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Bhootra S, Jill N, Shanmugam G, Rakshit S, Sarkar K. DNA methylation and cancer: transcriptional regulation, prognostic, and therapeutic perspective. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 40:71. [PMID: 36602616 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one among the major grounds of cancer progression which is characterized by the addition of a methyl group to the promoter region of the gene thereby causing gene silencing or increasing the probability of mutations; however, in bacteria, methylation is used as a defense mechanism where DNA protection is by addition of methyl groups making restriction enzymes unable to cleave. Hypermethylation and hypomethylation both pose as leading causes of oncogenesis; the former being more frequent which occurs at the CpG islands present in the promoter region of the genes, whereas the latter occurs globally in various genomic sequences. Reviewing methylation profiles would help in the detection and treatment of cancers. Demethylation is defined as preventing methyl group addition to the cytosine DNA base which could cause cancers in case of global hypomethylation, however, upon further investigation; it could be used as a therapeutic tool as well as for drug design in cancer treatment. In this review, we have studied the molecules that induce and enzymes (DNMTs) that bring about methylation as well as comprehend the correlation between methylation with transcription factors and various signaling pathways. DNA methylation has also been reviewed in terms of how it could serve as a prognostic marker and the various therapeutic drugs that have come into the market for reversing methylation opening an avenue toward curing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannidhi Bhootra
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nandana Jill
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Feng Y, Zhou YH, Zhao J, Su XL, Chen NX, Zhao YQ, Ye Q, Hu J, Ou-Yang ZY, Zhong MM, Yang YF, Han PJ, Guo Y, Feng YZ. Prognostic biomarker GSTK1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with immune infiltration and DNA methylation. Front Genet 2023; 14:1041042. [PMID: 36936420 PMCID: PMC10020208 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (GSTK1) is critical in sarcoma and breast cancer (BRCA) development. However, the clinical significance of GSTK1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) remains unclear. This study is the first investigation into the role of GSTK1 in HNSC. Methods: All original data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and verified by R Base Package 4.2.0. The expression of GSTK1 in various cancers was explored with TIMER and TCGA databases. Prognostic value of GSTK1 was analyzed via survival module of Kaplan-Meier plotter and Human Protein Atlas database and Cox regression analysis. The association between GSTK1 and clinical features was evaluated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression analysis. The relationship between GSTK1 and immune infiltration and methylation level was further explored. The expression of GSTK1 and its correlation with immune cell infiltration was verified by Immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Results: GSTK1 was lower in HNSC, BRCA, Lung squamous cell carcinoma, and Thyroid carcinoma than in para-carcinoma. Low GSTK1 expression was associated with worse overall survival in Bladder urothelial carcinoma, Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, BRCA, and HNSC. However, only in BRCA and HNSC, GSTK1 expression in tumors was lower than that in normal tissues. Cox regression analyses confirmed that GSKT1 was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in HNSC patients. The decrease in GSTK1 expression in HNSC was significantly correlated with high T stage and smoker history. IHC showed that the expression level of GSTK1 in HNSC was lower than that in para-carcinoma. In addition, GSEA showed that three pathways related to immune infiltration were positively correlated, while two pathways related to DNA methylation were negatively correlated with expression of GSTK1. Further analysis showed that GSTK1 was moderately positively correlated with the infiltration level of T cells and Cytotoxic cells, which was further confirmed by IHC. The methylation level of GSTK1 was associated with prognosis in patients with HNSC. Conclusion: Low GSTK1 expression may be a potential molecular marker for poor prognosis in HNSC and provide new insight for the development of diagnostic marker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Su
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ning-Xin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ou-Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meng-Mei Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng-Ju Han
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Guo, ; Yun-Zhi Feng,
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Guo, ; Yun-Zhi Feng,
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Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Li J, Dong Q, Xiong J, Li Y, Lan M, Li G, Zhu B. Sustained TNF-α stimulation leads to transcriptional memory that greatly enhances signal sensitivity and robustness. eLife 2020; 9:61965. [PMID: 33155547 PMCID: PMC7704108 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional memory allows certain genes to respond to previously experienced signals more robustly. However, whether and how the key proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α mediates transcriptional memory are poorly understood. Using HEK293F cells as a model system, we report that sustained TNF-α stimulation induces transcriptional memory dependent on TET enzymes. The hypomethylated status of transcriptional regulatory regions can be inherited, facilitating NF-κB binding and more robust subsequent activation. A high initial methylation level and CpG density around κB sites are correlated with the functional potential of transcriptional memory modules. Interestingly, the CALCB gene, encoding the proven migraine therapeutic target CGRP, exhibits the best transcriptional memory. A neighboring primate-specific endogenous retrovirus stimulates more rapid, more strong, and at least 100-fold more sensitive CALCB induction in subsequent TNF-α stimulation. Our study reveals that TNF-α-mediated transcriptional memory is governed by active DNA demethylation and greatly sensitizes memory genes to much lower doses of inflammatory cues. Genes are the instruction manuals of life and contain the information needed to build the building blocks that keep cells alive. To read these instructions, cells use specific signals that activate genes. The process, known as gene expression, is tightly controlled and for the most part, fairly stable. But gene expression can be modified in various ways. Epigenetics is a broad term for describing reversible changes made to genes to switch them on and off. Sometimes, certain genes even develop a kind of ‘transcriptional memory’ where over time, their expression is enhanced and speeds up with repeated activation signals. But this may also have harmful effects. For example, the signalling molecule called tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is an essential part of the immune system. But it is also implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In these conditions, cell signalling pathways triggering inflammation are overactive. One possibility is that TNF-α could be inducing the transcriptional memory of certain genes, amplifying their expression. But little is known about which fraction of genes exhibits transcriptional memory, and what differentiates memory genes from genes with stable expression. Here, Zhao et al. treated cells grown in the laboratory with TNF-α to investigate its role in transcriptional memory and find out what epigenetic features might govern the process. The experiments showed that mimicking a sustained inflammation by stimulating TNF-α, triggered a transcriptional memory in some genes, and enabled them to respond to much lower levels of TNF-α on subsequent exposure. Zhao et al. also discovered that genes tagged with methyl groups are more likely to show transcriptional memory when stimulated by TNF-α. However, they also found that these groups must be removed to consolidate any transcriptional memory. This work shows how TNF-α influences can alter the expression of certain genes. It also suggests that transcriptional memory, stimulated by TNF-α, may be a possible mechanism underlying chronic inflammatory conditions. This could help future research in identifying more genes with transcriptional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Lan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Huo X, Dunbar KB, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. In Barrett's epithelial cells, weakly acidic bile salt solutions cause oxidative DNA damage with response and repair mediated by p38. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G464-G478. [PMID: 31984785 PMCID: PMC7099494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00329.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of esophageal adenocarcinoma is rising despite widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which heal reflux esophagitis but do not prevent reflux of weakly acidic gastric juice and bile in Barrett's esophagus patients. We aimed to determine if weakly acidic (pH 5.5) bile salt medium (WABM) causes DNA damage in Barrett's cells. Because p53 is inactivated frequently in Barrett's esophagus and p38 can assume p53 functions, we explored p38's role in DNA damage response and repair. We exposed Barrett's cells with or without p53 knockdown to WABM, and evaluated DNA damage, its response and repair, and whether these effects are p38 dependent. We also measured phospho-p38 in biopsies of Barrett's metaplasia exposed to deoxycholic acid (DCA). WABM caused phospho-H2AX increases that were blocked by a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. WABM increased phospho-p38 and reduced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (an index of S phase entry). Repair of WABM-induced DNA damage proceeded through p38-mediated base excision repair (BER) associated with reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I (Ref-1/APE1). Cells treated with WABM supplemented with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) exhibited enhanced p38-mediated responses to DNA damage. All of these effects were observed in p53-intact and p53-deficient Barrett's cells. In patients, esophageal DCA perfusion significantly increased phospho-p38 in Barrett's metaplasia. WABM exposure generates ROS, causing oxidative DNA damage in Barrett's cells, a mechanism possibly underlying the rising frequency of esophageal adenocarcinoma despite PPI usage. p38 plays a central role in oxidative DNA damage response and Ref-1/APE1-associated BER, suggesting potential chemopreventive roles for agents like UDCA that increase p38 activity in Barrett's esophagus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that weakly acidic bile salt solutions, with compositions similar to the refluxed gastric juice of gastroesophageal reflux disease patients on proton pump inhibitors, cause oxidative DNA damage in Barrett's metaplasia that could contribute to the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. We also have elucidated a critical role for p38 in Barrett's metaplasia in its response to and repair of oxidative DNA damage, suggesting a potential chemopreventive role for agents like ursodeoxycholic acid that increase p38 activity in Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Huo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kerry B Dunbar
- Department of Medicine, Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
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Cardiac Fibroblast p38 MAPK: A Critical Regulator of Myocardial Remodeling. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6030027. [PMID: 31394846 PMCID: PMC6787752 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac fibroblast is a remarkably versatile cell type that coordinates inflammatory, fibrotic and hypertrophic responses in the heart through a complex array of intracellular and intercellular signaling mechanisms. One important signaling node that has been identified involves p38 MAPK; a family of kinases activated in response to stress and inflammatory stimuli that modulates multiple aspects of cardiac fibroblast function, including inflammatory responses, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix turnover and the paracrine induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This review explores the emerging importance of the p38 MAPK pathway in cardiac fibroblasts, describes the molecular mechanisms by which it regulates the expression of key genes, and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for reducing adverse myocardial remodeling.
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6
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Zhao Z, Lan M, Li J, Dong Q, Li X, Liu B, Li G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhu B. The proinflammatory cytokine TNFα induces DNA demethylation-dependent and -independent activation of interleukin-32 expression. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6785-6795. [PMID: 30824537 PMCID: PMC6497958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-32 is a cytokine involved in proinflammatory immune responses to bacterial and viral infections. However, the role of epigenetic events in the regulation of IL-32 gene expression is understudied. Here we show that IL-32 is repressed by DNA methylation in HEK293 cells. Using ChIP sequencing, locus-specific methylation analysis, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, and RT-qPCR (quantitative RT-PCR) and immunoblot assays, we found that short-term treatment (a few hours) with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) activates IL-32 in a DNA demethylation-independent manner. In contrast, prolonged TNFα treatment (several days) induced DNA demethylation at the promoter and a CpG island in the IL-32 gene in a TET (ten-eleven translocation) family enzyme- and NF-κB-dependent manner. Notably, the hypomethylation status of transcriptional regulatory elements in IL-32 was maintained for a long time (several weeks), causing elevated IL-32 expression even in the absence of TNFα. Considering that IL-32 can, in turn, induce TNFα expression, we speculate that such feedforward events may contribute to the transition from an acute inflammatory response to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Zhao
- From the Tsinghua University-Peking University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- the National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengying Lan
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- the College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Jingjing Li
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- the College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Qiang Dong
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Li
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baodong Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gang Li
- the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Bing Zhu
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
- the College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
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7
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Du W, Dong Q, Zhang Z, Liu B, Zhou T, Xu RM, Wang H, Zhu B, Li Y. Stella protein facilitates DNA demethylation by disrupting the chromatin association of the RING finger-type E3 ubiquitin ligase UHRF1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8907-8917. [PMID: 31018966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stella is a maternal gene required for oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Stella overexpression in somatic cells causes global demethylation. As we have recently shown, Stella sequesters nuclear ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1), a RING finger-type E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for DNA methylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase 1 and triggers global demethylation. Here, we report an overexpressed mutant Stella protein without nuclear export activity surprisingly retained its ability to cause global demethylation. By combining biochemical interaction assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, immunostaining, and live-cell imaging with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we found that Stella disrupts UHRF1's association with chromatin by directly binding to the plant homeodomain of UHRF1 and competing for the interaction between UHRF1 and the histone H3 tail. Consistently, overexpression of Stella mutants that do not directly interact with UHRF1 fails to cause genome-wide demethylation. In the presence of nuclear Stella, UHRF1 could not bind to chromatin and exhibited increased dynamics in the nucleus. Our results indicate that Stella employs a multilayered mechanism to achieve robust UHRF1 inhibition, which involves the dissociation from chromatin and cytoplasmic sequestration of UHRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Du
- From the College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875.,the National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206.,the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Qiang Dong
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Zhuqiang Zhang
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Baodong Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, and
| | - Ting Zhou
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101.,the College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, and
| | - Bing Zhu
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101.,the College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
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Wu F, Zhang J, Shang E, Zhang J, Li X, Zhu B, Lei X. Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Type of Small Molecule Epigenetic Modulator Containing Imidazo[1,2- b][1,2,4]triazole Motif. Front Chem 2019; 6:642. [PMID: 30627529 PMCID: PMC6309140 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation is important for many cellular processes, such as cell differentiation and cell death. The disorder of epigenetic state is closely related to human diseases, especially cancers. DNA methylation is a well-characterized epigenetic modification which is related to gene silencing and is considered as a repressive epigenetic mark. DNA methylation caused gene repression can be derepressed by chemical agents. Small molecules targeting DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and other regulatory factors can activate genes silenced by DNA methylation. However, more and more studies have shown that histone deacetylation is not the only downstream event of DNA methylation. Some additional, unknown mechanisms that promote DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing may exist. Recently, through high-throughput screening using a 308,251-member chemical library to identify potent small molecules that derepress an EGFP reporter gene silenced by DNA methylation, we identified seven hit compounds that did not directly target bulk DNA methylation or histone acetylation. Three of them (LX-3, LX-4, LX-5) were proven to selectively activate the p38 MAPK pathway in multiple cell types. In order to identify the exact cellular targets of these compounds, we turn to work on the SAR study of LX-3 by constructing a structurally diverse chemical library based on the imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazole core structure via diversity-oriented synthesis. Our work provides a general approach to efficiently access diverse heterocyclic molecules with interesting epigenetic modulation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Erchang Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Pennings S, Revuelta A, McLaughlin KA, Abd Hadi NA, Petchreing P, Ottaviano R, Meehan RR. Dynamics and Mechanisms of DNA Methylation Reprogramming. EPIGENETICS AND REGENERATION 2019:19-45. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814879-2.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Wiputra H, Chen CK, Talbi E, Lim GL, Soomar SM, Biswas A, Mattar CNZ, Bark D, Leo HL, Yap CH. Human fetal hearts with tetralogy of Fallot have altered fluid dynamics and forces. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1649-H1659. [PMID: 30216114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00235.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested the effect of blood flow forces in pathogenesis and progression of some congenital heart malformations. It is therefore of interest to study the fluid mechanic environment of the malformed prenatal heart, such as the tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), especially when little is known about fetal TOF. In this study, we performed patient-specific ultrasound-based flow simulations of three TOF and seven normal human fetal hearts. TOF right ventricles (RVs) had smaller end-diastolic volumes (EDVs) but similar stroke volumes (SVs), whereas TOF left ventricles (LVs) had similar EDVs but slightly increased SVs compared with normal ventricles. Simulations showed that TOF ventricles had elevated systolic intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) and required additional energy for ejection but IVPG elevations were considered to be mild relative to arterial pressure. TOF RVs and LVs had similar pressures because of equalization via ventricular septal defect (VSD). Furthermore, relative to normal, TOF RVs had increased diastolic wall shear stresses (WSS) but TOF LVs were not. This was caused by high tricuspid inflow that exceeded RV SV, leading to right-to-left shunting and chaotic flow with enhanced vorticity interaction with the wall to elevate WSS. Two of the three TOF RVs but none of the LVs had increased thickness. As pressure elevations were mild, we hypothesized that pressure and WSS elevation could play a role in the RV thickening, among other causative factors. Finally, the endocardium surrounding the VSD consistently experienced high WSS because of RV-to-LV flow shunt and high flow rate through the over-riding aorta. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Blood flow forces are thought to cause congenital heart malformations and influence disease progression. We performed novel investigations of intracardiac fluid mechanics of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) human fetal hearts and found essential differences from normal hearts. The TOF right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle had similar and elevated pressure but only the TOF RV had elevated wall shear stress because of elevated tricuspid inflow, and this may contribute to the observed RV thickening. TOF hearts also expended more energy for ejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Wiputra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Ching Kit Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Elias Talbi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Guat Ling Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Sanah Merchant Soomar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - Citra Nurfarah Zaini Mattar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System , Singapore
| | - David Bark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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