1
|
Tateishi Y, McCarty KD, Martin MV, Yoshimoto FK, Guengerich FP. Roles of Ferric Peroxide Anion Intermediates (Fe 3+O 2 -, Compound 0) in Cytochrome P450 19A1 Steroid Aromatization and a Cytochrome P450 2B4 Secosteroid Oxidation Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406542. [PMID: 38820076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) 19A1 is the steroid aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the 3-step conversion of androgens (androstenedione or testosterone) to estrogens. The final step is C-C bond scission (removing the 19-oxo group as formic acid) that proceeds via a historically controversial reaction mechanism. The two competing mechanistic possibilities involve a ferric peroxide anion (Fe3+O2 -, Compound 0) and a perferryl oxy species (FeO3+, Compound I). One approach to discern the role of each species in the reaction is with the use of oxygen-18 labeling, i.e., from 18O2 and H2 18O of the reaction product formic acid. We applied this approach, using several technical improvements, to study the deformylation of 19-oxo-androstenedione by human P450 19A1 and of a model secosteroid, 3-oxodecaline-4-ene-10-carboxaldehyde (ODEC), by rabbit P450 2B4. Both aldehyde substrates were sensitive to non-enzymatic acid-catalyzed deformylation, yielding 19-norsteroids, and conditions were established to avoid issues with artifactual generation of formic acid. The Compound 0 reaction pathway predominated (i.e., Fe3+O2 -) in both P450 19A1 oxidation of 19-oxo-androstenedione and P450 2B4 oxidation of ODEC. The P450 19A1 results contrast with our prior conclusions (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 15016-16025), attributed to several technical modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Martha V Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-0146, United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-0146, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin X, Wang Y, Ye Q, Hakenjos JM, Wang J, Teng M, Guo L, Tan Z, Young DW, MacKenzie KR, Li F. CYP3A Mediates an Unusual C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Bond Cleavage via Ipso-Addition of Oxygen in Drug Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405197. [PMID: 38574245 PMCID: PMC11126355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes rarely cleave carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds and the mechanisms of such cleavages are largely unknown. We identified two unusual cleavages of non-polar, unstrained C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds in the FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor pexidartinib that are mediated by CYP3A4/5, the major human phase I drug metabolizing enzymes. Using a synthetic ketone, we rule out the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation mechanism that is commonly invoked to address P450-mediated C-C bond cleavages. Our studies in 18O2 and H2 18O enriched systems reveal two unusual distinct mechanisms of C-C bond cleavage: one bond is cleaved by CYP3A-mediated ipso-addition of oxygen to a C(sp2) site of N-protected pyridin-2-amines, and the other occurs by a pseudo-retro-aldol reaction after hydroxylation of a C(sp3) site. This is the first report of CYP3A-mediated C-C bond cleavage in drug metabolism via ipso-addition of oxygen mediated mechanism. CYP3A-mediated ipso-addition is also implicated in the regioselective C-C cleavages of several pexidartinib analogs. The regiospecificity of CYP3A-catalyzed oxygen ipso-addition under environmentally friendly conditions may be attractive and inspire biomimetic or P450-engineering methods to address the challenging task of C-C bond cleavages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - John M Hakenjos
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mingxing Teng
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhi Tan
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Damian W Young
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McCarty KD, Tateishi Y, Hargrove TY, Lepesheva GI, Guengerich FP. Oxygen-18 Labeling Reveals a Mixed Fe-O Mechanism in the Last Step of Cytochrome P450 51 Sterol 14α-Demethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317711. [PMID: 38206808 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The 14α-demethylation step is critical in eukaryotic sterol biosynthesis, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (P450) Family 51 enzymes, for example, with lanosterol in mammals. This conserved three-step reaction terminates in a C-C cleavage step that generates formic acid, the nature of which has been controversial. Proposed mechanisms involve roles of P450 Compound 0 (ferric peroxide anion, FeO2 - ) or Compound I (perferryl oxygen, FeO3+ ) reacting with either the aldehyde or its hydrate, respectively. Analysis of 18 O incorporation into formic acid from 18 O2 provides a means of distinguishing the two mechanisms. Human P450 51A1 incorporated 88 % 18 O (one atom) into formic acid, consistent with a major but not exclusive FeO2 - mechanism. Two P450 51 orthologs from amoeba and yeast showed similar results, while two orthologs from pathogenic trypanosomes showed roughly equal contributions of both mechanisms. An X-ray crystal structure of the human enzyme showed the aldehyde oxygen atom 3.5 Å away from the heme iron atom. Experiments with human P450 51A1 and H2 18 O yielded primarily one 18 O atom but 14 % of the formic acid product with two 18 O atoms, indicative of a minor contribution of a Compound I mechanism. LC-MS evidence for a Compound 0-derived Baeyer-Villiger reaction product (a 14α-formyl ester) was also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tateishi Y, McCarty KD, Martin MV, Guengerich FP. Oxygen-18 Labeling Defines a Ferric Peroxide (Compound 0) Mechanism in the Oxidative Deformylation of Aldehydes by Cytochrome P450 2B4. ACS Catal 2024; 14:2388-2394. [PMID: 38384943 PMCID: PMC10877606 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Most cytochrome P450 (P450) oxidations are considered to occur with the active oxidant being a perferryl oxygen (FeO3+, Compound I). However, a ferric peroxide (FeO2®, Compound 0) mechanism has been proposed, as well, particularly for aldehyde substrates. We investigated three of these systems, the oxidative deformylation of the model substrates citronellal, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, and 2-methyl-2-phenylpropionaldehyde by rabbit P450 2B4, using 18O labeling. The formic acid product contained one 18O derived from 18O2, which is indicative of a dominant Compound 0 mechanism. The formic acid also contained only one 18O derived from H218O, which ruled out a Compound I mechanism. The possibility of a Baeyer-Villiger reaction was examined by using synthesized possible intermediates, but our data do not support its presence. Overall, these findings unambiguously demonstrate the role of the Compound 0 pathway in these aldehyde oxidative deformylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - Kevin D. McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - Martha V. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goldstone JV, Lamb DC, Kelly SL, Lepesheva GI, Stegeman JJ. Structural modeling of cytochrome P450 51 from a deep-sea fish points to a novel structural feature in other CYP51s. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112241. [PMID: 37209461 PMCID: PMC10330650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP), enzymes involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates, provide an excellent model system to study how membrane proteins with unique functions have catalytically adapted through evolution. Molecular adaptation of deep-sea proteins to high hydrostatic pressure remains poorly understood. Herein, we have characterized recombinant cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), an essential enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, from an abyssal fish species, Coryphaenoides armatus. C. armatus CYP51 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli following N-terminal truncation and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant C. armatus CYP51 bound its sterol substrate lanosterol giving a Type I binding spectra (KD 15 μM) and catalyzed lanosterol 14α-demethylation turnover at 5.8 nmol/min/nmol P450. C. armatus CYP51 also bound the azole antifungals ketoconazole (KD 0.12 μM) and propiconazole (KD 0.54 μM) as determined by Type II absorbance spectra. Comparison of C. armatus CYP51 primary sequence and modeled structures with other CYP51s identified amino acid substitutions that may confer an ability to function under pressures of the deep sea and revealed heretofore undescribed internal cavities in human and other non-deep sea CYP51s. The functional significance of these cavities is not known. PROLOGUE: This paper is dedicated in memory of Michael Waterman and Tsuneo Omura, who as good friends and colleagues enriched our lives. They continue to inspire us.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - David C Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McCarty KD, Sullivan ME, Tateishi Y, Hargrove TY, Lepesheva GI, Guengerich FP. Processive kinetics in the three-step lanosterol 14α-demethylation reaction catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 51A1. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104841. [PMID: 37209823 PMCID: PMC10285260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) family 51 enzymes catalyze the 14α-demethylation of sterols, leading to critical products used for membranes and the production of steroids, as well as signaling molecules. In mammals, P450 51 catalyzes the 3-step, 6-electron oxidation of lanosterol to form (4β,5α)-4,4-dimethyl-cholestra-8,14,24-trien-3-ol (FF-MAS). P450 51A1 can also use 24,25-dihydrolanosterol (a natural substrate in the Kandutsch-Russell cholesterol pathway). 24,25-Dihydrolanosterol and the corresponding P450 51A1 reaction intermediates, the 14α-alcohol and -aldehyde derivatives of dihydrolanosterol, were synthesized to study the kinetic processivity of the overall 14α-demethylation reaction of human P450 51A1. A combination of steady-state kinetic parameters, steady-state binding constants, dissociation rates of P450-sterol complexes, and kinetic modeling of the time course of oxidation of a P450-dihydrolanosterol complex showed that the overall reaction is highly processive, with koff rates of P450 51A1-dihydrolanosterol and the 14α-alcohol and 14α-aldehyde complexes being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the forward rates of competing oxidations. epi-Dihydrolanosterol (the 3α-hydroxy analog) was as efficient as the common 3β-hydroxy isomer in the binding and formation of dihydro FF-MAS. The common lanosterol contaminant dihydroagnosterol was found to be a substrate of human P450 51A1, with roughly one-half the activity of dihydrolanosterol. Steady-state experiments with 14α-methyl deuterated dihydrolanosterol showed no kinetic isotope effect, indicating that C-14α C-H bond breaking is not rate-limiting in any of the individual steps. The high processivity of this reaction generates higher efficiency and also renders the reaction less sensitive to inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Molly E Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jing Y, Usai R, Liu Y, Kincaid JR. Revealing substrate-induced structural changes in active site of human CYP51 in the presence of its physiological substrates. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112167. [PMID: 36870163 PMCID: PMC10082466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The human sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51, CYP is an abbreviation for cytochrome P450) catalyze three-step oxidative removal of 14α-methyl group of lanosterol by first forming an alcohol, then an aldehyde, and finally conducting a CC bond cleavage reaction. This present study utilizes a combination of Resonance Raman spectroscopy and Nanodisc technology to probe the active site structure of CYP51 in the presence of its hydroxylase and lyase substrates. Ligand-binding induced partial low-to-high-spin conversion is observed by applying electronic absorption spectroscopy and Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. This low degree of spin conversion of CYP51 is contributed by the retention of the water ligand coordinated to the heme iron as well as direct interaction between the hydroxyl group of lyase substrate and the iron center. No significant changes in active site structure are found between detergent-stabilized CYP51 and nanodisc-incorporated CYP51, nevertheless, it is demonstrated that nanodisc-incorporated assemblies provide much more well-defined active site RR spectroscopic responses, which induces a larger conversion from low-to-high-spin state in presence of the substrates. Moreover, a positive polar environment around the exogenous diatomic ligand is detected, providing insight into the mechanism of this essential CC bond cleavage reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Remigio Usai
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Yilin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
| | - James R Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guengerich FP, McCarty KD, Tateishi Y, Liu L. Steroid 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (cytochrome P450 17A1). Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:39-63. [PMID: 37802581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 17A1 plays a key role in steroidogenesis, in that this enzyme catalyzes the 17α-hydroxylation of both pregnenolone and progesterone, followed by a lyase reaction to cleave the C-20 land C-21 carbons from each steroid. The reactions are important in the production of both glucocorticoids and androgens. The enzyme is critical in humans but is also a drug target in treatment of prostate cancer. Detailed methods are described for the heterologous expression of human P450 17A1 in bacteria, purification of the recombinant enzyme, reconstitution of the enzyme system in the presence of cytochrome b5, and chromatographic procedures for sensitive analyses of reaction products. Historic assay approaches are reviewed. Some information is also provided about outstanding questions in the research field, including catalytic mechanisms and searches for selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Šťastný D, Petrisková L, Tahotná D, Bauer J, Pokorná L, Holič R, Valachovič M, Pevala V, Cockcroft S, Griač P. Yeast Sec14-like lipid transfer proteins Pdr16 and Pdr17 bind and transfer the ergosterol precursor lanosterol in addition to phosphatidylinositol. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:504-514. [PMID: 36482167 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) contain a hydrophobic cavity capable of accepting a single molecule of phosphatidylinositol (PI) or another molecule in a mutually exclusive manner. We report here that two yeast Sec14 family PITPs, Pdr16p (Sfh3p) and Pdr17p (Sfh4p), possess high-affinity binding and transfer towards lanosterol. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of lanosterol transfer proteins. In addition, a pdr16Δpdr17Δ double mutant had a significantly increased level of cellular lanosterol compared with the corresponding wild-type. Based on the lipid profiles of wild-type and pdr16Δpdr17Δ cells grown in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, we suggest that PI-lanosterol transfer proteins are important predominantly for the optimal functioning of the post-lanosterol part of sterol biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Šťastný
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lívia Petrisková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Tahotná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jacob Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Pokorná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Holič
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK
| | - Peter Griač
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hargrove TY, Lamb DC, Smith JA, Wawrzak Z, Kelly SL, Lepesheva GI. Unravelling the role of transient redox partner complexes in P450 electron transfer mechanics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16232. [PMID: 36171457 PMCID: PMC9519919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution of cytochromes P450 and associated redox-driven oxidative catalysis remains a mystery in biology. It is widely believed that sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), an essential enzyme of sterol biosynthesis, is the ancestor of the whole P450 superfamily given its conservation across species in different biological kingdoms. Herein we have utilized X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, phylogenetics and electron transfer measurements to interrogate the nature of P450-redox partner binding using the naturally occurring fusion protein, CYP51-ferredoxin found in the sterol-producing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus. Our data advocates that the electron transfer mechanics in the M. capsulatus CYP51-ferredoxin fusion protein involves an ensemble of ferredoxin molecules in various orientations and the interactions are transient. Close proximity of ferredoxin, however, is required to complete the substrate-induced large-scale structural switch in the P450 domain that enables proton-coupled electron transfer and subsequent oxygen scission and catalysis. These results have fundamental implications regarding the early evolution of electron transfer proteins and for the redox reactions in the early steps of sterol biosynthesis. They also shed new light on redox protein mechanics and the subsequent diversification of the P450 electron transfer machinery in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - David C Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jarrod A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Kalita
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Informatics, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar University Delhi-NCR, NH91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond. J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190400, Israel
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Informatics, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar University Delhi-NCR, NH91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao R, Zhang BB, Liu Z, Cheng GJ, Wang ZX. DFT Mechanistic Insights into Aldehyde Deformylations with Biomimetic Metal-Dioxygen Complexes: Distinct Mechanisms and Reaction Rules. JACS AU 2022; 2:745-761. [PMID: 35373207 PMCID: PMC8970012 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde deformylations occurring in organisms are catalyzed by metalloenzymes through metal-dioxygen active cores, attracting great interest to study small-molecule metal-dioxygen complexes for understanding relevant biological processes and developing biomimetic catalysts for aerobic transformations. As the known deformylation mechanisms, including nucleophilic attack, aldehyde α-H-atom abstraction, and aldehyde hydrogen atom abstraction, undergo outer-sphere pathways, we herein report a distinct inner-sphere mechanism based on density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic studies of aldehyde deformylations with a copper (II)-superoxo complex. The inner-sphere mechanism proceeds via a sequence mainly including aldehyde end-on coordination, homolytic aldehyde C-C bond cleavage, and dioxygen O-O bond cleavage, among which the C-C bond cleavage is the rate-determining step with a barrier substantially lower than those of outer-sphere pathways. The aldehyde C-C bond cleavage, enabled through the activation of the dioxygen ligand radical in a second-order nucleophilic substitution (SN2)-like fashion, leads to an alkyl radical and facilitates the subsequent dioxygen O-O bond cleavage. Furthermore, we deduced the rules for the reactions of metal-dioxygen complexes with aldehydes and nitriles via the inner-sphere mechanism. Expectedly, our proposed inner-sphere mechanisms and the reaction rules offer another perspective to understand relevant biological processes involving metal-dioxygen cores and to discover metal-dioxygen catalysts for aerobic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhao
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Warshel
Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zheyuan Liu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel
Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fujiyama K, Hino T, Nagano S. Diverse reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and biosynthesis of steroid hormone. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190021. [PMID: 35859988 PMCID: PMC9260165 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones modulate numerous physiological processes in various higher organisms. Research on the physiology, biosynthesis, and metabolic degradation of steroid hormones is crucial for developing drugs, agrochemicals, and anthelmintics. Most steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways, excluding those in insects, have been elucidated, and the roles of several cytochrome P450s (CYPs, P450s), heme (iron protoporphyrin IX)-containing monooxygenases, have been identified. Specifically, P450s of the animal steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and their three dimensional structures and reaction mechanisms have been extensively studied; however, the mechanisms of several uncommon P450 reactions involved in animal steroid hormone biosynthesis and structures and reaction mechanisms of various P450s involved in plant and insect steroid hormone biosynthesis remain unclear. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of P450 responsible for the first and rate-determining step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis and clarified the regio- and stereo-selectivity in the hydroxylation reaction mechanism. In this review, we have outlined the general catalytic cycle, reaction mechanism, and structure of P450s. Additionally, we have described the recent advances in research on the reaction mechanisms of steroid hormone biosynthesis-related P450s, some of which catalyze unusual P450 reactions including C–C bond cleavage reactions by utilizing either a heme–peroxo anion species or compound I as an active oxidizing species. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, Structure and mechanism of cytochrome P450s involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 61, p. 189–191 (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujiyama
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
| | - Tomoya Hino
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hargrove TY, Wawrzak Z, Rachakonda G, Nes WD, Villalta F, Guengerich FP, Lepesheva GI. Relaxed Substrate Requirements of Sterol 14α-Demethylase from Naegleria fowleri Are Accompanied by Resistance to Inhibition. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17511-17522. [PMID: 34842434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is the protozoan pathogen that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), with the death rate exceeding 97%. The amoeba makes sterols and can be targeted by sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Here, we characterized N. fowleri sterol 14-demethylase, including catalytic properties and inhibition by clinical antifungal drugs and experimental substituted azoles with favorable pharmacokinetics and low toxicity. None of them inhibited the enzyme stoichiometrically. The highest potencies were displayed by posaconazole (IC50 = 0.69 μM) and two of our compounds (IC50 = 1.3 and 0.35 μM). Because both these compounds penetrate the brain with concentrations reaching minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in an N. fowleri cellular assay, we report them as potential drug candidates for PAM. The 2.1 Å crystal structure, in complex with the strongest inhibitor, provides an explanation connecting the enzyme weaker substrate specificity with lower sensitivity to inhibition. It also provides insight into the enzyme/ligand molecular recognition process and suggests directions for the design of more potent inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - W David Nes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Structural Insights into the Azole Resistance of the Candida albicans Darlington Strain Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase as a Surrogate. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110897. [PMID: 34829185 PMCID: PMC8621857 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Target-based azole resistance in Candida albicans involves overexpression of the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM), and/or the presence of single or multiple mutations in this enzyme. Overexpression of Candida albicans LDM (CaLDM) Y132H I471T by the Darlington strain strongly increased resistance to the short-tailed azoles fluconazole and voriconazole, and weakly increased resistance to the longer-tailed azoles VT-1161, itraconazole and posaconazole. We have used, as surrogates, structurally aligned mutations in recombinant hexahistidine-tagged full-length Saccharomyces cerevisiae LDM6×His (ScLDM6×His) to elucidate how differential susceptibility to azole drugs is conferred by LDM of the C. albicans Darlington strain. The mutations Y140H and I471T were introduced, either alone or in combination, into ScLDM6×His via overexpression of the recombinant enzyme from the PDR5 locus of an azole hypersensitive strain of S. cerevisiae. Phenotypes and high-resolution X-ray crystal structures were determined for the surrogate enzymes in complex with representative short-tailed (voriconazole) and long-tailed (itraconazole) triazoles. The preferential high-level resistance to short-tailed azoles conferred by the ScLDM Y140H I471T mutant required both mutations, despite the I471T mutation conferring only a slight increase in resistance. Crystal structures did not detect changes in the position/tilt of the heme co-factor of wild-type ScLDM, I471T and Y140H single mutants, or the Y140H I471T double-mutant. The mutant threonine sidechain in the Darlington strain CaLDM perturbs the environment of the neighboring C-helix, affects the electronic environment of the heme, and may, via differences in closure of the neck of the substrate entry channel, increase preferential competition between lanosterol and short-tailed azole drugs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lamb DC, Hargrove TY, Zhao B, Wawrzak Z, Goldstone JV, Nes WD, Kelly SL, Waterman MR, Stegeman JJ, Lepesheva GI. Concerning P450 Evolution: Structural Analyses Support Bacterial Origin of Sterol 14α-Demethylases. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:952-967. [PMID: 33031537 PMCID: PMC7947880 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis, primarily associated with eukaryotic kingdoms of life, occurs as an abbreviated pathway in the bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus. Sterol 14α-demethylation is an essential step in this pathway and is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51). In M. capsulatus, the enzyme consists of the P450 domain naturally fused to a ferredoxin domain at the C-terminus (CYP51fx). The structure of M. capsulatus CYP51fx was solved to 2.7 Å resolution and is the first structure of a bacterial sterol biosynthetic enzyme. The structure contained one P450 molecule per asymmetric unit with no electron density seen for ferredoxin. We connect this with the requirement of P450 substrate binding in order to activate productive ferredoxin binding. Further, the structure of the P450 domain with bound detergent (which replaced the substrate upon crystallization) was solved to 2.4 Å resolution. Comparison of these two structures to the CYP51s from human, fungi, and protozoa reveals strict conservation of the overall protein architecture. However, the structure of an "orphan" P450 from nonsterol-producing Mycobacterium tuberculosis that also has CYP51 activity reveals marked differences, suggesting that loss of function in vivo might have led to alterations in the structural constraints. Our results are consistent with the idea that eukaryotic and bacterial CYP51s evolved from a common cenancestor and that early eukaryotes may have recruited CYP51 from a bacterial source. The idea is supported by bioinformatic analysis, revealing the presence of CYP51 genes in >1,000 bacteria from nine different phyla, >50 of them being natural CYP51fx fusion proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Lamb
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Y Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Synchrotron Research Center, Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - William David Nes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Waterman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
| | - Galina I Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roles for Structural Biology in the Discovery of Drugs and Agrochemicals Targeting Sterol 14α-Demethylases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020067. [PMID: 33498194 PMCID: PMC7908997 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal drugs and antifungal agrochemicals have significant limitations. These include several unintended consequences of their use including the growing importance of intrinsic and acquired resistance. These problems underpin an increasingly urgent need to improve the existing classes of antifungals and to discover novel antifungals. Structural insights into drug targets and their complexes with both substrates and inhibitory ligands increase opportunity for the discovery of more effective antifungals. Implementation of this promise, which requires multiple skill sets, is beginning to yield candidates from discovery programs that could more quickly find their place in the clinic. This review will describe how structural biology is providing information for the improvement and discovery of inhibitors targeting the essential fungal enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li F, Egea PF, Vecchio AJ, Asial I, Gupta M, Paulino J, Bajaj R, Dickinson MS, Ferguson-Miller S, Monk BC, Stroud RM. Highlighting membrane protein structure and function: A celebration of the Protein Data Bank. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100557. [PMID: 33744283 PMCID: PMC8102919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes define the boundaries of cells and compartmentalize the chemical and physical processes required for life. Many biological processes are carried out by proteins embedded in or associated with such membranes. Determination of membrane protein (MP) structures at atomic or near-atomic resolution plays a vital role in elucidating their structural and functional impact in biology. This endeavor has determined 1198 unique MP structures as of early 2021. The value of these structures is expanded greatly by deposition of their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates into the Protein Data Bank (PDB) after the first atomic MP structure was elucidated in 1985. Since then, free access to MP structures facilitates broader and deeper understanding of MPs, which provides crucial new insights into their biological functions. Here we highlight the structural and functional biology of representative MPs and landmarks in the evolution of new technologies, with insights into key developments influenced by the PDB in magnifying their impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pascal F Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian C Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ogris I, Zelenko U, Sosič I, Gobec M, Skubic C, Ivanov M, Soković M, Kocjan D, Rozman D, Golič Grdadolnik S. Pyridylethanol(phenylethyl)amines are non-azole, highly selective Candida albicans sterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104472. [PMID: 33261849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is the main drug target for the treatment of fungal infections. The worldwide increase in the incidence of opportunistic fungal infections and the emerging resistance to available azole-based antifungal drugs, raise the need to develop structurally distinct and selective fungal CYP51 inhibitors. In this work we have, for the first time, investigated the binding of pyridylethanol(phenylethyl)amines to any fungal CYP51. The comparison of the binding to Candida albicans and human CYP51 studied by spectroscopic and modeling methods revealed moieties decisive for selectivity and potency and resulted in the development of highly selective derivatives with significantly increased inhibitory potency. The structure-based insight into the selectivity requirements of this new chemical class of fungal CYP51 inhibitors, their unique binding properties and the low molecular weight of lead derivatives offer novel directions for the targeted development of antifungal clinical candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iza Ogris
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Zelenko
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Skubic
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Kocjan
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|