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Xia F, Liu Y, Wei L, Shao S, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang Q. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids sensor controlling the type III/VI secretion system is essential for Edwardsiella piscicida infection. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127770. [PMID: 38788352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida is an acute marine pathogen that causes severe damage to the aquaculture industry worldwide. The pathogenesis of E. piscicida is dependent mainly on the type III secretion system (T3SS) and type VI secretion system (T6SS), both of which are critically regulated by EsrB and EsrC. In this study, we revealed that fatty acids influence T3SS expression. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), but not saturated fatty acids (SFAs), directly interact with EsrC, which abolishes the function of EsrC and results in the turn-off of T3/T6SS. Moreover, during the in vivo colonization of E. piscicida, host fatty acids were observed to be transported into E. piscicida through FadL and to modulate the expression of T3/T6SS. Furthermore, the esrCR38G mutant blocked the interaction between EsrC and UFAs, leading to dramatic growth defects in DMEM and impaired colonization in HeLa cells and zebrafish. In conclusion, this study revealed that the interaction between UFAs and EsrC to turn off T3/T6SS expression is essential for E. piscicida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lifan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Haosi Marine Biotechnology Co., Ltd, China.
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Mathivanan K, Ameen F, Zhang R, Rakesh E. Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in the statistical evaluation of biodiesel production from the neutral lipids of the Coelastrella-Nannochloropsis consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117829. [PMID: 38052355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The paramount challenge in economically workable microalgal biodiesel production is the selection of a competent catalyst to improve the fatty acid methyl ester yield with desirable fatty acid composition. Though countless researchers have explored different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts to improve the transesterification efficacy, achieving greater biodiesel production from the neutral lipids of the microalgal consortium using a statistical tool, response surface methodology is scarce. Thus, the present study applied Response surface methodology to statistically analyze the biodiesel production from the neutral lipids of the indigenous Coelastrella-Nannochloropsis consortium (CNC) on the way to commercial feasibility. Onset of the study, the neutral lipids and acid value of the CNC were determined to be 18.74% and 2.73%, respectively. The transesterification of the neutral lipids of CNC was optimized through the coded factors in the RSM for various reaction parameters as combined influence viz., (i) Catalyst dose: methanol volume, (ii) Catalyst dose: reaction time; (iii) Catalyst dose: reaction temperature, (iv) Time: temperature, (v) time: methanol volume, (vi) temperature: methanol volume. Based on the ANOVA, coefficient determination, 2% KOH, 2 h time, 70 °C temperature, and 9 mL methanol volume were ascertained to be optimal values to accomplish 92% biodiesel production. Further, the biodiesel has desirable palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, with palmitic acid as the prevalent fatty acid contributing 16-18%. In addition, the tested fuel properties of CNC biodiesel satisfy international biodiesel standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Mathivanan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Biofouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Biofouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Eerla Rakesh
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Hanumakonda, 506009, Telangana, India
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3
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Abstract
In order for successful fecal-oral transmission, enteric bacterial pathogens have to successfully compete with the intestinal microbiota and reach high concentrations during infection. Vibrio cholerae requires cholera toxin (CT) to cause diarrheal disease, which is thought to promote the fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Besides inducing diarrheal disease, the catalytic activity of CT also alters host intestinal metabolism, which promotes the growth of V. cholerae during infection through the acquisition of host-derived nutrients. Furthermore, recent studies have found that CT-induced disease activates a niche-specific suite of V. cholerae genes during infection, some of which may be important for fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen. Our group is currently exploring the concept that CT-induced disease promotes the fecal-oral transmission of V. cholerae by modulating both host and pathogen metabolism. Furthermore, the role of the intestinal microbiota in pathogen growth and transmission during toxin-induced disease merits further investigation. These studies open the door to investigating whether other bacterial toxins also enhance pathogen growth and transmission during infection, which may shed light on the design of novel therapeutics for intervention or prevention of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. L. Chapman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Kapinos
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Pérez J, Contreras-Moreno FJ, Muñoz-Dorado J, Moraleda-Muñoz A. Development versus predation: Transcriptomic changes during the lifecycle of Myxococcus xanthus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004476. [PMID: 36225384 PMCID: PMC9548883 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxococcus xanthus is a multicellular bacterium with a complex lifecycle. It is a soil-dwelling predator that preys on a wide variety of microorganisms by using a group and collaborative epibiotic strategy. In the absence of nutrients this myxobacterium enters in a unique developmental program by using sophisticated and complex regulatory systems where more than 1,400 genes are transcriptional regulated to guide the community to aggregate into macroscopic fruiting bodies filled of environmentally resistant myxospores. Herein, we analyze the predatosome of M. xanthus, that is, the transcriptomic changes that the predator undergoes when encounters a prey. This study has been carried out using as a prey Sinorhizobium meliloti, a nitrogen fixing bacteria very important for the fertility of soils. The transcriptional changes include upregulation of genes that help the cells to detect, kill, lyse, and consume the prey, but also downregulation of genes not required for the predatory process. Our results have shown that, as expected, many genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes and enzymes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites increase their expression levels. Moreover, it has been found that the predator modifies its lipid composition and overproduces siderophores to take up iron. Comparison with developmental transcriptome reveals that M. xanthus downregulates the expression of a significant number of genes coding for regulatory elements, many of which have been demonstrated to be key elements during development. This study shows for the first time a global view of the M. xanthus lifecycle from a transcriptome perspective.
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Wang S, Ren H, Zhong H, Zhao X, Li C, Ma J, Gu X, Xue Y, Huang S, Yang J, Chen L, Chen G, Qu S, Liang J, Qin L, Huang Q, Peng Y, Li Q, Wang X, Zou Y, Shi Z, Li X, Li T, Yang H, Lai S, Xu G, Li J, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Wang W. Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2003176. [PMID: 34923903 PMCID: PMC8726654 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-fasting lipidemia (nFL), mainly contributed by postprandial lipidemia (PL), has recently been recognized as an important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as fasting lipidemia (FL). PL serves as a common feature of dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), albeit effective therapies targeting on PL were limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the therapy combining probiotics (Prob) and berberine (BBR), a proven antidiabetic and hypolipidemic regimen via altering gut microbiome, could effectively reduce PL in T2D and to explore the underlying mechanism. Blood PL (120 min after taking 100 g standard carbohydrate meal) was examined in 365 participants with T2D from the Probiotics and BBR on the Efficacy and Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (PREMOTE study), a random, placebo-controlled, and multicenter clinical trial. Prob+BBR was superior to BBR or Prob alone in improving postprandial total cholesterol (pTC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pLDLc) levels with decrement of multiple species of postprandial lipidomic metabolites after 3 months follow-up. This effect was linked to the changes of fecal Bifidobacterium breve level responding to BBR alone or Prob+BBR treatment. Four fadD genes encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase were identified in the genome of this B. breve strain, and transcriptionally activated by BBR. In vitro BBR treatment further decreased the concentration of FFA in the culture medium of B. breve compared to vehicle. Thus, the activation of fadD by BBR could enhance FFA import and mobilization in B. breve and diliminish the intraluminal lipids for absorption to mediate the effect of Prob+BBR on PL. Our study confirmed that BBR and Prob (B. breve) could exert a synergistic hypolipidemic effect on PL, acting as a gut lipid sink to achieve better lipidemia and CVD risk control in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahui Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Xinjie Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Changkun Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Qin
- Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongde Peng
- Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | | | | | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guowang Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Junhua Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,CONTACT Junhua Li BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yifei Zhang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yanyun Gu Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Weiqing Wang, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lu H, Aida H, Kurokawa M, Chen F, Xia Y, Xu J, Li K, Ying BW, Yomo T. Primordial mimicry induces morphological change in Escherichia coli. Commun Biol 2022; 5:24. [PMID: 35017623 PMCID: PMC8752768 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of primitive cells has been the subject of extensive research. A spherical form was commonly presumed in prebiotic studies but lacked experimental evidence in living cells. Whether and how the shape of living cells changed are unclear. Here we exposed the rod-shaped bacterium Escherichia coli to a resource utilization regime mimicking a primordial environment. Oleate was given as an easy-to-use model prebiotic nutrient, as fatty acid vesicles were likely present on the prebiotic Earth and might have been used as an energy resource. Six evolutionary lineages were generated under glucose-free but oleic acid vesicle (OAV)-rich conditions. Intriguingly, fitness increase was commonly associated with the morphological change from rod to sphere and the decreases in both the size and the area-to-volume ratio of the cell. The changed cell shape was conserved in either OAVs or glucose, regardless of the trade-offs in carbon utilization and protein abundance. Highly differentiated mutations present in the genome revealed two distinct strategies of adaption to OAV-rich conditions, i.e., either directly targeting the cell wall or not. The change in cell morphology of Escherichia coli for adapting to fatty acid availability supports the assumption of the primitive spherical form. Lu et al. investigate the evolution of the shape of living cells by generating six experimental lineages of the rod-shaped E. coli under glucose-free conditions in the presence of oleic acid mimicking a primordial environment. The authors show that the morphological changes from rod to sphere accompanied fitness increases and adaptation amongst fatty acid availability supports the assumption of a primitive spherical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Honoka Aida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Masaomi Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Software Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yang Xia
- Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Bei-Wen Ying
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
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Chang C, Liu B, Bao Y, Tao Y, Liu W. Efficient bioconversion of raspberry ketone in Escherichia coli using fatty acids feedstocks. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:68. [PMID: 33706766 PMCID: PMC7953670 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phenylpropanoid including raspberry ketone, is a kind of important natural plant product and widely used in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, cosmetics, and healthcare products. Bioproduction of phenylpropanoid in Escherichia coli and other microbial cell factories is an attractive approach considering the low phenylpropanoid contents in plants. However, it is usually difficult to produce high titer phenylpropanoid production when fermentation using glucose as carbon source. Developing novel bioprocess using alternative sources might provide a solution to this problem. In this study, typical phenylpropanoid raspberry ketone was used as the target product to develop a biosynthesis pathway for phenylpropanoid production from fatty acids, a promising alternative low-cost feedstock. Results A raspberry ketone biosynthesis module was developed and optimized by introducing 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone reductase (RZS) in Escherichia coli strains CR1–CR4. Then strain CR5 was developed by introducing raspberry ketone biosynthesis module into a fatty acids-utilization chassis FA09 to achieve production of raspberry ketone from fatty acids feedstock. However, the production of raspberry ketone was still limited by the low biomass and unable to substantiate whole-cell bioconversion process. Thus, a process by coordinately using fatty-acids and glycerol was developed. In addition, we systematically screened and optimized fatty acids-response promoters. The optimized promoter Pfrd3 was then successfully used for the efficient expression of key enzymes of raspberry ketone biosynthesis module during bioconversion from fatty acids. The final engineered strain CR8 could efficiently produce raspberry ketone repeatedly using bioconversion from fatty acids feedstock strategy, and was able to produce raspberry ketone to a concentration of 180.94 mg/L from soybean oil in a 1-L fermentation process. Conclusion Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains were successfully developed for raspberry ketone production from fatty acids using several strategies, including optimization of bioconversion process and fine-tuning key enzyme expression. This study provides an essential reference to establish the low-cost biological manufacture of phenylpropanoids compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01551-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yihong Bao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China. .,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, NO. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, NO. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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8
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Wang P, Li RQ, Wang L, Yang WT, Zou QH, Xiao D. Proteomic Analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates to Identify Drug Resistant Mechanism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625430. [PMID: 33718272 PMCID: PMC7943614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections. Increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii cases have been reported in recent years, but its antibiotic resistance mechanism remains unclear. We studied 9 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 10 drug-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates using Label free, TMT labeling approach and glycoproteomics analysis to identify proteins related to drug resistance. Our results showed that 164 proteins exhibited different expressions between MDR and drug-susceptible isolates. These differential proteins can be classified into six groups: a. proteins related to antibiotic resistance, b. membrane proteins, membrane transporters and proteins related to membrane formation, c. Stress response-related proteins, d. proteins related to gene expression and protein translation, e. metabolism-related proteins, f. proteins with unknown function or other functions containing biofilm formation and virulence. In addition, we verified seven proteins at the transcription level in eight clinical isolates by using quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that four of the selected proteins have positive correlations with the protein level. This study provided an insight into the mechanism of antibiotic resistance of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Qing Li
- Institute for Control of Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Di Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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9
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Molecular Cloning, Purification and Characterization of Mce1R of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:200-220. [PMID: 33423211 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mce1 operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, important for lipid metabolism/transport, host cell invasion, modulation of host immune response and pathogenicity, is under the transcriptional control of Mce1R. Hence characterizing Mce1R is an important step for novel anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. The present study reports functional and in silico characterization of Mce1R. In this work, we have computationally modeled the structure of Mce1R and have validated the structure by computational and experimental methods. Mce1R has been shown to harbor the canonical VanR-like structure with a flexible N-terminal 'arm', carrying conserved positively charged residues, most likely involved in the operator DNA binding. The mce1R gene has been cloned, expressed, purified and its DNA-binding activity has been measured in vitro. The Kd value for Mce1R-operator DNA interaction has been determined to be 0.35 ± 0.02 µM which implies that Mce1R binds to DNA with moderate affinity compared to the other FCD family of regulators. So far, this is the first report for measuring the DNA-binding affinity of any VanR-type protein. Despite significant sequence similarity at the N-terminal domain, the wHTH motif of Mce1R exhibits poor conservancy of amino acid residues, critical for DNA-binding, thus results in moderate DNA-binding affinity. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain is structurally dynamic while the C-terminal domain showed significant stability and such profile of structural dynamics is most likely to be preserved in the structural orthologs of Mce1R. In addition to this, a cavity has been detected in the C-terminal domain of Mce1R which contains a few conserved residues. Comparison with other FCD family of regulators suggests that most of the conserved residues might be critical for binding to specific ligand. The max pKd value and drug score for the cavity are estimated to be 9.04 and 109 respectively suggesting that the cavity represents a suitable target site for novel anti-tuberculosis drug discovery approaches.
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10
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Campbell MA, Grice K, Visscher PT, Morris T, Wong HL, White RA, Burns BP, Coolen MJL. Functional Gene Expression in Shark Bay Hypersaline Microbial Mats: Adaptive Responses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:560336. [PMID: 33312167 PMCID: PMC7702295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.560336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial mat communities possess extensive taxonomic and functional diversity, which drive high metabolic rates and rapid cycling of major elements. Modern microbial mats occurring in hypersaline environments are considered as analogs to extinct geobiological formations dating back to ∼ 3.5 Gyr ago. Despite efforts to understand the diversity and metabolic potential of hypersaline microbial mats in Shark Bay, Western Australia, there has yet to be molecular analyses at the transcriptional level in these microbial communities. In this study, we generated metatranscriptomes for the first time from actively growing mats comparing the type of mat, as well as the influence of diel and seasonal cycles. We observed that the overall gene transcription is strongly influenced by microbial community structure and seasonality. The most transcribed genes were associated with tackling the low nutrient conditions by the uptake of fatty acids, phosphorus, iron, and nickel from the environment as well as with protective mechanisms against elevated salinity conditions and to prevent build-up of ammonium produced by nitrate reducing microorganisms. A range of pathways involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles were identified in mat metatranscriptomes, with anoxygenic photosynthesis and chemoautotrophy using the Arnon–Buchanan cycle inferred as major pathways involved in the carbon cycle. Furthermore, enrichment of active anaerobic pathways (e.g., sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, Wood–Ljungdahl) in smooth mats corroborates previous metagenomic studies and further advocates the potential of these communities as modern analogs of ancient microbialites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Campbell
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pieter T Visscher
- Departments of Marine Sciences and Geoscience, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Therese Morris
- Applied Geology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hon Lun Wong
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Allen White
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,RAW Molecular Systems (RMS) LLC, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Brendan P Burns
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco J L Coolen
- WA-Organic Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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11
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Melander RJ, Basak AK, Melander C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of bacterial antibiofilm agents. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1454-1477. [PMID: 32608431 PMCID: PMC7677205 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been a rich source of diverse chemical matter with numerous biological activities, and have played an important role in drug discovery in many areas including infectious disease. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry have been, and continue to be, important tools to realize the potential of natural products as therapeutics and as chemical probes. The formation of biofilms by bacteria in an infection setting is a significant factor in the recalcitrance of many bacterial infections, conferring increased tolerance to many antibiotics and to the host immune response, and as yet there are no approved therapeutics for combatting biofilm-based bacterial infections. Small molecules that interfere with the ability of bacteria to form and maintain biofilms can overcome antibiotic tolerance conferred by the biofilm phenotype, and have the potential to form combination therapies with conventional antibiotics. Many natural products with anti-biofilm activity have been identified from plants, microbes, and marine life, including: elligic acid glycosides, hamamelitannin, carolacton, skyllamycins, promysalin, phenazines, bromoageliferin, flustramine C, meridianin D, and brominated furanones. Total synthesis and medicinal chemistry programs have facilitated structure confirmation, identification of critical structural motifs, better understanding of mechanistic pathways, and the development of more potent, more accessible, or more pharmacologically favorable derivatives of anti-biofilm natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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12
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Trautmann A, Schleicher L, Deusch S, Gätgens J, Steuber J, Seifert J. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Metabolic Pathways and Membrane Lipids in Prevotella bryantii B 14. Proteomes 2020; 8:28. [PMID: 33081314 PMCID: PMC7709123 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are bacterial products that are known to be used as energy sources in eukaryotic hosts, whereas their role in the metabolism of intestinal microbes is rarely explored. In the present study, acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acid, respectively, were added to a newly defined medium containing Prevotella bryantii B14 cells. After 8 h and 24 h, optical density, pH and SCFA concentrations were measured. Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) profiles of the bacterial cells were analyzed via gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-ToF MS) and proteins were quantified using a mass spectrometry-based, label-free approach. Cultures supplemented with single SCFAs revealed different growth behavior. Structural features of the respective SCFAs were identified in the LCFA profiles, which suggests incorporation into the bacterial membranes. The proteomes of cultures supplemented with acetic and valeric acid differed by an increased abundance of outer membrane proteins. The proteome of the isovaleric acid supplementation showed an increase of proteins in the amino acid metabolism. Our findings indicate a possible interaction between SCFAs, the lipid membrane composition, the abundance of outer membrane proteins, and a modulation of branched chain amino acid biosynthesis by isovaleric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Trautmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (A.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Lena Schleicher
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Simon Deusch
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (A.T.); (S.D.)
| | - Jochem Gätgens
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (A.T.); (S.D.)
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13
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Ellermann M, Pacheco AR, Jimenez AG, Russell RM, Cuesta S, Kumar A, Zhu W, Vale G, Martin SA, Raj P, McDonald JG, Winter SE, Sperandio V. Endocannabinoids Inhibit the Induction of Virulence in Enteric Pathogens. Cell 2020; 183:650-665.e15. [PMID: 33031742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are host-derived lipid hormones that fundamentally impact gastrointestinal (GI) biology. The use of cannabis and other exocannabinoids as anecdotal treatments for various GI disorders inspired the search for mechanisms by which these compounds mediate their effects, which led to the discovery of the mammalian endocannabinoid system. Dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling was linked to inflammation and the gut microbiota. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on host susceptibility to infection has not been explored. Here, we show that mice with elevated levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are protected from enteric infection by Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. 2-AG directly modulates pathogen function by inhibiting virulence programs essential for successful infection. Furthermore, 2-AG antagonizes the bacterial receptor QseC, a histidine kinase encoded within the core Enterobacteriaceae genome that promotes the activation of pathogen-associated type three secretion systems. Taken together, our findings establish that endocannabinoids are directly sensed by bacteria and can modulate bacterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellermann
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alline R Pacheco
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Angel G Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Regan M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gonçalo Vale
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Microbiome Research Lab, Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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14
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Cilia G, Fratini F, Tafi E, Turchi B, Mancini S, Sagona S, Nanetti A, Cerri D, Felicioli A. Microbial Profile of the Ventriculum of Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, 1806) Fed with Veterinary Drugs, Dietary Supplements and Non-Protein Amino Acids. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E76. [PMID: 32517254 PMCID: PMC7357006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of veterinary drugs, dietary supplements and non-protein amino acids on the European honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, 1806) ventriculum microbial profile were investigated. Total viable aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., aerobic bacterial endospores and Enterococcus spp. were determined using a culture-based method. Two veterinary drugs (Varromed® and Api-Bioxal®), two commercial dietary supplements (ApiHerb® and ApiGo®) and two non-protein amino acids (GABA and beta-alanine) were administered for one week to honey bee foragers reared in laboratory cages. After one week, E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. were significantly affected by the veterinary drugs (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dietary supplements and non-protein amino acids induced significant changes in Staphylococcus spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results of this investigation showed that the administration of the veterinary drugs, dietary supplements and non-protein amino acids tested, affected the ventriculum microbiological profile of Apis mellifera ligustica.GABA; beta-alanine; oxalic acid; diet effect; microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Tafi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Simona Sagona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Nanetti
- CREA Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.F.); (E.T.); (B.T.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (A.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Cholera toxin promotes pathogen acquisition of host-derived nutrients. Nature 2019; 572:244-248. [PMID: 31367037 PMCID: PMC6727848 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a
potentially lethal enteric bacterial infection1. Cholera toxin (CT) is required for
V. cholerae to cause severe disease and is also thought to
promote transmission of the organism in that victims can shed many liters of
diarrheal fluid that typically contains in excess of 1011 organisms
per liter. How the pathogen is able to reach such high concentrations in the
intestine during infection remains poorly understood. Here we show that
CT-mediated disease enhances pathogen growth and induces a distinct V.
cholerae transcriptome signature that is indicative an
iron-depleted gut niche. During infection, bacterial pathogens need to acquire
iron, a nutrient essential for growth2. The majority of iron in the mammalian host resides in a
chelated form within the porphyrin structure of heme, and V.
cholerae genetically encodes the ability to utilize heme as a
source of iron3. We show that
V. cholerae heme and vibriobactin
utilization genes confer a growth advantage to the pathogen only when CT is
produced. Furthermore, CT-induced capillary congestion pathology in the terminal
ileum correlated with an increased bioavailability of luminal heme. CT-induced
disease in the ileum also led to increased luminal concentrations of long-chain
fatty acids (LCFAs) and L-lactate metabolites, as well as upregulation of
V. cholerae iron-sulfur cluster-containing TCA cycle enzyme
genes. Genetic analysis of V. cholerae suggested that heme and
LCFA uptake-dependent growth of V. cholerae occurs during
infection but only in a strain capable of producing CT in vivo.
We conclude that CT-induced disease creates an iron-depleted metabolic niche in
the gut that selectively promotes the explosive growth of this pathogen through
acquisition of host-derived heme and fatty acids as nutrients.
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16
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Multi-level engineering of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-based Escherichia coli biocatalysts for the production of C9 chemicals from oleic acid. Metab Eng 2019; 54:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Shin J, Yu J, Park M, Kim C, Kim H, Park Y, Ban C, Seydametova E, Song YH, Shin CS, Chung KH, Woo JM, Chung H, Park JB, Kweon DH. Endocytosing Escherichia coli as a Whole-Cell Biocatalyst of Fatty Acids. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1055-1066. [PMID: 31018087 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Whole cell biocatalysts can be used to convert fatty acids into various value-added products. However, fatty acid transport across cellular membranes into the cytosol of microbial cells limits substrate availability and impairs membrane integrity, which in turn decreases cell viability and bioconversion activity. Because these problems are associated with the mechanism of fatty acid transport through membranes, a whole-cell biocatalyst that can form caveolae-like structures was generated to promote substrate endocytosis. Caveolin-1 ( CAV1) expression in Escherichia coli increased both the fatty acid transport rate and intracellular fatty acid concentrations via endocytosis of the supplemented substrate. Furthermore, fatty-acid endocytosis alleviated substrate cytotoxicity in E. coli. These traits attributed to bacterial endocytosis resulted in dramatically elevated biotransformation efficiencies in fed-batch and cell-recycle reaction systems when caveolae-forming E. coli was used for the bioconversion of ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid) to ( Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy) undec-9-enoic acid. We propose that CAV1-mediated endocytosing E. coli represents a versatile tool for the biotransformation of hydrophobic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyeok Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yu
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chakhee Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hooyeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjeong Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongjin Ban
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Emine Seydametova
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kyung-Hwun Chung
- Electron Microscope Facility, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biologics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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Hansen NW, Sams A. The Microbiotic Highway to Health-New Perspective on Food Structure, Gut Microbiota, and Host Inflammation. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1590. [PMID: 30380701 PMCID: PMC6267475 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides evidence that not only the content of nutrients but indeed the structural organization of nutrients is a major determinant of human health. The gut microbiota provides nutrients for the host by digesting food structures otherwise indigestible by human enzymes, thereby simultaneously harvesting energy and delivering nutrients and metabolites for the nutritional and biological benefit of the host. Microbiota-derived nutrients, metabolites, and antigens promote the development and function of the host immune system both directly by activating cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and indirectly by sustaining release of monosaccharides, stimulating intestinal receptors and secreting gut hormones. Multiple indirect microbiota-dependent biological responses contribute to glucose homeostasis, which prevents hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory conditions. The composition and function of the gut microbiota vary between individuals and whereas dietary habits influence the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota influences both the nutritional and biological homeostasis of the host. A healthy gut microbiota requires the presence of beneficial microbiotic species as well as vital food structures to ensure appropriate feeding of the microbiota. This review focuses on the impact of plant-based food structures, the "fiber-encapsulated nutrient formulation", and on the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participate in host immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wærling Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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19
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Tan Z, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. Synthetic Pathway for the Production of Olivetolic Acid in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1886-1896. [PMID: 29976061 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKS IIIs) contribute to the synthesis of many economically important natural products, most of which are currently produced by direct extraction from plants or through chemical synthesis. Olivetolic acid (OLA) is a plant secondary metabolite sourced from PKS III catalysis, which along with its prenylated derivatives has various pharmacological activities. To demonstrate the potential for microbial cell factories to circumvent limitations of plant extraction or chemical synthesis for OLA, here we utilize a synthetic approach to engineer Escherichia coli for the production of OLA. In vitro characterization of polyketide synthase and cyclase enzymes, OLA synthase and OLA cyclase, respectively, validated their requirement as enzymatic components of the OLA pathway and confirmed the ability for these eukaryotic enzymes to be functionally expressed in E. coli. This served as a platform for the combinatorial expression of these enzymes with auxiliary enzymes aimed at increasing the supply of hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as starting and extender units, respectively. Through combining OLA synthase and OLA cyclase expression with the required modules of a β-oxidation reversal for hexanoyl-CoA generation, we demonstrate the in vivo synthesis of olivetolic acid from a single carbon source. The integration of additional auxiliary enzymes to increase hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, along with evaluation of varying fermentation conditions enabled the synthesis of 80 mg/L OLA. This is the first report of OLA production in E. coli, adding a new example to the repertoire of valuable compounds synthesized in this industrial workhorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigao Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James M. Clomburg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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20
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Carbon flux to growth or polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis under microaerophilic conditions is affected by fatty acid chain-length in Pseudomonas putida LS46. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6437-6449. [PMID: 29799090 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Economical production of medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) is dependent on efficient cultivation processes. This work describes growth and mcl-PHA synthesis characteristics of Pseudomonas putida LS46 when grown on medium-chain length fatty acids (octanoic acid) and lower-cost long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs, derived from hydrolyzed canola oil) in microaerophilic environments. Growth on octanoic acid ceased when the oxygen uptake rate was limited by the oxygen transfer rate, and mcl-PHA accumulated to 61.9% of the cell dry mass. From LCFAs, production of non-PHA cell mass continued at a rate of 0.36 g L-1 h-1 under oxygen-limited conditions, while mcl-PHA accumulated simultaneously to 31% of the cell dry mass. The titer of non-PHA cell mass from LCFAs at 14 h post-inoculation was double that obtained from octanoic acid in bioreactors operated with identical feeding and aeration conditions. While the productivity for octanoic acid was higher by 14 h, prolonged cultivation on LCFAs achieved similar productivity but with twice the PHA titer. Simultaneous co-feeding of each substrate demonstrated the continued cell growth under microaerophilic conditions characteristic of LCFAs, and the resulting polymer was dominant in C8 monomers. Furthermore, co-feeding resulted in improved PHA titer and volumetric productivity compared to either substrate individually. These results suggest that LCFAs improve growth of P. putida in oxygen-limited environments and could reduce production costs since more non-PHA cell mass, the cellular factories required to produce mcl-PHA and the most oxygen-intensive cellular process, can be produced for a given oxygen transfer rate.
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21
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Seo EJ, Yeon YJ, Seo JH, Lee JH, Boñgol JP, Oh Y, Park JM, Lim SM, Lee CG, Park JB. Enzyme/whole-cell biotransformation of plant oils, yeast derived oils, and microalgae fatty acid methyl esters into n-nonanoic acid, 9-hydroxynonanoic acid, and 1,9-nonanedioic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 251:288-294. [PMID: 29288957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oils and fatty acids are important renewable resources provided by nature. Therefore, biotransformation of renewable oils and fatty acids into industrially relevant C9 chemicals was investigated in this study. Olive oil, soybean oil, yeast derived oil, and microalgae fatty acid methyl esters were converted into n-nonanoic acid, 9-hydroxynonanoic acid, and 1,9-nonanedioic acid by a lipase and a recombinant Escherichia coli expressing oleate hydratase, long chain secondary alcohol dehydrogenase, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, long chain primary alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. It was found that n-nonanoic acid and azelaic acid could be produced to a concentration of 4.3 mM from 3 g/L olive oil with a specific product formation rate of 3.1 U/g dry cells. Biotransformation rates were influenced by compositions of fatty acids and purity of the starting material. This study may contribute to the production of industrially relevant C9 chemicals from renewable oils and fatty acids by simultaneous enzyme/whole-cell biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Yeon
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhoanne P Boñgol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTEC, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTEC, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTEC, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biosystems Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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McNerney MP, Styczynski MP. Small molecule signaling, regulation, and potential applications in cellular therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [PMID: 28960879 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules have many important roles across the tree of life: they regulate processes from metabolism to transcription, they enable signaling within and between species, and they serve as the biochemical building blocks for cells. They also represent valuable phenotypic endpoints that are promising for use as biomarkers of disease states. In the context of engineering cell-based therapeutics, they hold particularly great promise for enabling finer control over the therapeutic cells and allowing them to be responsive to extracellular cues. The natural signaling and regulatory functions of small molecules can be harnessed and rewired to control cell activity and delivery of therapeutic payloads, potentially increasing efficacy while decreasing toxicity. To that end, this review considers small molecule-mediated regulation and signaling in bacteria. We first discuss some of the most prominent applications and aspirations for responsive cell-based therapeutics. We then describe the transport, signaling, and regulation associated with three classes of molecules that may be exploited in the engineering of therapeutic bacteria: amino acids, fatty acids, and quorum-sensing signaling molecules. We also present examples of existing engineering efforts to generate cells that sense and respond to levels of different small molecules. Finally, we discuss future directions for how small molecule-mediated regulation could be harnessed for therapeutic applications, as well as some critical considerations for the ultimate success of such endeavors. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1405. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1405 This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Therapeutic Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P McNerney
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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The Fatty Acid Regulator FadR Influences the Expression of the Virulence Cascade in the El Tor Biotype of Vibrio cholerae by Modulating the Levels of ToxT via Two Different Mechanisms. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00762-16. [PMID: 28115548 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00762-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
FadR is a master regulator of fatty acid (FA) metabolism that coordinates the pathways of FA degradation and biosynthesis in enteric bacteria. We show here that a ΔfadR mutation in the El Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae prevents the expression of the virulence cascade by influencing both the transcription and the posttranslational regulation of the master virulence regulator ToxT. FadR is a transcriptional regulator that represses the expression of genes involved in FA degradation, activates the expression of genes involved in unsaturated FA (UFA) biosynthesis, and also activates the expression of two operons involved in saturated FA (SFA) biosynthesis. Since FadR does not bind directly to the toxT promoter, we determined whether the regulation of any of its target genes indirectly influenced ToxT. This was accomplished by individually inserting a double point mutation into the FadR-binding site in the promoter of each target gene, thereby preventing their activation or repression. Although preventing FadR-mediated activation of fabA, which encodes the enzyme that carries out the first step in UFA biosynthesis, did not significantly influence either the transcription or the translation of ToxT, it reduced its levels and prevented virulence gene expression. In the mutant strain unable to carry out FadR-mediated activation of fabA, expressing fabA ectopically restored the levels of ToxT and virulence gene expression. Taken together, the results presented here indicate that V. cholerae FadR influences the virulence cascade in the El Tor biotype by modulating the levels of ToxT via two different mechanisms.IMPORTANCE Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in membrane lipid homeostasis and energy metabolism in all organisms. In Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the acute intestinal disease cholera, they also influence virulence by binding into an N-terminal pocket of the master virulence regulator, ToxT, and modulating its activity. FadR is a transcription factor that coordinately controls the pathways of FA degradation and biosynthesis in enteric bacteria. This study identifies a new link between FA metabolism and virulence in the El Tor biotype by showing that FadR influences both the transcription and posttranslational regulation of the master virulence regulator ToxT by two distinct mechanisms.
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Uehling J, Gryganskyi A, Hameed K, Tschaplinski T, Misztal PK, Wu S, Desirò A, Vande Pol N, Du Z, Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Morin E, Tisserant E, Splivallo R, Hainaut M, Henrissat B, Ohm R, Kuo A, Yan J, Lipzen A, Nolan M, LaButti K, Barry K, Goldstein AH, Labbé J, Schadt C, Tuskan G, Grigoriev I, Martin F, Vilgalys R, Bonito G. Comparative genomics of Mortierella elongata and its bacterial endosymbiont Mycoavidus cysteinexigens. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2964-2983. [PMID: 28076891 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endosymbiosis of bacteria by eukaryotes is a defining feature of cellular evolution. In addition to well-known bacterial origins for mitochondria and chloroplasts, multiple origins of bacterial endosymbiosis are known within the cells of diverse animals, plants and fungi. Early-diverging lineages of terrestrial fungi harbor endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the Burkholderiaceae. We sequenced the metagenome of the soil-inhabiting fungus Mortierella elongata and assembled the complete circular chromosome of its endosymbiont, Mycoavidus cysteinexigens, which we place within a lineage of endofungal symbionts that are sister clade to Burkholderia. The genome of M. elongata strain AG77 features a core set of primary metabolic pathways for degradation of simple carbohydrates and lipid biosynthesis, while the M. cysteinexigens (AG77) genome is reduced in size and function. Experiments using antibiotics to cure the endobacterium from the host demonstrate that the fungal host metabolism is highly modulated by presence/absence of M. cysteinexigens. Independent comparative phylogenomic analyses of fungal and bacterial genomes are consistent with an ancient origin for M. elongata - M. cysteinexigens symbiosis, most likely over 350 million years ago and concomitant with the terrestrialization of Earth and diversification of land fungi and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uehling
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - A Gryganskyi
- LF Lambert Spawn Company Coatesville, PA, 19320, USA
| | - K Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - T Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - P K Misztal
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Wu
- Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - A Desirò
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - N Vande Pol
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Z Du
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - A Zienkiewicz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - K Zienkiewicz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - E Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - E Tisserant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - R Splivallo
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
| | - M Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - B Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - R Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Kuo
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - J Yan
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - A Lipzen
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - M Nolan
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - K LaButti
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - K Barry
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - A H Goldstein
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - C Schadt
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - G Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - I Grigoriev
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Oakland, CA, 94598, USA
| | - F Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - R Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - G Bonito
- Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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25
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Sidibé A, Simao-Beaunoir AM, Lerat S, Giroux L, Toussaint V, Beaulieu C. Proteome Analyses of Soil Bacteria Grown in the Presence of Potato Suberin, a Recalcitrant Biopolymer. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:418-426. [PMID: 27795492 PMCID: PMC5158114 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberin is a complex lipidic plant polymer found in various tissues including the potato periderm. The biological degradation of suberin is attributed to fungi. Soil samples from a potato field were used to inoculate a culture medium containing suberin as the carbon source, and a metaproteomic approach was used to identify bacteria that developed in the presence of suberin over a 60-d incubation period. The normalized spectral counts of predicted extracellular proteins produced by the soil bacterial community markedly decreased from day 5 to day 20 and then slowly increased, revealing a succession of bacteria. The population of fast-growing pseudomonads declined and was replaced by species with the ability to develop in the presence of suberin. The recalcitrance of suberin was demonstrated by the emergence of auxotrophic bacteria such as Oscillatoria on the last days of the assay. Nevertheless, two putative lipases from Rhodanobacter thiooxydans (I4WGM2) and Myxococcus xanthus (Q1CWS1) were detected in the culture supernatants, suggesting that at least some bacterial species degrade suberin. When grown in suberin-containing medium, R. thiooxydans strain LCS2 and M. xanthus strain DK 1622 both produced three lipases, including I4WGM2 and Q1CWS1. These strains also produced other proteins linked to lipid metabolism, including fatty acid and lipid transporters and β-oxidation enzymes, suggesting that they participate in the degradation of suberin. However, only the R. thiooxydans strain appeared to retrieve sufficient carbon and energy from this recalcitrant polymer in order to maintain its population over an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Sidibé
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke
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26
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Black PN, Ahowesso C, Montefusco D, Saini N, DiRusso CC. Fatty Acid Transport Proteins: Targeting FATP2 as a Gatekeeper Involved in the Transport of Exogenous Fatty Acids. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:612-622. [PMID: 27446528 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00043f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) are classified as members of the Solute Carrier 27 (Slc27) family of proteins based on their ability to function in the transport of exogenous fatty acids. These proteins, when localized to the plasma membrane or at intracellular membrane junctions with the endoplasmic reticulum, function as a gate in the regulated transport of fatty acids and thus represent a therapeutic target to delimit the acquisition of fatty acids that contribute to disease as in the case of fatty acid overload. To date, FATP1, FATP2, and FATP4 have been used as targets in the selection of small molecule inhibitors with the goal of treating insulin resistance and attenuating dietary absorption of fatty acids. Several studies targeting FATP1 and FATP4 were based on the intrinsic acyl CoA synthetase activity of these proteins and not on transport directly. While several classes of compounds were identified as potential inhibitors of fatty acid transport, in vivo studies using a mouse model failed to provide evidence these compounds were effective in blocking or attenuating fatty acid transport. Studies targeting FATP2 employed a naturally occurring splice variant, FATP2b, which lacks intrinsic acyl CoA synthetase due to the deletion of exon 3, yet is fully functional in fatty acid transport. These studies identified two compounds, 5'-bromo-5-phenyl-spiro[3H-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,3'-indoline]-2'-one), now referred to as Lipofermata, and 2-benzyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one, now called Grassofermata, that are effective fatty acid transport inhibitors both in vitro using a series of model cell lines and in vivo using a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Black
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | - Nipun Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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Li N, Xu C, Li-Beisson Y, Philippar K. Fatty Acid and Lipid Transport in Plant Cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:145-158. [PMID: 26616197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and lipids are essential - not only as membrane constituents but also for growth and development. In plants and algae, FAs are synthesized in plastids and to a large extent transported to the endoplasmic reticulum for modification and lipid assembly. Subsequently, lipophilic compounds are distributed within the cell, and thus are transported across most membrane systems. Membrane-intrinsic transporters and proteins for cellular FA/lipid transfer therefore represent key components for delivery and dissemination. In addition to highlighting their role in lipid homeostasis and plant performance, different transport mechanisms for land plants and green algae - in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - are compared, thereby providing a current perspective on protein-mediated FA and lipid trafficking in photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation (RCBB), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, The French Atomic and Alternative Energy Commission, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Pavlova A, Hwang H, Lundquist K, Balusek C, Gumbart JC. Living on the edge: Simulations of bacterial outer-membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1753-9. [PMID: 26826270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are distinguished in part by a second, outer membrane surrounding them. This membrane is distinct from others, possessing an outer leaflet composed not of typical phospholipids but rather large, highly charged molecules known as lipopolysaccharides. Therefore, modeling the structure and dynamics of proteins embedded in the outer membrane requires careful consideration of their native environment. In this review, we examine how simulations of such outer-membrane proteins have evolved over the last two decades, culminating most recently in detailed, highly accurate atomistic models of the outer membrane. We also draw attention to how the simulations have coupled with experiments to produce novel insights unattainable through a single approach. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlova
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Hyea Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Karl Lundquist
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Curtis Balusek
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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Queiroz A, Medina-Cleghorn D, Marjanovic O, Nomura DK, Riley LW. Comparative metabolic profiling of mce1 operon mutant vs wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv066. [PMID: 26319139 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis disrupted in a 13-gene operon (mce1) accumulates free mycolic acids (FM) in its cell wall and causes accelerated death in mice. Here, to more comprehensively analyze differences in their cell wall lipid composition, we used an untargeted metabolomics approach to compare the lipid profiles of wild-type and mce1 operon mutant strains. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified >400 distinct lipids significantly altered in the mce1 mutant compared to wild type. These lipids included decreased levels of saccharolipids and glycerophospholipids, and increased levels of alpha-, methoxy- and keto mycolic acids (MA), and hydroxyphthioceranic acid. The mutant showed reduced expression of mmpL8, mmpL10, stf0, pks2 and papA2 genes involved in transport and metabolism of lipids recognized to induce proinflammatory response; these lipids were found to be decreased in the mutant. In contrast, the transcripts of mmpL3, fasI, kasA, kasB, acpM and RV3451 involved in MA transport and metabolism increased; MA inhibits inflammatory response in macrophages. Since the mce1 operon is known to be regulated in intracellular M. tuberculosis, we speculate that the differences we observed in cell wall lipid metabolism and composition may affect host response to M. tuberculosis infection and determine the clinical outcome of such an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Queiroz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Olivera Marjanovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Diomandé SE, Nguyen-The C, Guinebretière MH, Broussolle V, Brillard J. Role of fatty acids in Bacillus environmental adaptation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:813. [PMID: 26300876 PMCID: PMC4525379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The large bacterial genus Bacillus is widely distributed in the environment and is able to colonize highly diverse niches. Some Bacillus species harbor pathogenic characteristics. The fatty acid (FA) composition is among the essential criteria used to define Bacillus species. Some elements of the FA pattern composition are common to Bacillus species, whereas others are specific and can be categorized in relation to the ecological niches of the species. Bacillus species are able to modify their FA patterns to adapt to a wide range of environmental changes, including changes in the growth medium, temperature, food processing conditions, and pH. Like many other Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus strains display a well-defined FA synthesis II system that is equilibrated with a FA degradation pathway and regulated to efficiently respond to the needs of the cell. Like endogenous FAs, exogenous FAs may positively or negatively affect the survival of Bacillus vegetative cells and the spore germination ability in a given environment. Some of these exogenous FAs may provide a powerful strategy for preserving food against contamination by the Bacillus pathogenic strains responsible for foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Diomandé
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France
| | - Christophe Nguyen-The
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Guinebretière
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France
| | - Véronique Broussolle
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France
| | - Julien Brillard
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; UMR 1333 DGIMI, INRA, Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France
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31
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Pérez AJ, Bode HB. "Click Chemistry" for the Simple Determination of Fatty-Acid Uptake and Degradation: Revising the Role of Fatty-Acid Transporters. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1588-91. [PMID: 26032468 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have numerous functions in all living organisms, ranging from structural roles and energy production to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Because of the high energy content of exogenous FAs, their acquisition is central of metabolism, and several biological systems are known, although their precise roles are not yet entirely clear. We investigated the roles of FadD (CoA ligase) and FadL (FA transporter) in different bacterial strains by using an improved version of click-chemistry-assisted labelling of azido-FAs. The high sensitivity of this method allows a direct and precise assessment of FA metabolism, and is thus far better suited than growth experiments. Our results show that although FA activation is indeed essential for FA degradation, their transport can be independent of transporters like FadL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pérez
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany). .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany).
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Diomandé SE, Nguyen-the C, Abee T, Tempelaars MH, Broussolle V, Brillard J. Involvement of the CasK/R two-component system in optimal unsaturation of the Bacillus cereus fatty acids during low-temperature growth. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 213:110-7. [PMID: 25987542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus sensu lato is composed of a set of ubiquitous strains including human pathogens that can survive a range of food processing conditions, grow in refrigerated food, and sometimes cause food poisoning. We previously identified the two-component system CasK/R that plays a key role in cold adaptation. To better understand the CasK/R-controlled mechanisms that support low-temperature adaptation, we performed a transcriptomic analysis on the ATCC 14579 strain and its isogenic ∆casK/R mutant grown at 12°C. Several genes involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism were downregulated in the mutant, including desA and desB encoding FA acyl-lipid desaturases that catalyze the formation of a double-bond on the FA chain in positions ∆5 and ∆10, respectively. A lower proportion of FAs presumably unsaturated by DesA was observed in the ΔcasK/R strain compared to the parental strain while no difference was found for FAs presumably unsaturated by DesB. Addition of phospholipids from egg yolk lecithin rich in unsaturated FAs, to growth medium, abolished the cold-growth impairment of ΔcasK/R suggesting that exogenous unsaturated FAs can support membrane-level modifications and thus compensate for the decreased production of these FAs in the B. cereus ∆casK/R mutant during growth at low temperature. Our findings indicate that CasK/R is involved in the regulation of FA metabolism, and is necessary for cold adaptation of B. cereus unless an exogenous source of unsaturated FAs is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Esther Diomandé
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christophe Nguyen-the
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, NieuweKanaal 9A, 6709 PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Microbiology Laboratory, Wageningen University, BornseWeilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Tempelaars
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Wageningen University, BornseWeilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Broussolle
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Julien Brillard
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France; Université d'Avignon, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, 84000 Avignon, France; INRA, Université Montpellier, UMR1333 Diversité Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, France.
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The 40-residue insertion in Vibrio cholerae FadR facilitates binding of an additional fatty acyl-CoA ligand. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6032. [PMID: 25607896 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
FadR is a master regulator of fatty acid metabolism and influences virulence in certain members of Vibrionaceae. Among FadR homologues of the GntR family, the Vibrionaceae protein is unusual in that it contains a C-terminal 40-residue insertion. Here we report the structure of Vibrio cholerae FadR (VcFadR) alone, bound to DNA, and in the presence of a ligand, oleoyl-CoA. Whereas Escherichia coli FadR (EcFadR) contains only one acyl-CoA-binding site in each monomer, crystallographic and calorimetric data indicate that VcFadR has two. One of the binding sites resembles that of EcFadR, whereas the other, comprised residues from the insertion, has not previously been observed. Upon ligand binding, VcFadR undergoes a dramatic conformational change that would more fully disrupt DNA binding than EcFadR. These findings suggest that the ability to bind and respond to an additional ligand allows FadR from Vibrionaceae to function as a more efficient regulator.
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Al-Beloshei NE, Al-Awadhi H, Al-Khalaf RA, Afzal M. A comparative study of fatty acid profile and formation of biofilm inGeobacillus gargensisexposed to variable abiotic stress. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:48-59. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding bacterial fatty acid (FA) profile has a great taxonomic significance as well as clinical importance for diagnosis issues. Both the composition and nature of membrane FAs change under different nutritional, biotic and (or) abiotic stresses, and environmental stress. Bacteria produce both odd-carbon as well as branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). This study was designed to examine the effect of abiotic pressure, including salinity, temperature, pH, and oxinic stress on the growth, development, and FA profile in thermophilic Geobacillus gargensis. Under these stresses, 3 parametric ratios, 2-methyl fatty acids/3-methyl fatty acids (iso-/anteiso-FAs), BCFAs/straight-chain saturated fatty acids (SCSFA), and SCSFAs/straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids (SCUFA), in addition to total lipids affected by variable stresses were measured. Our results indicate that the ratio of total iso-/anteiso-FAs increased at the acidic pH range of 4.1–5.2 and decreased with increasing pH. The reverse was true for salt stress when iso-/anteiso-FAs ratio increased with salt concentration. The BCFAs/SCSFAs and SCSFAs/SCUFAs ratios increased at neutral and alkaline pH and high salt concentration, reduced incubation time, and comparatively high temperature (55–65 °C) of the growth medium. The bacterial total lipid percentage deceased with increasing salt concentration, incubation period, but it increased with temperature. The formation of extracellular polymeric substances was observed under all stress conditions and with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (2 and 5 mmol/L) to the growth medium. The membrane phospholipid composition of the bacterium was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husain Al-Awadhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Rania A. Al-Khalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Cao Y, Liu W, Xu X, Zhang H, Wang J, Xian M. Production of free monounsaturated fatty acids by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:59. [PMID: 24716602 PMCID: PMC4021618 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are the best components for biodiesel when considering the low temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. However, biodiesel derived from vegetable oils or microbial lipids always consists of significant amounts of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) alkyl esters, which hampers its practical applications. Therefore, the fatty acid composition should be modified to increase MUFA contents as well as enhancing oil and lipid production. RESULTS The model microorganism Escherichia coli was engineered to produce free MUFAs. The fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (AtFatA) and fatty acid desaturase (SSI2) from Arabidopsis thaliana were heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21 star(DE3) to specifically release free unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and convert SFAs to UFAs. In addition, the endogenous fadD gene (encoding acyl-CoA synthetase) was disrupted to block fatty acid catabolism while the native acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) was overexpressed to increase the malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) pool and boost fatty acid biosynthesis. The finally engineered strain BL21ΔfadD/pE-AtFatAssi2&pA-acc produced 82.6 mg/L free fatty acids (FFAs) under shake-flask conditions and FFAs yield on glucose reached about 3.3% of the theoretical yield. Two types of MUFAs, palmitoleate (16:1Δ9) and cis-vaccenate (18:1Δ11) made up more than 75% of the FFA profiles. Fed-batch fermentation of this strain further enhanced FFAs production to a titer of 1.27 g/L without affecting fatty acid compositions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the possibility to regulate fatty acid composition by using metabolic engineering approaches. FFAs produced by the recombinant E. coli strain consisted of high-level MUFAs and biodiesel manufactured from these fatty acids would be more suitable for current diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Viarengo G, Sciara MI, Salazar MO, Kieffer PM, Furlán RLE, García Véscovi E. Unsaturated long chain free fatty acids are input signals of the Salmonella enterica PhoP/PhoQ regulatory system. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22346-58. [PMID: 23782700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium PhoP/PhoQ system has largely been studied as a paradigmatic two-component regulatory system not only to dissect structural and functional aspects of signal transduction in bacteria but also to gain knowledge about the versatile devices that have evolved allowing a pathogenic bacterium to adjust to or counteract environmental stressful conditions along its life cycle. Mg(2+) limitation, acidic pH, and the presence of cationic antimicrobial peptides have been identified as cues that the sensor protein PhoQ can monitor to reprogram Salmonella gene expression to cope with extra- or intracellular challenging conditions. In this work, we show for the first time that long chain unsaturated free fatty acids (LCUFAs) present in Salmonella growth medium are signals specifically detected by PhoQ. We demonstrate that LCUFAs inhibit PhoQ autokinase activity, turning off the expression of the PhoP-dependent regulon. We also show that LCUFAs exert their action independently of their cellular uptake and metabolic utilization by means of the β-oxidative pathway. Our findings put forth the complexity of input signals that can converge to finely tune the activity of the PhoP/PhoQ system. In addition, they provide a new potential biochemical platform for the development of antibacterial strategies to fight against Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Viarengo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Predio CCT-CONICET-Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Engineering Escherichia coli for production of C₁₂-C₁₄ polyhydroxyalkanoate from glucose. Metab Eng 2013; 14:705-13. [PMID: 23141473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Demand for sustainable materials motivates the development of microorganisms capable of synthesizing products from renewable substrates. A challenge to commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), microbially derived polyesters, is engineering metabolic pathways to produce a polymer with the desired monomer composition from an unrelated and renewable source. Here, we demonstrate a metabolic pathway for converting glucose into medium-chain-length (mcl)-PHA composed primarily of 3-hydroxydodecanoate monomers. This pathway combines fatty acid biosynthesis, an acyl-ACP thioesterase to generate desired C₁₂ and C₁₄ fatty acids, β-oxidation for conversion of fatty acids to (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs, and a PHA polymerase. A key finding is that Escherichia coli expresses multiple copies of enzymes involved in β-oxidation under aerobic conditions. To produce polyhydroxydodecanoate, an acyl-ACP thioesterase (BTE), an enoyl-CoA hydratase (phaJ3), and mcl-PHA polymerase (phaC2) were overexpressed in E. coli ΔfadRABIJ. Yields were improved through expression of an acyl-CoA synthetase resulting in production over 15% CDW--the highest reported production of mcl-PHA of a defined composition from an unrelated carbon source.
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38
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Wang J, Du XJ, Lu XN, Wang S. Immunoproteomic identification of immunogenic proteins in Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2077-91. [PMID: 23371297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens. Cronobacter sakazakii is considered as the predominant species in all infections. So far, our understanding of the species' immunogens and potential virulence factors of Cronobacter spp. remains limited. In this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate soluble and insoluble proteins from the genome-sequenced strain C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, detected by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies of C. sakazakii BAA-894, and identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS/MS, MS/MSMS). A total of 11 immunoreactive proteins were initially identified in C. sakazakii BAA-894, including two outer membrane proteins, four periplasmic proteins, and five cytoplasmic proteins. In silico functional analysis of the 11 identified proteins indicated three proteins that were initially described as immunogens of pathogenic bacteria. For the remaining eight proteins, one protein was categorized as a potential virulence factor involved in protection against reactive oxygen species, and seven proteins were considered to play potential roles in adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that immunogenic proteins of C. sakazakii BAA-894 have been identified as immunogens and potential virulence factors by an immunoproteomics approach. Future studies should investigate the roles of these proteins in bacterial pathogenesis and modulation of host immune responses during infection to identify their potential as molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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39
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Singh A, Yadav V, Prasad R. Comparative lipidomics in clinical isolates of Candida albicans reveal crosstalk between mitochondria, cell wall integrity and azole resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39812. [PMID: 22761908 PMCID: PMC3384591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged usage of antifungal azoles which target enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis invariably leads to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Candida albicans. We had earlier shown that membrane lipids and their fluidity are closely linked to the MDR phenomenon. In one of our recent studies involving comparative lipidomics between azole susceptible (AS) and azole resistant (AR) matched pair clinical isolates of C. albicans, we could not see consistent differences in the lipid profiles of AS and AR strains because they came from different patients and so in this study, we have used genetically related variant recovered from the same patient collected over a period of 2-years. During this time, the levels of fluconazole (FLC) resistance of the strain increased by over 200-fold. By comparing the lipid profiles of select isolates, we were able to observe gradual and statistically significant changes in several lipid classes, particularly in plasma membrane microdomain specific lipids such as mannosylinositolphosphorylceramides and ergosterol, and in a mitochondrial specific phosphoglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol. Superimposed with these quantitative and qualitative changes in the lipid profiles, were simultaneous changes at the molecular lipid species levels which again coincided with the development of resistance to FLC. Reverse transcriptase-PCR of the key genes of the lipid metabolism validated lipidomic picture. Taken together, this study illustrates how the gradual corrective changes in Candida lipidome correspond to the development of FLC tolerance. Our study also shows a first instance of the mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and defective cell wall (CW) in clinical AR isolates of C. albicans, and provides evidence of a cross-talk between mitochondrial lipid homeostasis, CW integrity and azole tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Li M, Zhang X, Agrawal A, San KY. Effect of acetate formation pathway and long chain fatty acid CoA-ligase on the free fatty acid production in E. coli expressing acy-ACP thioesterase from Ricinus communis. Metab Eng 2012; 14:380-7. [PMID: 22480945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosynthesis of fatty acid like chemicals from renewable carbon sources has attracted significant attention in recent years. Free fatty acids can be used as precursors for the production of fuels or chemicals. Wild type E. coli strains produce fatty acids mainly for the biosynthesis of lipids and cell membranes and do not accumulate free fatty acids as intermediates in lipid biosynthesis. However, free fatty acids can be produced by breaking the fatty acid elongation through the overexpression of an acyl-ACP thioesterase. Since acetyl-CoA might be an important factor for fatty acid synthesis (acetate formation pathways are the main competitive pathways in consuming acetyl-CoA or pyruvate, a precursor of acetyl-CoA), and the long chain fatty acid CoA-ligase (FadD) plays a pivotal role in the transport and activation of exogenous fatty acids prior to their subsequent degradation, we examined the composition and the secretion of the free fatty acids in four different strains including the wild type MG1655, a mutant strain with inactivation of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway (fadD mutant (ML103)), and mutant strains with inactivation of the two major acetate production pathways (an ack-pta (acetate kinase/phosphotransacetylase), poxB (pyruvate oxidase) double mutant (ML112)) and a fadD, ack-pta, poxB triple mutant (ML115). The engineered E. coli cells expressing acyl-ACP thioesterase with glucose yield is higher than 40% of theoretical yield. Compared to MG1655(pXZ18) and ML103(pXZ18), acetate forming pathway deletion strains such as ML112(pXZ18) and ML115(pXZ18) produced similar quantity of total free fatty acids, which indicated that acetyl-CoA availability does not appear to be limiting factor for fatty acid production in these strains. However, these strains did show significant differences in the composition of free fatty acids. Different from MG1655(pXZ18) and ML103(pXZ18), acetate formation pathway deletion strains such as ML112(pXZ18) and ML115(pXZ18) produced similar level of C14, C16:1 and C16 free fatty acids, and the free fatty acid compositions of both strains did not change significantly with time. In addition, the strains bearing the fadD mutation showed significant differences in the quantities of free fatty acids found in the broth. Finally, we examined two potential screening methods for selecting and isolating high free fatty acids producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Youm J, Saier MH. Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:776-97. [PMID: 22179038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The co-emergence of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacterial strains and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus pandemic has made tuberculosis a leading public health threat. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu), a facultative intracellular parasite. Mycobacterium leprae (Mle), a related organism that causes leprosy, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Given that different transporters are required for bacterial growth and persistence under a variety of growth conditions, we conducted comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of these two organisms. A minimal set of genes required for intracellular and extracellular life was identified. Drug efflux systems utilizing primary active transport mechanisms have been preferentially retained in Mle and still others preferentially lost. Transporters associated with environmental adaptation found in Mtu were mostly lost in Mle. These findings provide starting points for experimental studies that may elucidate the dependencies of pathogenesis on transport for these two pathogenic mycobacteria. They also lead to suggestions regarding transporters that function in intra- versus extra-cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Youm
- University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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42
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Stavrum R, Stavrum AK, Valvatne H, Riley LW, Ulvestad E, Jonassen I, Assmus J, Doherty TM, Grewal HMS. Modulation of transcriptional and inflammatory responses in murine macrophages by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis mammalian cell entry (Mce) 1 complex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26295. [PMID: 22039457 PMCID: PMC3200323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of many infections depends on the initial interactions between agent and host. Aiming at elucidating the effect of the M. tuberculosis Mce1 protein complex on host transcriptional and immunological responses to infection with M. tuberculosis, RNA from murine macrophages at 15, 30, 60 min, 4 and 10 hrs post-infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv or Δ-mce1 H37Rv was analyzed by whole-genome microarrays and RT-QPCR. Immunological responses were measured using a 23-plex cytokine assay. Compared to uninfected controls, 524 versus 64 genes were up-regulated by 15 min post H37Rv- and Δ-mce1 H37Rv-infection, respectively. By 15 min post-H37Rv infection, a decline of 17 cytokines combined with up-regulation of Ccl24 (26.5-fold), Clec4a2 (23.2-fold) and Pparγ (10.5-fold) indicated an anti-inflammatory response initiated by IL-13. Down-regulation of Il13ra1 combined with up-regulation of Il12b (30.2-fold), suggested switch to a pro-inflammatory response by 4 hrs post H37Rv-infection. Whereas no significant change in cytokine concentration or transcription was observed during the first hour post Δ-mce1 H37Rv-infection, a significant decline of IL-1b, IL-9, IL-13, Eotaxin and GM-CSF combined with increased transcription of Il12b (25.1-fold) and Inb1 (17.9-fold) by 4 hrs, indicated a pro-inflammatory response. The balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory responses during the early stages of infection may have significant bearing on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stavrum
- Section of Microbiology and Immunology, the Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Melton EM, Cerny RL, Watkins PA, DiRusso CC, Black PN. Human fatty acid transport protein 2a/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (FATP2a/Acsvl1) has a preference in mediating the channeling of exogenous n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30670-30679. [PMID: 21768100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.226316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of fatty acids across the membrane and into downstream metabolic pathways requires their activation to CoA thioesters. Members of the fatty acid transport protein/very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (FATP/Acsvl) family are emerging as key players in the trafficking of exogenous fatty acids into the cell and in intracellular fatty acid homeostasis. We have expressed two naturally occurring splice variants of human FATP2 (Acsvl1) in yeast and 293T-REx cells and addressed their roles in fatty acid transport, activation, and intracellular trafficking. Although both forms (FATP2a (M(r) 70,000) and FATP2b (M(r) 65,000 and lacking exon3, which encodes part of the ATP binding site)) were functional in fatty acid import, only FATP2a had acyl-CoA synthetase activity, with an apparent preference toward very long chain fatty acids. To further address the roles of FATP2a or FATP2b in fatty acid uptake and activation, LC-MS/MS was used to separate and quantify different acyl-CoA species (C14-C24) and to monitor the trafficking of different classes of exogenous fatty acids into intracellular acyl-CoA pools in 293T-REx cells expressing either isoform. The use of stable isotopically labeled fatty acids demonstrated FATP2a is involved in the uptake and activation of exogenous fatty acids, with a preference toward n-3 fatty acids (C18:3 and C22:6). Using the same cells expressing FATP2a or FATP2b, electrospray ionization/MS was used to follow the trafficking of stable isotopically labeled n-3 fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The expression of FATP2a resulted in the trafficking of C18:3-CoA and C22:6-CoA into both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol but with a distinct preference for phosphatidylinositol. Collectively these data demonstrate FATP2a functions in fatty acid transport and activation and provides specificity toward n-3 fatty acids in which the corresponding n-3 acyl-CoAs are preferentially trafficked into acyl-CoA pools destined for phosphatidylinositol incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina M Melton
- Departments of Biochemistry, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588; Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Ronald L Cerny
- Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Paul A Watkins
- Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | - Paul N Black
- Departments of Biochemistry, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
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Mammalian cell entry gene family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 352:1-10. [PMID: 21258845 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of virulence factors is important to understand the microbial pathogenesis and find better antibiotics. Mammalian cell entry (mce) is a crucial protein family for the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This review summarized the advances on mce genes. The genomic organization, characteristics of mce genes, phylogeny of this family, and their roles in M. tuberculosis virulence are emphasized in this review.
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45
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Genetic analysis around aminoalcohol dehydrogenase gene of Rhodococcus erythropolis MAK154: a putative GntR transcription factor in transcriptional regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:739-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cheigh CI, Senaratne R, Uchida Y, Casali N, Kendall LV, Riley LW. Posttreatment reactivation of tuberculosis in mice caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis disrupted in mce1R. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:752-9. [PMID: 20629532 DOI: 10.1086/655224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactivation of tuberculosis arises in persons who are latently infected and in those who have been previously treated. The mechanism of the reactivation of tuberculosis in either situation is not well understood. A 13-gene mce1 operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was previously shown to be associated with latent infection in mice and may also play a role in reactivation. METHODS We tested mce1 operon M. tuberculosis mutants in a Cornell mouse model to examine disease progression and reactivation. RESULTS In BALB/c mice, the wild-type, mce1 operon mutant, and mce1R (negative transcriptional regulator of the mce1 operon) mutant M. tuberculosis strains were equally susceptible to orally administered isoniazid and pyrazinamide. However, after cessation of the treatment, the mce1R mutant rapidly and progressively proliferated in mouse lungs and spleens, whereas the other strains remained latent. The reactivation of the mce1R mutant was associated with disease progression in the mouse lungs. CONCLUSION This observation demonstrates that the constitutive expression of the mce1 genes by M. tuberculosis in the latent state can cause a reactivation of tuberculosis. The constitutive expression of the mce1 genes in the mce1R mutant may allow this mutant to maintain its lipid metabolism, enabling it to survive long-term and proliferate inside granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ick Cheigh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Sträuber H, Müller S. Viability states of bacteria-Specific mechanisms of selected probes. Cytometry A 2010; 77:623-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shen CJ, Kuo TY, Lin CC, Chow LP, Chen WJ. Proteomic identification of membrane proteins regulating antimicrobial peptide resistance inVibrio parahaemolyticus. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1398-407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Reiser K, Davis MA, Hynes MJ. Aspergillus nidulans contains six possible fatty acyl-CoA synthetases with FaaB being the major synthetase for fatty acid degradation. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:373-82. [PMID: 20354844 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans can use a variety of fatty acids as sole carbon and energy sources via its peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathways. Prior to channelling the fatty acids into beta-oxidation, they need to be activated to their acyl-CoA derivates. Analysis of the genome sequence identified a number of possible fatty acyl-CoA synthetases (FatA, FatB, FatC, FatD, FaaA and FaaB). FaaB was found to be the major long-chain synthetase for fatty acid degradation. FaaB was shown to localise to the peroxisomes, and the corresponding gene was induced in the presence of short and long chain fatty acids. Deletion of the faaB gene leads to a reduced/abolished growth on a variety of fatty acids. However, at least one additional fatty acyl-CoA synthetase with a preference for short chain fatty acids and a potential mitochondrial candidate (AN4659.3) has been identified via genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Reiser
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Li LO, Klett EL, Coleman RA. Acyl-CoA synthesis, lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1801:246-51. [PMID: 19818872 PMCID: PMC2824076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the underlying causes of insulin resistance have not been completely delineated, in most analyses, a recurring theme is dysfunctional metabolism of fatty acids. Because the conversion of fatty acids to activated acyl-CoAs is the first and essential step in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acid metabolism, interest has grown in the synthesis of acyl-CoAs, their contribution to the formation of signaling molecules like ceramide and diacylglycerol, and their direct effects on cell function. In this review, we cover the evidence for the involvement of acyl-CoAs in what has been termed lipotoxicity, the regulation of the acyl-CoA synthetases, and the emerging functional roles of acyl-CoAs in the major tissues that contribute to insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, adipose, liver, heart and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei O. Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eric L. Klett
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Rosalind A. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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