1
|
Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mendiratta G, Stites E. Theoretical analysis reveals a role for RAF conformational autoinhibition in paradoxical activation. eLife 2023; 12:e82739. [PMID: 37823369 PMCID: PMC10627510 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF kinase inhibitors can, under certain conditions, increase RAF kinase signaling. This process, which is commonly referred to as 'paradoxical activation' (PA), is incompletely understood. We use mathematical and computational modeling to investigate PA and derive rigorous analytical expressions that illuminate the underlying mechanism of this complex phenomenon. We find that conformational autoinhibition modulation by a RAF inhibitor could be sufficient to create PA. We find that experimental RAF inhibitor drug dose-response data that characterize PA across different types of RAF inhibitors are best explained by a model that includes RAF inhibitor modulation of three properties: conformational autoinhibition, dimer affinity, and drug binding within the dimer (i.e., negative cooperativity). Overall, this work establishes conformational autoinhibition as a robust mechanism for RAF inhibitor-driven PA based solely on equilibrium dynamics of canonical interactions that comprise RAF signaling and inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Mendiratta
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Edward Stites
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li GX, Zhao T, Wang LC, Choi H, Lim YT, Sobota RM. KOPI: Kinase inhibitOr Proteome Impact analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13015. [PMID: 35906361 PMCID: PMC9338059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors often exert on/off-target effects, and efficient data analysis is essential for assessing these effects on the proteome. We developed a workflow for rapidly performing such a proteomic assessment, termed as kinase inhibitor proteome impact analysis (KOPI). We demonstrate KOPI’s utility with staurosporine (STS) on the leukemic K562 cell proteome. We identified systematically staurosporine’s non-kinome interactors, and showed for the first time that it caused paradoxical hyper- and biphasic phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Xiaohe Li
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Loo Chien Wang
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dillon M, Lopez A, Lin E, Sales D, Perets R, Jain P. Progress on Ras/MAPK Signaling Research and Targeting in Blood and Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205059. [PMID: 34680208 PMCID: PMC8534156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of members within the signaling cascade have been observed in many solid and blood cancers. Research often focuses on targeting the pathway to disrupt cancer initiation and progression. We aimed to provide an overview of the pathway’s physiologic role and regulation, interactions with other pathways involved in cancer development, and mutations that lead to malignancy. Several blood and solid cancers are analyzed to illustrate the impact of the pathway’s dysregulation, stemming from mutation or viral induction. Finally, we summarized different approaches to targeting the pathway and the associated novel treatments being researched or having recently achieved approval. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, regulates genes that control cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Within the cascade, multiple isoforms of Ras and Raf each display differences in functionality, efficiency, and, critically, oncogenic potential. According to the NCI, over 30% of all human cancers are driven by Ras genes. This dysfunctional signaling is implicated in a wide variety of leukemias and solid tumors, both with and without viral etiology. Due to the strong evidence of Ras-Raf involvement in tumorigenesis, many have attempted to target the cascade to treat these malignancies. Decades of unsuccessful experimentation had deemed Ras undruggable, but recently, the approval of Sotorasib as the first ever KRas inhibitor represents a monumental breakthrough. This advancement is not without novel challenges. As a G12C mutant-specific drug, it also represents the issue of drug target specificity within Ras pathway; not only do many drugs only affect single mutational profiles, with few pan-inhibitor exceptions, tumor genetic heterogeneity may give rise to drug-resistant profiles. Furthermore, significant challenges in targeting downstream Raf, especially the BRaf isoform, lie in the paradoxical activation of wild-type BRaf by BRaf mutant inhibitors. This literature review will delineate the mechanisms of Ras signaling in the MAPK pathway and its possible oncogenic mutations, illustrate how specific mutations affect the pathogenesis of specific cancers, and compare available and in-development treatments targeting the Ras pathway.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yap J, Deepak RNVK, Tian Z, Ng WH, Goh KC, Foo A, Tee ZH, Mohanam MP, Sim YRM, Degirmenci U, Lam P, Chen Z, Fan H, Hu J. The stability of R-spine defines RAF inhibitor resistance: A comprehensive analysis of oncogenic BRAF mutants with in-frame insertion of αC-β4 loop. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/24/eabg0390. [PMID: 34108213 PMCID: PMC8189578 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although targeting BRAF mutants with RAF inhibitors has achieved promising outcomes in cancer therapy, drug resistance remains a remarkable challenge, and underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we characterized a previously unknown group of oncogenic BRAF mutants with in-frame insertions (LLRins506 or VLRins506) of αC-β4 loop. Using structure modeling and molecular dynamics simulation, we found that these insertions formed a large hydrophobic network that stabilizes R-spine and thus triggers the catalytic activity of BRAF. Furthermore, these insertions disrupted BRAF dimer interface and impaired dimerization. Unlike BRAF(V600E), these BRAF mutants with low dimer affinity were strongly resistant to all RAF inhibitors in clinic or clinical trials, which arises from their stabilized R-spines. As predicted by molecular docking, the stabilized R-spines in other BRAF mutants also conferred drug resistance. Together, our data indicated that the stability of R-spine but not dimer affinity determines the RAF inhibitor resistance of oncogenic BRAF mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yap
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - R N V Krishna Deepak
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Zizi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wan Hwa Ng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Kah Chun Goh
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Alicia Foo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Zi Heng Tee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Manju Payini Mohanam
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Yuen Rong M Sim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Ufuk Degirmenci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Paula Lam
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Cellvec Pte. Ltd., 100 Pasir Panjang Road, #04-02, Singapore 118518, Singapore
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore.
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescen, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan J, Dong X, Yap J, Hu J. The MAPK and AMPK signalings: interplay and implication in targeted cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:113. [PMID: 32807225 PMCID: PMC7433213 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined pathways in cancer biology, and its hyperactivation is responsible for over 40% human cancer cases. To drive carcinogenesis, this signaling promotes cellular overgrowth by turning on proliferative genes, and simultaneously enables cells to overcome metabolic stress by inhibiting AMPK signaling, a key singular node of cellular metabolism. Recent studies have shown that AMPK signaling can also reversibly regulate hyperactive MAPK signaling in cancer cells by phosphorylating its key components, RAF/KSR family kinases, which affects not only carcinogenesis but also the outcomes of targeted cancer therapies against the MAPK signaling. In this review, we will summarize the current proceedings of how MAPK-AMPK signalings interplay with each other in cancer biology, as well as its implications in clinic cancer treatment with MAPK inhibition and AMPK modulators, and discuss the exploitation of combinatory therapies targeting both MAPK and AMPK as a novel therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Geriatric Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoduo Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jiajun Yap
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Degirmenci U, Wang M, Hu J. Targeting Aberrant RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E198. [PMID: 31941155 PMCID: PMC7017232 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter- and intra-cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival, and differentiation. The MAPK pathway also integrates signals from complex intracellular networks in performing cellular functions. Despite the initial discovery of the core elements of the MAPK pathways nearly four decades ago, additional findings continue to make a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this pathway challenging. Considerable effort has been focused on the regulation of RAF, especially after the discovery of drug resistance and paradoxical activation upon inhibitor binding to the kinase. RAF activity is regulated by phosphorylation and conformation-dependent regulation, including auto-inhibition and dimerization. In this review, we summarize the recent major findings in the study of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, particularly with respect to the impact on clinical cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Degirmenci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cope NJ, Novak B, Liu Z, Cavallo M, Gunderwala AY, Connolly M, Wang Z. Analyses of the oncogenic BRAF D594G variant reveal a kinase-independent function of BRAF in activating MAPK signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2407-2420. [PMID: 31929109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Class 3 mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (BRAF), that result in kinase-impaired or kinase-dead BRAF have the highest mutation frequency in BRAF gene in lung adenocarcinoma. Several studies have reported that kinase-dead BRAF variants amplify mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by dimerizing with and activating WT C-Raf proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (CRAF). However, the structural and functional principles underlying their activation remain elusive. Herein, using cell biology and various biochemical approaches, we established that variant BRAFD594G, a kinase-dead representative of class 3 mutation-derived BRAF variants, has a higher dimerization potential as compared with WT BRAF. Molecular dynamics simulations uncovered that the D594G substitution orients the αC-helix toward the IN position and extends the activation loop within the kinase domain, shifting the equilibrium toward the active, dimeric conformation, thus priming BRAFD594G as an effective allosteric activator of CRAF. We found that B/CRAF heterodimers are the most thermodynamically stable RAF dimers, suggesting that RAF heterodimers, and not homodimers, are the major players in determining the amplitude of MAPK signaling in cells. Additionally, we show that BRAFD594G:CRAF heterodimers bypass autoinhibitory P-loop phosphorylation, which might contribute to longer duration of MAPK pathway signaling in cancer cells. Last, we propose that the dimer interface of the BRAFD594G:CRAF heterodimer may represent a promising target in the design of novel anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cope
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Borna Novak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maria Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amber Y Gunderwala
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Matthew Connolly
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Overcoming Resistance to Therapies Targeting the MAPK Pathway in BRAF-Mutated Tumours. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:1079827. [PMID: 32411231 PMCID: PMC7199609 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1079827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important driver of many human cancers. First line, FDA-approved therapies targeting MAPK signalling, which include BRAF and MEK inhibitors, have variable success across cancers, and a significant number of patients quickly develop resistance. In recent years, a number of preclinical studies have reported alternative methods of overcoming resistance, which include promoting apoptosis, modulating autophagy, and targeting mitochondrial metabolism. This review summarizes mechanisms of resistance to approved MAPK-targeted therapies in BRAF-mutated cancers and discusses novel preclinical approaches to overcoming resistance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou X, Gao W, Hua H, Ji Z. LncRNA-BLACAT1 Facilitates Proliferation, Migration and Aerobic Glycolysis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Repressing CDKN1C via EZH2-Induced H3K27me3. Front Oncol 2020; 10:539805. [PMID: 33072570 PMCID: PMC7538708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.539805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of lncRNA-BLACAT1 in promoting H3K27 trimethylation of CDKN1C gene by recruiting EZH2 to regulate CCNE on glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. METHODS Following bioinformatic prediction, EZH2 and BLACAT1 in PC cells were interfered, and cells proliferation, migration and invasion in each group were detected. Western blotting detected the expression of key proteins of mitochondrial complex. The sub-cellular localization of BLACAT1 was tested, followed by testing the binding of CDKN1C and BLACAT1 with EZH2, followed by in vivo verification. RESULTS Based on bioinformatic prediction, EZH2 and BLACAT1 were highly expressed in PC, while CDKN1C was lowly expressed (all P < 0.05). Interference with EZH2 and BLACAT1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and aerobic glycolysis, and promoted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (all P < 0.05). BLACAT1 promoted H3K27 trimethylation of CDKN1C through recruiting EZH2 (all P < 0.05). In vivo results showed that BLACAT1 interference inhibited tumor formation (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Interference with BLACAT1 inhibits H3K27 trimethylation of CDKN1C gene by blocking EZH2 recruitment to promote CDKN1C expression and inhibit CCNE expression, thus suppressing PC cell proliferation, migration and aerobic glycolysis, and promoting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Huanhuan Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuitun Hospital of Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhimin Ji
- Department of Oncology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhimin Ji,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Comprehensive Analysis of ERK1/2 Substrates for Potential Combination Immunotherapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:897-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
12
|
Han X, Ren C, Yang T, Qiao P, Wang L, Jiang A, Meng Y, Liu Z, Du Y, Yu Z. Negative regulation of AMPKα1 by PIM2 promotes aerobic glycolysis and tumorigenesis in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:6537-6549. [PMID: 31358902 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of EC remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the protein proviral insertion in murine lymphomas 2 (PIM2) was necessary for maintaining EC tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro, and could inhibit AMPKα1 kinase activity in EC cells. Specifically, we found that PIM2 bound to AMPKα1, and directly phosphorylated it on Thr467. Phosphorylation of AMPKα1 by PIM2 led to decreasing AMPKα1 kinase activity, which in turn promoted aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth. In addition, PIM2 expression positively correlated with AMPKα1 Thr467 phosphorylation in EC tissues. Further, treatment with a combination of the PIM2 inhibitor SMI-4a and the AMPKα1 activator AICAR could effectively inhibit tumor growth. Thus, our findings provide insight into the role of PIM2 and AMPKα1 in EC and suggest that combination targeting of these proteins may represent a new strategy for EC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chune Ren
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Pengyun Qiao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Aifang Jiang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pharmacological targeting of mitochondria in cancer stem cells: An ancient organelle at the crossroad of novel anti-cancer therapies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:298-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|