometric-based approaches to study O-GlcNAc in terms of its site identification, stoichiometry, and dynamics on proteins. The development of these methods are key for elucidation of O-GlcNAc's functional crosstalk with phosphorylation and other PTMs, and will serve to provide the necessary information for the development of site-specific antibodies, which will aid in the determination of a particular protein's site-specific function. In this review, we describe these methods and summarize results obtained from them demonstrating the roles of O-GlcNAc in diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's, and in learning and memory, while also describing how these new strategies have implicated O-GlcNAc as a potential diagnostic for the screening of patients for prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Copeland
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
| | - Guanghui Han
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Yi W, Clark PM, Mason DE, Keenan MC, Hill C, Goddard WA, Peters EC, Driggers EM, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Phosphofructokinase 1 glycosylation regulates cell growth and metabolism. Science 2012; 337:975-80. [PMID: 22923583 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells must satisfy the metabolic demands of rapid cell growth within a continually changing microenvironment. We demonstrated that the dynamic posttranslational modification of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a key metabolic regulator of glucose metabolism. O-GlcNAcylation was induced at serine 529 of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) in response to hypoxia. Glycosylation inhibited PFK1 activity and redirected glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby conferring a selective growth advantage on cancer cells. Blocking glycosylation of PFK1 at serine 529 reduced cancer cell proliferation in vitro and impaired tumor formation in vivo. These studies reveal a previously uncharacterized mechanism for the regulation of metabolic pathways in cancer and a possible target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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8
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Distinct functional roles of the two terminal halves of eukaryotic phosphofructokinase. Biochem J 2012; 445:213-8. [PMID: 22530721 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic PFK (phosphofructokinase), a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, has homologous N- and C-terminal domains thought to result from duplication, fusion and divergence of an ancestral prokaryotic gene. It has been suggested that both the active site and the Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate) allosteric site are formed by opposing N- and C-termini of subunits orientated antiparallel in a dimer. In contrast, we show in the present study that in fact the N-terminal halves form the active site, since expression of the N-terminal half of the enzymes from Dictyostelium discoideum and human muscle in PFK-deficient yeast restored growth on glucose. However, the N-terminus alone was not stable in vitro. The C-terminus is not catalytic, but is needed for stability of the enzyme, as is the connecting peptide that normally joins the two domains (here included in the N-terminus). Co-expression of homologous, but not heterologous, N- and C-termini yielded stable fully active enzymes in vitro with sizes and kinetic properties similar to those of the wild-type tetrameric enzymes. This indicates that the separately translated domains can fold sufficiently well to bind to each other, that such binding of complementary domains is stable and that the alignment is sufficiently accurate and tight as to preserve metabolite binding sites and allosteric interactions.
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9
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Brüser A, Kirchberger J, Kloos M, Sträter N, Schöneberg T. Functional linkage of adenine nucleotide binding sites in mammalian muscle 6-phosphofructokinase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17546-17553. [PMID: 22474333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.347153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Phosphofructokinases (Pfk) are homo- and heterooligomeric, allosteric enzymes that catalyze one of the rate-limiting steps of the glycolysis: the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate at position 1. Pfk activity is modulated by a number of regulators including adenine nucleotides. Recent crystal structures from eukaryotic Pfk revealed several adenine nucleotide binding sites. Herein, we determined the functional relevance of two adenine nucleotide binding sites through site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme kinetic studies. Subsequent characterization of Pfk mutants allowed the identification of the activating (AMP, ADP) and inhibitory (ATP, ADP) allosteric binding sites. Mutation of one binding site reciprocally influenced the allosteric regulation through nucleotides interacting with the other binding site. Such reciprocal linkage between the activating and inhibitory binding sites is in agreement with current models of allosteric enzyme regulation. Because the allosteric nucleotide binding sites in eukaryotic Pfk did not evolve from prokaryotic ancestors, reciprocal linkage of functionally opposed allosteric binding sites must have developed independently in prokaryotic and eukaryotic Pfk (convergent evolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Brüser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig
| | - Jürgen Kirchberger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig
| | - Marco Kloos
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig.
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10
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Sharma B. Kinetic Characterisation of Phosphofructokinase Purified from Setaria cervi: A Bovine Filarial Parasite. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:939472. [PMID: 21941634 PMCID: PMC3173978 DOI: 10.4061/2011/939472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK), a regulatory enzyme in glycolytic pathway, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from adult female Setaria cervi and partially characterized. For this enzyme, the Lineweaver-Burk's double reciprocal plots of initial rates and D-fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) or Mg-ATP concentrations for varying values of cosubstrate concentration gave intersecting lines indicating that Km values for F-6-P (1.05 mM) and ATP (3 μM) were independent of each other. S. cervi PFK, when assayed at inhibitory concentration of ATP (>0.1 mM), exhibited sigmoidal behavior towards binding with F-6-P with a Hill coefficient (n) value equal to 1.8 and 1.7 at 1.0 and 0.33 mM ATP, respectively. D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) competitively inhibited the filarial enzyme: Ki and Hill coefficient values being 0.18 μM and 2.0, respectively. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) also inhibited the enzyme competitively with the Ki value equal to 0.8 mM. The Hill coefficient values (>1.5) for F-6-P (at inhibitory concentration of ATP) and FDP suggested its positive cooperative kinetics towards F-6-P and FDP, showing presence of more than one binding sites for these molecules in enzyme protein and allosteric nature of the filarial enzyme. The product inhibition studies gave us the only compatible mechanism of random addition process with a probable orientation of substrates and products on the enzyme surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
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11
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Banaszak K, Mechin I, Obmolova G, Oldham M, Chang SH, Ruiz T, Radermacher M, Kopperschläger G, Rypniewski W. The crystal structures of eukaryotic phosphofructokinases from baker's yeast and rabbit skeletal muscle. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:284-97. [PMID: 21241708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK) is a multisubunit allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the principal regulatory step in glycolysis-the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP. The activity of eukaryotic PFK is modulated by a number of effectors in response to the cell's needs for energy and building blocks for biosynthesis. The crystal structures of eukaryotic PFKs-from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rabbit skeletal muscle-demonstrate how successive gene duplications and fusion are reflected in the protein structure and how they allowed the evolution of new functionalities. The basic framework inherited from prokaryotes is conserved, and additional levels of structural and functional complexity have evolved around it. Analysis of protein-ligand complexes has shown how PFK is activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (a powerful PFK effector found only in eukaryotes) and reveals a novel nucleotide binding site. Crystallographic results have been used as the basis for structure-based effector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Banaszak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Heikkinen J, Risteli M, Lampela O, Alavesa P, Karppinen M, Juffer AH, Myllylä R. Dimerization of human lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) is mediated by the amino acids 541–547. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Arechaga I, Martínez-Costa OH, Ferreras C, Carrascosa JL, Aragón JJ. Electron microscopy analysis of mammalian phosphofructokinase reveals an unusual 3‐dimensional structure with significant implications for enzyme function. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Arechaga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientIficas (CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autönoma de Madrid–CSICFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autönoma de Madrid–CSICFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - José L. Carrascosa
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientIficas (CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan J. Aragón
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autönoma de Madrid–CSICFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
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14
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Arechaga I, Martínez-Costa OH, Ferreras C, Carrascosa JL, Aragón JJ. Electron microscopy analysis of mammalian phosphofructokinase reveals an unusual 3-dimensional structure with significant implications for enzyme function. FASEB J 2010; 24:4960-8. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Arechaga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), and
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid–CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid–CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Carrascosa
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), and
| | - Juan J. Aragón
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid–CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Usenik A, Legiša M. Evolution of allosteric citrate binding sites on 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15447. [PMID: 21124851 PMCID: PMC2990764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important part of metabolism, metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway is tightly regulated. The most complex control is exerted on 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1) level; this control overrules the regulatory role of other allosteric enzymes. Among other effectors, citrate has been reported to play a vital role in the suppression of this enzyme's activity. In eukaryotes, amino acid residues forming the allosteric binding site for citrate are found both on the N- and the C-terminal region of the enzyme. These site has evolved from the phosphoenolpyruvate/ADP binding site of bacterial PFK1 due to the processes of duplication and tandem fusion of prokaryotic ancestor gene followed by the divergence of the catalytic and effector binding sites. Stricter inhibition of the PFK1 enzyme was needed during the evolution of multi-cellular organisms, and the most stringent control of PFK1 by citrate occurs in vertebrates. By substituting a single amino acid (K557R or K617A) as a component of the allosteric binding site in the C-terminal region of human muscle type PFK-M with a residue found in the corresponding site of a fungal enzyme, the inhibitory effect of citrate was attenuated. Moreover, the proteins carrying these single mutations enabled growth of E. coli transformants encoding mutated human PFK-M in a glucose-containing medium that did not support the growth of E. coli transformed with native human PFK-M. Substitution of another residue at the citrate-binding site (D591V) of human PFK-M resulted in the complete loss of activity. Detailed analyses revealed that the mutated PFK-M subunits formed dimers but were unable to associate into the active tetrameric holoenzyme. These results suggest that stricter control over glycolytic flux developed in metazoans, whose somatic cells are largely characterized by slow proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Usenik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Legiša
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Peracchi A, Mozzarelli A. Exploring and exploiting allostery: Models, evolution, and drug targeting. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:922-33. [PMID: 21035570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of allostery was elaborated almost 50years ago by Monod and coworkers to provide a framework for interpreting experimental studies on the regulation of protein function. In essence, binding of a ligand at an allosteric site affects the function at a distant site exploiting protein flexibility and reshaping protein energy landscape. Both monomeric and oligomeric proteins can be allosteric. In the past decades, the behavior of allosteric systems has been analyzed in many investigations while general theoretical models and variations thereof have been steadily proposed to interpret the experimental data. Allostery has been established as a fundamental mechanism of regulation in all organisms, governing a variety of processes that range from metabolic control to receptor function and from ligand transport to cell motility. A number of studies have shed light on how evolutionary pressures have favored and molded the development of allosteric features in specific macromolecular systems. The widespread occurrence of allostery has been recently exploited for the development and design of allosteric drugs that bind to either physiological or non-physiological allosteric sites leading to gain of function or loss of function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Dynamics: Experimental and Computational Approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Sträter N, Marek S, Kuettner EB, Kloos M, Keim A, Brüser A, Kirchberger J, Schöneberg T. Molecular architecture and structural basis of allosteric regulation of eukaryotic phosphofructokinases. FASEB J 2010; 25:89-98. [PMID: 20833871 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinases (Pfks) differ from their bacterial counterparts in a much more complex structural organization and allosteric regulation. Pichia pastoris Pfk (PpPfk) is, with ∼ 1 MDa, the most complex and probably largest eukaryotic Pfk. We have determined the crystal structure of full-length PpPfk to 3.05 Å resolution in the T state. PpPfk forms a (αβγ)(4) dodecamer of D(2) symmetry with dimensions of 161 × 157 × 233 Å mainly via interactions of the α chains. The N-terminal domains of the α and β chains have folds that are distantly related to glyoxalase I, but the active sites are no longer functional. Interestingly, these domains located at the 2 distal ends of this protein along the long 2-fold axis form a (αβ)(2) dimer as does the core Pfk domains; however, the domains are swapped across the tetramerization interface. In PpPfk, the unique γ subunit participates in oligomerization of the αβ chains. This modulator protein was acquired from an ancient S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase. The identification of novel ATP binding sites, which do not correspond to the bacterial catalytic or effector binding sites, point to marked structural and functional differences between bacterial and eukaryotic Pfks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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