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Yu CY, Yeung TK, Fu WK, Poon RYC. BCL-XL regulates the timing of mitotic apoptosis independently of BCL2 and MCL1 compensation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:2. [PMID: 38172496 PMCID: PMC10764939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitotic catastrophe induced by prolonged mitotic arrest is a major anticancer strategy. Although antiapoptotic BCL2-like proteins, including BCL-XL, are known to regulate apoptosis during mitotic arrest, adaptive changes in their expression can complicate loss-of-function studies. Our studies revealed compensatory alterations in the expression of BCL2 and MCL1 when BCL-XL is either downregulated or overexpressed. To circumvent their reciprocal regulation, we utilized a degron-mediated system to acutely silence BCL-XL just before mitosis. Our results show that in epithelial cell lines including HeLa and RPE1, BCL-XL and BCL2 acted collaboratively to suppress apoptosis during both unperturbed cell cycle and mitotic arrest. By tagging BCL-XL and BCL2 with a common epitope, we estimated that BCL-XL was less abundant than BCL2 in the cell. Nonetheless, BCL-XL played a more prominent antiapoptotic function than BCL2 during interphase and mitotic arrest. Loss of BCL-XL led to mitotic cell death primarily through a BAX-dependent process. Furthermore, silencing of BCL-XL led to the stabilization of MCL1, which played a significant role in buffering apoptosis during mitotic arrest. Nevertheless, even in a MCL1-deficient background, depletion of BCL-XL accelerated mitotic apoptosis. These findings underscore the pivotal involvement of BCL-XL in controlling timely apoptosis during mitotic arrest, despite adaptive changes in the expression of other BCL2-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yin Yu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Kwan Yeung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Kuen Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.
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2
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Fatima I, Barman S, Uppada J, Chauhan S, Rauth S, Rachagani S, Ponnusamy MP, Smith L, Talmon G, Singh AB, Batra SK, Dhawan P. MASTL regulates EGFR signaling to impact pancreatic cancer progression. Oncogene 2021; 40:5691-5704. [PMID: 34331012 PMCID: PMC8817225 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths primarily due to its inherent potential of therapy resistance. Checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as promising anti-cancer agents when used in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapies. Recent studies have highlighted a critical role of the Greatwall kinase (microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase-like (MASTL)) in promoting oncogenic malignancy and resistance to anti-cancer therapies; however, its role in PC remains unknown. Based on a comprehensive investigation involving PC patient samples, murine models of PC progression (Kras;PdxCre-KC and Kras;p53;PdxCre-KPC), and loss and gain of function studies, we report a previously undescribed critical role of MASTL in promoting cancer malignancy and therapy resistance. Mechanistically, MASTL promotes PC by modulating the epidermal growth factor receptor protein stability and, thereupon, kinase signaling. We further demonstrate that combinatorial therapy targeting MASTL promotes the efficacy of the cell-killing effects of Gemcitabine using both genetic and pharmacological inhibitions. Taken together, this study identifies a key role of MASTL in promoting PC progression and its utility as a novel target in promoting sensitivity to the anti-PC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Susmita Barman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JayaPrakash Uppada
- College of Community Health Sciences, Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Shailender Chauhan
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center - UAHS, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Lynette Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathlogy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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3
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Eon Lee J, Lee DG, Park SY, Jo A, Kim HK, Han J, Min JK, Chung JW. Gekkonidae, Lizard tail extracts elicit apoptotic response against non-small cell lung cancer via inhibiting Akt signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109050. [PMID: 31170662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of Gekkonidae, a lizard, are known to be very similar to human genes. According to previous research, lizard extracts inhibit angiogenesis and show anticancer activity against various cancers. In this regard, this study assessed whether lizard tail extracts (LTE) cause anticancer activity against lung cancer in mouse and human lung cancer cell lines. The results showed that LTE exhibited anticancer activity against lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cell viability and proliferation decreased in two lung cancer cell lines, while annexin V and single-stranded DNA both increased, showing apoptotic activity caused by LTE. We also found that LTE induced apoptosis in a caspase-3/7 cascade-dependent manner and inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt by participating in the PI3k/Akt pathway. In vivo, LTE decreased tumor volume in LLC bearing mice. Our results demonstrate the potential of LTE as a natural-derived anticancer drug to overcome the chemotherapy side effects during cancer treatment and contribute to the discovery of candidate substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Division of Discovery and Optimization, KBIOHEALTH-New Drug Development Center, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Yong Park
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li B, Zhao S, Geng R, Huo Z, Zhang H. The Sineoculis Homeobox Homolog 1 (SIX1) Gene Regulates Paclitaxel Resistance by Affecting Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2271-2279. [PMID: 29656300 PMCID: PMC5916092 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to explore the role of SIX1 in paclitaxel (TAX) resistance of HepG2 cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy pathway. Material/Methods Hepatoma cell line HepG2 was treated with SIX1 knockdown or/and TAX. Cell growth was detected by MTT assay and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis was evaluated with flow cytometry. ROS levels were detected using flow cytometry (stained with DCFH2-DA). Western blot was conducted to detect the expression of SIX1 and autophagy-related proteins. Results TAX suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a time/dose-dependent manner, and upregulated the expression of SIX1. SIX1 siRNA increased TAX sensitivity of HepG2 cells and upregulated cell ROS levels. SIX1 siRNA combined with TAX treatment activated autophagy of HepG2 cells. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) partially attenuated SIX1 siRNA-induced ROS level increases, and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA notably enhanced SIX1 siRNA-induced cell apoptosis. Conclusions Knockdown of SIX1 increased cell ROS levels and autophagy, promoted cell apoptosis, and enhanced TAX sensitivity of HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Shahe Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Yongnian District, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ruipeng Geng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongchao Huo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China (mainland)
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5
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Huang S, Tang R, Poon RYC. BCL-W is a regulator of microtubule inhibitor-induced mitotic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38718-38730. [PMID: 27231850 PMCID: PMC5122423 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule inhibitors including taxanes and vinca alkaloids are among the most widely used anticancer agents. Disrupting the microtubules activates the spindle-assembly checkpoint and traps cells in mitosis. Whether cells subsequently undergo mitotic cell death is an important factor for the effectiveness of the anticancer agents. Given that apoptosis accounts for the majority of mitotic cell death induced by microtubule inhibitors, we performed a systematic study to determine which members of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family are involved in determining the duration of mitotic block before cell death or slippage. Depletion of several anti-apoptotic BCL-2-like proteins significantly shortened the time before apoptosis. Among these proteins, BCL-W has not been previously characterized to play a role in mitotic cell death. Although the expression of BCL-W remained constant during mitotic block, it varied significantly between different cell lines. Knockdown of BCL-W with siRNA or disruption of the BCL-W gene with CRISPR-Cas9 speeded up mitotic cell death. Conversely, overexpression of BCL-W delayed mitotic cell death, extending the mitotic block to allow mitotic slippage. Taken together, these results showed that BCL-W contributes to the threshold of anti-apoptotic activity during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Tang
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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6
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Energy restriction affect liver development in Hu sheep ram lambs through Hippo signaling pathway. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:603-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Pandey MK, Gowda K, Sung SS, Abraham T, Budak-Alpdogan T, Talamo G, Dovat S, Amin S. A novel dual inhibitor of microtubule and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibits survival of multiple myeloma and osteoclastogenesis. Exp Hematol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Hegde M, Vartak SV, Kavitha CV, Ananda H, Prasanna DS, Gopalakrishnan V, Choudhary B, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. A Benzothiazole Derivative (5g) Induces DNA Damage And Potent G2/M Arrest In Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2533. [PMID: 28566733 PMCID: PMC5451441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically synthesized small molecules play important role in anticancer therapy. Several chemical compounds have been reported to damage the DNA, either directly or indirectly slowing down the cancer cell progression by causing a cell cycle arrest. Direct or indirect reactive oxygen species formation causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and subsequent cell death. Therefore, identification of chemically synthesized compounds with anticancer potential is important. Here we investigate the effect of benzothiazole derivative (5g) for its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in different cancer models. Interestingly, 5g interfered with cell proliferation in both, cell lines and tumor cells leading to significant G2/M arrest. 5g treatment resulted in elevated levels of ROS and subsequently, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) explaining observed G2/M arrest. Consistently, we observed deregulation of many cell cycle associated proteins such as CDK1, BCL2 and their phosphorylated form, CyclinB1, CDC25c etc. Besides, 5g treatment led to decreased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of apoptosis. Interestingly, 5g administration inhibited tumor growth in mice without significant side effects. Thus, our study identifies 5g as a potent biochemical inhibitor to induce G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle, and demonstrates its anticancer properties both ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Supriya V Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Hanumappa Ananda
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Doddakunche S Prasanna
- Department of Nanotechnology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Bengaluru Region, Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapur, Bangalore, 562101, India
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | | | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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9
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Hatok J, Racay P. Bcl-2 family proteins: master regulators of cell survival. Biomol Concepts 2017; 7:259-70. [PMID: 27505095 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prominent function of proteins of the Bcl-2 family is regulation of the initiation of intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways of apoptosis. However, recent research has revealed that in addition to regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis, proteins of the Bcl-2 family play important roles in regulating other cellular pathways with a strong impact on cell survival like autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, intracellular calcium dynamics, cell cycle progression, mitochondrial dynamics and energy metabolism. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about functions of Bcl-2 family proteins that are related to cell survival.
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10
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Effect of potential role of p53 on embryo development arrest induced by H 2O 2 in mouse. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:344-353. [PMID: 28127704 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian embryo development in vitro, mechanism of embryonic development arrest caused by oxidative stress has not been clear so far. The tumor suppressor protein p53 controls cell cycle and programmed cell death by regulating relevant signal pathway. Recent researches revealed that the concentration and distribution of p53 are closely related with reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main objective of this experiment was to explore the role of p53 on embryonic development arrest caused by oxidative stress. Results showed that embryo arrest at two-four-cell stage was significantly increased in the presence of 50 μM H2O2 (39.01 ± 2.74 vs. 77.20 ± 5.34%, p < 0.05). Supplementation of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) obviously reduced the ratio of development arrest (39.01 ± 2.74 vs. 71.18 ± 5.34%, p < 0.05), which was accompanied by an increase in ROS level, and H2O2 treatment sharply increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein levels of p53 and p53-ser15. Further increased transcription of GADD45a and p21, a downstream of p53, has an especially significant effect on the mRNA expression of GADD45a. However, expressions of cdc2 were reduced by H2O2. In addition, using Pifithrin-α (PFT-α), the suppresser of p53, the result showed that GADD45a and p21 were significantly downregulated, but the cell cycle gene cdc2 was significantly upregulated, while the protein level of p53 and p53-ser15 was significantly decreased. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ROS could activate p53 and regulate p53 target genes to influence early embryo development in in vitro culture.
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Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is an essential cellular regulatory mechanism, and disruptions in PTM have been implicated in disease. PTMs are an active area of study in many fields, leading to a wealth of PTM information in the scientific literature. There is a need for user-friendly bioinformatics resources that capture PTM information from the literature and support analyses of PTMs and their functional consequences. This chapter describes the use of iPTMnet ( http://proteininformationresource.org/iPTMnet/ ), a resource that integrates PTM information from text mining, curated databases, and ontologies and provides visualization tools for exploring PTM networks, PTM crosstalk, and PTM conservation across species. We present several PTM-related queries and demonstrate how they can be addressed using iPTMnet.
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12
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Cabrera M, Gomez N, Remes Lenicov F, Echeverría E, Shayo C, Moglioni A, Fernández N, Davio C. G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Tumor Selective Apoptosis of Acute Leukemia Cells by a Promising Benzophenone Thiosemicarbazone Compound. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136878. [PMID: 26360247 PMCID: PMC4567328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-mitotic therapies have been considered a hallmark in strategies against abnormally proliferating cells. Focusing on the extensively studied family of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) compounds, we have previously identified 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone thiosemicarbazone (T44Bf) as a promising pharmacological compound in a panel of human leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937, KG1a and Jurkat). Present findings indicate that T44Bf-mediated antiproliferative effects are associated with a reversible chronic mitotic arrest caused by defects in chromosome alignment, followed by induced programmed cell death. Furthermore, T44Bf selectively induces apoptosis in leukemia cell lines when compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The underlying mechanism of action involves the activation of the mitochondria signaling pathway, with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and sustained phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL as well as increased Bcl-2 (enhanced phosphorylated fraction) and pro-apoptotic protein Bad levels. In addition, ERK signaling pathway activation was found to be a requisite for T44Bf apoptotic activity. Our findings further describe a novel activity for a benzophenone thiosemicarbazone and propose T44Bf as a promising anti-mitotic prototype to develop chemotherapeutic agents to treat acute leukemia malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, (INBIRS-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliana Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albertina Moglioni
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, (IQUIMEFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Correia C, Lee SH, Meng XW, Vincelette ND, Knorr KLB, Ding H, Nowakowski GS, Dai H, Kaufmann SH. Emerging understanding of Bcl-2 biology: Implications for neoplastic progression and treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1658-71. [PMID: 25827952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2, the founding member of a family of apoptotic regulators, was initially identified as the protein product of a gene that is translocated and overexpressed in greater than 85% of follicular lymphomas (FLs). Thirty years later we now understand that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members modulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by binding and neutralizing the mitochondrial permeabilizers Bax and Bak as well as a variety of pro-apoptotic proteins, including the cellular stress sensors Bim, Bid, Puma, Bad, Bmf and Noxa. Despite extensive investigation of all of these proteins, important questions remain. For example, how Bax and Bak breach the outer mitochondrial membrane remains poorly understood. Likewise, how the functions of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as eponymous Bcl-2 are affected by phosphorylation or cancer-associated mutations has been incompletely defined. Finally, whether Bcl-2 family members can be successfully targeted for therapeutic advantage is only now being investigated in the clinic. Here we review recent advances in understanding Bcl-2 family biology and biochemistry that begin to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - X Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katherine L B Knorr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haiming Dai
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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14
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Hour MJ, Lee KH, Chen TL, Lee KT, Zhao Y, Lee HZ. Molecular modelling, synthesis, cytotoxicity and anti-tumour mechanisms of 2-aryl-6-substituted quinazolinones as dual-targeted anti-cancer agents. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1574-86. [PMID: 23638624 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our previous study demonstrated that 6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-4-one (HMJ38) was a potent anti-tubulin agent. Here, HMJ38 was used as a lead compound to develop more potent anti-cancer agents and to examine the anti-cancer mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using computer-aided drug design, 2-aryl-6-substituted quinazolinones (MJ compounds) were designed and synthesized by introducing substituents at C-2 and C-6 positions of HMJ38. The cytotoxicity of MJ compounds towards human cancer cells was examined by Trypan blue exclusion assay. Microtubule distribution was visualized using TubulinTracker(TM) Green reagent. Protein expression of cell cycle regulators and JNK was assessed by Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS Compounds MJ65-70 exhibited strong anti-proliferative effects towards melanoma M21, lung squamous carcinoma CH27, lung non-small carcinoma H460, hepatoma Hep3B and oral cancer HSC-3 cells, with one compund MJ66 (6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)quinazolin-4-one) highly active against M21 cells (IC50 about 0.033 μM). Treatment of CH27 or HSC-3 cells with MJ65-70 resulted in significant mitotic arrest accompanied by increasing multiple asters of microtubules. JNK protein expression was involved in the MJ65-70-induced CH27 and M21 cell death. Consistent with the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, marked increases in cyclin B1 and Bcl-2 phosphorylation were also observed, after treatment with MJ65-70. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION MJ65-70 are dual-targeted, tubulin- and JNK-binding, anti-cancer agents and induce cancer cell death through up-regulation of JNK and interfering in the dynamics of tubulin. Our work provides a new strategy and mechanism for developing dual-targeted anti-cancer drugs, contributing to clinical anti-cancer drug discovery and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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15
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Prometaphase arrest-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bim reduces the association of Bcl-2 with Bak or Bim, provoking Bak activation and mitochondrial apoptosis in nocodazole-treated Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis 2014; 19:224-40. [PMID: 24166139 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Jurkat T cells with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole (NOC) caused prometaphase arrest and apoptosis. NOC-induced mitochondrial apoptotic events including Bak activation, Δψm loss, cytochrome c release, and caspase cascade activation were blocked by Bcl-2 overexpression. However, mitotic arrest, Cdc25C activation, upregulation of cyclin B1 levels, Cdk1 activation, Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Thr-56 and Ser-70, and Bim phosphorylation were retained. The treatment of Jurkat T cells concomitantly with NOC and the G1/S-blocking agent hydroxyurea resulted in G1/S arrest and complete abrogation of all apoptotic events. The association of Bcl-2 with Bim or Bak declined after the prometaphase arrest-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bim, whereas the association of Bcl-2 with Bax remained relatively constant. Although Bax was redistributed from the cytosol to the mitochondria, resulting in an increase in the mitochondrial level of Bax following NOC treatment, the subcellular localization of Bcl-2, Bim, Bak and apoptosis-inducing factor was confined to the mitochondrial fraction irrespective of NOC treatment. Experiments using selective caspase inhibitors showed that mitochondria-dependent activation of caspase-9 and -3 was crucial for NOC-induced apoptosis. NOC-induced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bim, Δψm loss, and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic events were significantly suppressed by a Cdk1 inhibitor roscovitine, but not by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. These results show that the prometaphase arrest-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bim, which was mediated by Cdk1, could reduce the association of Bcl-2 with Bak or Bim to allow Bak activation and mitochondrial apoptotic events in Jurkat T cells exposed to NOC.
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16
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Wang Z, Fan M, Candas D, Zhang TQ, Qin L, Eldridge A, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Ahmed KM, Chromy BA, Nantajit D, Duru N, He F, Chen M, Finkel T, Weinstein LS, Li JJ. Cyclin B1/Cdk1 coordinates mitochondrial respiration for cell-cycle G2/M progression. Dev Cell 2014; 29:217-32. [PMID: 24746669 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of mitochondrial energy is required for cell-cycle progression. The mechanisms underlying the coordination of the mitochondrial respiration with cell-cycle progression, especially the G2/M transition, remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that a fraction of cyclin B1/Cdk1 proteins localizes to the matrix of mitochondria and phosphorylates a cluster of mitochondrial proteins, including the complex I (CI) subunits in the respiratory chain. Cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated CI phosphorylation enhances CI activity, whereas deficiency of such phosphorylation in each of the relevant CI subunits results in impairment of CI function. Mitochondria-targeted cyclin B1/Cdk1 increases mitochondrial respiration with enhanced oxygen consumption and ATP generation, which provides cells with efficient bioenergy for G2/M transition and shortens overall cell-cycle time. Thus, cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of mitochondrial substrates allows cells to sense and respond to increased energy demand for G2/M transition and, subsequently, to upregulate mitochondrial respiration for successful cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Demet Candas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tie-Qiao Zhang
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lili Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Angela Eldridge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kazi M Ahmed
- Life Sciences Division, Department of Cancer and DNA Damage Response, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett A Chromy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Danupon Nantajit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nadire Duru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteomics Research Center, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Min Chen
- Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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17
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Huang Y, Sramkoski RM, Jacobberger JW. The kinetics of G2 and M transitions regulated by B cyclins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80861. [PMID: 24324638 PMCID: PMC3851588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cyclins regulate G2-M transition. Because human somatic cells continue to cycle after reduction of cyclin B1 (cycB1) or cyclin B2 (cycB2) by RNA interference (RNAi), and because cycB2 knockout mice are viable, the existence of two genes should be an optimization. To explore this idea, we generated HeLa BD™ Tet-Off cell lines with inducible cyclin B1- or B2-EGFP that were RNAi resistant. Cultures were treated with RNAi and/or doxycycline (Dox) and bromodeoxyuridine. We measured G2 and M transit times and 4C cell accumulation. In the absence of ectopic B cyclin expression, knockdown (kd) of either cyclin increased G2 transit. M transit was increased by cycB1 kd but decreased by cycB2 depletion. This novel difference was further supported by time-lapse microscopy. This suggests that cycB2 tunes mitotic timing, and we speculate that this is through regulation of a Golgi checkpoint. In the presence of endogenous cyclins, expression of active B cyclin-EGFPs did not affect G2 or M phase times. As previously shown, B cyclin co-depletion induced G2 arrest. Expression of either B cyclin-EGFP completely rescued knockdown of the respective endogenous cyclin in single kd experiments, and either cyclin-EGFP completely rescued endogenous cyclin co-depletion. Most of the rescue occurred at relatively low levels of exogenous cyclin expression. Therefore, cycB1 and cycB2 are interchangeable for ability to promote G2 and M transition in this experimental setting. Cyclin B1 is thought to be required for the mammalian somatic cell cycle, while cyclin B2 is thought to be dispensable. However, residual levels of cyclin B1 or cyclin B2 in double knockdown experiments are not sufficient to promote successful mitosis, yet residual levels are sufficient to promote mitosis in the presence of the dispensible cyclin B2. We discuss a simple model that would explain most data if cyclin B1 is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - R. Michael Sramkoski
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James W. Jacobberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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18
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Dai H, Ding H, Meng XW, Lee SH, Schneider PA, Kaufmann SH. Contribution of Bcl-2 phosphorylation to Bak binding and drug resistance. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6998-7008. [PMID: 24097825 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is phosphorylated on Ser(70) after treatment of cells with spindle poisons. On the basis of effects observed in cells overexpressing Bcl-2 S70E or S70A mutants, various studies have concluded that Ser(70) phosphorylation either enhances or diminishes Bcl-2 function. In the present study, the ability of phosphorylated Bcl-2, as well as the S70E and S70A mutants, to bind and neutralize proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members under cell-free conditions and in intact cells was examined in an attempt to resolve this controversy. Surface plasmon resonance indicated that phosphorylated Bcl-2, Bcl-2 S70E, and Bcl-2 S70A exhibit enhanced binding to Bim and Bak compared with unmodified Bcl-2. This enhanced binding reflected a readily detectable conformation change in the loop domain of Bcl-2. Furthermore, Bcl-2 S70E and S70A bound more Bak and Bim than wild-type Bcl-2 in pull-downs and afforded greater protection against several chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, binding of endogenous Bcl-2 to Bim also increased during mitosis, when Bcl-2 is endogenously phosphorylated, and disruption of this mitotic Bcl-2/Bim binding with navitoclax or ABT-199, like Bcl-2 downregulation, enhanced the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel. Collectively, these results provide not only a mechanistic basis for the enhanced antiapoptotic activity of phosphorylated Bcl-2, but also an explanation for the ability of BH3 mimetics to enhance taxane sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Dai
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - X Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Paula A Schneider
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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19
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Prometaphase arrest-dependent phosphorylation of Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are associated with 17α-estradiol-induced apoptosis in human Jurkat T cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2220-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Oncoapoptotic signaling and deregulated target genes in cancers: special reference to oral cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:123-45. [PMID: 23602834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. The development of cancer takes place in a multi-step process during which cells acquire a series of mutations that eventually lead to unrestrained cell growth and division, inhibition of cell differentiation, and evasion of cell death. Dysregulation of oncoapoptotic genes, growth factors, receptors and their downstream signaling pathway components represent a central driving force in tumor development. The detailed studies of signal transduction pathways for mechanisms of cell growth and apoptosis have significantly advanced our understanding of human cancers, subsequently leading to more effective treatments. Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents a classic example of multi-stage carcinogenesis. It gradually evolves through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. Genetic alterations in many genes encoding crucial proteins, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis, have been implicated in oral cancer. As like other solid tumors, in oral cancer these genes include the ones coding for cell cycle regulators or oncoproteins (e.g. Ras, Myc, cyclins, CDKs, and CKIs), tumor suppressors (e.g. p53 and pRb), pro-survival proteins (e.g. telomerase, growth factors or their receptors), anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g. Bcl2 family, IAPs, and NF-kB), pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g. Bax and BH-3 family, Fas, TNF-R, and caspases), and the genes encoding key transcription factors or elements for signal transduction leading to cell growth and apoptosis. Here we discuss the current knowledge of oncoapoptotic regulation in human cancers with special reference to oral cancers.
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21
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Rouble AN, Hefler J, Mamady H, Storey KB, Tessier SN. Anti-apoptotic signaling as a cytoprotective mechanism in mammalian hibernation. PeerJ 2013; 1:e29. [PMID: 23638364 PMCID: PMC3628845 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of normal cell turnover, apoptosis is a natural phenomenon involved in making essential life and death decisions. Apoptotic pathways balance signals which promote cell death (pro-apoptotic pathways) or counteract these signals (anti-apoptotic pathways). We proposed that changes in anti-apoptotic proteins would occur during mammalian hibernation to aid cell preservation during prolonged torpor under cellular conditions that are highly injurious to most mammals (e.g. low body temperatures, ischemia). Immunoblotting was used to analyze the expression of proteins associated with pro-survival in six tissues of thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. The brain showed a concerted response to torpor with significant increases in the levels of all anti-apoptotic targets analyzed (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, BI-1, Mcl-1, cIAP1/2, xIAP) as well as enhanced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at S70 and T56. Heart responded similarly with most anti-apoptotic proteins elevated significantly during torpor except for Bcl-xL and xIAP that decreased and Mcl-1 that was unaltered. In liver, BI-1 increased whereas cIAP1/2 decreased. In kidney, there was an increase in BI-1, cIAP and xIAP but decreases in Bcl-xL and p-Bcl-2(T56) content. In brown adipose tissue, protein levels of BI-1, cIAP1/2, and xIAP decreased significantly during torpor (compared with euthermia) whereas Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 were unaltered; however, Bcl-2 showed enhanced phosphorylation at Thr56 but not at Ser70. In skeletal muscle, only xIAP levels changed significantly during torpor (an increase). The data show that anti-apoptotic pathways have organ-specific responses in hibernators with a prominent potential role in heart and brain where coordinated enhancement of anti-apoptotic proteins occurred in response to torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Rouble
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Joshua Hefler
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Hapsatou Mamady
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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22
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Hour MJ, Lee KT, Wu YC, Wu CY, You BJ, Chen TL, Lee HZ. A novel antitubulin agent, DPQZ, induces cell apoptosis in human oral cancer cells through Ras/Raf inhibition and MAP kinases activation. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:835-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Chae S, Kim YB, Lee JS, Cho H. Resistance to paclitaxel in hepatoma cells is related to static JNK activation and prohibition into entry of mitosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1016-24. [PMID: 22323130 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00449.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) generally shows chemoresistant features to anticancer agents. Paclitaxel has been clinically used in the treatment of various cancers. However, effect of paclitaxel on HCC has not been adequately addressed. Here, we found two categories of hepatoma cells in response to paclitaxel. Paclitaxel effectively decreased the cell viability of SNU475, Hep3B, and SNU387 HCC cells and Chang liver cells (death prone). In contrast, the other five hepatoma cell lines (SNU449, SNU398, SUN368, SNU354, and HepG2 cells) were resistant to paclitaxel (death reluctant). In response to paclitaxel, Bcl-2 was highly phosphorylated in death-prone cells, whereas much less Bcl-2 was phosphorylated in death-reluctant cells. Cotreatment with SP600125, an inhibitor JNK, significantly reduced the phosphorylated Bcl-2 in death-prone cells and caused a significant reduction in cell death. The reduced cell death was due to prohibition into mitotic entry as evidenced by low cyclin B(1)/Cdk1 kinase activity. In death-reluctant cells, inbuild-phospho-JNK levels were high but no longer activated in response to paclitaxel. We found that paclitaxel combined with caffeine or UCN-01, inhibitors of G(2) DNA damage checkpoint, was able to partially overcome resistance to paclitaxel in these cells. Thus our data provide the molecular basis of paclitaxel resistance in hepatoma cells, and appropriate combination therapy may increase treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Chae
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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24
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Cell proliferation and migration are modulated by Cdk-1-phosphorylated endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33101. [PMID: 22412987 PMCID: PMC3297626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial-Monocyte Activating Polypeptide (EMAP II) is a secreted protein with well-established anti-angiogenic activities. Intracellular EMAP II expression is increased during fetal development at epithelial/mesenchymal boundaries and in pathophysiologic fibroproliferative cells of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, emphysema, and scar fibroblast tissue following myocardial ischemia. Precise function and regulation of intracellular EMAP II, however, has not been explored to date. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that high intracellular EMAP II suppresses cellular proliferation by slowing progression through the G2M cell cycle transition in epithelium and fibroblast. Furthermore, EMAP II binds to and is phosphorylated by Cdk1, and exhibits nuclear/cytoplasmic partitioning, with only nuclear EMAP II being phosphorylated. We observed that extracellular secreted EMAP II induces endothelial cell apoptosis, where as excess intracellular EMAP II facilitates epithelial and fibroblast cells migration. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that EMAP II has specific intracellular effects, and that this intracellular function appears to antagonize its extracellular anti-angiogenic effects during fetal development and pulmonary disease progression.
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Han CR, Jun DY, Woo HJ, Jeong SY, Woo MH, Kim YH. Induction of microtubule-damage, mitotic arrest, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, Bak activation, and mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade is involved in human Jurkat T-cell apoptosis by aruncin B from Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Feng R, Li S, Lu C, Andreas C, Stolz DB, Mapara MY, Lentzsch S. Targeting the microtubular network as a new antimyeloma strategy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1886-96. [PMID: 21825007 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We identified nocodazole as a potent antimyeloma drug from a drug screening library provided by the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. Nocodazole is a benzimidazole that was originally categorized as a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug with antineoplastic properties. We found that nocodazole inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of primary and multiresistant multiple myeloma cells cultured alone and in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. Nocodazole caused cell-cycle prophase and prometaphase arrest accompanied by microtubular network disarray. Signaling studies indicated that increased expression of Bim protein and reduced X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and Mcl-1(L) levels were involved in nocodazole-induced apoptosis. Further investigation showed Bcl-2 phosphorylation as a critical mediator of cell death, triggered by the activation of c-jun-NH(2) kinase (JNK) instead of p38 kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Treatment with JNK inhibitor decreased Bcl-2 phosphorylation and subsequently reduced nocodazole-induced cell death. Nocodazole combined with dexamethasone significantly inhibited myeloma tumor growth and prolonged survival in a human xenograft mouse model. Our studies show that nocodazole has potent antimyeloma activity and that targeting the microtubular network might be a promising new treatment approach for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentian Feng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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27
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Wu YC, Hour MJ, Leung WC, Wu CY, Liu WZ, Chang YH, Lee HZ. 2-(Naphthalene-1-yl)-6-pyrrolidinyl-4-quinazolinone inhibits skin cancer M21 cell proliferation through aberrant expression of microtubules and the cell cycle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:942-51. [PMID: 21652781 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are a proven target for anticancer drug development because they are critical for mitotic spindle formation and the separation of chromosomes at mitosis. 2-(Naphthalene-1-yl)-6-pyrrolidinyl-4-quinazolinone (HL66) induced cell death with the large cells and multiple micronuclei in M21 skin cancer cells. We demonstrated that HL66-induced cell death is caspase-independent and accompanied by the failure of cell cycle progression. Therefore, HL66-induced cell death may be a mitotic catastrophe. HL66 inhibits the dephosphorylation on Thr14 or Tyr15 of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1 and the formation of Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex, which might be associated with cell cycle arrest at the S and G(2)/M phases. HL66 is an antimicrotubule agent by molecular modeling on the basis of ligand binding to tubulin molecule. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that HL66, like vinblastine, is a tubulin-destabilizing agent via microtubule disruption in M21 cells. These results describe a novel pharmacological property of HL66 as a microtubule inhibitor, which may make it an attractive new agent for the treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang C Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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28
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He L, Nan MH, Oh HC, Kim YH, Jang JH, Erikson RL, Ahn JS, Kim BY. Asperlin induces G₂/M arrest through ROS generation and ATM pathway in human cervical carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:489-93. [PMID: 21600879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We exploited the biological activity of an antibiotic agent asperlin isolated from Aspergillus nidulans against human cervical carcinoma cells. We found that asperlin dramatically increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation accompanied by a significant reduction in cell proliferation. Cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and reduction of Bcl-2 could also be detected after asperlin treatment to the cells. An anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), however, blocked all the apoptotic effects of asperlin. The involvement of oxidative stress in asperlin induced apoptosis could be supported by the findings that ROS- and DNA damage-associated G2/M phase arrest and ATM phosphorylation were increased by asperlin. In addition, expression and phosphorylation of cell cycle proteins as well as G2/M phase arrest in response to asperlin were significantly blocked by NAC or an ATM inhibitor KU-55933 pretreatment. Collectively, our study proved for the first time that asperlin could be developed as a potential anti-cancer therapeutics through ROS generation in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
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Drakos E, Singh RR, Rassidakis GZ, Schlette E, Li J, Claret FX, Ford RJ, Vega F, Medeiros LJ. Activation of the p53 pathway by the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a overcomes BCL2 overexpression in a preclinical model of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with t(14;18)(q32;q21). Leukemia 2011; 25:856-67. [PMID: 21394100 PMCID: PMC3094765 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
p53 is frequently wild type (wt) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) associated with t(14;18)(q32;q21) that overexpresses BCL2. Nutlin-3a is a small molecule that activates the p53 pathway by disrupting p53–MDM2 interaction. We show that nutlin-3a activates p53 in DLBCL cells associated with t(14;18)(q32;q21), BCL2 overexpression and wt p53, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Nutlin-3a treatment had similar effects on DLBCL cells of activated B-cell phenotype with wt p53. Cell cycle arrest was associated with upregulation of p21. Nutlin-3a-induced apoptosis was accompanied by BAX and PUMA upregulation, BCL-XL downregulation, serine-70 dephosphorylation of BCL2, direct binding of BCL2 by p53, caspase-9 upregulation and caspase-3 cleavage. Cell death was reduced when p53-dependent transactivation activity was inhibited by pifithrin-α (PFT-α), or PFT-μ inhibited direct p53 targeting of mitochondria. Nutlin-3a sensitized activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by BCL2 inhibitors in t(14;18)-positive DLBCL cells with wt p53, and enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity against t(14;18)-positive DLBCL cells with wt or mutant p53, the latter in part via p73 upregulation. Nutlin-3a treatment in a xenograft animal lymphoma model inhibited growth of t(14;18)-positive DLBCL tumors, associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. These data suggest that disruption of the p53–MDM2 interaction by nutlin-3a offers a novel therapeutic approach for DLBCL associated with t(14;18)(q32;q21).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Drakos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Asumen MG, Ifeacho TV, Cockerham L, Pfandl C, Wall NR. Dynamic changes to survivin subcellular localization are initiated by DNA damage. Onco Targets Ther 2010; 3:129-37. [PMID: 20856848 PMCID: PMC2939766 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular distribution of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin and its ability to relocalize as a result of cell cycle phase or therapeutic insult has led to the hypothesis that these subcellular pools may coincide with different survivin functions. The PIK kinases (ATM, ATR and DNA-PK) phosphorylate a variety of effector substrates that propagate DNA damage signals, resulting in various biological outputs. Here we demonstrate that subcellular repartitioning of survivin in MCF-7 cells as a result of UV light-mediated DNA damage is dependent upon DNA damage-sensing proteins as treatment with the pan PIK kinase inhibitor wortmannin repartitioned survivin in the mitochondria and diminished it from the cytosol and nucleus. Mitochondrial redistribution of survivin, such as was recorded after wortmannin treatment, occurred in cells lacking any one of the three DNA damage sensing protein kinases: DNA-PK, ATM or ATR. However, failed survivin redistribution from the mitochondria in response to low-dose UV occurred only in the cells lacking ATM, implying that ATM may be the primary kinase involved in this process. Taken together, this data implicates survivian's subcellular distribution is a dynamic physiological process that appears responsive to UV light-initiated DNA damage and that its distribution may be responsible for its multifunctionality.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 1-mediated Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 phosphorylation acts as a functional link coupling mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:640-56. [PMID: 19917720 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00882-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite detailed knowledge of the components of the spindle assembly checkpoint, a molecular explanation of how cells die after prolonged spindle checkpoint activation, and thus how microtubule inhibitors and other antimitotic drugs ultimately elicit their lethal effects, has yet to emerge. Mitotically arrested cells typically display extensive phosphorylation of two key antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2, and evidence suggests that phosphorylation disables their antiapoptotic activity. However, the responsible kinase has remained elusive. In this report, evidence is presented that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)/cyclin B catalyzes mitotic-arrest-induced Bcl-x(L)/Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we show that CDK1 transiently and incompletely phosphorylates these proteins during normal mitosis. When mitosis is prolonged in the absence of microtubule inhibition, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2 become highly phosphorylated. Transient overexpression of nondegradable cyclin B1 caused apoptotic death, which was blocked by a phosphodefective Bcl-x(L) mutant but not by a phosphomimetic Bcl-x(L) mutant, confirming Bcl-x(L) as a key target of proapoptotic CDK1 signaling. These findings suggest a model whereby a switch in the duration of CDK1 activation, from transient during mitosis to sustained during mitotic arrest, dramatically increases the extent of Bcl-x(L)/Bcl-2 phosphorylation, resulting in inactivation of their antiapoptotic function. Thus, phosphorylation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins acts as a sensor for CDK1 signal duration and as a functional link coupling mitotic arrest to apoptosis.
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Prevention of premature senescence requires JNK regulation of Bcl-2 and reactive oxygen species. Oncogene 2009; 29:561-75. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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2,3',4,4',5'-Pentamethoxy-trans-stilbene, a resveratrol derivative, is a potent inducer of apoptosis in colon cancer cells via targeting microtubules. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1224-32. [PMID: 19591809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant, is a compound holding promise for cancer chemoprevention. Previous studies suggest that 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene (TMS) and 3,4,4',5,-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene (MR-4), both of which are derivatives of resveratrol, are potent apoptosis-inducing agents with clinical potential. In this study, we chemically synthesized 2,3',4,4',5'-pentamethoxy-trans-stilbene (PMS), the hybrid molecule of TMS and MR-4, and determined its effects on colon cancer growth. When compared with its parent compounds, PMS displayed more potent in vitro anti-mitogenic effect on colon cancer cells (Caco-2, HT-29 and SW1116). Moreover, PMS inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a colon cancer xenograft model. In this connection, PMS strongly induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells as evidenced by increased PARP cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and accumulation of sub-G(1) population. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that PMS enhanced the polymerization of microtubules, which was followed by G(2)/M mitotic arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. The activation of caspases-3, -7, -8, and -9 was involved in PMS-induced apoptosis with concomitant down-regulation of the pro-survival PI3K/Akt signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that PMS is a potent inducer of apoptosis via targeting microtubules and may merit investigation as a potential chemoprophylactic and therapeutic agent for colon cancer.
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Ondrousková E, Slovácková J, Pelková V, Procházková J, Soucek K, Benes P, Smarda J. Heavy metals induce phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein by Jun N-terminal kinase. Biol Chem 2008; 390:49-58. [PMID: 19007308 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 protein is one of the key components of biochemical pathways controlling programmed cell death. The function of this protein can be regulated by posttranslational modifications. Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 has been considered to be significantly associated with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and with cell death caused by defects of microtubule dynamics. This study shows that phosphorylation of Bcl-2 can be induced by heavy metals due to activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase pathway that is not linked to the G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hyperphosphorylated Bcl-2 protein is a more potent inhibitor of zinc-induced cell death than its hypophosphorylated mutant form. These data suggest that regulation of Bcl-2 protein function by phosphorylation is an important part of cell responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ondrousková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Jun DY, Park HS, Kim JS, Kim JS, Park W, Song BH, Kim HS, Taub D, Kim YH. 17Alpha-estradiol arrests cell cycle progression at G2/M and induces apoptotic cell death in human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:401-12. [PMID: 18603276 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacological dose (2.5-10 microM) of 17alpha-estradiol (17alpha-E(2)) exerted a cytotoxic effect on human leukemias Jurkat T and U937 cells, which was not suppressed by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. Along with cytotoxicity in Jurkat T cells, several apoptotic events including mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9, -3, and -8, PARP degradation, and DNA fragmentation were induced. The cytotoxicity of 17alpha-E(2) was not blocked by the anti-Fas neutralizing antibody ZB-4. While undergoing apoptosis, there was a remarkable accumulation of G(2)/M cells with the upregulatoin of cdc2 kinase activity, which was reflected in the Thr56 phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Dephosphorylation at Tyr15 and phosphorylation at Thr161 of cdc2, and significant increase in the cyclin B1 level were underlying factors for the cdc2 kinase activation. Whereas the 17alpha-E(2)-induced apoptosis was completely abrogated by overexpression of Bcl-2 or by pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, the accumulation of G(2)/M cells significantly increased. The caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk failed to influence 17alpha-E(2)-mediated caspase-9 activation, but it markedly reduced caspase-3 activation and PARP degradation with the suppression of apoptosis, indicating the contribution of caspase-8; not as an upstream event of the mitochondrial cytochrome c release, but to caspase-3 activation. In the presence of hydroxyurea, which blocked the cell cycle progression at the G(1)/S boundary, 17alpha-E(2) failed to induce the G(2)/M arrest as well as apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of 17alpha-E(2) toward Jurkat T cells is attributable to apoptosis mainly induced in G(2)/M-arrested cells, in an ER-independent manner, via a mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway regulated by Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Youn Jun
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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36
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Influence of the calmodulin antagonist EBB on cyclin B1 and Cdc2-p34 in human drug-resistant breast cancer MCF-7/ADR cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-008-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Jung JY, Jeong YJ, Jeong TS, Chung HJ, Kim WJ. Inhibition of apoptotic signals in overgrowth of human gingival fibroblasts by cyclosporin A treatment. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1042-9. [PMID: 18471799 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug, has overgrowth effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the CsA-induced gingival overgrowth remains still unclear. The present study is aimed to investigate the correlation with the apoptotic signal pathway in CsA-induced overgrowth of HGF. CsA-treated HGF were assessed for cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection by flow cytometry, for proliferation ability using the 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU), for caspase activities biochemically, for expression of apoptotic signal molecules such as cytochrome c, Fas and Fas-L and Bcl-2 family by Western blotting and VDAC by RT-PCR. CsA increased the cell viability, but not the number of BrdU-positive HGF, indicating that CsA fails to induce the proliferation of HGF. CsA also decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level in HGF. This was accompanied by that the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated whereas the proapoptotic protein Bax was downregulated. Moreover, CsA downregulated VDAC, a mitochondrial transition pore, and decreased the level of cytochrome c released from the mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspase-3 and -9 associated with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, Fas-L level and caspase-8 activation, the major mediator of the death receptor-mediated apoptosis, were diminished in the CsA-treated HGF. CsA inhibits the apoptotic signal molecules such as cytochrome c, caspases and Fas-L with the regulation of Bcl-2 family whereas it has no effect on cell division, which can contribute to overgrowth of HGF. These findings suggest that the decreased apoptosis plays a more important role than the increased cell proliferation in the CsA-induced overgrowth of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Jung
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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38
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McNeely SC, Taylor BF, States JC. Mitotic arrest-associated apoptosis induced by sodium arsenite in A375 melanoma cells is BUBR1-dependent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:61-7. [PMID: 18501396 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A375 human malignant melanoma cells undergo mitotic arrest-associated apoptosis when treated with pharmacological concentrations of sodium arsenite, a chemotherapeutic for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Our previous studies indicated that decreased arsenite sensitivity correlated with reduced mitotic spindle checkpoint function and reduced expression of the checkpoint protein BUBR1. In the current study, arsenite induced securin and cyclin B stabilization, BUBR1 phosphorylation, and spindle checkpoint activation. Arsenite also increased activating cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) Thr(161) phosphorylation but decreased inhibitory Tyr15 phosphorylation. Mitotic arrest resulted in apoptosis as indicated by colocalization of mitotic phospho-Histone H3 with active caspase 3. Apoptosis was associated with BCL-2 Ser70 phosphorylation. Inhibition of CDK1 with roscovitine in arsenite-treated mitotic cells inhibited spindle checkpoint maintenance as inferred from reduced BUBR1 phosphorylation, reduced cyclin B expression, and diminution of mitotic index. Roscovitine also reduced BCL-2 Ser70 phosphorylation and protected against apoptosis, suggesting mitotic arrest caused by hyperactivation of CDK1 directly or indirectly leads to BCL-2 phosphorylation and apoptosis. In addition, suppression of BUBR1 with siRNA prevented arsenite-induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of arsenic's chemotherapeutic action and indicate a functional spindle checkpoint may be required for arsenic-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C McNeely
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Environmental Genomics and Integrative Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St. Suite 221, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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39
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Moon DO, Kim MO, Choi YH, Kim ND, Chang JH, Kim GY. Bcl-2 overexpression attenuates SP600125-induced apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 264:316-25. [PMID: 18343029 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SP600125 is a specific inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that is known to strongly induce apoptosis and block cell cycle progression in G2/M phase. In this study, we demonstrated that treatment of U937 cells with SP600125 resulted in significant G2/M cell cycle arrest that was due to decreased cyclin B1 and cdc25c protein levels. Moreover, SP600125 promoted LDH release and DNA fragmentation that was associated with caspase-3 activation and degradation of its substrates. In contrast, overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 rendered leukemia cells resistant to SP600125-induced apoptosis, but more sensitive to G2/M phase arrest and endoreduplication (>4N DNA). Overexpression of Bcl-2 significantly inhibited SP600125-induced caspase-3 activation and degradation of its substrates, and sustained expression levels of the IAP-2 proteins following SP600125 treatment. The inhibitory effect of Bcl-2 on apoptosis was attenuated by treatment with the small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor, HA14-1. These data provide important mechanistic insights related to Bcl-2-mediated resistance to SP600125-induced apoptosis, and induction of G2/M phase arrest and endoreduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Moon
- Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, South Korea
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40
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Matsuyoshi S, Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Konishi N. Bcl-2 phosphorylation has pathological significance in human breast cancer. Pathobiology 2007; 73:205-12. [PMID: 17119350 DOI: 10.1159/000096022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl-2, is well known to play an important role in the chemoresistance of breast cancer. We have previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) at 194 serine through c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy through accelerating cell cycle arrest at G2/M, and that Bcl-2 phosphorylation downstream of JNK/FADD plays an important role in cell growth suppression by paclitaxel. In this study, the clinicopathological association of phosphorylated Bcl-2 (P-Bcl-2) with estrogen, progesterone, c-erbB-2 receptors, p53 expressions and phosphorylated FADD/JNK (P-FADD/JNK) was analyzed immunohistochemically using 107 human breast cancer specimens. Expression of P-Bcl-2 was found to significantly correlate with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, but not histological differentiation, tumor grade or vascular and fatty invasion. The positivity of P-Bcl-2 was also significantly correlated to that of P-FADD/JNK. Thus, P-Bcl-2 as well as the P-FADD/JNK parameter might be useful markers for cancer progression, independent of the hormone receptor status, in human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Matsuyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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41
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Uen YH, Liu DZ, Weng MS, Ho YS, Lin SY. NF-κB pathway is involved in griseofulvin-induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:1165-75. [PMID: 17226769 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Griseofulvin (GF), an oral antifungal agent, has been shown to exert antitumorigenesis effect through G2/M cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. But the underlying mechanisms remained obscure. The purpose of this study is to test the cytotoxic effect of GF on HL-60 and HT-29 cells and elucidate its underlying molecular pathways. Dose-dependent and time-course studies by flow cytometry demonstrated that 30 to 60 microM GF significantly induced G2/M arrest and to a less extend, apoptosis, in HL-60 cells. In contrast, only G2/M arrest was observed in HT-29 cells under similar condition. Pretreatment of 30 microM TPCK, a serine protease inhibitor, completely reversed GF-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HL-60 cells but not in HT-29 cells. The GF-induced G2/M arrest in HL-60 cells is reversible. Using EMSA and super-shift analysis, we demonstrated that GF stimulated NF-kappaB binding activity in HL-60 cells, which was completely inhibited by pretreatment of TPCK. Treatment of HL-60 with 30 microM GF activated JNK but not ERK or p38 MAPK and subsequently resulted in phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Pretreatment of TPCK to HL-60 cells blocked the GF-induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation but not JNK activation. Time course study demonstrated that activation of cdc-2 kinase activity by GF correlated with Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB pathway with cdc-2 activation and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 might be involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Huei Uen
- Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Foundational Medical Center, Yung-Kang City, Tainan, Taiwan
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42
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Pei XY, Li W, Dai Y, Dent P, Grant S. Dissecting the roles of checkpoint kinase 1/CDC2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in relation to 7-hydroxystaurosporine-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1965-73. [PMID: 16940414 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.028373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional roles of Cdc2 and checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in synergistic interactions between 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitors [e.g., 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide (PD184352)] were examined in human multiple myeloma cells in relation to MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation and lethality. Time course studies revealed that MEK1/2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation preceded Cdc2 dephosphorylation (Tyr15) after UCN-01 exposure. Furthermore, enforced expression of Cdc2 or small inducible RNA (siRNA)-mediated Cdc2 knockdown failed to modify ERK1/2 activation status in either the presence or absence of UCN-01, arguing against a causal relationship between these events. However, ectopic expression of Cdc2 sensitized cells to the lethality of UCN-01/MEK inhibitor regimen, whereas Cdc2 knockdown by siRNA significantly diminished the lethal effects of this combination. Conversely, Chk1 knockdown by siRNA enhanced lethality mediated by UCN-01/PD184352. It is interesting that Chk1 knockdown reduced basal ERK1/2 activation and antagonized the ability of UCN-01 to activate ERK1/2. Finally, ectopic expression of constitutively active MEK1 significantly protected cells from the UCN-01/MEK1/2 inhibitor regimen without modifying Cdc2 activation status. Together, these findings indicate that although UCN-01-mediated Chk1 inhibition and Cdc2 activation are unlikely to be responsible for MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation, both of these events contribute functionally to enhanced lethality in cells coexposed to MEK inhibitors. They also suggest a role for Chk1 in UCN-01-induced ERK1/2 activation, implying the existence of a heretofore unrecognized link between Chk1 and ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Pei
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, MCV Station Box 230, Richmond VA 23298, USA
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Pessina A, Croera C, Savalli N, Bonomi A, Cavicchini L, Turlizzi E, Guizzardi F, Guido L, Daprai L, Neri MG. Bcl-2 down modulation in WEHI-3B/CTRES cells resistant to Cholera Toxin (CT)-induced apoptosis. Cell Res 2006; 16:306-12. [PMID: 16541129 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The very different effects of Cholera Toxin (CT) on cell growth and proliferation may depend on the type of ganglioside receptors in cell membranes and different signal transduction mechanisms triggered, but other functions related to the drug resistance mechanisms can not be excluded. The effect of CT treatment on the "in vitro" clonogenicity, the Population Doubling Time (PDT), apoptosis, PKA activation and Bax and Bcl-2 expression was evaluated in WEHI-3B cell line and its CT-resistant subclone (WEHI-3B/CTRES). In WEHI-3B parental cells the dramatic accumulation of cAMP induced by CT correlated well with PKA activation, increased PDT value, inhibition of clonogenicity and apoptosis. H-89 treatment inhibited PKA activation by CT but did not protect the cells from apoptosis and growth inhibition. In WEHI-3B/CTRES no significant CT-dependent accumulation of cAMP occurred with any increase of PKA activity and PDT. In CT resistant cells (WEHI-3B/CTRES), Bcl-2 expression was down regulated by both CT or drug treatment (eg., ciprofloxacin, CPX) although these cells were protected from CT-dependent apoptosis but not from drug-induced apoptosis. Differently from other cell models described, down regulation of Bcl-2 is proved to be independent on cAMP accumulation and PKA activation. Our observations support the implication of cAMP dependent kinase (PKA) in the inhibition of WEHI-3B cells growth and suggest that, in WEHI-3B/CTRES, Bcl-2 expression could be modulated by CT in the absence of cAMP accumulation. Also in consideration of many contradictory data reported in literature, our cell models (of one sensitive parental cell strain and two clones with different uncrossed specific resistance to CT and CPX) provides a new and interesting tool for better investigating the relationship between the CT signal transduction mechanisms and Bcl-2 expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Pessina
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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De Chiara G, Marcocci ME, Torcia M, Lucibello M, Rosini P, Bonini P, Higashimoto Y, Damonte G, Armirotti A, Amodei S, Palamara AT, Russo T, Garaci E, Cozzolino F. Bcl-2 Phosphorylation by p38 MAPK: identification of target sites and biologic consequences. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:21353-21361. [PMID: 16714293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511052200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiapoptotic role of Bcl-2 can be regulated by its phosphorylation in serine and threonine residues located in a nonstructured loop that links BH3 and BH4 domains. p38 MAPK has been identified as one of the kinases able to mediate such phosphorylation, through direct interaction with Bcl-2 protein in the mitochondrial compartment. In this study, we identify, by using mass spectrometry techniques and specific anti-phosphopeptide antibodies, Ser(87) and Thr(56) as the Bcl-2 residues phosphorylated by p38 MAPK and show that phosphorylation of these residues is always associated with a decrease in the antiapoptotic potential of Bcl-2 protein. Furthermore, we obtained evidence that p38 MAPK-induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation plays a key role in the early events following serum deprivation in embryonic fibroblasts. Both cytochrome c release and caspase activation triggered by p38 MAPK activation and Bcl-2 phosphorylation are absent in embryonic fibroblasts from p38alpha knock-out mice (p38alpha(-/-) MEF), whereas they occur within 12 h of serum withdrawal in p38alpha(+/+) MEF; moreover, they can be prevented by p38 MAPK inhibitors and are not associated with the synthesis of the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Fas. Thus, Bcl-2 phosphorylation by activated p38 MAPK is a key event in the early induction of apoptosis under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Chiara
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Torcia
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Lucibello
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy; Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rosini
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonini
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Yukiro Higashimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- DIMES Biochemistry Section, Mass Spectrometry Facility, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 7, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- DIMES Biochemistry Section, Mass Spectrometry Facility, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 7, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sarah Amodei
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health Science "G. Sanarelli," University of Rome "La Sapienza," Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Russo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II," Via Comunale Margherita 482, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Cozzolino
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy.
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45
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Wang J, Shen YH, Utama B, Wang J, LeMaire SA, Coselli JS, Vercellotti GM, Wang XL. HCMV infection attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced endothelial apoptosis-- involvement of ERK pathway. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2779-87. [PMID: 16650413 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exerts anti-apoptotic effect during early stage of infection, which provides HCMV time for propagation. We investigated pathways mediating the resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death - a self-defense mechanism to remove infected cells. We found that human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) infected with VHL/E strain of HCMV during first 3 days were resistant to H(2)O(2) (0-2 mM) induced apoptosis. This anti-apoptotic effect may be mediated by the upregulation of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein through the activation pro-survival pathway extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Through this mechanism, HCMV is able to propagate and causes endothelial dysfunction, hence vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Adult Cardiac Services, Texas Heart Institute, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, MS NAB 2010, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Beswick RW, Ambrose HE, Wagner SD. Nocodazole, a microtubule depolymerising agent, induces apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells associated with changes in Bcl-2 phosphorylation and expression. Leuk Res 2006; 30:427-36. [PMID: 16162358 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule active drugs are used in the treatment of malignancies and their mechanism of action in cycling cells is to produce mitotic arrest followed by apoptosis. In this study, we investigate in detail the specificity and mechanism by which a microtubule de-polymerising agent, nocodazole, induces apoptosis in non-cyclingm, i.e. G(0)/G(1), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B-cells. The majority of cases of CLL are sensitive (IC(50)<or=16 microM) but normal peripheral blood B-cells, which are also in G(0)/G(1), are resistant to the maximum in vitro concentration of this agent. Taxol, a microtubule stabilising drug does not kill CLL cells suggesting a specific effect of nocodazole. The mechanism of apoptosis involves mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, activation of caspases and cleavage of PARP. Nocodazole causes two patterns of change to Bcl-2 expression. In one there is increase in expression of the serine-70 phosphorylated form of Bcl-2 and in the other total Bcl-2 expression is reduced. Collectively the data shows that sensitivity to nocodazole-induced apoptosis is a feature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and suggests that newer microtubule active agents be systematically investigated for their effectiveness in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Beswick
- Division of Investigative Sciences, Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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47
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Villa D, Miloso M, Nicolini G, Rigolio R, Villa A, Cavaletti G, Tredici G. Low-dose cisplatin protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1439-47. [PMID: 16170037 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined anticancer therapy using platinum compounds and antitubulins has increased the risk of neurotoxicity. However, the combination of low-dose cisplatin (CDDP) with toxic doses of paclitaxel significantly reduces cellular death in a human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. To analyze the mechanisms of this protection, we evaluated various signaling molecules possibly involved in apoptosis and some relevant cell cycle regulatory proteins. CDDP does not interfere with the tubulin-stabilizing action of paclitaxel. The evaluation of molecular pathways involved in apoptosis indicates that the Bcl-2 but not the caspases may be involved in the CDDP protection of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The increase in p53 protein and its nuclear accumulation suggests a possible involvement of p53 in CDDP protection. The use of the chemical inhibitor of p53, pifithrin alpha, excluded this possibility. The study of cyclins and the flow cytometric analysis (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) suggest that CDDP exerts a protective action by blocking cells early in the cell cycle. The determination of the mitotic index indicates that CDDP prevents cells from reaching the mitosis. We concluded that low doses of CDDP are protective against toxic doses of paclitaxel and that the possible mechanism of this protection is that the CDDP prevents human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from achieving mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Villa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Milan, Italy
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48
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Robertson DM, Ladage PM, Yamamoto N, Jester JV, Petroll WM, Cavanagh HD. Bcl-2 and Bax Regulation of Corneal Homeostasis in Genetically Altered Mice. Eye Contact Lens 2006; 32:3-7. [PMID: 16415685 DOI: 10.1097/01.icl.0000156216.37737.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and its proapoptotic counterpart Bax may play an important role in the regulation of corneal epithelial renewal. To understand the physiologic importance of Bcl-2 and Bax in the healthy cornea, epithelial and stromal thickness, proliferation, and surface cell exfoliation rates were examined in the central cornea of genetically altered mice overexpressing Bcl-2 and lacking Bax. METHODS Adult Bcl-2 transgenic (n = 55) and Bax knockout (n = 82) mice and wild-type controls were clinically prescreened at no less than 2 months of age for any ocular developmental abnormalities. Polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm genotype. Corneal epithelial renewal was examined by in vivo tandem scanning confocal microscopy to measure total corneal and sublayer thickness and by immunohistochemistry on whole mount corneal tissues to determine basal epithelial cell proliferation using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and surface cell exfoliation with a Calcein AM-Ethidium homodimer assay (live/dead). Stained corneas were scanned with a laser scanning confocal microscope, and images were digitized, and cell counts were obtained. Levels of Bcl-2 protein were assessed by Western blots. RESULTS No significant changes in proliferation or cell death were found in either group compared to wild-type littermate controls; however, epithelial and stromal thicknesses were greater in the Bcl-2 transgenic group compared to wild-type and decreased in the Bax knockout. Western blotting confirmed that there was no change in the level of Bcl-2 expression in the corneal epithelium in the Bcl-2 transgenic or Bax knockout strains. CONCLUSIONS The significant difference in epithelial and stromal thickness suggests a functional role for Bcl-2 and Bax in the maintenance of corneal homeostasis; however, the lack of significant alterations in proliferation, cell exfoliation, and levels of Bcl-2 protein in the adult corneal epithelium suggest that these phenotypic changes are a result of a new stable homeostatic equilibrium (proliferation + migration = shedding). Additional experiments to delineate the role of Bcl-2 and Bax during development and in the adult cornea are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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49
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Upton JW, van Dyk LF, Speck SH. Characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 v-cyclin interactions with cellular cdks. Virology 2005; 341:271-83. [PMID: 16102793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
All known gamma2-herpesviruses encode a cyclin homolog with significant homology to mammalian D-type cyclins. The murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) viral cyclin (v-cyclin) has been shown to be oncogenic when expression is targeted to thymocytes in transgenic mice and to be critical for virus reactivation from latency. Here, we investigate the interaction of the gammaHV68 v-cyclin with cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). We show that, in contrast to the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) v-cyclin, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin preferentially interacts with cdk2 and cdc2 but does not interact with either cdk4 or cdk6. Mutation of conserved residues, predicted to be involved in cdk binding based on the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk2 crystal structure, resulted in the loss of both cdk binding and the ability to mediate phosphorylation of substrates. Like the KSHV v-cyclin, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin appears to confer expanded substrate specificity to the cellular cdk binding partners. As expected, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk complexes are able to target phosphorylation of histone H1, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and p27(Kip1) as assessed using in vitro kinase assays. Notably, hyperphosphorylation of pRb was observed during wt gammaHV68 replication in serum-starved murine fibroblasts, but not in cells that were either mock-infected or infected with a v-cyclin null gammaHV68. In addition, infection of serum-starved murine fibroblasts also results in a v-cyclin-dependent increase in cdk2-associated kinase activity and a concomitant decrease in the levels of p27(Kip1). Taken together, the latter studies served to validate the results of the in vitro kinase assays. Finally, in vitro kinase assays revealed that the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk complexes can also phosphorylate p21(Cip1), Bcl-2, and p53. The latter suggests that, at least in vitro, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin exhibits functional characteristics of both cyclin E and cyclin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Upton
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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50
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Vattemi G, Tomelleri G, Filosto M, Savio C, Rizzuto N, Tonin P. Expression of late myogenic differentiation markers in sarcoplasmic masses of patients with myotonic dystrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:45-52. [PMID: 15634230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoplasmic masses contain disorganized myofibrillar material and are a striking feature of myotonic dystrophy. However their significance is still unclear. Using immunocytochemistry we studied the expression of cytoskeletal proteins (desmin and vimentin), dystrophin, markers of myogenic differentiation (foetal myosin, neural cell adhesion molecule, bcl-2, insulin-like growth factor-I, fibroblast growth factor, retinoblastoma protein and myoD1), cell cycle regulators (Cdk2, p16, p27 and p57) and muscle proteases (ubiquitin, micro and m calpain and cathepsin D) in muscle biopsies from four patients with myotonic dystrophy. Sarcoplasmic masses were strongly positive for desmin, neural cell adhesion molecule, bcl-2, insulin-like growth factor I, retinoblastoma protein and p57, weakly positive for dystrophin and p16 and negative for vimentin, fibroblast growth factor, myoD1, Cdk2 and p27. Immunoreactivity for foetal myosin was detected only in a few fibres (< 1%). Our data suggest that the late myogenic differentiation programme is activated in sarcoplasmic masses although these areas do not reach complete maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vattemi
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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