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Hou X, Zhu L, Xu H, Shi J, Ji S. Dysregulation of protein succinylation and disease development. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1407505. [PMID: 38882606 PMCID: PMC11176430 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1407505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As a novel post-translational modification of proteins, succinylation is widely present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. By regulating protein translocation and activity, particularly involved in regulation of gene expression, succinylation actively participates in diverse biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. Dysregulation of succinylation is closely related to many diseases. Consequently, it has increasingly attracted attention from basic and clinical researchers. For a thorough understanding of succinylation dysregulation and its implications for disease development, such as inflammation, tumors, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on abnormal succinylation. This understanding of association of dysregulation of succinylation with pathological processes will provide valuable directions for disease prevention/treatment strategies as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiying Xu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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2
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Stastna M. Post-translational modifications of proteins in cardiovascular diseases examined by proteomic approaches. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38440918 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Over 400 different types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been reported and over 200 various types of PTMs have been discovered using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. MS-based proteomics has proven to be a powerful method capable of global PTM mapping with the identification of modified proteins/peptides, the localization of PTM sites and PTM quantitation. PTMs play regulatory roles in protein functions, activities and interactions in various heart related diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The recognition of PTMs that are specific to cardiovascular pathology and the clarification of the mechanisms underlying these PTMs at molecular levels are crucial for discovery of novel biomarkers and application in a clinical setting. With sensitive MS instrumentation and novel biostatistical methods for precise processing of the data, low-abundance PTMs can be successfully detected and the beneficial or unfavorable effects of specific PTMs on cardiac function can be determined. Moreover, computational proteomic strategies that can predict PTM sites based on MS data have gained an increasing interest and can contribute to characterization of PTM profiles in cardiovascular disorders. More recently, machine learning- and deep learning-based methods have been employed to predict the locations of PTMs and explore PTM crosstalk. In this review article, the types of PTMs are briefly overviewed, approaches for PTM identification/quantitation in MS-based proteomics are discussed and recently published proteomic studies on PTMs associated with cardiovascular diseases are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Norambuena-Soto I, Deng Y, Brenner C, Lavandero S, Wang ZV. NAD in pathological cardiac remodeling: Metabolic regulation and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167038. [PMID: 38281710 PMCID: PMC10922927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzymes are carriers of high energy electrons in metabolism and also play critical roles in numerous signaling pathways. NAD metabolism is decreased in various cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, stimulation of NAD biosynthesis protects against heart disease under different pathological conditions. In this review, we describe pathways for both generation and catabolism of NAD coenzymes and the respective changes of these pathways in the heart under cardiac diseases, including pressure overload, myocardial infarction, cardiometabolic disease, cancer treatment cardiotoxicity, and heart failure. We next provide an update on the strategies and treatments to increase NAD levels, such as supplementation of NAD precursors, in the heart that prevent or reverse cardiomyopathy. We also introduce the approaches to manipulate NAD consumption enzymes to ameliorate cardiac disease. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms associated with improvements in cardiac function by NAD coenzymes, differentiating between mitochondria-dependent effects and those independent of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Hou X, Chen Y, Li X, Gu X, Dong W, Shi J, Ji S. Protein succinylation: regulating metabolism and beyond. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1336057. [PMID: 38379549 PMCID: PMC10876795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1336057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Modifications of protein post-translation are critical modulatory processes, which alters target protein biological activity,function and/or location, even involved in pathogenesis of some diseases. So far, there are at least 16 types of post-translation modifications identified, particularly through recent mass spectrometry analysis. Among them, succinylation (Ksuc) on protein lysine residues causes a variety of biological changes. Succinylation of proteins contributes to many cellular processes such as proliferation, growth, differentiation, metabolism and even tumorigenesis. Mechanically, Succinylation leads to conformation alteration of chromatin or remodeling. As a result, transcription/expression of target genes is changed accordingly. Recent research indicated that succinylation mainly contributes to metabolism modulations, from gene expression of metabolic enzymes to their activity modulation. In this review, we will conclude roles of succinylation in metabolic regulation of glucose, fat, amino acids and related metabolic disease launched by aberrant succinylation. Our goal is to stimulate extra attention to these still not well researched perhaps important succinylation modification on proteins and cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiqiu Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianliang Gu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weixia Dong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Kubatzky KF, Gao Y, Yu D. Post-translational modulation of cell signalling through protein succinylation. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:1260-1285. [PMID: 38213532 PMCID: PMC10776603 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells need to adapt their activities to extra- and intracellular signalling cues. To translate a received extracellular signal, cells have specific receptors that transmit the signal to downstream proteins so that it can reach the nucleus to initiate or repress gene transcription. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are reversible or irreversible chemical modifications that help to further modulate protein activity. The most commonly observed PTMs are the phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, followed by acetylation, glycosylation, and amidation. In addition to PTMs that involve the modification of a certain amino acid (phosphorylation, hydrophobic groups for membrane localisation, or chemical groups like acylation), or the conjugation of peptides (SUMOylation, NEDDylation), structural changes such as the formation of disulphide bridge, protein cleavage or splicing can also be classified as PTMs. Recently, it was discovered that metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are not only intermediates that support cellular metabolism but can also modify lysine residues. This has been shown for acetate, succinate, and lactate, among others. Due to the importance of mitochondria for the overall fitness of organisms, the regulatory function of such PTMs is critical for protection from aging, neurodegeneration, or cardiovascular disease. Cancer cells and activated immune cells display a phenotype of accelerated metabolic activity known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic state is characterised by enhanced glycolysis, the use of the pentose phosphate pathway as well as a disruption of the TCA cycle, ultimately causing the accumulation of metabolites like citrate, succinate, and malate. Succinate can then serve as a signalling molecule by directly interacting with proteins, by binding to its G protein-coupled receptor 91 (GPR91) and by post-translationally modifying proteins through succinylation of lysine residues, respectively. This review is focus on the process of protein succinylation and its importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina F. Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dayoung Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Yuan T, Kumar S, Skinner M, Victor-Joseph R, Abuaita M, Keijer J, Zhang J, Kunkel TJ, Liu Y, Petrunak EM, Saunders TL, Lieberman AP, Stuckey JA, Neamati N, Al-Murshedi F, Alfadhel M, Spelbrink JN, Rodenburg R, de Boer VCJ, Lombard DB. SIRT5 variants from patients with mitochondrial disease are associated with reduced SIRT5 stability and activity, but not with neuropathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570371. [PMID: 38105987 PMCID: PMC10723467 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SIRT5 is a sirtuin deacylase that represents the major activity responsible for removal of negatively-charged lysine modifications, in the mitochondrial matrix and elsewhere in the cell. In benign cells and mouse models, under basal non-stressed conditions, the phenotypes of SIRT5 deficiency are generally quite subtle. Here, we identify two homozygous SIRT5 variants in human patients suffering from severe mitochondrial disease. Both variants, P114T and L128V, are associated with reduced SIRT5 protein stability and impaired biochemical activity, with no evidence of neomorphic or dominant negative properties. The crystal structure of the P114T enzyme was solved and shows only subtle deviations from wild-type. Via CRISPR-Cas9, we generate a mouse model that recapitulates the human P114T mutation; homozygotes show reduced SIRT5 levels and activity, but no obvious metabolic abnormalities, neuropathology or other gross evidence of severe disease. We conclude that these human SIRT5 variants most likely represent severe hypomorphs, and are likely not the primary pathogenic cause of the neuropathology observed in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Yuan
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mary Skinner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Majd Abuaita
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136
| | | | - Yanghan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elyse M. Petrunak
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Jeanne A. Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Fathiya Al-Murshedi
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Department of Genetics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomic Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center(KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences(KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics and Precision Medicine department (GPM), King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes N. Spelbrink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David B. Lombard
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami FL 33136
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami FL 33125
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7
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Reitz CJ, Kuzmanov U, Gramolini AO. Multi-omic analyses and network biology in cardiovascular disease. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200289. [PMID: 37691071 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease remains a leading cause of death in North America and worldwide. Despite advances in therapies, the chronic nature of cardiovascular diseases ultimately results in frequent hospitalizations and steady rates of mortality. Systems biology approaches have provided a new frontier toward unraveling the underlying mechanisms of cell, tissue, and organ dysfunction in disease. Mapping the complex networks of molecular functions across the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome has enormous potential to advance our understanding of cardiovascular disease, discover new disease biomarkers, and develop novel therapies. Computational workflows to interpret these data-intensive analyses as well as integration between different levels of interrogation remain important challenges in the advancement and application of systems biology-based analyses in cardiovascular research. This review will focus on summarizing the recent developments in network biology-level profiling in the heart, with particular emphasis on modeling of human heart failure. We will provide new perspectives on integration between different levels of large "omics" datasets, including integration of gene regulatory networks, protein-protein interactions, signaling networks, and metabolic networks in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine J Reitz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uros Kuzmanov
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fu Y, Yu J, Li F, Ge S. Oncometabolites drive tumorigenesis by enhancing protein acylation: from chromosomal remodelling to nonhistone modification. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:144. [PMID: 35428309 PMCID: PMC9013066 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMetabolites are intermediate products of cellular metabolism catalysed by various enzymes. Metabolic remodelling, as a biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells, causes abnormal metabolite accumulation. These metabolites mainly generate energy or serve as signal transduction mediators via noncovalent interactions. After the development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry technology, various metabolites were shown to covalently modify proteins via forms of lysine acylation, including lysine acetylation, crotonylation, lactylation, succinylation, propionylation, butyrylation, malonylation, glutarylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation and β-hydroxybutyrylation. These modifications can regulate gene expression and intracellular signalling pathways, highlighting the extensive roles of metabolites. Lysine acetylation is not discussed in detail in this review since it has been broadly investigated. We focus on the nine aforementioned novel lysine acylations beyond acetylation, which can be classified into two categories: histone acylations and nonhistone acylations. We summarize the characteristics and common functions of these acylation types and, most importantly, provide a glimpse into their fine-tuned control of tumorigenesis and potential value in tumour diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.
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Guo AH, Baliira R, Skinner ME, Kumar S, Andren A, Zhang L, Goldsmith RS, Michan S, Davis NJ, Maccani MW, Day SM, Sinclair DA, Brody MJ, Lyssiotis CA, Stein AB, Lombard DB. Sirtuin 5 levels are limiting in preserving cardiac function and suppressing fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12258. [PMID: 35851833 PMCID: PMC9293976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to pump blood sufficiently to meet the metabolic demands of the body. HF with reduced systolic function is characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular fibrosis and remodeling, and decreased cardiac contractility, leading to cardiac functional impairment and death. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a well-established model for inducing hypertrophy and HF in rodents. Mice globally deficient in sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), a NAD+-dependent deacylase, are hypersensitive to cardiac stress and display increased mortality after TAC. Prior studies assessing SIRT5 functions in the heart have all employed loss-of-function approaches. In this study, we generated SIRT5 overexpressing (SIRT5OE) mice, and evaluated their response to chronic pressure overload using TAC. Compared to littermate controls, SIRT5OE mice were protected against adverse functional consequences of TAC, left ventricular dilation and impaired ejection fraction. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that SIRT5 suppresses key HF sequelae, including the metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, immune activation, and fibrotic signaling pathways. We conclude that SIRT5 is a limiting factor in the preservation of cardiac function in response to experimental pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rachael Baliira
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary E Skinner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anthony Andren
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert S Goldsmith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shaday Michan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Rejuvenate Bio Inc, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Norma J Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Merissa W Maccani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew J Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Adam B Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 708 Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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10
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Role of Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3137329. [PMID: 35855865 PMCID: PMC9288287 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3137329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, making it an urgent concern. Although some studies have been performed on CVD, its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown for all types of CVD. However, recent in vivo and in vitro studies have successfully identified the important roles of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in various diseases, including CVD. Protein modification, also known as PTMs, refers to the chemical modification of specific amino acid residues after protein biosynthesis, which is a key process that can influence the activity or expression level of proteins. Studies on PTMs have contributed directly to improving the therapeutic strategies for CVD. In this review, we examined recent progress on PTMs and highlighted their importance in both physiological and pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system. Overall, the findings of this review contribute to the understanding of PTMs and their potential roles in the treatment of CVD.
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Abstract
As a muscular pump that contracts incessantly throughout life, the heart must constantly generate cellular energy to support contractile function and fuel ionic pumps to maintain electrical homeostasis. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism of multiple metabolic substrates such as fatty acids, glucose, ketones, and lactate is essential to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of ATP. Multiple metabolic pathways converge to maintain myocardial energy homeostasis. The regulation of these cardiac metabolic pathways has been intensely studied for many decades. Rapid adaptation of these pathways is essential for mediating the myocardial adaptation to stress, and dysregulation of these pathways contributes to myocardial pathophysiology as occurs in heart failure and in metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The regulation of these pathways reflects the complex interactions of cell-specific regulatory pathways, neurohumoral signals, and changes in substrate availability in the circulation. Significant advances have been made in the ability to study metabolic regulation in the heart, and animal models have played a central role in contributing to this knowledge. This review will summarize metabolic pathways in the heart and describe their contribution to maintaining myocardial contractile function in health and disease. The review will summarize lessons learned from animal models with altered systemic metabolism and those in which specific metabolic regulatory pathways have been genetically altered within the heart. The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of cardiac metabolism and the pathophysiology of heart failure and how these have been informed by animal models will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- University Heart Center Graz, Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Austria (H.B., N.J.B.)
| | - Nikole J Byrne
- University Heart Center Graz, Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Austria (H.B., N.J.B.)
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (E.D.A.)
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12
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Muoio DM, Williams AS, Grimsrud PA. Mitochondrial lysine acylation and cardiometabolic stress: Truth or consequence? CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Peoples JN, Ghazal N, Duong DM, Hardin KR, Manning JR, Seyfried NT, Faundez V, Kwong JQ. Loss of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier SLC25A3 induces remodeling of the cardiac mitochondrial protein acylome. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C519-C534. [PMID: 34319827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00156.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as signaling organelles because, under stress, mitochondria can trigger various signaling pathways to coordinate the cell's response. The specific pathway(s) engaged by mitochondria in response to mitochondrial energy defects in vivo and in high-energy tissues like the heart are not fully understood. Here, we investigated cardiac pathways activated in response to mitochondrial energy dysfunction by studying mice with cardiomyocyte-specific loss of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (SLC25A3), an established model that develops cardiomyopathy as a result of defective mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial energy dysfunction induced a striking pattern of acylome remodeling, with significantly increased post-translational acetylation and malonylation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics further revealed that energy dysfunction-induced remodeling of the acetylome and malonylome preferentially impacts mitochondrial proteins. Acetylation and malonylation modified a highly interconnected interactome of mitochondrial proteins, and both modifications were present on the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2). Intriguingly, IDH2 activity was enhanced in SLC25A3-deleted mitochondria, and further study of IDH2 sites targeted by both acetylation and malonylation revealed that these modifications can have site-specific and distinct functional effects. Finally, we uncovered a novel crosstalk between the two modifications, whereby mitochondrial energy dysfunction-induced acetylation of sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), inhibited its function. Because SIRT5 is a mitochondrial deacylase with demalonylase activity, this finding suggests that acetylation can modulate the malonylome. Together, our results position acylations as an arm of the mitochondrial response to energy dysfunction and suggest a mechanism by which focal disruption to the energy production machinery can have an expanded impact on global mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Peoples
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nasab Ghazal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine R Hardin
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Janet R Manning
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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14
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Zhou B, Xiao M, Hu H, Pei X, Xue Y, Miao G, Wang J, Li W, Du Y, Zhang P, Wei T. Cardioprotective Role of SIRT5 in Response to Acute Ischemia Through a Novel Liver-Cardiac Crosstalk Mechanism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687559. [PMID: 34368135 PMCID: PMC8339556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications play important roles in cardiovascular diseases. The authors’ previous report showed that the abundance of succinylated and glutarylated proteins was significantly lower in the serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than in that of healthy volunteers, suggesting a potential relationship between protein acylation and AMI. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) facilitates the removal of malonyl, succinyl, and glutaryl modification; however, its effects on AMI remain unknown. In this study, the levels of SIRT5 in AMI mouse model was compared. Results showed elevated hepatic SIRT5 after myocardial infarction. Hepatocyte-specific SIRT5 overexpressing mice (liver SIRT5 OE) were generated to address the possible involvement of hepatic SIRT5 in AMI. The areas of myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac function in a model of experimental myocardial infarction were compared between liver SIRT5 OE mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The liver SIRT5 OE mice showed a significantly smaller area of myocardial infarction and myocardial fibrosis than the WT mice. The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in the blood and myocardium of liver SIRT5 OE mice after AMI was markedly elevated compared with that in WT mice. The results of mass spectrometry showed increased levels of proteins regulating tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid β-oxidation pathways in the liver mitochondria of liver SIRT5 OE mice. These findings showed that SIRT5 may exhibit a cardioprotective effect in response to acute ischemia through a liver-cardiac crosstalk mechanism, probably by increasing the secretion of FGF21 and the improvement of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boda Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Pei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guobin Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqi Li
- Yuanpei College, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Du
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Taotao Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Giblin W, Bringman-Rodenbarger L, Guo AH, Kumar S, Monovich AC, Mostafa AM, Skinner ME, Azar M, Mady AS, Chung CH, Kadambi N, Melong KA, Lee HJ, Zhang L, Sajjakulnukit P, Trefely S, Varner EL, Iyer S, Wang M, Wilmott JS, Soyer HP, Sturm RA, Pritchard AL, Andea AA, Scolyer RA, Stark MS, Scott DA, Fullen DR, Bosenberg MW, Chandrasekaran S, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Verhaegen ME, Snyder NW, Rivera MN, Osterman AL, Lyssiotis CA, Lombard DB. The deacylase SIRT5 supports melanoma viability by influencing chromatin dynamics. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138926. [PMID: 33945506 PMCID: PMC8203465 DOI: 10.1172/jci138926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma remains the most lethal skin cancer, and ranks third among all malignancies in terms of years of life lost. Despite the advent of immune checkpoint and targeted therapies, only roughly half of patients with advanced melanoma achieve a durable remission. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a member of the sirtuin family of protein deacylases that regulates metabolism and other biological processes. Germline Sirt5 deficiency is associated with mild phenotypes in mice. Here we showed that SIRT5 was required for proliferation and survival across all cutaneous melanoma genotypes tested, as well as uveal melanoma, a genetically distinct melanoma subtype that arises in the eye and is incurable once metastatic. Likewise, SIRT5 was required for efficient tumor formation by melanoma xenografts and in an autochthonous mouse Braf Pten-driven melanoma model. Via metabolite and transcriptomic analyses, we found that SIRT5 was required to maintain histone acetylation and methylation levels in melanoma cells, thereby promoting proper gene expression. SIRT5-dependent genes notably included MITF, a key lineage-specific survival oncogene in melanoma, and the c-MYC proto-oncogene. SIRT5 may represent a druggable genotype-independent addiction in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Giblin
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed M. Mostafa
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erika L. Varner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Department of Pathology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - James S. Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H. Peter Soyer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A. Sturm
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antonia L. Pritchard
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, An Lóchran, Inverness, United Kingdom
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aleodor A. Andea
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and NSW Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell S. Stark
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A. Scott
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Douglas R. Fullen
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus W. Bosenberg
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sriram Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
- Program in Chemical Biology
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Department of Pathology and
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel W. Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Miguel N. Rivera
- Department of Pathology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrei L. Osterman
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - David B. Lombard
- Department of Pathology and
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Francois A, Canella A, Marcho LM, Stratton MS. Protein acetylation in cardiac aging. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 157:90-97. [PMID: 33915138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biological aging is attributed to progressive dysfunction in systems governing genetic and metabolic integrity. At the cellular level, aging is evident by accumulated DNA damage and mutation, reactive oxygen species, alternate lipid and protein modifications, alternate gene expression programs, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These effects sum to drive altered tissue morphology and organ dysfunction. Protein-acylation has emerged as a critical mediator of age-dependent changes in these processes. Despite decades of research focus from academia and industry, heart failure remains a leading cause of death in the United States while the 5 year mortality rate for heart failure remains over 40%. Over 90% of heart failure deaths occur in patients over the age of 65 and heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in Medicare beneficiaries. In 1931, Cole and Koch discovered age-dependent accumulation of phosphates in skeletal muscle. These and similar findings provided supporting evidence for, now well accepted, theories linking metabolism and aging. Nearly two decades later, age-associated alterations in biochemical molecules were described in the heart. From these small beginnings, the field has grown substantially in recent years. This growing research focus on cardiac aging has, in part, been driven by advances on multiple public health fronts that allow population level clinical presentation of aging related disorders. It is estimated that by 2030, 25% of the worldwide population will be over the age of 65. This review provides an overview of acetylation-dependent regulation of biological processes related to cardiac aging and introduces emerging non-acetyl, acyl-lysine modifications in cardiac function and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Francois
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Canella
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Marcho
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew S Stratton
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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Liu J, Zhong L, Guo R. The Role of Posttranslational Modification and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6635836. [PMID: 33680284 PMCID: PMC7910068 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6635836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. The mechanism behind CVDs has been studied for decades; however, the pathogenesis is still controversial. Mitochondrial homeostasis plays an essential role in maintaining the normal function of the cardiovascular system. The alterations of any protein function in mitochondria may induce abnormal mitochondrial quality control and unexpected mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to CVDs. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) affect protein function by reversibly changing their conformation. This review summarizes how common and novel PTMs influence the development of CVDs by regulating mitochondrial quality control. It provides not only ideas for future research on the mechanism of some types of CVDs but also ideas for CVD treatments with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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18
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Li G, Tian Y, Zhu WG. The Roles of Histone Deacetylases and Their Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576946. [PMID: 33117804 PMCID: PMC7552186 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations and abnormal gene regulation are key mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Nucleosomes, which consist of DNA wrapped around histone cores, represent the basic units of chromatin. The fifth amino group (Nε) of histone lysine residues is a common site for post-translational modifications (PTMs), and of these, acetylation is the second most common. Histone acetylation is modulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), and is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Over the past two decades, numerous studies characterizing HDACs and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have provided novel and exciting insights concerning their underlying biological mechanisms and potential anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we detail the diverse structures of HDACs and their underlying biological functions, including transcriptional regulation, metabolism, angiogenesis, DNA damage response, cell cycle, apoptosis, protein degradation, immunity and other several physiological processes. We also highlight potential avenues to use HDACi as novel, precision cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Gao J, Shao K, Chen X, Li Z, Liu Z, Yu Z, Aung LHH, Wang Y, Li P. The involvement of post-translational modifications in cardiovascular pathologies: Focus on SUMOylation, neddylation, succinylation, and prenylation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Defining decreased protein succinylation of failing human cardiac myofibrils in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 138:304-317. [PMID: 31836543 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Succinylation is a post-translational modification of protein lysine residues with succinyl groups derived from succinyl CoA. Succinylation is considered a significant post-translational modification with the potential to impact protein function which is highly conserved across numerous species. The role of succinylation in the heart, especially in heart failure and myofibril mechanics, remains largely unexplored. Mechanical parameters were measured in myofibrils isolated from failing hearts of ischemic cardiomyopathy patients and non-failing donor controls. We employed mass spectrometry to quantify differential protein expression in myofibrils from failing ischemic cardiomyopathy hearts compared to non-failing hearts. In addition, we combined peptide enrichment by immunoprecipitation with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively analyze succinylated lysine residues in these myofibrils. Several key parameters of sarcomeric mechanical interactions were altered in myofibrils isolated from failing ischemic cardiomyopathy hearts, including lower resting tension and a faster rate of activation. Of the 100 differentially expressed proteins, 46 showed increased expression in ischemic heart failure, while 54 demonstrated decreased expression in ischemic heart failure. Our quantitative succinylome analysis identified a total of 572 unique succinylated lysine sites located on 181 proteins, with 307 significantly changed succinylation events. We found that 297 succinyl-Lys demonstrated decreased succinylation on 104 proteins, while 10 residues demonstrated increased succinylation on 4 proteins. Investigating succinyl CoA generation, enzyme activity assays demonstrated that α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were significantly decreased in ischemic heart failure. An activity assay for succinyl CoA synthetase demonstrated a significant increase in ischemic heart failure. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that succinyl CoA production is decreased and succinyl CoA turnover is increased in ischemic heart failure, potentially resulting in an overall decrease in the mitochondrial succinyl CoA pool, which may contribute to decreased myofibril protein succinylation in heart failure.
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21
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Dichotomous Sirtuins: Implications for Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative and Cardiometabolic Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:1021-1039. [PMID: 31704173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-7), a class of NAD+-dependent deacylases, are central regulators of metabolic homeostasis and stress responses. While numerous salutary effects associated with sirtuin activation, especially SIRT1, are well documented, other reports show health benefits resulting from sirtuin inhibition. Furthermore, conflicting findings have been obtained regarding the pathophysiological role of specific sirtuin isoforms, suggesting that sirtuins act as 'double-edged swords'. Here, we provide an integrated overview of the different findings on the role of mammalian sirtuins in neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disorders and attempt to dissect the reasons behind these different effects. Finally, we discuss how addressing these obstacles may provide a better understanding of the complex sirtuin biology and improve the likelihood of identifying effective and selective drug targets for a variety of human disorders.
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22
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Byun J, Oka SI, Imai N, Huang CY, Ralda G, Zhai P, Ikeda Y, Ikeda S, Sadoshima J. Both gain and loss of Nampt function promote pressure overload-induced heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H711-H725. [PMID: 31347918 PMCID: PMC6843022 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00222.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heart requires high-energy production, but metabolic ability declines in the failing heart. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (Nampt) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. NAD is directly involved in various metabolic processes and may indirectly regulate metabolic gene expression through sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), an NAD-dependent protein deacetylase. However, how Nampt regulates cardiac function and metabolism in the failing heart is poorly understood. Here we show that pressure-overload (PO)-induced heart failure is exacerbated in both systemic Nampt heterozygous knockout (Nampt+/-) mice and mice with cardiac-specific Nampt overexpression (Tg-Nampt). The NAD level declined in Nampt+/- mice under PO (wild: 377 pmol/mg tissue; Nampt+/-: 119 pmol/mg tissue; P = 0.028). In cultured cardiomyocytes, Nampt knockdown diminished mitochondrial NAD content and ATP production (relative ATP production: wild: 1; Nampt knockdown: 0.56; P = 0.0068), suggesting that downregulation of Nampt induces mitochondrial dysfunction. On the other hand, the NAD level was increased in Tg-Nampt mice at baseline but not during PO, possibly due to increased consumption of NAD by Sirt1. The expression of Sirt1 was increased in Tg-Nampt mice, in association with reduced overall protein acetylation. PO-induced downregulation of metabolic genes was exacerbated in Tg-Nampt mice. In cultured cardiomyocytes, Nampt and Sirt1 cooperatively suppressed mitochondrial proteins and ATP production, thereby promoting mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, Nampt overexpression upregulated inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Thus endogenous Nampt maintains cardiac function and metabolism in the failing heart, whereas Nampt overexpression is detrimental during PO, possibly due to excessive activation of Sirt1, suppression of mitochondrial function, and upregulation of proinflammatory mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (Nampt) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. We demonstrate that pressure overload-induced heart failure is exacerbated in both systemic Nampt heterozygous knockout mice and mice with cardiac-specific Nampt overexpression. Both loss- and gain-of-function models exhibited reduced protein acetylation, suppression of metabolic genes, and mitochondrial energetic dysfunction. Thus endogenous Nampt maintains cardiac function and metabolism in the failing heart, but cardiac-specific Nampt overexpression is detrimental rather than therapeutic.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/surgery
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/deficiency
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism
- Heart Failure/enzymology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Ligation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- NAD/metabolism
- Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/deficiency
- Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics
- Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Byun
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shin-Ichi Oka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nobushige Imai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Chun-Yang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Guersom Ralda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shohei Ikeda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
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23
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What if? Mouse proteomics after gene inactivation. J Proteomics 2019; 199:102-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Zhang M, Wu J, Sun R, Tao X, Wang X, Kang Q, Wang H, Zhang L, Liu P, Zhang J, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Guan KL, Zou Y, Ye D. SIRT5 deficiency suppresses mitochondrial ATP production and promotes AMPK activation in response to energy stress. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211796. [PMID: 30759120 PMCID: PMC6373945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a member of the NAD+-dependent sirtuin family of protein deacylase that catalyzes removal of post-translational modifications, such as succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation on lysine residues. In light of the SIRT5's roles in regulating mitochondrion function, we show here that SIRT5 deficiency leads to suppression of mitochondrial NADH oxidation and inhibition of ATP synthase activity. As a result, SIRT5 deficiency decreases mitochondrial ATP production, increases AMP/ATP ratio, and subsequently activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cultured cells and mouse hearts under energy stress conditions. Moreover, Sirt5 knockout attenuates transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction in mice, which is associated with decreased ATP level, increased AMP/ATP ratio and enhanced AMPK activation. Our study thus uncovers an important role of SIRT5 in regulating cellular energy metabolism and AMPK activation in response to energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Tao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Waters corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Waters corporation Shanghai Science & Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Hasan MM, Khatun MS, Kurata H. Large-Scale Assessment of Bioinformatics Tools for Lysine Succinylation Sites. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020095. [PMID: 30696115 PMCID: PMC6406724 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine succinylation is a form of posttranslational modification of the proteins that play an essential functional role in every aspect of cell metabolism in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aside from experimental identification of succinylation sites, there has been an intense effort geared towards the development of sequence-based prediction through machine learning, due to its promising and essential properties of being highly accurate, robust and cost-effective. In spite of these advantages, there are several problems that are in need of attention in the design and development of succinylation site predictors. Notwithstanding of many studies on the employment of machine learning approaches, few articles have examined this bioinformatics field in a systematic manner. Thus, we review the advancements regarding the current state-of-the-art prediction models, datasets, and online resources and illustrate the challenges and limitations to present a useful guideline for developing powerful succinylation site prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680⁻4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
| | - Mst Shamima Khatun
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680⁻4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kurata
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680⁻4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
- Biomedical Informatics R&D Center, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
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26
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Wang X, Chen X, Li J, Zhou X, Liu Y, Zhong L, Tang Y, Zheng H, Liu J, Zhan R, Chen L. Global analysis of lysine succinylation in patchouli plant leaves. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:133. [PMID: 31814986 PMCID: PMC6885049 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysine succinylation is a novel, naturally occurring posttranslational modification (PTM) in living organisms. Global lysine succinylation identification has been performed at the proteomic level in various species; however, the study of lysine succinylation in plant species is relatively limited. Patchouli plant (P. cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceae) is a globally important industrial plant and medicinal herb. In the present study, lysine succinylome analysis was carried out in patchouli plants to determine the potential regulatory role of lysine succinylation in patchouli growth, development, and physiology. The global succinylation sites and proteins in patchouli plants were screened with an immunoprecipitation affinity enrichment technique and advanced mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Several bioinformatic analyses, such as function classification and enrichment, subcellular location predication, metabolic pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction networking, were conducted to characterize the functions of the identified sites and proteins. In total, 1097 succinylation sites in 493 proteins were detected in patchouli plants, among which 466 succinylation sites in 241 proteins were repeatedly identified within three independent experiments. The functional characterization of these proteins indicated that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis processes, and amino acid biosynthesis may be regulated by lysine succinylation. In addition, these succinylated proteins showed a wide subcellular location distribution, although the chloroplast and cytoplasm were the top two preferred cellular components. Our study suggested the important role of lysine succinylation in patchouli plant physiology and biology and could serve as a useful reference for succinylation studies in other medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Junren Li
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liting Zhong
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yun Tang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Guangdong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510520 P. R. China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 P.R. China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Likai Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education; Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006 P. R. China
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