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Masud N, Aldahish A, Iczkowski KA, Kale A, Shah GV. Zinc finger protein‑like 1 is a novel neuroendocrine biomarker for prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2023; 62:38. [PMID: 36799165 PMCID: PMC9937688 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate‑derived calcitonin (CT) and its receptor induce tumorigenicity and increase metastatic potential of prostate cancer (PC). CT‑inducible genes in human prostate were identified by subtraction hybridization. Among these genes, zinc finger protein like 1 (ZFPL1) protein was interesting since it was abundantly expressed in malignant prostates but was almost absent in benign prostates. ZFPL1 expression was upregulated by CT and androgens, and ZFPL1 protein was secreted by prostate tumor cells through exosomal secretion. Serum levels of ZFPL1 in cancer patients were at least 4‑fold higher than those in the sera of cancer‑free individuals. Cell biology of ZFPL1 suggests its localization in Golgi bodies and exosomes, and its colocalization with chromogranin A and CD44. These results suggested that ZFPL1 is secreted by tumor cells of neuroendocrine (NE)/stem cell phenotype. The knockdown of endogenous ZFPL1 in (PC) cells led to a remarkable decrease in cell proliferation, and invasion while increasing their apoptosis. As expected, the overexpression of ZFPL1 in prostate cells had an opposite effect on these functions. The knockdown of ZFPL1 in PC cells also decreased Akt phosphorylation, suggesting the actions of ZFPL1 may be mediated through the PI3K‑Akt pathway. Moreover, the present results revealed that ZFPL1 is released by tumors cells of NE or androgen‑independent phenotype and its serum levels are significantly higher in cancer patients, suggesting that it may serve as a blood‑based non‑invasive biomarker of aggressive PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshat Masud
- Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kenneth A. Iczkowski
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ajay Kale
- Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Girish V. Shah
- Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
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2
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Merkens L, Sailer V, Lessel D, Janzen E, Greimeier S, Kirfel J, Perner S, Pantel K, Werner S, von Amsberg G. Aggressive variants of prostate cancer: underlying mechanisms of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:46. [PMID: 35109899 PMCID: PMC8808994 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a hormone-driven disease and its tumor cell growth highly relies on increased androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Therefore, targeted therapy directed against androgen synthesis or AR activation is broadly used and continually improved. However, a subset of patients eventually progresses to castration-resistant disease. To date, various mechanisms of resistance have been identified including the development of AR-independent aggressive variant prostate cancer based on neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NED). Here, we review the highly complex processes contributing to NED. Genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional aberrations and posttranscriptional modifications are highlighted and the potential interplay of the different factors is discussed. Background Aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC) with traits of neuroendocrine differentiation emerges in a rising number of patients in recent years. Among others, advanced therapies targeting the androgen receptor axis have been considered causative for this development. Cell growth of AVPC often occurs completely independent of the androgen receptor signal transduction pathway and cells have mostly lost the typical cellular features of prostate adenocarcinoma. This complicates both diagnosis and treatment of this very aggressive disease. We believe that a deeper understanding of the complex molecular pathological mechanisms contributing to transdifferentiation will help to improve diagnostic procedures and develop effective treatment strategies. Indeed, in recent years, many scientists have made important contributions to unravel possible causes and mechanisms in the context of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. However, the complexity of the diverse molecular pathways has not been captured completely, yet. This narrative review comprehensively highlights the individual steps of neuroendocrine transdifferentiation and makes an important contribution in bringing together the results found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Merkens
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ella Janzen
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Greimeier
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany.,Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Xia W, Khan I, Li XA, Huang G, Yu Z, Leong WK, Han R, Ho LT, Wendy Hsiao WL. Adaptogenic flower buds exert cancer preventive effects by enhancing the SCFA-producers, strengthening the epithelial tight junction complex and immune responses. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104809. [PMID: 32502642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome therapy has attracted a keen interest from both research and business sectors. Our lab has been applying this "second genome" platform to assess the functionality of herbal medicines with fulfilling results. In this study, we applied this platform to assess the potential cancer-preventive effects of three selected adaptogenic plants. The flower buds from these plants were used to constitute Preparations SL and FSP according to the receipts of two commonly consumed Chinese medicinal decoctions for gastrointestinal discomfort. Preparation SL contains Sophorae japonica and Lonicerae Japonicae, and Preparation FSP contains Sophorae japonica and Gardenia Jasminoides. SL and FSP extracts significantly (p < 0.001) lowered the polyp burden, as well as the expressions of oncogenic signaling molecules, such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and STAT3 in ApcMin/+ mice. The inflamed gut was alleviated by shifting M1 to M2 macrophage phenotypes and the associated immune cytokines. The other remarkable change was on the extracellular tight junction protein complex, where the occludin, ZO-1, ICAM-1, E-cadherin were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated while the N-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in the treated mice. The above physiological changes in the gut epithelial barrier were companied with the changes in gut microbiome. The 16S Sequencing data revealed a marked decrease in the potential pathogens (especially Helicobacter species and hydrogen sulfide producing-bacteria) and the increase in beneficial bacteria (especially for species from the genera of Akkermansia, Barnesiella, Coprococcus, Lachnoclostridium, and Ruminococcus). The majority of which were the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers. Meanwhile SCFAs-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a were also significantly upregulated. In a recent report, we proved that the bacteria-derived SCFAs plays an essential role to the anti-cancer effects of the mushroom polysaccharides and saponins in ApcMin/+ mice. In this study, we further demonstrated that butyrate treatment could enhance the extracellular tight junction protein complex as effective as the treatments with SL and FSP to the ApcMin/+ mice. Our findings provide strong evidence of the vital role of the SCFA-producers and their metabolites to the cancer-preventive properties of the SL and FSP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Xiao-Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Kit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Ruixuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Leung Tsun Ho
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
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4
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Calcitonin receptor is required for T-antigen-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2020; 11:858-874. [PMID: 32180899 PMCID: PMC7061735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is frequently elevated in prostate cancer (PC) and activation of CT–CTR axis in non- invasive PC cells induces an invasive phenotype. However, the role of CT-CTR axis in prostate carcinogenesis has not been investigated. We employed a transgenic mouse prostate cancer model that uses long probasin promoter to target the expression of T-antigen in the prostate gland (LPB-Tag) along with CTR knock-out mice (CTRKO) to address this question. We cross-bred LPB-Tag mice with CTRKO to obtain four groups of mice. Prostates of these mice were obtained at the age of 90 days, fixed, paraffin-embedded, and used either for the extraction of RNA or for immunofluorescence. Prostate RNAs from different groups were reverse transcribed and used either for transcription profiling or for qRT-PCR. As expected, prostates of mice with LPB-Tag genotype displayed well-grown tumors with histologic features such as loss of normal morphology and nuclear atypia. WT as well as CTRKO mice displayed normal prostate morphology. Interestingly, LPB-Tag-CTRKO prostates also displayed relatively normal morphology which was indistinguishable from the WT. Microarray analysis as well as qRT-PCR suggested that CTRKO genotype reversed T-antigen-induced silencing of RB and PTEN gene expression as well as T-antigen-induced expression of several enzymes associated with lipid metabolism/ cholesterol biosynthesis, several cancer-related and androgen-regulated genes. The results for the first time identify mechanisms associated CTR-induced prostate carcinogenesis, and raise an exciting possibility of using a potent CT antagonist to attenuate progression of prostate cancer.
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5
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Tian H, Zhou T, Chen H, Li C, Jiang Z, Lao L, Kahn SA, Duarte MEL, Zhao J, Daubs MD, Buser Z, Brochmann EJ, Wang JC, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes osteosarcoma growth by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1638-1648. [PMID: 30737824 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between BMP-2 and osteosarcoma growth has gained increased interest in the recent years, however, there is still no consensus. In this study, we tested the effects of BMP-2 on osteosarcoma cells through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The effect of BMP-2 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells was tested in vitro. Subcutaneous and intratibial tumor models were used for the in vivo experiments in nude mice. The effects of BMP-2 on EMT of osteosarcoma cells and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were also tested using a variety of biochemical methods. In vitro tests did not show a significant effect of BMP-2 on tumor cell proliferation. However, BMP-2 increased the mobility of tumor cells and the invasion assay demonstrated that BMP-2 promoted invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. In vivo animal study showed that BMP-2 dramatically enhanced tumor growth. We also found that BMP-2 induced EMT of osteosarcoma cells. The expression levels of Axin2 and Dkk-1 were both down regulated by BMP-2 treatment, while β-catenin, c-myc and Cyclin-D1 were all upregulated. The expression of Wnt3α and p-GSK-3β were also significantly upregulated indicating that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated during the EMT of osteosarcoma driven by BMP-2. From this study, we can conclude that BMP-2 significantly promotes growth of osteosarcoma cells (143B, MG63), and enhances mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells as demonstrated in vitro. The underlying mechanism might be that BMP-2 promotes EMT of osteosarcoma through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1638-1648, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangjun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ziyue Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lifeng Lao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael D Daubs
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Neveda
| | - Zorica Buser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elsa J Brochmann
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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6
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Han P, Lei Y, Li D, Liu J, Yan W, Tian D. Ten years of research on the role of BVES/ POPDC1 in human disease: a review. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1279-1291. [PMID: 30863095 PMCID: PMC6388986 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s192364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the blood vessel epicardial substance or Popeye domain-containing protein 1 (BVES/POPDC1) was first identified in the developing heart by two independent laboratories in 1999, an increasing number of studies have investigated the structure, function, and related diseases of BVES/POPDC1. During the first 10 years following the discovery of BVES/POPDC1, studies focused mainly on its structure, expression patterns, and functions. Based on these studies, further investigations conducted over the previous decade examined the role of BVES/POPDC1 in human diseases, such as colitis, heart diseases, and human cancers. This review provides an overview of the structure and expression of BVES/POPDC1, mainly focusing on its potential role and mechanism through which it is involved in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, ;
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7
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Canat L, Atalay HA, Can O, Alkan İ, Ötünçtemur A. Serum procalcitonin levels in prostate cancer: A new biomarker? Urologia 2018; 85:46-50. [DOI: 10.1177/0391560317752600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: To examine the role of serum procalcitonin as a biomarker for the detection of prostate cancer in patients with a serum prostate-specific antigen less than 20.0 ng/mL. Methods: The prospective study included patients with a prostate-specific antigen level of 2–20 ng/mL, who underwent prostate biopsy. Clinical and pathological data such as age, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, procalcitonin, and Gleason score were reviewed. All patients were divided into three groups with total prostate-specific antigen level between 2 and 4 ng/mL, 4.1 and 10 ng/mL, and 10.1 and 20 ng/mL. Results: Of 227 patients who underwent biopsy, prostate cancer was diagnosed in 74 (32.6%) patients and the remaining 153 patients had a benign condition. The difference in mean serum procalcitonin values was significantly higher in the prostate cancer compared with the benign group (0.06 ± 0.03 vs 0.04 ± 0.03 ng/mL; p = 0.0001). Using a threshold of 0.045 ng/mL, procalcitonin was 54.1% sensitive and 80.3% specific (area under curve = 0.683). Serum procalcitonin levels were not able to differentiate between prostate cancer patients with prostate-specific antigen level of 2–4, 4.1–10, and 10.1–20 ng/mL. Conclusion: Based on this prospective study, procalcitonin can be a novel supplementary biomarker to increase the accuracy of prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lütfi Canat
- Urology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan A Atalay
- Urology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Can
- Urology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlter Alkan
- Urology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Ötünçtemur
- Urology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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González-Mariscal L, Raya-Sandino A, González-González L, Hernández-Guzmán C. Relationship between G proteins coupled receptors and tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1414015. [PMID: 29420165 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sites of cell-cell adhesion, constituted by a cytoplasmic plaque of molecules linked to integral proteins that form a network of strands around epithelial and endothelial cells at the uppermost portion of the lateral membrane. TJs maintain plasma membrane polarity and form channels and barriers that regulate the transit of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway. This structure that regulates traffic between the external milieu and the organism is affected in numerous pathological conditions and constitutes an important target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe how a wide array of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by diverse stimuli including light, ions, hormones, peptides, lipids, nucleotides and proteases, signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, arrestins and kinases to regulate TJs present in the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, renal tubular cells, keratinocytes, lung and colon, and the slit diaphragm of the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura González-González
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
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9
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Xu W, Foster BA, Richards M, Bondioli KR, Shah G, Green CC. Characterization of prostate cancer cell progression in zebrafish xenograft model. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:252-260. [PMID: 29115578 PMCID: PMC5743385 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is critical for the application of efficient treatment to PCa patients. However, the majority of PCas remains indolent from several months to several years before malignancy. Current diagnosis methods have limitations in their reliability and are inefficient in time cost. Thus, an efficient in vivo PCa cell xenograft model is highly desired for diagnostic studies in PCas. In the present study we present a standardized procedure to create a PCa cell xenograft model using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the host. PC3-CTR cells, a cell line from adenocarcinoma with stable expression of calcitonin receptor (CRT), were subcutaneously injected into zebrafish larvae at 48 h post fertilization. The nursing conditions for the larvae were optimized with stable survival rates of post hatch and post PC3-CTR cell injection. In this system, the progression of PC3-CTR cells in vivo was evaluated by migration and proliferation of the cells. Massive migrations of PC3 cells in vivo were observed at post injection day (PID)3. The injected PC3-CTR cells eventually invaded the whole larval zebrafish at PID5. Quantification of PC3-CTR cell proliferation was done using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis targeting the expression profiles of two PCa housekeeping genes, TATA-binding protein (TBP) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) encoding genes. The excessive proliferation of PC3 cells in vivo was detected with both qPCR assays. Expression levels of one non-coding gene, prostate cancer associated 3 gene (pca3), and two other genes encoding transient receptor potential ion channel Melastatin 8 (trpm8) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma), showed a significantly enhanced aggressiveness of PC3-CTR cells in vivo. The model established in the present study provides an improved in vivo model for the diagnosis of PCas efficiently. This PCa cell xenograft model can also serve as a tool for high throughput anti-PCa drug screening in therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brittany A Foster
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Girish Shah
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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10
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Cappagli V, Potes CS, Ferreira LB, Tavares C, Eloy C, Elisei R, Sobrinho-Simões M, Wookey PJ, Soares P. Calcitonin receptor expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3778. [PMID: 28929017 PMCID: PMC5600720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitonin expression is a well-established marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC); yet the role of calcitonin receptor (CTR), its seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor, remains to be established in C-cells derived thyroid tumors. The aim of this work was to investigate CTR expression in MTC and to correlate such expression with clinicopathological features in order to evaluate its possible role as a prognostic indicator of disease aggressiveness and outcome. Methods Calcitonin receptor expression was analyzed in a series of 75 MTCs by immunohistochemistry, and by qPCR mRNA quantification in specimens from four patients. Statistical tests were used to evaluate the correlation between CTR expression and the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of patients and tumors. Results Calcitonin receptor expression was detected in 62 out of 75 samples (82.7%), whereas 13 of the 75 samples (17.3%) were completely negative. CTR expression was significantly associated with expression of cytoplasmatic phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 and osteopontin, as well as with wild type RET/RAS genes and absence of tumor stroma, suggesting that CTR expression do not associate with clinicopathological signs of worse prognosis. Discussion Calcitonin receptor expression appears to be associated in MTC with more differentiated status of the neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Cappagli
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catarina Soares Potes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Bueno Ferreira
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Tavares
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Eloy
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter J Wookey
- Department of Medicine at Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Paula Soares
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Aljameeli A, Thakkar A, Shah G. Calcitonin receptor increases invasion of prostate cancer cells by recruiting zonula occludens-1 and promoting PKA-mediated TJ disassembly. Cell Signal 2017; 36:1-13. [PMID: 28428082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Almost all primary prostate cancers (PCs) and PC cell lines express calcitonin (CT) and/or its receptor (CTR), and their co-expression positively correlates with their invasiveness. Activation of the CT-CTR axis in non-invasive LNCaP cells induces an invasive phenotype. In contrast, silencing of CT/CTR expression in highly metastatic PC-3M cells markedly reduces their tumorigenicity and abolishes their ability to form distant metastases in nude mice. Our recent studies suggest that CTR interacts with zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) through PDZ interaction to destabilize tight junctions and increase invasion of PC cells. Our results show that CTR activates AKAP2-anchored cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin 3. Moreover, PKA-mediated phosphorylation of tight unction proteins required CTR-ZO-1 interaction, suggesting that the interaction may bring CTR-activated PKA in close proximity of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of PKA activity attenuated CT-induced loss of TJ functionality and invasion, suggesting that the phosphorylation of TJ proteins is responsible for TJ disassembly. Finally, we show that the prevention of CTR-ZO-1 interaction abolishes CT-induced invasion, and can serve as a novel therapeutic tool to treat aggressive prostate cancers. In brief, the present study identifies the significance of CTR-ZO-1 interaction in progression of prostate cancer to its metastatic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aljameeli
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Arvind Thakkar
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
| | - Girish Shah
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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12
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Aljameeli A, Thakkar A, Thomas S, Lakshmikanthan V, Iczkowski KA, Shah GV. Calcitonin Receptor-Zonula Occludens-1 Interaction Is Critical for Calcitonin-Stimulated Prostate Cancer Metastasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150090. [PMID: 26934365 PMCID: PMC4775073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroendocrine peptide calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) in epithelial cancer progression is an emerging concept with great clinical potential. Expression of CT and CTR is frequently elevated in prostate cancers (PCs) and activation of CT–CTR axis in non-invasive PC cells induces an invasive phenotype. Here we show by yeast-two hybrid screens that CTR associates with the tight junction protein Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) via the interaction between the type 1 PDZ motif at the carboxy-terminus of CTR and the PDZ3 domain of ZO-1. Mutation of either the CTR C-PDZ-binding motif or the ZO-1-PDZ3 domain did not affect binding of CTR with its ligand or G-protein-mediated signaling but abrogated destabilizing actions of CT on tight junctions and formation of distant metastases by orthotopically implanted PC cells in nude mice, indicating that these PDZ domain interactions were pathologically relevant. Further, we observed CTR-ZO-1 interactions in PC specimens by proximity ligation immunohistochemistry, and identified that the number of interactions in metastatic PC specimens was several-fold larger than in non-metastatic PC. Our results for the first time demonstrate a mechanism by which PDZ-mediated interaction between CTR and ZO1 is required for CT-stimulated metastasis of prostate cancer. Since many receptors contain PDZ-binding motifs, this would suggest that PDZ-binding motif-adaptor protein interactions constitute a common mechanism for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aljameeli
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71201, United States of America
| | - Arvind Thakkar
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71201, United States of America
| | - Shibu Thomas
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71201, United States of America
| | | | - Kenneth A. Iczkowski
- Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Girish V. Shah
- Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71201, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Xia Y, Wu S. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 inhibits activation of the β-catenin signaling in melanoma cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1666-74. [PMID: 25839957 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) family, including TIMP-2, regulates the activity of multifunctional metalloproteinases in pathogenesis of melanoma. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is constitutively activated and plays a critical role in melanoma progression. However, the relationship between TIMP-2 expression and β-catenin activity is still unclear. We hypothesize that TIMP-2 over expression inhibits the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in melanoma cells. Protein expression, distribution, and transcriptional activity of β-catenin were assayed in established stable melanoma cell lines: parental A2058 expressing, A2058 T2-1 over-expressing (T2-1), and A2058 T2R-7 under-expressing (T2R-7) TIMP-2. Compared to T2-1 cells at the basal level, T2R-7 showed significantly lower amount protein and weaker immunofluorescence staining of β-catenin. This regulation is through posttranslational level via ubiquitination. Functionally, proliferation and cell growth were lower in T2R-7 compared to A2058 and T2-1. Lithium treatment was used to mimics activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In T2R-7 cells under-expressing TIMP2, lithium significantly increased total β-catenin, nuclear β-catenin, and its downstream protein phosphor-c-Myc (S62). Nuclear β-catenin staining was enhanced in T2R-7. Beta-catenin transcriptional activity and cell proliferation were also increased significantly. Axins inhibit β-catenin pathway via GSK-3 β. We further found the ratio of p-GSK-3 β (S9) to β-catenin and protein levels of Axins were significantly lower, whereas downstream Wnt 11 was high in T2R-7 treated with lithium. Collectively, the high level of TIMP-2 protein inhibits the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus suppressing proliferation. Insights in the molecular mechanisms of TIMP-2 may provide promising opportunities for anti-proliferative therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xia
- a Department of Biochemistry; Rush University ; Chicago , IL , USA
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14
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Thakkar A, Aljameeli A, Thomas S, Shah GV. A-kinase anchoring protein 2 is required for calcitonin-mediated invasion of cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:1-14. [PMID: 26432469 PMCID: PMC4734633 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of neuropeptide calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is frequently elevated in prostate cancers (PCs) and activation of CT-CTR axis in non-invasive PC cells induces an invasive phenotype. Specific, cell-permeable inhibitors of protein kinase A abolish CTR-stimulated invasion of PC cells. Since PKA is ubiquitously distributed in cells, the present study examined the mechanism(s) by which CTR-stimulated PKA activity is regulated in time and space. CT reduced cell adhesion but increased invasion of PC cells. Both these actions were abolished by st-Ht31 inhibitory peptide suggesting the involvement of an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) in CT action. Next, we identified the AKAP associated with CT action by the subtraction of potential AKAP candidates using siRNAs. Knock-down of membrane-associated AKAP2, but not other AKAPs, abolished CT-stimulated invasion. Stable knock-down of AKAP2 in PC3-CTR cells remarkably decreased their cell proliferation, invasion, clonogenicity and ability to form orthotopic tumors and distant metastases in nude mice. Re-expression of AKAP2-wt restored these characteristics. Primary PC specimens displayed remarkable upregulation of CTR/AKAP2 expression as compared to benign prostates. Metastatic cancers displayed significantly higher CTR/AKAP2 expression than localized cancers. These results for the first time demonstrate that AKAP2 is expressed in human prostates, its expression is elevated in metastatic prostate cancer, and the knock-down of its expression remarkably decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic ability of prostate cancer cells. AKAP2 may serve as a critical component of CTR-mediated oncogenic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Thakkar
- PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana 71291, USA
| | - Ahmed Aljameeli
- PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana 71291, USA
| | - Shibu Thomas
- PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana 71291, USA
| | - Girish V Shah
- PharmacologyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana 71291, USA
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15
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HPV-16 E6/E7 promotes cell migration and invasion in cervical cancer via regulating cadherin switch in vitro and in vivo. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:1345-54. [PMID: 26093522 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cadherin switch, as a key hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is characterized by reduced E-cadherin expression and increased N-cadherin or P-cadherin expression, and has been implicated in many aggressive tumors, but the importance and regulatory mechanism of cadherin switch in cervical cancer have not been investigated. Our study aimed to explore the role of cadherin switch by regulation of HPV-16 E6/E7 in progression and metastasis of cervical cancer. METHODS The expressions of E-cadherin and P-cadherin were examined by immunohistochemical staining in 40 cases of high-grade cervical lesions with HPV-16 infection only in which HPV-16 E6 and E7 expression had been detected using qRT-PCR method. Through modulating E6 and E7 expression using HPV-16 E6/E7 promoter-targeting siRNAs or expressed vector in vitro, cell growth, migration, and invasion were separately tested by MTT, wound-healing and transwell invasion assays, as well as the expressions of these cadherins by western blot analyses. Finally, the expressions of these cadherins in cancerous tissues of BALB/c-nu mouse model inoculated with the stable HPV-16 E6/E7 gene silencing Siha and Caski cells were also measured by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficient analyses showed the strongly inverse correlation of E-cadherin expression and strongly positive correlation of P-cadherin expression with E6/E7 level in 40 cases of high-grade cervical lesions. Furthermore, the modulation of HPV-16 E6/E7 expression remarkably influenced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as the protein levels of E-cadherin and P-cadherin in cervical cell lines. Finally, the reduction of HPV-16 E6/E7 expression led to up-regulated expression of E-cadherin and down-regulated expression of P-cadherin in BALB/c-nu mouse model in vivo assay. CONCLUSIONS Our results unraveled the possibility that HPV-16 E6/E7 could promote cell invasive potential via regulating cadherin switching, and consequently contribute to progression and metastasis of cervical cancer.
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Nozaki K, Kagamu H, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Ohtsubo A, Okajima M, Miura S, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I. DDX3X induces primary EGFR-TKI resistance based on intratumor heterogeneity in lung cancer cells harboring EGFR-activating mutations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111019. [PMID: 25343452 PMCID: PMC4208809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanisms how lung cancer cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations can survive treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) until they eventually acquire treatment-resistance genetic mutations are unclear. The phenotypic diversity of cancer cells caused by genetic or epigenetic alterations (intratumor heterogeneity) confers treatment failure and may foster tumor evolution through Darwinian selection. Recently, we found DDX3X as the protein that was preferentially expressed in murine melanoma with cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes by proteome analysis. In this study, we transfected PC9, human lung cancer cells harboring EGFR exon19 deletion, with cDNA encoding DDX3X and found that DDX3X, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, induced CSC-like phenotypes and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied with loss of sensitivity to EGFR-TKI. DDX3X expression was associated with upregulation of Sox2 and increase of cancer cells exhibiting CSC-like phenotypes, such as anchorage-independent proliferation, strong expression of CD44, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The EMT with switching from E-cadherin to N-cadherin was also facilitated by DDX3X. Either ligand-independent or ligand-induced EGFR phosphorylation was inhibited in lung cancer cells that strongly expressed DDX3X. Lack of EGFR signal addiction resulted in resistance to EGFR-TKI. Moreover, we found a small nonadherent subpopulation that strongly expressed DDX3X accompanied by the same stem cell-like properties and the EMT in parental PC9 cells. The unique subpopulation lacked EGFR signaling and was highly resistant to EGFR-TKI. In conclusion, our data indicate that DDX3X may play a critical role for inducing phenotypic diversity, and that treatment targeting DDX3X may overcome primary resistance to EGFR-TKI resulting from intratumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Nozaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kagamu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Natsue Igarashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Aya Ohtsubo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okajima
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Miura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yoshizawa
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Morgan C, Jenkins SA, Kynaston HG, Doak SH. The role of adhesion molecules as biomarkers for the aggressive prostate cancer phenotype. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81666. [PMID: 24358122 PMCID: PMC3864842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently available methods for diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer lack the sensitivity to distinguish between patients with indolent prostate cancer and those requiring radical treatment. Alterations in key adherens (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) components have been hailed as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer progression but the majority of research has been carried out on individual molecules. OBJECTIVE To elucidate a panel of biomarkers that may help distinguish dormant prostate cancer from aggressive metastatic disease. METHODS We analysed the expression of 7 well known AJ and TJ components in cell lines derived from normal prostate epithelial tissue (PNT2), non-invasive (CAHPV-10) and invasive prostate cancer (LNCaP, DU145, PC-3) using gene expression, western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques. RESULTS Claudin 7, α -catenin and β-catenin protein expression were not significantly different between CAHPV-10 cells and PNT2 cells. However, in PC-3 cells, protein levels for claudin 7, α -catenin were significantly down regulated (-1.5 fold, p = <.001) or undetectable respectively. Immunofluoresence showed β-catenin localisation in PC-3 cells to be cytoplasmic as opposed to membraneous. CONCLUSION These results suggest aberrant Claudin 7, α - and β-catenin expression and/or localisation patterns may be putative markers for distinguishing localised prostate cancer from aggressive metastatic disease when used collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Morgan
- Cancer Biomarkers Group, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Spencer A. Jenkins
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Howard G. Kynaston
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Cancer Biomarkers Group, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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18
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Jiang Y, Dai J, Zhang H, Sottnik JL, Keller JM, Escott KJ, Sanganee HJ, Yao Z, McCauley LK, Keller ET. Activation of the Wnt pathway through AR79, a GSK3β inhibitor, promotes prostate cancer growth in soft tissue and bone. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1597-610. [PMID: 24088787 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0332-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to its bone anabolic activity, methods to increase Wnt activity, such as inhibitors of dickkopf-1 and sclerostin, are being clinically explored. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β) inhibits Wnt signaling by inducing β-catenin degradation, and a GSK3β inhibitor, AR79, is being evaluated as an osteoanabolic agent. However, Wnt activation has the potential to promote tumor growth; therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if AR79 has an impact on the progression of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer tumors were established in subcutaneous and bone sites of mice followed by AR79 administration, and tumor growth, β-catenin activation, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed. Additionally, prostate cancer and osteoblast cell lines were treated with AR79, and β-catenin status, proliferation (with β-catenin knockdown in some cases), and proportion of ALDH(+)CD133(+) stem-like cells were determined. AR79 promoted prostate cancer tumor growth, decreased phospho-β-catenin, increased total and nuclear β-catenin, and increased tumor-induced bone remodeling. Additionally, AR79 treatment decreased caspase-3 and increased Ki67 expression in tumors and increased bone formation in normal mouse tibiae. Similarly, AR79 inhibited β-catenin phosphorylation, increased nuclear β-catenin accumulation in prostate cancer and osteoblast cell lines, and increased proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro through β-catenin. Furthermore, AR79 increased the ALDH(+)CD133(+) cancer stem cell-like proportion of the prostate cancer cell lines. In conclusion, AR79, while being bone anabolic, promotes prostate cancer cell growth through Wnt pathway activation. IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that clinical application of pharmaceuticals that promote Wnt pathway activation should be used with caution as they may enhance tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 5308 CCGC, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-8940.
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Ivanov AI, Naydenov NG. Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:27-99. [PMID: 23445808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are evolutionarily conserved plasma-membrane structures that mediate cell-cell adhesions in multicellular organisms. They are organized by several types of adhesive integral membrane proteins, most notably cadherins and nectins that are clustered and stabilized by a number of cytoplasmic scaffolds. AJs are key regulators of tissue architecture and dynamics via control of cell proliferation, polarity, shape, motility, and survival. They are absolutely critical for normal tissue morphogenesis and their disruption results in pathological abnormalities in different tissues. Although the field of adherens-junction research dramatically progressed in recent years, a number of important questions remain controversial and poorly understood. This review outlines basic principles that regulate organization of AJs in mammalian epithelia and discusses recent advances and standing controversies in the field. A special attention is paid to the regulation of AJs by vesicle trafficking and the intracellular cytoskeleton as well as roles and mechanisms of adherens-junction disruption during tumor progression and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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20
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Thakkar A, Bijnsdorp IV, Geldof AA, Shah GV. Profiling of the calcitonin-calcitonin receptor axis in primary prostate cancer: clinical implications and molecular correlates. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1265-74. [PMID: 23820954 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the neuroendocrine peptide calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is frequently elevated in prostate cancers (PCs), and activation of the CT-CTR axis in non-invasive PC cells induces an invasive phenotype. We aimed to link CT/CTR expression in prostate specimens to clinicopathological parameters of PC. We analyzed CT and CTR expression in cohorts of benign prostates and primary PCs with/without metastatic disease by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we correlated CT/CTR expression with several clinicopathological parameters. CT/CTR immunostaining in benign prostate acini was predominantly localized to basal epithelium. However, this spatial specificity was lost in malignant prostates. PC sections displayed a remarkable increase in cell populations expressing CT/CTR and their staining intensity. Tumors with higher CT/CTR expression consistently displayed metastatic disease and poor clinical outcome. High CT/CTR expression in primary prostate tumors may serve as a prognostic indicator of disease aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Thakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisiana, College of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71291, USA
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21
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Abba M, Patil N, Rasheed K, Nelson LD, Mudduluru G, Leupold JH, Allgayer H. Unraveling the role of FOXQ1 in colorectal cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1017-28. [PMID: 23723077 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Malignant cell transformation, invasion, and metastasis are dependent on the coordinated rewiring of gene expression. A major component in the scaffold of these reprogramming events is one in which epithelial cells lose intercellular connections and polarity to adopt a more motile mesenchymal phenotype, which is largely supported by a robust transcriptional machinery consisting mostly of developmental transcription factors. This study demonstrates that the winged helix transcription factor, FOXQ1, contributes to this rewiring process, in part by directly modulating the transcription of TWIST1, itself a key mediator of metastasis that transcriptionally regulates the expression of important molecules involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Forced expression and RNA-mediated silencing of FOXQ1 led to enhanced and suppressed mRNA and protein levels of TWIST1, respectively. Mechanistically, FOXQ1 enhanced the reporter activity of TWIST1 and directly interacted with its promoter. Furthermore, enhanced expression of FOXQ1 resulted in increased migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cell lines, whereas knockdown studies showed the opposite effect. Moreover, using the in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane metastasis assay model, FOXQ1 significantly enhanced distant metastasis with minimal effects on tumor growth. IMPLICATIONS These findings reveal FOXQ1 as a modulator of TWIST1-mediated metastatic phenotypes and support its potential as a biomarker of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abba
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg and, Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
The lethal consequences of prostate cancer are related to its metastasis to other organ sites. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has received considerable attention as a conceptual paradigm to explain invasive and metastatic behavior during cancer progression. EMT is a normal physiologic process by which cells of epithelial origin convert into cells bearing mesenchymal characteristics. It has been proposed that EMT is co-opted by cancer cells during their metastatic dissemination from a primary organ to secondary sites, but the extent to which this recapitulates physiologic EMT remains uncertain. However, there is ample evidence that EMT-like states occur in, and may contribute to, prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and so has become a very active area of research. Here we review this evidence and explore recent studies that have aimed to better define the role and mechanisms of EMT in prostate cancer. While definitive evidence of something akin to physiologic EMT is still lacking in human prostate cancer, this area of research has nonetheless provided new avenues of investigation into the longstanding puzzles of metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and prognostic biomarkers.
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23
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Duan Y, Fan M. Lentivirus-mediated gene silencing of beta-catenin inhibits growth of human tongue cancer cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:643-50. [PMID: 21352379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-catenin is one of the key components of Wnt signaling pathway. Increased level of this protein has been proved to be associated with enhanced cellular proliferation and the development of many kinds of cancers. But its role in the carcinogenesis in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma, one of the most common carcinomas of the human oral cavity, remains poorly characterized. METHODS In this study, we used lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) targeted against beta-catenin to determine the effects of decreasing the high constitutive level of this protein in human tongue carcinoma cell line Tca8113. RESULTS Our studies demonstrated that RNAi directly against beta-catenin markedly decreased beta-catenin gene expression and inhibited cellular proliferation as reflected in the reduced growth of tongue cancer cells both in vitro and in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS RNA interference (RNAi) targeting against beta-catenin can induce cell growth suppression of tongue cancer and may have the potential as a therapeutic modality to treat human tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Mudit M, Khanfar M, Shah GV, Sayed KAE. Methods for evaluation of structural and biological properties of antiinvasive natural products. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 716:55-71. [PMID: 21318900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-012-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is considered the most common cancer form among males in Western countries. Very limited options are available for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer. More than 50% of today's anticancer drugs are natural products or derived from a natural origin. To discover new entities with potential to treat prostate cancer at androgen-refractory stages, 36 structurally diverse natural products were screened using functional-based assays. The tested compounds were selected broadly from major secondary metabolites of plants, marine invertebrates, and fungi. These diverse entities were prescreened for their antiinvasive ability against prostate cancer cells, PC-3M, using spheroid disaggregation assay. Active representatives including three selected structural classes, a macrolide, a β-carboline alkaloid, and a phenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH), were then tested for their ability to stabilize junctional complexes and enhance cell-cell adhesion of androgen independent prostate cancer cells. Transepithelial resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability assays were used to elicit the aforementioned properties. These studies led to the emergence of PMHs as a small molecule class from the marine sponge Hemimycale arabica with a unique potential to attenuate CT-stimulated prostate cancer growth, metastasis, paracellular permeability, and enhance TER and cell-cell adhesion of prostate cancer cells. The unique activities of PMHs were validated using several in vitro assays followed by in vivo testing in two mice models. A 3D QSAR was established using SYBYL 8.1-Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model. This chapter includes the methodology for evaluation of structural and biological properties of new antiinvasive molecules with an exceptional potential to stabilize junctional complexes from diverse natural product sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Mudit
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
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25
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Härmä V, Virtanen J, Mäkelä R, Happonen A, Mpindi JP, Knuuttila M, Kohonen P, Lötjönen J, Kallioniemi O, Nees M. A comprehensive panel of three-dimensional models for studies of prostate cancer growth, invasion and drug responses. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10431. [PMID: 20454659 PMCID: PMC2862707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate epithelial cells from both normal and cancer tissues, grown in three-dimensional (3D) culture as spheroids, represent promising in vitro models for the study of normal and cancer-relevant patterns of epithelial differentiation. We have developed the most comprehensive panel of miniaturized prostate cell culture models in 3D to date (n = 29), including many non-transformed and most currently available classic prostate cancer (PrCa) cell lines. The purpose of this study was to analyze morphogenetic properties of PrCa models in 3D, to compare phenotypes, gene expression and metabolism between 2D and 3D cultures, and to evaluate their relevance for pre-clinical drug discovery, disease modeling and basic research. Primary and non-transformed prostate epithelial cells, but also several PrCa lines, formed well-differentiated round spheroids. These showed strong cell-cell contacts, epithelial polarization, a hollow lumen and were covered by a complete basal lamina (BL). Most PrCa lines, however, formed large, poorly differentiated spheroids, or aggressively invading structures. In PC-3 and PC-3M cells, well-differentiated spheroids formed, which were then spontaneously transformed into highly invasive cells. These cell lines may have previously undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is temporarily suppressed in favor of epithelial maturation by signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). The induction of lipid and steroid metabolism, epigenetic reprogramming, and ECM remodeling represents a general adaptation to 3D culture, regardless of transformation and phenotype. In contrast, PI3-Kinase, AKT, STAT/interferon and integrin signaling pathways were particularly activated in invasive cells. Specific small molecule inhibitors targeted against PI3-Kinase blocked invasive cell growth more effectively in 3D than in 2D monolayer culture, or the growth of normal cells. Our panel of cell models, spanning a wide spectrum of phenotypic plasticity, supports the investigation of different modes of cell migration and tumor morphologies, and will be useful for predictive testing of anti-cancer and anti-metastatic compounds.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Drug Combinations
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelium/drug effects
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesoderm/drug effects
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Principal Component Analysis
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/enzymology
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Härmä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Rami Mäkelä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Happonen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Pekka Kohonen
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Lötjönen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Park SJ, Sung WJ, Kim MJ. p16INK4a, PTEN, E-cadherin, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 Expression in Prostate Cancer: Its Relationship with the Metastatic Potential and Known Prognostic Factors. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.6.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ju Park
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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27
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Russ HA, Ravassard P, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Efrat S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cells expanded in vitro from lineage-traced adult human pancreatic beta cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6417. [PMID: 19641613 PMCID: PMC2712769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In-vitro expansion of functional beta cells from adult human islets is an attractive approach for generating an abundant source of cells for beta-cell replacement therapy of diabetes. Using genetic cell-lineage tracing we have recently shown that beta cells cultured from adult human islets undergo rapid dedifferentiation and proliferate for up to 16 population doublings. These cells have raised interest as potential candidates for redifferentiation into functional insulin-producing cells. Previous work has associated dedifferentiation of cultured epithelial cells with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and suggested that EMT generates cells with stem cell properties. Here we investigated the occurrence of EMT in these cultures and assessed their stem cell potential. Methodology/Principal Findings Using cell-lineage tracing we provide direct evidence for occurrence of EMT in cells originating from beta cells in cultures of adult human islet cells. These cells express multiple mesenchymal markers, as well as markers associated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, we do not find evidence for the ability of such cells, nor of cells in these cultures derived from a non-beta-cell origin, to significantly differentiate into mesodermal cell types. Conclusions/Significance These findings constitute the first demonstration based on genetic lineage-tracing of EMT in cultured adult primary human cells, and show that EMT does not induce multipotency in cells derived from human beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A. Russ
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biothechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, Research Center of the Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, and University Pierre and Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- U859 Diabetes Cell Therapy, University Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Francois Pattou
- U859 Diabetes Cell Therapy, University Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Shimon Efrat
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Shah GV, Muralidharan A, Thomas S, Gokulgandhi M, Mudit M, Khanfar M, El Sayed K. Identification of a small molecule class to enhance cell-cell adhesion and attenuate prostate tumor growth and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:509-20. [PMID: 19276166 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is elevated in advanced prostate cancer, and activated CT-CTR autocrine axis plays a pivotal role in tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of multiple prostate cancer cell lines. Recent studies suggest that CT promotes prostate cancer metastasis by reducing cell-cell adhesion through the disassembly of tight and adherens junctions and activation of beta-catenin signaling. We attempted to identify a class of molecules that enhances cell-cell adhesion of prostate cells and reverses the disruptive actions of CT on tight and adherens junctions. Screening several compounds led to the emergence of phenyl-methylene hydantoin (PMH) as a lead candidate that can augment cell-cell adhesion and abolish disruptive actions of CT on junctional complexes. PMH reduced invasiveness of PC-3M cells and abolished proinvasive actions of CT. Importantly, PMH did not display significant cytotoxicity on PC-3M cells at the tested doses. I.p. administered PMH and its S-ethyl derivative remarkably decreased orthotopic tumor growth and inhibited the formation of tumor micrometastases in distant organs of nude mice. PMH treatment also reduced the growth of spontaneous tumors in LPB-Tag mice to a significant extent without any obvious cytotoxic effects. By virtue of its ability to stabilize cell junctions, PMH could reverse the effect of CT on junctional disruption and metastasis, which strengthens the possibility of using PMH as a potential drug candidate for CT-positive androgen-independent prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish V Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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