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Shahid NH, Rashid H, Kumar S, Archoo S, Umar SA, Nazir LA, Parvinder SP, Tasduq SA. Inhibition of melanogenesis by 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone via suppressing the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear exclusion of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175734. [PMID: 37080332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Ultraviolet radiation or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulates the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A signalling pathway, which leads to the synthesis and deposition of melanin granules in the epidermis. Skin pigmentation is the major physiological defence against inimical effects of sunlight. However, excessive melanin production and accumulation can cause various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. The present study involved the identification of 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone (IIIM-8) as an inhibitor of melanogenesis, IIIM-8 significantly inhibited pigment production both invitro and invivowithout incurring any cytotoxicity in Human Adult Epidermal Melanocytes (HAEM). IIIM-8 repressed melanin synthesis and secretion both at basal levels and in α-MSH stimulated cultured HAEM cells by decreasing the levels of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, coupled with restoring the phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and its nuclear exclusion in HAEM cells. This impeding effect correlates with diminished expression of master melanogenic proteins including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase (TYR), Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and Tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2). Additionally, topical application of IIIM-8 induced tail depigmentation in C57BL/6 J mice. Furthermore, IIIM-8 efficiently mitigated the effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on melanin synthesis in the auricles of C57BL/6 J mice. This study demonstrates that IIIM-8 is an active anti-melanogenic agent against ultraviolet radiation-induced melanogenesis and other hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naikoo H Shahid
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Sher-e-KashmirInstitute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sajida Archoo
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Umar
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lone A Nazir
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Singh P Parvinder
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Ruksiriwanich W, Linsaenkart P, Khantham C, Muangsanguan A, Sringarm K, Jantrawut P, Prom-u-thai C, Jamjod S, Yamuangmorn S, Arjin C, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Phimolsiripol Y, Barba FJ, Sommano SR, Chutoprapat R, Boonpisuttinant K. Regulatory Effects of Thai Rice By-Product Extracts from Oryza sativa L. cv. Bue Bang 3 CMU and Bue Bang 4 CMU on Melanin Production, Nitric Oxide Secretion, and Steroid 5α-Reductase Inhibition. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:653. [PMID: 36771737 PMCID: PMC9921347 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia and gray hair are common hair abnormalities affecting physical appearance and causing psychological problems. Chemical treatments partially restore hair disorders but have distressing side effects. Bioactive plant compounds constitute promising sources of potential medicinal substances instead of chemical agents, producing high side effects. In this study, we focused on the waste of local rice cultivars: Bue Bang 3 CMU (BB3CMU) and Bue Bang 4 CMU (BB4CMU) from the north of Thailand. The rice bran oil (RBO), defatted rice bran extract (DFRB), and rice husk (H) were determined for in vitro hair revitalization in melanin production, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, and steroid 5α-reductase inhibition. The results indicated that BB4CMU-RBO with high contents of iron, zinc, and free fatty acids showed a comparable induction of melanin production on melanocytes (130.18 ± 9.13% of control) to the standard drug theophylline with no significant difference (p > 0.05). This promising melanin induction could be related to activating the NO secretion pathway, with the NO secretion level at 1.43 ± 0.05 µM. In addition, BB4CMU-RBO illustrated a significant inhibitory effect on both steroid 5α-reductase genes (SRD5A) type 1 and type 2, which relates to its primary source of tocopherols. Hence, rice bran oil from the Thai rice variety BB4CMU could be applied as a promising hair revitalizing candidate, from natural resources, to help promote hair growth and re-pigmentation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Pichchapa Linsaenkart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chiranan Khantham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Anurak Muangsanguan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | | | - Sansanee Jamjod
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Romchat Chutoprapat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Korawinwich Boonpisuttinant
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdoms (INPTW), Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
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Medeiros WB, Medina KJD, Sponchiado SRP. Improved natural melanin production by Aspergillus nidulans after optimization of factors involved in the pigment biosynthesis pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:278. [PMID: 36585654 PMCID: PMC9801647 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is a natural pigment that can be applied in different fields such as medicine, environment, pharmaceutical, and nanotechnology. Studies carried out previously showed that the melanin produced by the mel1 mutant from Aspergillus nidulans exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, without any cytotoxic or mutagenic effect. These results taken together suggest the potential application of melanin from A. nidulans in the pharmaceutical industry. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of factors L-tyrosine, glucose, glutamic acid, L-DOPA, and copper on melanin production by the mel1 mutant and to establish the optimal concentration of these factors to maximize melanin production. RESULTS The results showed that L-DOPA, glucose, and copper sulfate significantly affected melanin production, where L-DOPA was the only factor that exerted a positive effect on melanin yield. Besides, the tyrosinase activity was higher in the presence of L-DOPA, considered a substrate required for enzyme activation, this would explain the increased production of melanin in this condition. After establishing the optimal concentrations of the analyzed factors, the melanin synthesis was increased by 640% compared to the previous studies. CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to elucidating the mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis in A. nidulans as well as to determining the optimal composition of the culture medium for greater melanin production that will make it possible to scale the process for a future biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bartolomeu Medeiros
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14800-060 Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Division of Microbial Resources - Research Center for Agriculture, Biology, and Chemical, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Kelly Johana Dussán Medina
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14800-060 Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Pombeiro Sponchiado
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP 14800-060 Brazil
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Wu CC, Li H, Yin ZW, Zhang HT, Gao MJ, Zhu L, Zhan XB. Isolation, purification, and characterization of novel melanin from the submerged fermentation of Rhizobium radiobacter. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Locascio A, Vassalli QA, Castellano I, Palumbo A. Novel Insights on Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Signaling in Ascidian Metamorphosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073505. [PMID: 35408864 PMCID: PMC8999111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal signaling molecule involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. We investigated NOS/NO localization patterns during the different stages of larval development in the ascidia Ciona robusta and evidenced a specific and temporally controlled pattern. NOS/NO expression starts in the most anterior sensory structures of the early larva and progressively moves towards the caudal portion as larval development and metamorphosis proceeds. We here highlight the pattern of NOS/NO expression in the central and peripheral nervous system of Ciona larvae which precisely follows the progression of neural signals of the central pattern generator necessary for the control of the movements of the larva towards the substrate. This highly dynamic localization profile perfectly matches with the central role played by NO from the first phase of settlement induction to the next control of swimming behavior, adhesion to substrate and progressive tissue resorption and reorganization of metamorphosis itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Quirino Attilio Vassalli
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (A.P.)
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6
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Cerenius L, Söderhäll K. Immune properties of invertebrate phenoloxidases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104098. [PMID: 33857469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin production from different types of phenoloxidases (POs) confers immunity from a variety of pathogens ranging from viruses and microorganisms to parasites. The arthropod proPO expresses a variety of activities including cytokine, opsonin and microbiocidal activities independent of and even without melanin production. Proteolytic processing of proPO and its activating enzyme gives rise to several peptide fragments with a variety of separate activities in a process reminiscent of vertebrate complement system activation although proPO bears no sequence similarity to vertebrate complement factors. Pathogens influence proPO activation and thereby what types of immune effects that will be produced. An increasing number of specialised pathogens - from parasites to viruses - have been identified who can synthesise compounds specifically aimed at the proPO-system. In invertebrates outside the arthropods phylogenetically unrelated POs are participating in melanization reactions obviously aimed at intruders and/or aberrant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lage Cerenius
- Department of Organismal Biology,Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology,Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Chen YC, Kendall T, Yip P, Davy A, Sefcik J, Sutter JU. Influence of Ions and pH on the Formation of Solid- and Liquid-like Melanin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25059-25068. [PMID: 33043184 PMCID: PMC7542583 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a natural pigment with broadband absorption and effective ability to dissipate the energy absorbed. The macromolecular structure of melanin shows a delicate balance between short-range ordered and disordered structures without being a random aggregate. The presence of ions or the variation in pH or ionic strength can alter the self-assembly process which subsequently changes the structure of melanin. To understand these relationships, this study investigates the influence of ions and pH in melanin formation. The types of ions present and pH have a profound influence on the formation and structure of melanin particles, while only minor changes are observed in the absorption and excitation-emission analysis. In some conditions, the formation of discernible particles with significant refractive index contrast is avoided while retaining the spectroscopic characteristics of melanin, leading to liquid-like melanin. These findings identify potential pathways which can be used to manipulate the melanin macromolecular structure while providing the desired spectral properties to enable novel bio-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-chieh Chen
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Thomas Kendall
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Philip Yip
- Horiba IBH Ltd., 133 Finnieston Street, Glasgow G3 8HB, Scotland, U.K.
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department
of Physics, The Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K.
| | - Alastair Davy
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department
of Physics, The Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K.
| | - Jan Sefcik
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Jens U. Sutter
- Photophysics Group, Centre for Molecular Nanometrology, Department
of Physics, The Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K.
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8
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Das S, Patel B. Marine resources and animals in modern biotechnology. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Jiang M, Zhao C, Yan R, Li J, Song W, Peng R, Han Q, Jiang X. Continuous Inking Affects the Biological and Biochemical Responses of Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1429. [PMID: 31849695 PMCID: PMC6896823 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several marine mollusks, including cephalopods (cuttlefish, squid, and octopus) and gastropods (e.g., sea hares), can release a colored ink secretion when chased by predators or stimulated. Ink release is part of a defensive response, but the threshold for the biochemical responses caused by stimulation is unknown. The present study aimed to reveal antipredator responses of cuttlefish, such as escaping via inking and/or jetting, and to investigate its biological and biochemical responses to continuous ink release. Results showed that the behavioral responses to continuous ink release mainly manifested as blazing body pattern changes. Cuttlefish escaped from predators covered by jetting/inking and warned the potential threats by displaying a unique body pattern. Moreover, persistent inking in the presence of an overt stimulus caused uncontrollable ink release from the ink duct/anal canal (loss of control). This study first verified the characteristics of the cuttlefish ink solution, prepared a standard curve of ink solution concentrations, and fitted the relationship function between the release frequency and the released ink weight. Biological statistics indicated that cuttlefish has the ability to continuously release ink (releasing ∼90% of the ink from the ink sac) and that the individuals adapted well during the recovery period. However, re-releasing ink would result in "overexploitation" and high mortality. Hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased or remained stable in different tissues after releasing ink. The expression of heat shock protein 90 and arginine kinase (AK) were upregulated by stimuli in all tissues. Biochemical changes indicated that continuous inking not only consumed considerable energy but also damaged the tissues. In summary, cuttlefish released almost 90% of their ink for active defense against predators, and it took ∼30 days for the ink sac to be refilled, but "overexploitation" resulted in serious physiological damage. These findings will be helpful to further study the defense and ink release mechanisms and to consider animal health and welfare when using cephalopods as experimental animals and for aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiamin Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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10
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Ikeda M, Ishima Y, Kinoshita R, Chuang VTG, Tasaka N, Matsuo N, Watanabe H, Shimizu T, Ishida T, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. A novel S-sulfhydrated human serum albumin preparation suppresses melanin synthesis. Redox Biol 2017; 14:354-360. [PMID: 29040960 PMCID: PMC5975211 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Products of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) stimulate melanin synthesis. Reactive sulfur species (RSS) have been shown to have strong ROS and NO scavenging effects. However, the instability and low retention of RSS limit their use as inhibitors of melanin synthesis. The free thiol at Cys34 on human serum albumin (HSA) is highly stable, has a long retention and possess a high reactivity for RSS. We report herein on the development of an HSA based RSS delivery system. Sulfane sulfur derivatives released from sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn) react readily with HSA. An assay for estimating the elimination of sulfide from polysulfide showed that almost all of the sulfur released from Na2Sn bound to HSA. The Na2Sn-treated HSA was found to efficiently scavenge ROS and NO produced from chemical reagents. The Na2Sn-treated HSA was also found to inhibit melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells and this inhibition was independent of the number of added sulfur atoms. In B16 melanoma cells, the Na2Sn-treated HSA also inhibited the levels of ROS and NO induced by UV radiation. Finally, the Na2Sn-treated HSA inhibited melanin synthesis from L-DOPA and mushroom tyrosinase and suppressed the extent of aggregation of melanin pigments. These data suggest that Na2Sn-treated HSA inhibits tyrosinase activity for melanin synthesis via two pathways; by directly inhibiting ROS signaling and by scavenging NO. These findings indicate that Na2Sn-treated HSA has potential to be an attractive and effective candidate for use as a skin whitening agent. We developed of an Reactive sulfur species delivery system based on human serum albumin. The novel polysulfides-added albumin could inhibit melanin synthesis in melanocyte. The polysulfides-added albumin also inhibited the levels of ROS and NO induced by UV radiation. The polysulfides-added albumin has the potential to be an attractive candidate for a whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Ryo Kinoshita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Victor T G Chuang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia
| | - Nanami Tasaka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Nana Matsuo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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11
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d'Ischia M, Wakamatsu K, Cicoira F, Di Mauro E, Garcia-Borron JC, Commo S, Galván I, Ghanem G, Kenzo K, Meredith P, Pezzella A, Santato C, Sarna T, Simon JD, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Napolitano A, Ito S. Melanins and melanogenesis: from pigment cells to human health and technological applications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:520-44. [PMID: 26176788 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, melanins and melanogenesis have attracted growing interest for a broad range of biomedical and technological applications. The burst of polydopamine-based multifunctional coatings in materials science is just one example, and the list may be expanded to include melanin thin films for organic electronics and bioelectronics, drug delivery systems, functional nanoparticles and biointerfaces, sunscreens, environmental remediation devices. Despite considerable advances, applied research on melanins and melanogenesis is still far from being mature. A closer intersectoral interaction between research centers is essential to raise the interests and increase the awareness of the biomedical, biomaterials science and hi-tech sectors of the manifold opportunities offered by pigment cells and related metabolic pathways. Starting from a survey of biological roles and functions, the present review aims at providing an interdisciplinary perspective of melanin pigments and related pathway with a view to showing how it is possible to translate current knowledge about physical and chemical properties and control mechanisms into new bioinspired solutions for biomedical, dermocosmetic, and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stephane Commo
- L'Oréal Recherche & Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- LOCE, Institut J. Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koike Kenzo
- Development Research - Hair Care Products, KAO Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Santato
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - John D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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12
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Williams ST. Molluscan shell colour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1039-1058. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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De Groef L, Dekeyster E, Geeraerts E, Lefevere E, Stalmans I, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L. Differential visual system organization and susceptibility to experimental models of optic neuropathies in three commonly used mouse strains. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:235-247. [PMID: 26791081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mouse disease models have proven indispensable in glaucoma research, yet the complexity of the vast number of models and mouse strains has also led to confusing findings. In this study, we evaluated baseline intraocular pressure, retinal histology, and retinofugal projections in three mouse strains commonly used in glaucoma research, i.e. C57Bl/6, C57Bl/6-Tyr(c), and CD-1 mice. We found that the mouse strains under study do not only display moderate variations in their intraocular pressure, retinal architecture, and retinal ganglion cell density, also the retinofugal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus revealed striking differences, potentially underlying diverging optokinetic tracking responses and visual acuity. Next, we reviewed the success rate of three models of (glaucomatous) optic neuropathies (intravitreal N-methyl-d-aspartic acid injection, optic nerve crush, and laser photocoagulation-induced ocular hypertension), looking for differences in disease susceptibility between these mouse strains. Different genetic backgrounds and albinism led to differential susceptibility to experimentally induced retinal ganglion cell death among these three mouse strains. Overall, CD-1 mice appeared to have the highest sensitivity to retinal ganglion cell damage, while the C57Bl/6 background was more resistant in the three models used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Dekeyster
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Geeraerts
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lefevere
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Possible nitric oxide modulation in the protective effects of rutin against experimental head trauma-induced cognitive deficits: behavioral, biochemical, and molecular correlates. J Surg Res 2014; 188:268-79. [PMID: 24484907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic head injury is turning out to be a major cause of disability and death. Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular messenger plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of several neurologic disorders. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of rutin, a well-known flavonoid against cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation associated with traumatic head injury and the probable role of NO pathway in this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to head trauma using weight drop method and kept for a postsurgical rehabilitation period of 2 wk. Later, animals were administered with rutin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg; per oral) alone and in combination with NO modulators such as N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and L-arginine, daily for another 2 wk. RESULTS Head injury caused impaired spatial navigation in Morris water maze test and poor retention in elevated plus maze task. Furthermore, there was a significant rise in acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation (tumor necrosis factor α), and neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3) in both cortex and hippocampal regions of traumatized rat brain. Rutin significantly attenuated these behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations associated with head trauma. Furthermore, pretreatment of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, with subeffective dose of rutin (40 mg/kg) potentiated the protective effects; however, pretreatment of L-arginine (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), an NO donor, reversed the effects of rutin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that NO modulation could possibly be involved in the neuroprotective effects of rutin against head trauma-induced cognitive deficits, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic signaling cascade.
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15
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Das S. Biotechnological Exploitation of Marine Animals. Anim Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Ito E, Matsuo R, Okada R. Involvement of nitric oxide in memory formation in microbrains. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:1-3. [PMID: 23473717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ito
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
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17
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SONG WEIWEI, MU CHANGKAO, CHU SHAO, ZHANG YUYU, ZHAN PINGPING, WANG CHUNLIN. Expression screening and annotation of Sepiella maindroni ink sac cDNA library. J Genet 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-012-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Protein nitration as footprint of oxidative stress-related nitric oxide signaling pathways in developing Ciona intestinalis. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:18-24. [PMID: 22498777 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental processes in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis depend on a complex interplay of events including, during metamorphosis, a caspase-dependent apoptosis which is regulated by the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway. Herein we disclose an alternate NO-mediated signaling pathway during Ciona development which appears to be critically dependent on local redox control. Evidence in support of this conclusion includes: (a) inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) and scavengers of NO-derived nitrating agents markedly decrease the rate of Ciona metamorphosis; (b) an NO donor or peroxynitrite caused an opposite effect; (c) increased protein nitration is observed at larva stage. Integrated proteomic and immunochemical methodologies identified nitrated tyrosine residues in ERK and snail. Overall, these results point to protein nitration as a hitherto overlooked NO-dependent regulatory mechanism in Ciona which is specifically triggered by elevated ROS production during developmental processes.
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Mattiello T, Costantini M, Di Matteo B, Livigni S, Andouche A, Bonnaud L, Palumbo A. The dynamic nitric oxide pattern in developing cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:390-402. [PMID: 22275228 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is implied in many important biological processes in all metazoans from porifera to chordates. In the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis NO plays a key role in the defense system and neurotransmission. RESULTS Here, we detected for the first time NO, NO synthase (NOS) and transcript levels during the development of S. officinalis. The spatial pattern of NO and NOS is very dynamic, it begins during organogenesis in ganglia and epithelial tissues, as well as in sensory cells. At later stages, NO and NOS appear in organs and/or structures, including Hoyle organ, gills and suckers. Temporal expression of NOS, followed by real-time PCR, changes during development reaching the maximum level of expression at stage 26. CONCLUSIONS Overall these data suggest the involvement of NO during cuttlefish development in different fundamental processes, such as differentiation of neural and nonneural structures, ciliary beating, sensory cell maintaining, and organ functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mattiello
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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20
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Mattiello T, Fiore G, Brown ER, d'Ischia M, Palumbo A. Nitric oxide mediates the glutamate-dependent pathway for neurotransmission in Sepia officinalis chromatophore organs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24154-63. [PMID: 20516065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatophore organs are complex and unique structures responsible for the variety of body coloration patterns used by cephalopods to communicate and camouflage. They are formed by a pigment-containing cytoelastic sacculus, surrounded by muscle fibers directly innervated from the brain. Muscle contraction and relaxation are responsible for expansion and retraction of the pigment-containing cell. Their functioning depends on glutamate and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH(2)-related peptides, which induce fast and slow cell expansion, respectively, and 5-hydroxytryptamine, which induces retraction. Apart from these three substances and acetylcholine, which acts presynaptically, no other neuroactive compounds have so far been found to be involved in the neuroregulation of chromatophore physiology, and the detailed signaling mechanisms are still little understood. Herein, we disclose the role of nitric oxide (NO) as mediator in one of the signaling pathways by which glutamate activates body patterning. NO and nitric-oxide synthase have been detected in pigment and muscle fibers of embryo, juvenile, and adult chromatophore organs from Sepia officinalis. NO-mediated Sepia chromatophore expansion operates at slower rate than glutamate and involves cGMP, cyclic ADP-ribose, and ryanodine receptor activation. These results demonstrate for the first time that NO is an important messenger in the long term maintenance of the body coloration patterns in Sepia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mattiello
- Laboratories of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
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21
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Alves-Silva J, Ribeiro JMC, Van Den Abbeele J, Attardo G, Hao Z, Haines LR, Soares MB, Berriman M, Aksoy S, Lehane MJ. An insight into the sialome of Glossina morsitans morsitans. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:213. [PMID: 20353571 PMCID: PMC2853526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood feeding evolved independently in worms, arthropods and mammals. Among the adaptations to this peculiar diet, these animals developed an armament of salivary molecules that disarm their host's anti-bleeding defenses (hemostasis), inflammatory and immune reactions. Recent sialotranscriptome analyses (from the Greek sialo = saliva) of blood feeding insects and ticks have revealed that the saliva contains hundreds of polypeptides, many unique to their genus or family. Adult tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and are important vectors of human and animal diseases. Thus far, only limited information exists regarding the Glossina sialome, or any other fly belonging to the Hippoboscidae. RESULTS As part of the effort to sequence the genome of Glossina morsitans morsitans, several organ specific, high quality normalized cDNA libraries have been constructed, from which over 20,000 ESTs from an adult salivary gland library were sequenced. These ESTs have been assembled using previously described ESTs from the fat body and midgut libraries of the same fly, thus totaling 62,251 ESTs, which have been assembled into 16,743 clusters (8,506 of which had one or more EST from the salivary gland library). Coding sequences were obtained for 2,509 novel proteins, 1,792 of which had at least one EST expressed in the salivary glands. Despite library normalization, 59 transcripts were overrepresented in the salivary library indicating high levels of expression. This work presents a detailed analysis of the salivary protein families identified. Protein expression was confirmed by 2D gel electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry. Concurrently, an initial attempt to determine the immunogenic properties of selected salivary proteins was undertaken. CONCLUSIONS The sialome of G. m. morsitans contains over 250 proteins that are possibly associated with blood feeding. This set includes alleles of previously described gene products, reveals new evidence that several salivary proteins are multigenic and identifies at least seven new polypeptide families unique to Glossina. Most of these proteins have no known function and thus, provide a discovery platform for the identification of novel pharmacologically active compounds, innovative vector-based vaccine targets, and immunological markers of vector exposure.
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22
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Fiore G, Mattiello T, Tedeschi G, Nonnis S, d’Ischia M, Palumbo A. Protein nitration is specifically associated with melanin production and reveals redox imbalance as a new correlate of cell maturation in the ink gland ofSepia officinalis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:857-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zhong JP, Wang G, Shang JH, Pan JQ, Li K, Huang Y, Liu HZ. Protective effects of squid ink extract towards hemopoietic injuries induced by cyclophosphamine. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:9-18. [PMID: 19370167 PMCID: PMC2666885 DOI: 10.3390/md7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the protective effects of squid ink in chemotherapy, BALB/c mice were used as animal models of injuries induced by cyclophosphamine, a well known chemotherapeutic drug. The mice were randomly divided into five groups with the same number of males and females in each group. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed to investigate organ indexes and antioxidant ability of the spleen, peripheral blood profile and quantities of bone marrow nucleated cells. Results showed that the hemopoietic function of mice was injured by cyclophosphamine, as indicated by decreases of contents of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin and bone marrow nucleated cells (P<0.01), while platelets were not affected (P>0.05), as well as modification of organ indexes (P<0.05) and spleen antioxidant ability (P<0.05 or P<0.01), whereas sepia extract markedly increased the levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin and bone marrow nucleated cells (P<0.01), but not platelets (P>0.05), and reversed the effects of cyclophosphamine on organ indexes and antioxidant ability of spleen (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In addition, squid ink extract did not change marrow hemopoiesis but improved the antioxidant ability of spleen in the animals. The data suggest that squid ink extract can protect the hemopoietic system from chemotherapeutic injury and could be employed to develop cell-protective drugs for use in clinical treatment of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Zhong
- Modern Biochemistry Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
| | - Guang Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
| | - Jiang-Hua Shang
- Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Qiu Pan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
| | - Kun Li
- Modern Biochemistry Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
| | - Yan Huang
- Modern Biochemistry Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
| | - Hua-Zhong Liu
- Modern Biochemistry Center, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R.China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.:+86-759-2383477; Fax:+86-759-2396039; E-mail:
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Jang JY, Lee JH, Kang BW, Chung KT, Choi YH, Choi BT. Dichloromethane fraction of Cimicifuga heracleifolia decreases the level of melanin synthesis by activating the ERK or AKT signaling pathway in B16F10 cells. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:232-7. [PMID: 18803655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cimicifuga rhizoma has long been used in traditional Korean medicine. In particular, a Cimicifuga heracleifolia extract (CHE) was reported to inhibit the formation of glutamate and the glutamate dehydrogenase activity in cultured rat islet. Glutamate activates melanogenesis by activating tyrosinase. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that a CHE might inhibit the melanogenesis-related signal pathways including the inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-tyrosinase signaling and/or the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-Akt signaling. The results showed that CHE inhibits the cellular melanin contents, tyrosinase activity and expression of melanogenesis-related proteins including MITF, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)s in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16 cells. Moreover, CHE phosphorylates MEK, ERK1/2 and Akt, which are melanogenesis inhibitory proteins. The data suggest that CHE inhibits melanogenesis signaling by both inhibiting the tyrosinase directly and activating the MEK-ERK or Akt signal pathways-mediated suppression of MITF and its downstream signal pathway, including tyrosinase and TRPs. Therefore, C. heracleifolia would be a useful therapeutic agent for treating hyperpigmentation and an effective component in whitening and/or lightening cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Jang
- Department of Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, South Korea
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25
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Matsuo R, Misawa K, Ito E. Genomic structure of nitric oxide synthase in the terrestrial slug is highly conserved. Gene 2008; 415:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Nitric oxide biogenesis, signalling and roles in molluscs: The Sepia officinalis paradigm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Role of nitric oxide in vascular regulation in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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28
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An BJ, Kwak JH, Park JM, Lee JY, Park TS, Lee JT, Son JH, Jo C, Byun MW. Inhibition of Enzyme Activities and the Antiwrinkle Effect of Polyphenol Isolated from the Persimmon Leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on Human Skin. Dermatol Surg 2006; 31:848-54; discussion 854. [PMID: 16029677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have been conducted to find a natural material that has high biologic functions for human skin without any side effects. Persimmon leaf has a substantial amount of tannins in different forms; therefore, it was selected as a target material. OBJECTIVE The biosynthesis rate of the collagen was also investigated to clarify the beneficial functions for the human skin. METHODS Persimmon leaves were obtained, extracted with 80% ethanol, and isolated into PFs I, II, and III after column chromatography using a Sephadex LH-20 column followed by thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS The xanthine oxidase inhibition effect of both PFs II and III was over 40% at a 100 ppm concentration. PF II, containing higher flavonoids levels, had a significantly higher tyrosinase inhibition than that of PF III. Collagenase inhibition was 16.3 and 8.1% for PF III and PF II, respectively, at 100 ppm. On the other hand, elastase inhibition activity was significantly higher in PF II than PF III. Collagen biosynthesis rates of PF III were over 25% from a 1 to 10 ppm concentration. Consequently, PFs isolated from the persimmon leaf can be used as natural materials or additives for human skin owing to their beneficial biologic functions, including the antiwrinkle effect and the inhibition of skin problems, for food or cosmetic compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Jeun An
- Department of Cosmeceutical Sciene, Daegu Haany University, 712-715 Kyungsan, South Korea.
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29
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Scheinker V, Fiore G, Di Cristo C, Di Cosmo A, d'Ischia M, Enikolopov G, Palumbo A. Nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system and ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: molecular cloning and expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1204-15. [PMID: 16259953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling is involved in numerous physiological processes in mollusks, e.g., learning and memory, feeding behavior, neural development, and defence response. We report the first molecular cloning of NOS mRNA from a cephalopod, the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (SoNOS). SoNOS was cloned using a strategy that involves hybridization of degenerate PCR primers to highly conserved NOS regions, combined with RACE procedure. Two splicing variants of SoNOS, differing by 18 nucleotides, were found in the nervous system and the ink gland of Sepia. In situ hybridization shows that SoNOS is expressed in the immature and mature cells of the ink gland and in the regions of the nervous system that are related to the ink defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Scheinker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, P.O. Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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30
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Palumbo A. Nitric oxide in marine invertebrates: a comparative perspective. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:241-8. [PMID: 15979365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the biological effects of nitric oxide (NO) more than two decades ago, NO has been identified as an important physiological modulator and a messenger molecule in mammals. Parallel to these studies, evidence that has accumulated in recent years has revealed that the NO signalling pathway is spread throughout the entire phylogenetic scale, being increasingly found in lower organisms, ranging from Chordata to Mollusca. The present review attempts to provide a survey of current knowledge of the genesis and possible roles of NO and the related signalling pathway in marine invertebrates, with special emphasis on Sepia, a choice dictated by the increasing appreciation of cephalopods as most valuable model systems for studies of NO biology and the present expectation for new exciting insights into as yet little explored segments of NO biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Palumbo
- Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Villa comunale 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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31
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Sarangarajan R, Apte SP. Ocular Melanogenesis: The Role of Antioxidants. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36:303-11. [PMID: 15627830 DOI: 10.1159/000081632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the propensity of a large number of melanogenic pathways that can be modulated by cellular redox status, a causal role of the deficiency of ocular pigments such as melanin in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and evidence that melanin production does occur in the adult eye, it seems not improbable that antioxidants (or agents that modify cellular redox status) may have melanin stimulatory (or inhibitory) effects that are superimposible on their effects as mere free radical scavengers. More empirical studies are needed to investigate this phenomenon so that antioxidant therapy may prove more beneficial to patients with ocular degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangaprasad Sarangarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Mass., USA
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Davidson SK, Koropatnick TA, Kossmehl R, Sycuro L, McFall-Ngai MJ. NO means 'yes' in the squid-vibrio symbiosis: nitric oxide (NO) during the initial stages of a beneficial association. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:1139-51. [PMID: 15527494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During colonization of the Euprymna scolopes light organ, symbiotic Vibrio fischeri cells aggregate in mucus secreted by a superficial ciliated host epithelium near the sites of eventual inoculation. Once aggregated, symbiont cells migrate through ducts into epithelium-lined crypts, where they form a persistent association with the host. In this study, we provide evidence that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its product nitric oxide (NO) are active during the colonization of host tissues by V. fischeri. NADPH-diaphorase staining and immunocytochemistry detected NOS, and the fluorochrome diaminofluorescein (DAF) detected its product NO in high concentrations in the epithelia of the superficial ciliated fields, ducts, and crypt antechambers. In addition, both NOS and NO were detected in vesicles within the secreted mucus where the symbionts aggregate. In the presence of NO scavengers, cells of a non-symbiotic Vibrio species formed unusually large aggregates outside of the light organ, but these bacteria did not colonize host tissues. In contrast, V. fischeri effectively colonized the crypts and irreversibly attenuated the NOS and NO signals in the ducts and crypt antechambers. These data provide evidence that NO production, a defense response of animal cells to bacterial pathogens, plays a role in the interactions between a host and its beneficial bacterial partner during the initiation of symbiotic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seana K Davidson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Di Cosmo A, Paolucci M, Di Cristo C. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Sepia and Octopus. J Comp Neurol 2004; 477:202-19. [PMID: 15300790 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors have been subdivided into N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA/kainate classes. NMDA receptor subunit 2A and 2B immunoreactivity is shown to be present in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS) of the cephalopod molluscs Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. An antibody that recognizes both mammalian NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B subunits equally was used. SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis performed on membrane proteins revealed an immunoreactive band at 170 kDa for both species. Immunoreactive bands from both Octopus and Sepia brains disappeared when the antibody was preabsorbed with membrane proteins from rat hippocampus or from their own brains. The same antibody was then used for immunohistochemical staining of serial sections of the CNS to reveal localized specific staining of cell bodies and fibers in several lobes of the brain. Staining was found in lower motor centers, in some higher motor centers, in learning centers, and in the optic lobes. Immunopositivity was also found in the areas of brain that control the activity of the optic gland, a gonadotropic endocrine gland. These findings suggest that glutamate, via NMDA receptors, may be involved as a signaling molecule in motor, learning, visual, and olfactory systems in the cephalopod brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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Fiore G, Poli A, Di Cosmo A, d'Ischia M, Palumbo A. Dopamine in the ink defence system of Sepia officinalis: biosynthesis, vesicular compartmentation in mature ink gland cells, nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP-induced depletion and fate in secreted ink. Biochem J 2004; 378:785-91. [PMID: 14670074 PMCID: PMC1224026 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, localization and fate of catecholamines in the ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis were investigated by combined biochemical and immunohistocytochemical methodologies. HPLC analysis of crude ink gland extracts indicated the presence of dopa (2.18+/-0.82 nmol/mg of protein) and DA (dopamine, 0.06+/-0.02 nmol/mg of protein), but no detectable noradrenaline or adrenaline. DA was shown to derive from L-tyrosine, according to experiments performed by incubating intact ink glands with [L-14C]tyrosine. The biosynthetic process involves a tyrosine hydroxylase and a dopa decarboxylase pathway and is independent of tyrosinase. The tyrosine hydroxylase activity was detected under conditions of tyrosinase suppression in the cytosolic fraction, but not in the melanosomal fraction, of ink gland extracts, and the presence of the enzyme was confirmed by Western-blot analysis. Dopa and DA were found to be released from the ink glands by processes controlled through the NMDA-nitric oxide-cGMP (where NMDA stands for N -methyl-D-aspartate) signalling pathway, as apparent from incubation experiments performed with [L-14C]tyrosine in the presence of NMDA, diethylamine NONOate (diethylamine diazeniumdiolate), a nitric oxide donor, 8-bromo-cGMP or a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical results coupled with electron microscopy indicated that DA was concentrated in vesicles specifically localized in the mature melanin-producing cells of the ink gland proximal to the lumen and separated from the melanin-containing melanosomes. NMDA receptor stimulation or exposure to an NO donor caused a marked loss of DA immunoreactivity in mature cells, consistent with a release process. In the lumen of the ink gland, where mature exhausted cells pour their contents, DA immunoreactivity was found to be associated with the melanin granules, due apparently to physical adsorption. Overall, these results point to DA as a marker of cell maturation in Sepia ink gland subject to release by the NO/cGMP signalling pathway, and disclose apparently overlooked DA-melanin interactions in secreted ink of possible relevance to the defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Fiore
- Zoological Station Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale I-80121, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Among the various melanin-producing systems, the ink gland of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) has traditionally been regarded as a most convenient model system for the studies of melanogenesis. The ink gland is a highly specialized organ with immature cells in the inner portion, from where the cells gradually mature, migrate towards the outer portion of the gland and become competent to produce melanin giving rise to particulate melanosomes. When cell maturation is complete, melanin is secreted into the lumen of the gland, accumulated into the ink sac and ejected on demand. Biochemical studies carried out over the past two decades have shown that the ink gland contains a variety of melanogenic enzymes, including tyrosinase, a peculiar dopachrome rearranging enzyme (which catalyses the rearrangement of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole) and a peroxidase (presumably involved in the later stages of melanin biosynthesis). These enzymes are functionally interactive in close subcellular compartments of ink gland cells and appear to act in a concerted fashion during the process of melanogenesis in the mature portion of the gland. More recent studies have revealed that ink production and ejection are affected and modulated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic GMP (cGMP) signalling pathway. Glutamate NMDA receptor and NO synthase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NO, have been detected by biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques in immature ink gland cells. Stimulation of NMDA receptors caused a marked elevation of cGMP levels, activation of tyrosinase and increased melanin synthesis in the mature portion of the gland, via the NO-guanylyl cyclase interaction. This signalling is also present in different regions of the nervous system in Sepia and in certain neural pathways controlling contraction of the ink sac sphincters and wall muscle in the ejection mechanism. Overall, these and other findings allowed elaboration of an improved model of melanin formation in Sepia, which underscores the complex interplay of melanogenic enzymes and regulatory factors, highlighting both the similarities and the differences with melanogenesis in mammals.
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Naraoka T, Uchisawa H, Mori H, Matsue H, Chiba S, Kimura A. Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of tyrosinase from the cephalopod mollusk,Illex argentinus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4026-38. [PMID: 14511385 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (monophenol, L-DOPA:oxygen oxidoreductase) was isolated from the ink of the squid, Illex argentinus. Squid tyrosinase, termed ST94, was found to occur as a covalently linked homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 140.2 kDa containing two copper atoms per a subunit. The tyrosinase activity of ST94 was enhanced by proteolysis with trypsin to form a protein, termed ST94t, with a molecular mass of 127.6 kDa. The amino acid sequence of the subunit was deduced from N-terminal amino acid sequencing and cDNA cloning, indicating that the subunit of ST94 is synthesized as a premature protein with 625 amino acid residues and an 18-residue signal sequence region is eliminated to form the mature subunit comprised of 607 amino acid residues with a deduced molecular mass of 68,993 Da. ST94 was revealed to contain two putative copper-binding sites per a subunit, that showed sequence similarities with those of hemocyanins from mollusks, tyrosinases from microorganisms and vertebrates and the hypothetical tyrosinase-related protein of Caenorhabditis elegans. The squid tyrosinase was shown to catalyze the oxidation of monophenols as well as o-diphenols and to exhibit temperature-dependency of o-diphenolase activity like a psychrophilic enzyme.
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Russo GL, De Nisco E, Fiore G, Di Donato P, d'Ischia M, Palumbo A. Toxicity of melanin-free ink of Sepia officinalis to transformed cell lines: identification of the active factor as tyrosinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:293-9. [PMID: 12901867 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The melanin-free ink of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis is shown to contain a heat labile proteinaceous component toxic to a variety of cell lines, including PC12 cells. Gel filtration chromatography indicated that the toxic component was concentrated in those fractions eluted at a molecular weight higher than 100 kDa and exhibiting the highest tyrosinase activity. SDS-PAGE analysis of the active fractions displayed a single major band migrating at an approximate molecular weight of 100 kDa, identical with that of the single tyrosinase band in the melanin-free ink. These data unambiguously demonstrated the identity of the toxic component with tyrosinase. Treatment of purified Sepia as well as of mushroom tyrosinase with an immobilized version of proteinase K resulted in a parallel loss of tyrosinase activity and cytotoxicity. Sepia apotyrosinase was ineffective in inducing cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Purified Sepia tyrosinase was found to induce a significant increase in caspase 3 activity in PC12 cells, leading eventually to an irreversible apoptotic process. Overall, these results disclose a hitherto unrecognized property of tyrosinase that may lead to a reappraisal of its biological significance beyond that of a mere pigment producing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
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Nappi AJ, Vass E. The effects of nitric oxide on the oxidations of l-dopa and dopamine mediated by tyrosinase and peroxidase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11214-22. [PMID: 11136730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009872200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on both tyrosinase/O(2)- and horseradish peroxidase/H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidations of dopamine and its o-dihydric phenol precursor l-dopa were compared with autoxidative processes and quantitatively assessed by oxidative and reductive electrochemical detection systems. In peroxidase/H(2)O(2)/NO-catalyzed reactions, significantly more substrate was oxidized than in the corresponding control incubations lacking NO. In tyrosinase/O(2)/NO-promoted reactions the total amounts of l-dopa and dopamine oxidized were significantly less than the amounts of the substrates oxidized by enzyme alone. These data indicate that the activity of the heme protein peroxidase was enhanced by NO, whereas tyrosinase, a copper-containing monoxygenase, was inhibited. The NO-mediated reduction of tyrosinase/O(2) activity may be attributed to the formation of an inhibitory copper.nitrosyl complex. An oxidized nitrodopamine derivative, considered to be either the quinone or semiquinone of 6-nitrosodopamine, was generated in peroxidase/H(2)O(2)/NO-mediated reactions with dopamine along with two oxidized melanin precursors, dopamine quinone and dopaminechrome. No corresponding nitroso compound was formed in reactions involving l-dopa or in any of the tyrosinase-mediated reactions. The formation of such a noncyclized nitrosodopamine represents an important alternative pathway in catecholamine metabolism, one that by-passes the formation of cytoprotective indole precursors of melanin. The results of this investigation suggest that cellular integrity and function can be adversely affected by NO-promoted oxidations of dopamine and other catechols, reactions that not only accelerate their conversion to reactive quinones but also form potentially cytotoxic noncyclized nitroso derivatives. Reduced levels of dopamine in the brain through NO-enhanced oxidation of the catecholamine will almost certainly be manifested by diminished levels of the dopamine-derived brain pigment neuromelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nappi
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60626, USA.
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Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds and Nucleic Acid Bases. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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