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Lane RE, Korbie D, Khanna KK, Mohamed A, Hill MM, Trau M. Defining the relationship between cellular and extracellular vesicle (EV) content in breast cancer via an integrative multi-omic analysis. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300089. [PMID: 38168906 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Much recent research has been dedicated to exploring the utility of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as circulating disease biomarkers. Underpinning this work is the assumption that the molecular cargo of EVs directly reflects the originating cell. Few attempts have been made, however, to empirically validate this on the -omic level. To this end, we have performed an integrative multi-omic analysis of a panel of breast cancer cell lines and corresponding EVs. Whole transcriptome analysis validated that the cellular transcriptome remained stable when cultured cells are transitioned to low serum or serum-free medium for EV collection. Transcriptomic profiling of the isolated EVs indicated a positive correlation between transcript levels in cells and EVs, including disease-associated transcripts. Analysis of the EV proteome verified that HER2 protein is present in EVs, however neither the estrogen (ER) nor progesterone (PR) receptor proteins are detected regardless of cellular expression. Using multivariate analysis, we derived an EV protein signature to infer cellular patterns of ER and HER2 expression, though the ER protein could not be directly detected. Integrative analyses affirmed that the EV proteome and transcriptome captured key phenotypic hallmarks of the originating cells, supporting the potential of EVs for non-invasive monitoring of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Lane
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Timmins LR, Ortiz-Silva M, Joshi B, Li YL, Dickson FH, Wong TH, Vandevoorde KR, Nabi IR. Caveolin-1 promotes mitochondrial health and limits mitochondrial ROS through ROCK/AMPK regulation of basal mitophagic flux. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23343. [PMID: 38071602 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201872rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1), the main structural component of caveolae, is phosphorylated at tyrosine-14 (pCAV1), regulates signal transduction, mechanotransduction, and mitochondrial function, and plays contrasting roles in cancer progression. We report that CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) of CAV1 increases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increases mitochondrial potential, and reduces ROS in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Supporting a role for pCAV1, these effects are reversed upon expression of CAV1 phosphomimetic CAV1 Y14D but not non-phosphorylatable CAV1 Y14F. pCAV1 is a known effector of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling and ROCK1/2 signaling mediates CAV1 promotion of increased mitochondrial potential and decreased ROS production in MDA-MB-231 cells. CAV1/ROCK control of mitochondrial potential and ROS is caveolae-independent as similar results were observed in PC3 prostate cancer cells lacking caveolae. Increased mitochondrial health and reduced ROS in CAV1 KO MDA-MB-231 cells were reversed by knockdown of the autophagy protein ATG5, mitophagy regulator PINK1 or the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 and therefore due to mitophagy. Use of the mitoKeima mitophagy probe confirmed that CAV1 signaling through ROCK inhibited basal mitophagic flux. Activation of AMPK, a major mitochondrial homeostasis protein inhibited by ROCK, is inhibited by CAV1-ROCK signaling and mediates the increased mitochondrial potential, decreased ROS, and decreased basal mitophagy flux observed in wild-type MDA-MB-231 cells. CAV1 regulation of mitochondrial health and ROS in cancer cells therefore occurs via ROCK-dependent inhibition of AMPK. This study therefore links pCAV1 signaling activity at the plasma membrane with its regulation of mitochondrial activity and cancer cell metabolism through control of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R Timmins
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bharat Joshi
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Y Lydia Li
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fiona H Dickson
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy H Wong
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kurt R Vandevoorde
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan R Nabi
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Regulation of Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism by Adenylate Kinase Isozymes: Physiological Roles and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065561. [PMID: 36982634 PMCID: PMC10056885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate kinase (AK) regulates adenine nucleotide metabolism and catalyzes the ATP + AMP ⇌ 2ADP reaction in a wide range of organisms and bacteria. AKs regulate adenine nucleotide ratios in different intracellular compartments and maintain the homeostasis of the intracellular nucleotide metabolism necessary for growth, differentiation, and motility. To date, nine isozymes have been identified and their functions have been analyzed. Moreover, the dynamics of the intracellular energy metabolism, diseases caused by AK mutations, the relationship with carcinogenesis, and circadian rhythms have recently been reported. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the physiological roles of AK isozymes in different diseases. In particular, this review focused on the symptoms caused by mutated AK isozymes in humans and phenotypic changes arising from altered gene expression in animal models. The future analysis of intracellular, extracellular, and intercellular energy metabolism with a focus on AK will aid in a wide range of new therapeutic approaches for various diseases, including cancer, lifestyle-related diseases, and aging.
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4
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Enyong EN, Gurley J, Sjoelung V, Elliott MH. Caveolin-1 in Müller Glia Exists as Heat-Resistant, High Molecular Weight Complexes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:249-256. [PMID: 37440041 PMCID: PMC11181641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1), the core structural and scaffolding protein of caveolae membrane domains, is highly expressed in many retinal cells and is associated with ocular diseases. Cav1 regulates innate immune responses and is implicated in neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective signaling in the retina. We have shown that Cav1 expression in Müller glia accounts for over 70% of all retinal Cav1 expression. However, the proteins interacting with Cav1 in Müller glia are not established. Here, we show that immortalized MIO-M1 Müller glia, like endogenous Müller glia, highly express Cav1. Surprisingly, we found that Cav1 in MIO-M1 cells exists as heat-resistant, high molecular weight complexes that are stable after immunoprecipitation (IP). Mass spectrometric analysis of high molecular weight Cav1 complexes after Cav1 IP revealed an interactome network of intermediate filament, desmosomes, and actin-, and microtubule-based cytoskeleton. These results suggest Cav1 domains in Müller glia act as a scaffolding nexus for the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Enyong
- Department of Physiology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jami Gurley
- Department of Physiology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Virginie Sjoelung
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Physiology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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5
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Enyong EN, Gurley JM, De Ieso ML, Stamer WD, Elliott MH. Caveolar and non-Caveolar Caveolin-1 in ocular homeostasis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101094. [PMID: 35729002 PMCID: PMC9669151 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae, specialized plasma membrane invaginations present in most cell types, play important roles in multiple cellular processes including cell signaling, lipid uptake and metabolism, endocytosis and mechanotransduction. They are found in almost all cell types but most abundant in endothelial cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts. Caveolin-1 (Cav1), the signature structural protein of caveolae was the first protein associated with caveolae, and in association with Cavin1/PTRF is required for caveolae formation. Genetic ablation of either Cav1 or Cavin1/PTRF downregulates expression of the other resulting in loss of caveolae. Studies using Cav1-deficient mouse models have implicated caveolae with human diseases such as cardiomyopathies, lipodystrophies, diabetes and muscular dystrophies. While caveolins and caveolae are extensively studied in extra-ocular settings, their contributions to ocular function and disease pathogenesis are just beginning to be appreciated. Several putative caveolin/caveolae functions are relevant to the eye and Cav1 is highly expressed in retinal vascular and choroidal endothelium, Müller glia, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Schlemm's canal endothelium and trabecular meshwork cells. Variants at the CAV1/2 gene locus are associated with risk of primary open angle glaucoma and the high risk HTRA1 variant for age-related macular degeneration is thought to exert its effect through regulation of Cav1 expression. Caveolins also play important roles in modulating retinal neuroinflammation and blood retinal barrier permeability. In this article, we describe the current state of caveolin/caveolae research in the context of ocular function and pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss new evidence showing that retinal Cav1 exists and functions outside caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Enyong
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jami M Gurley
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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6
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Low JY, Laiho M. Caveolae-Associated Molecules, Tumor Stroma, and Cancer Drug Resistance: Current Findings and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030589. [PMID: 35158857 PMCID: PMC8833326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell membranes contain small invaginations called caveolae. They are a specialized lipid domain and orchestrate cellular signaling events, mechanoprotection, and lipid homeostasis. Formation of the caveolae depends on two classes of proteins, the caveolins and cavins, which form large complexes that allow their self-assembly into caveolae. Loss of either of these two proteins leads to distortion of the caveolae structure and disruption of many physiological processes that affect diseases of the muscle, metabolic states governing lipids, and the glucose balance as well as cancers. In cancers, the expression of caveolins and cavins is heterogenous, and they undergo alterations both in the tumors and the surrounding tumor microenvironment stromal cells. Remarkably, their expression and function has been associated with resistance to many cancer drugs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the resistance mechanisms and how this knowledge could be applied into the clinic in future. Abstract The discovery of small, “cave-like” invaginations at the plasma membrane, called caveola, has opened up a new and exciting research area in health and diseases revolving around this cellular ultrastructure. Caveolae are rich in cholesterol and orchestrate cellular signaling events. Within caveola, the caveola-associated proteins, caveolins and cavins, are critical components for the formation of these lipid rafts, their dynamics, and cellular pathophysiology. Their alterations underlie human diseases such as lipodystrophy, muscular dystrophy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The expression of caveolins and cavins is modulated in tumors and in tumor stroma, and their alterations are connected with cancer progression and treatment resistance. To date, although substantial breakthroughs in cancer drug development have been made, drug resistance remains a problem leading to treatment failures and challenging translation and bench-to-bedside research. Here, we summarize the current progress in understanding cancer drug resistance in the context of caveola-associated molecules and tumor stroma and discuss how we can potentially design therapeutic avenues to target these molecules in order to overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-502-9748; Fax: +1-410-502-2821
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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7
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Shi Y, Ye Z, Lu G, Yang N, Zhang J, Wang L, Cui J, Del Pozo MA, Wu Y, Xia D, Shen HM. Cholesterol-enriched membrane micro-domaindeficiency induces doxorubicin resistancevia promoting autophagy in breast cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:311-329. [PMID: 34786475 PMCID: PMC8573103 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance has become one of the largest challenges for cancer chemotherapies. Under certain conditions, cancer cells hijack autophagy to cope with therapeutic stress, which largely undermines the chemo-therapeutic efficacy. Currently, biomarkers indicative of autophagy-derived drug resistance remain largely inclusive. Here, we report a novel role of lipid rafts/cholesterol-enriched membrane micro-domains (CEMMs) in autophagosome biogenesis and doxorubicin resistance in breast tumors. We showed that CEMMs are required for the interaction of VAMP3 with syntaxin 6 (STX6, a cholesterol-binding SNARE protein). Upon disruption of CEMM, VAMP3 is released from STX6, resulting in the trafficking of ATG16L1-containing vesicles to recycling endosomes and subsequent autophagosome biogenesis. Furthermore, we found that CEMM marker CAV1 is decreased in breast cancer patients and that the CEMM deficiency-induced autophagy is related to doxorubicin resistance, which is overcome by autophagy inhibition. Taken together, we propose a novel model whereby CEMMs in recycling endosomes support the VAMP3 and STX6 interaction and function as barriers to limit the activity of VAMP3 in autophagic vesicle fusion, thus CEMM deficiency promotes autophagosome biogenesis and doxorubicin resistance in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shi
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Zu Ye
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Guang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Naidi Yang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211800, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhou Cui
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
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8
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Robinson H, Ruelcke JE, Lewis A, Bond CS, Fox AH, Bharti V, Wani S, Cloonan N, Lai A, Margolin D, Li L, Salomon C, Richards RS, Farrell A, Gardiner RA, Parton RG, Cristino AS, Hill MM. Caveolin-1-driven membrane remodelling regulates hnRNPK-mediated exosomal microRNA sorting in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e381. [PMID: 33931969 PMCID: PMC8031663 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolae proteins play diverse roles in cancer development and progression. In prostate cancer, non-caveolar caveolin-1 (CAV1) promotes metastasis, while CAVIN1 attenuates CAV1-induced metastasis. Here, we unveil a novel mechanism linking CAV1 to selective loading of exosomes with metastasis-promoting microRNAs. RESULTS We identify hnRNPK as a CAV1-regulated microRNA binding protein. In the absence of CAVIN1, non-caveolar CAV1 drives localisation of hnRPNK to multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), recruiting AsUGnA motif-containing miRNAs and causing their release within exosomes. This process is dependent on the lipid environment of membranes as shown by cholesterol depletion using methyl-β-cyclodextrin or by treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Consistent with a role in bone metastasis, knockdown of hnRNPK in prostate cancer PC3 cells abolished the ability of PC3 extracellular vesicles (EV) to induce osteoclastogenesis, and biofluid EV hnRNPK is elevated in metastatic prostate and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results support a novel pan-cancer mechanism for CAV1-driven exosomal release of hnRNPK and associated miRNA in metastasis, which is modulated by the membrane lipid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Robinson
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jayde E. Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Amanda Lewis
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Archa H. Fox
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchQEII Medical CentreNedlandsWAAustralia
| | - Vandhana Bharti
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Andrew Lai
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - David Margolin
- Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOchsner Clinic FoundationNew OrleansUSA
| | - Li Li
- Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOchsner Clinic FoundationNew OrleansUSA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOchsner Clinic FoundationNew OrleansUSA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of ConcepciónConcepciónChile
| | - Renée S. Richards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aine Farrell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert A. Gardiner
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alexandre S. Cristino
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
- Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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9
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Fu C, Zhang Q, Wang A, Yang S, Jiang Y, Bai L, Wei Q. EWI-2 controls nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of EGFR signaling molecules and miRNA sorting in exosomes to inhibit prostate cancer cell metastasis. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1543-1565. [PMID: 33605506 PMCID: PMC8096798 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is extremely important, as metastatic PCa remains hard to treat. EWI-2, a member of the Ig protein subfamily, is known to inhibit PCa cell migration. In this study, we found that EWI-2 localized on both the cell membrane and exosomes regulates the distribution of miR-3934-5p between cells and exosomes. Interestingly, we observed that EWI-2 is localized not only on the plasma membrane but also on the nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane), where it regulates the nuclear translocation of signaling molecules and miRNA. Collectively, these functions of EWI-2 found in lipid bilayers appear to regulate PCa cell metastasis through the epidermal growth factor receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (EGFR-MAPK-ERK) pathway. Our research provides new insights into the molecular function of EWI-2 on PCa metastasis, and highlights EWI-2 as a potential PCa biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ani Wang
- Cadiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Songpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Abstract
Caveolae are specialised and dynamic plasma membrane subdomains, involved in many cellular functions including endocytosis, signal transduction, mechanosensing and lipid storage, trafficking, and metabolism. Two protein families are indispensable for caveola formation and function, namely caveolins and cavins. Mutations of genes encoding these caveolar proteins cause serious pathological conditions such as cardiomyopathies, skeletal muscle diseases, and lipodystrophies. Deregulation of caveola-forming protein expression is associated with many types of cancers including prostate cancer. The distinct function of secretion of the prostatic fluid, and the unique metabolic phenotype of prostate cells relying on lipid metabolism as a main bioenergetic pathway further suggest a significant role of caveolae and caveolar proteins in prostate malignancy. Accumulating in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence showed the association of caveolin-1 with prostate cancer grade, stage, metastasis, and drug resistance. In contrast, cavin-1 was found to exhibit tumour suppressive roles. Studies on prostate cancer were the first to show the distinct function of the caveolar proteins depending on their localisation within the caveolar compartment or as cytoplasmic or secreted proteins. In this review, we summarise the roles of caveola-forming proteins in prostate cancer and the potential of exploiting them as therapeutic targets or biological markers.
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11
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Buwa N, Mazumdar D, Balasubramanian N. Caveolin1 Tyrosine-14 Phosphorylation: Role in Cellular Responsiveness to Mechanical Cues. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:509-534. [PMID: 33089394 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a dynamic lipid bilayer that engages with the extracellular microenvironment and intracellular cytoskeleton. Caveolae are distinct plasma membrane invaginations lined by integral membrane proteins Caveolin1, 2, and 3. Caveolae formation and stability is further supported by additional proteins including Cavin1, EHD2, Pacsin2 and ROR1. The lipid composition of caveolar membranes, rich in cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, actively contributes to caveolae formation and function. Post-translational modifications of Cav1, including its phosphorylation of the tyrosine-14 residue (pY14Cav1) are vital to its function in and out of caveolae. Cells that experience significant mechanical stress are seen to have abundant caveolae. They play a vital role in regulating cellular signaling and endocytosis, which could further affect the abundance and distribution of caveolae at the PM, contributing to sensing and/or buffering mechanical stress. Changes in membrane tension in cells responding to multiple mechanical stimuli affects the organization and function of caveolae. These mechanical cues regulate pY14Cav1 levels and function in caveolae and focal adhesions. This review, along with looking at the mechanosensitive nature of caveolae, focuses on the role of pY14Cav1 in regulating cellular mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Buwa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Debasmita Mazumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
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12
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Ariotti N, Wu Y, Okano S, Gambin Y, Follett J, Rae J, Ferguson C, Teasdale RD, Alexandrov K, Meunier FA, Hill MM, Parton RG. An inverted CAV1 (caveolin 1) topology defines novel autophagy-dependent exosome secretion from prostate cancer cells. Autophagy 2020; 17:2200-2216. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1820787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ariotti
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Electron Microscope Unit, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yeping Wu
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Satomi Okano
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jordan Follett
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James Rae
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan D. Teasdale
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frederic A. Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Low JY, Brennen WN, Meeker AK, Ikonen E, Simons BW, Laiho M. Stromal CAVIN1 Controls Prostate Cancer Microenvironment and Metastasis by Modulating Lipid Distribution and Inflammatory Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1414-1426. [PMID: 32493699 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid uptake occurs through caveolae, plasma membrane invaginations formed by caveolins (CAV) and caveolae-associated protein 1 (CAVIN1). Genetic alterations of CAV1N1 and CAV1 modify lipid metabolism and underpin lipodystrophy syndromes. Lipids contribute to tumorigenesis by providing fuel to cancer metabolism and supporting growth and signaling. Tumor stroma promotes tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, but how stromal lipids influence these processes remain to be defined. Here, we show that stromal CAVIN1 regulates lipid abundance in the prostate cancer microenvironment and suppresses metastasis. We show that depletion of CAVIN1 in prostate stromal cells markedly reduces their lipid droplet accumulation and increases inflammation. Stromal cells lacking CAVIN1 enhance prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Remarkably, they increase lipid uptake and M2 inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the primary tumors and metastasis to distant sites. Our data support the concept that stromal cells contribute to prostate cancer aggressiveness by modulating lipid content and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS: This study showed that stromal CAVIN1 suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by modulating tumor microenvironment, lipid content, and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brian W Simons
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Wang L, Yang C, Wang Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Zhou J, Li Y, Tan Y, Kang C. Homotrimer cavin1 interacts with caveolin1 to facilitate tumor growth and activate microglia through extracellular vesicles in glioma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6674-6694. [PMID: 32550897 PMCID: PMC7295042 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intercellular communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays a critical role in glioma progression. However, little is known about the precise mechanism regulating EV secretion and function. Our previous study revealed that Cavin1 was positively correlated with malignancy grades of glioma patients, and that overexpressing Cavin1 in glioma cells enhanced the malignancy of nearby glioma cells via EVs. Methods: The current study used bioinformatics to design a variant Cavin1 (vCavin1) incapable of interacting with Caveolin1, and compared the effects of overexpressing Cavin1 and vCavin1 in glioma cells on EV production and function. Results: Remarkably, our results indicated that Cavin1 expression enhanced the secretion, uptake, and homing ability of glioma-derived EVs. EVs expressing Cavin1 promoted glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Cavin1 expressing murine glioma cells recruited and activated microglia via EVs. However, vCavin1 neither was loaded onto EVs nor altered EV secretion and function. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that Cavin1-Caveolin1 interaction played a significant role in regulating production and function of glioma-EVs, and may act as a promising therapeutic target in gliomas that express high levels of Cavin1.
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15
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Lessons from cavin-1 deficiency. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:147-154. [PMID: 31922193 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae have been implicated in a wide range of critical physiological functions. In the past decade, the dominant role of cavin-1 in caveolae formation has been established, and it has been recognized as another master regulator for caveolae biology. Human patients with cavin-1 mutations develop lipodystrophy and muscular dystrophy and have some major pathological dysfunctions in fat tissue, skeleton muscle, heart, lung and other organs. Cavin-1 deficiency animal models consistently show similar phenotypes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have suggested many possible pathways, including mechanosensing, stress response, signal transduction, exosome secretion, and potential functions in the nucleus. Many excellent and comprehensive review articles already exist on the topics of caveolae structure formation, caveolins, and their pathophysiological functions. We will focus on recent studies using cavin-1 deficiency models, to summarize the pathophysiological changes in adipose, muscle, and other organs, followed by a summary of mechanistic studies about the roles of cavin-1, which includes caveolae formation, ribosomal RNA transcription, mechanical sensing, stress response, and exosome secretion. Further studies may help to elucidate the exact underlying molecular mechanism to explain the pathological changes observed in cavin-1 deficient human patients and animal models, so potential new therapeutic strategies can be developed.
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16
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Zhao C, Ma J, Wang Z, Li H, Shen H, Li X, Chen G. Mfsd2a Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption After Sub-arachnoid Hemorrhage by Inhibiting Caveolae-Mediated Transcellular Transport in Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1012-1027. [PMID: 31907728 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is one of the critical mechanisms of brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Past studies have often focused on the tight junctions of endothelial cells. However, low transcellular transport levels also play an important role in the normal functioning of the BBB. Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a) has been demonstrated to be essential for the maintenance of the normal BBB. Our present study aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of Mfsd2a in BBB disruption after SAH. In this study, a prechiasmatic cistern single-injection model was used to produce experimental SAH in Sprague-Dawley rats. Specific small-interfering RNA and plasmids were used to downregulate and upregulate the expression of Mfsd2a prior to assessments in our SAH model. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency diet was used to reduce DHA in rat brain. The expression level of Mfsd2a decreased significantly after SAH and reached its lowest level at 72 h post-SAH, which then gradually recovered. At 72 h after SAH, BBB function was disrupted; upregulation of Mfsd2a reversed this damage, whereas downregulation of Mfsd2a exacerbated this damage. These effects were primarily mediated through transcellular transport, especially for changes in caveolae compared to those of tight junctions. After stopping the supply of omega-3 fatty acids, the effect of Mfsd2a on inhibition of caveolae and protection of the blood-brain barrier was eliminated. Taken together, Mfsd2a inhibits caveolae-based transcellular transport by transporting omega-3 fatty acids to protect the BBB after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street,, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
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17
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Identification of intracellular cavin target proteins reveals cavin-PP1alpha interactions regulate apoptosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3279. [PMID: 31332168 PMCID: PMC6646387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized domains of the plasma membrane. Formation of these invaginations is dependent on the expression of Caveolin-1 or -3 and proteins of the cavin family. In response to stress, caveolae disassemble and cavins are released from caveolae, allowing cavins to potentially interact with intracellular targets. Here, we describe the intracellular (non-plasma membrane) cavin interactome using biotin affinity proteomics and mass spectrometry. We validate 47 potential cavin-interactor proteins using a cell-free expression system and protein-protein binding assays. These data, together with pathway analyses, reveal unknown roles for cavin proteins in metabolism and stress signaling. We validated the interaction between one candidate interactor protein, protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α), and Cavin-1 and -3 and show that UV treatment causes release of Cavin3 from caveolae allowing interaction with, and inhibition of, PP1α. This interaction increases H2AX phosphorylation to stimulate apoptosis, identifying a pro-apoptotic signaling pathway from surface caveolae to the nucleus.
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18
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Surman M, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Their Proteome. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7020021. [PMID: 31086060 PMCID: PMC6630787 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer, and its incidence is increasing rapidly each year. Despite the extensive research into improved diagnostic and treatment methods, early detection and disease constraint still present significant challenges. As successful isolation protocols have been developed, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become the subject of extensive investigation in terms of their role in cancer progression and as a possible source of disease biomarkers. Besides functional studies, quantitative and qualitative proteomics have recently emerged as promising tools for the advancement of melanoma biomarkers. Nevertheless, the amount of data concerning the proteome of melanoma-derived EVs is still very limited. In this review we cover the current knowledge on protein content of melanoma-derived EVs, with a focus on their potential role in the development and progression of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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19
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Rodriguez-Caro H, Dragovic R, Shen M, Dombi E, Mounce G, Field K, Meadows J, Turner K, Lunn D, Child T, Southcombe JH, Granne I. In vitro decidualisation of human endometrial stromal cells is enhanced by seminal fluid extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1565262. [PMID: 30728921 PMCID: PMC6352950 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1565262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are highly abundant in seminal fluids and have a known role enhancing sperm function. Clinical pregnancy rates after IVF treatment are improved after female exposure to seminal fluid. Seminal fluid extracellular vesicles (SF-EVs) are candidate enhancers, however, whether SF-EVs interact with cells from the endometrium and modulate the implantation processes is unknown. Here, we investigated whether SF-EVs interact with endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and enhance decidualisation, a requisite for implantation. SF-EVs, isolated from human seminal fluid (n = 11) by ultracentrifugation, were characterised by nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting, and purified using size exclusion chromatography. Non-decidualised and decidualised primary ESCs (n = 5) were then treated with SF-EVs. Binding of bio-maleimide-labelled SF-EVs was detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Prolactin and IGFBP-1 protein levels in culture media were also analysed after single and multiple SF-EV exposure. SF-EVs size ranged from 50 to 300 nm, and they expressed exosomal markers (ALIX, SYNTENIN-1, CD9 and CD81). SF-EVs bound to non-decidualised and decidualised ESCs at similar levels. ESCs prolactin secretion was increased after single (p = 0.0044) and multiple (p = 0.0021) SF-EV exposure. No differences were found in IGFBP-1 protein levels. In conclusion, SF-EVs enhance in vitro ESC decidualisation and increase secretion of prolactin, an essential hormone in implantation. This elucidates a novel role of SF-EVs on endometrial receptivity. Abbreviations: ECACC: European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures; ESCs: endometrial stromal cells; EVs: extracellular vesicles; FCS: foetal calf serum; HRP: horse-radish peroxidase; IFNγ: interferon-gamma; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP-1: insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; IVF: in vitro fertilisation; MVB: multivesicular bodies; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; PRLR−/−: homozygous prolactin receptor knockout; RT: room temperature; SF-EVs: seminal fluid extracellular vesicles; STR: short tandem repeat; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; uNK: uterine natural killer
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rodriguez-Caro
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Dragovic
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Mengni Shen
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Eszter Dombi
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ginny Mounce
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Field
- Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie Meadows
- Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen Turner
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Child
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Fertility, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Helen Southcombe
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ingrid Granne
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Oxford, UK
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20
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The cancer-associated microprotein CASIMO1 controls cell proliferation and interacts with squalene epoxidase modulating lipid droplet formation. Oncogene 2018; 37:4750-4768. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Lazar I, Clement E, Attane C, Muller C, Nieto L. A new role for extracellular vesicles: how small vesicles can feed tumors' big appetite. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1793-1804. [PMID: 29678957 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells must adapt their metabolism in order to meet the energy requirements for cell proliferation, survival in nutrient-deprived environments, and dissemination. In particular, FA metabolism is emerging as a critical process for tumors. FA metabolism can be modulated through intrinsic changes in gene expression or signaling between tumor cells and also in response to signals from the surrounding microenvironment. Among these signals, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could play an important role in FA metabolism remodeling. In this review, we will present the role of EVs in tumor progression and especially in metabolic reprogramming. Particular attention will be granted to adipocytes. These cells, which are specialized in storing and releasing FAs, are able to shift tumor metabolism toward the use of FAs and, subsequently, increase tumor aggressiveness. Recent work demonstrates the involvement of EVs in this metabolic symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikrame Lazar
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France and Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Emily Clement
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France and Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Camille Attane
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France and Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France and Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France and Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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22
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Fiederling F, Weschenfelder M, Fritz M, von Philipsborn A, Bastmeyer M, Weth F. Ephrin-A/EphA specific co-adaptation as a novel mechanism in topographic axon guidance. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28722651 PMCID: PMC5517148 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic hardwiring during brain development provides computational architectures for innate neuronal processing. Thus, the paradigmatic chick retinotectal projection, due to its neighborhood preserving, topographic organization, establishes millions of parallel channels for incremental visual field analysis. Retinal axons receive targeting information from quantitative guidance cue gradients. Surprisingly, novel adaptation assays demonstrate that retinal growth cones robustly adapt towards ephrin-A/EphA forward and reverse signals, which provide the major mapping cues. Computational modeling suggests that topographic accuracy and adaptability, though seemingly incompatible, could be reconciled by a novel mechanism of coupled adaptation of signaling channels. Experimentally, we find such 'co-adaptation' in retinal growth cones specifically for ephrin-A/EphA signaling. Co-adaptation involves trafficking of unliganded sensors between the surface membrane and recycling endosomes, and is presumably triggered by changes in the lipid composition of membrane microdomains. We propose that co-adaptative desensitization eventually relies on guidance sensor translocation into cis-signaling endosomes to outbalance repulsive trans-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fiederling
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Weschenfelder
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Fritz
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
| | - Anne von Philipsborn
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
| | - Franco Weth
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Zoological Institute, Karlruhe, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Caveolae are small invaginations of the plasma membrane in cells. In addition to their classically described functions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking, it was recently shown that caveolae act also as plasma membrane sensors that respond immediately to acute mechanical stresses. Caveolin 1 (Cav1), the main component of caveolae, is a multifunctional scaffolding protein that can remodel the extracellular environment. Caveolae dysfunction, due to mutations in caveolins, has been linked to several human diseases called "caveolinopathies," including muscular dystrophies, cardiac disease, infection, osteoporosis, and cancer. The role of caveolae and/or Cav1 remains controversial particularly in tumor progression. Cav1 function has been associated with several steps of cancerogenesis such as tumor growth, cell migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis, yet it was observed that Cav1 could affect these steps in a positive or negative manner. Here, we discuss the possible function of caveolae and Cav1 in tumor progression in the context of their recently discovered role in cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory; National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1143; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3666, Paris, France
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24
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Cypryk W, Lorey M, Puustinen A, Nyman TA, Matikainen S. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Released from Human Macrophages upon Influenza A Virus Infection. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:217-227. [PMID: 27723984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are aggressive pathogens that cause acute respiratory diseases and annual epidemics in humans. Host defense against IAV infection is initiated by macrophages, which are the principal effector cells of the innate immune system. We have previously shown that IAV infection of human macrophages is associated with robust secretion of proteins via conventional and unconventional protein release pathways. Here we have characterized unconventional, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated protein secretion in human macrophages during IAV infection using proteomics, bioinformatics, and functional studies. We demonstrate that at 9 h postinfection a robust EV-mediated protein secretion takes place. We identified 2359 human proteins from EVs of IAV-infected macrophages compared with 1448 proteins identified from EVs of control cells. Bioinformatic analysis shows that many proteins involved in translation, like components of spliceosome machinery and the ribosome, are secreted in EVs in response to IAV infection. Our data also shows that EVs derived from IAV-infected macrophages contain fatty acid-binding proteins, antiviral cytokines, copper metabolism Murr-1 domain proteins, and autophagy-related proteins. In addition, our data suggest that secretory autophagy plays a role in activating EV-mediated protein secretion during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Cypryk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Lorey
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Rheumatology , 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Puustinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine , Sognsvannsveien 20, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Rheumatology , 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Shah AD, Inder KL, Shah AK, Cristino AS, McKie AB, Gabra H, Davis MJ, Hill MM. Integrative Analysis of Subcellular Quantitative Proteomics Studies Reveals Functional Cytoskeleton Membrane-Lipid Raft Interactions in Cancer. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3451-3462. [PMID: 27384440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are dynamic membrane microdomains that orchestrate molecular interactions and are implicated in cancer development. To understand the functions of lipid rafts in cancer, we performed an integrated analysis of quantitative lipid raft proteomics data sets modeling progression in breast cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. This analysis revealed that cancer development is associated with increased membrane raft-cytoskeleton interactions, with ∼40% of elevated lipid raft proteins being cytoskeletal components. Previous studies suggest a potential functional role for the raft-cytoskeleton in the action of the putative tumor suppressors PTRF/Cavin-1 and Merlin. To extend the observation, we examined lipid raft proteome modulation by an unrelated tumor suppressor opioid binding protein cell-adhesion molecule (OPCML) in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. In agreement with the other model systems, quantitative proteomics revealed that 39% of OPCML-depleted lipid raft proteins are cytoskeletal components, with microfilaments and intermediate filaments specifically down-regulated. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction network and simulation analysis showed significantly higher interactions among cancer raft proteins compared with general human raft proteins. Collectively, these results suggest increased cytoskeleton-mediated stabilization of lipid raft domains with greater molecular interactions as a common, functional, and reversible feature of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup D Shah
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kerry L Inder
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Alok K Shah
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandre S Cristino
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Arthur B McKie
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London Hammersmith Campus , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hani Gabra
- Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London Hammersmith Campus , London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , 1G Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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De Palma G, Sallustio F, Schena FP. Clinical Application of Human Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney and Urologic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071043. [PMID: 27376269 PMCID: PMC4964419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated in different body fluids, including urine. The cargo of urinary EVs is composed of nucleic acids and proteins reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells lining the nephron and the urinary tract. Urinary EVs have been confirmed to contain low amounts of various types of RNA that play a role in intercellular communication by transferring genetic information. This communication through EV RNAs includes both continuation of normal physiological processes and conditioning in disease mechanisms. Although proteins included in urinary EVs represent only 3% of the whole-urine proteome, urinary EVs can influence cells in the renal epithelia not only by delivering RNA cargo, but also by delivering a wide range of proteins. Since urine is a readily available biofluid, the discovery of EVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. The potential use of urinary EV RNAs and proteins as diagnostic biomarkers for various kidney and urologic diseases is currently being explored. Here, we review recent studies that deal in identifying biomarker candidates for human kidney and urologic diseases using urinary EVs and might help to understand the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Palma
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
- Schena Foundation-European Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Valenzano 70010, Italy.
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, DETO, Bari 70124, Italy.
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Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer metastasis via IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7438-53. [PMID: 25924234 PMCID: PMC4480691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with several cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia increases intratumoral androgen signaling in prostate cancer, but it is unclear whether androgen-independent mechanisms also exist. Since hypercholesterolemia is associated with advanced, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, in this study, we aimed to determine whether and how hypercholesterolemia affects prostate cancer progression in the absence of androgen signaling. We demonstrate that diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes orthotopic xenograft PC-3 cell metastasis, concomitant with elevated expression of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 in xenograft tumor tissues. In vitro cholesterol treatment of PC-3 cells stimulated migration and increased IQGAP1 and caveolin-1 protein level and localization to a detergent-resistant fraction. Down-regulation of caveolin-1 or IQGAP1 in PC-3 cells reduced migration and invasion in vitro, and hypercholesterolemia-induced metastasis in vivo. Double knock-down of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 showed no additive effect, suggesting that caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 act via the same pathway. Taken together, our data show that hypercholesterolemia promotes prostate cancer metastasis independent of the androgen pathway, in part by increasing IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. These results have broader implications for managing metastasis of cancers in general as IQGAP1 and hypercholesterolemia are implicated in the progression of several cancers.
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Ruelcke JE, Loo D, Hill MM. Reducing the cost of semi-automated in-gel tryptic digestion and GeLC sample preparation for high-throughput proteomics. J Proteomics 2016; 149:3-6. [PMID: 27084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide generation by trypsin digestion is typically the first step in mass spectrometry-based proteomics experiments, including 'bottom-up' discovery and targeted proteomics using multiple reaction monitoring. Manual tryptic digest and the subsequent clean-up steps can add variability even before the sample reaches the analytical platform. While specialized filter plates and tips have been designed for automated sample processing, the specialty reagents required may not be accessible or feasible due to their high cost. Here, we report a lower-cost semi-automated protocol for in-gel digestion and GeLC using standard 96-well microplates. Further cost savings were realized by re-using reagent tips with optimized sample ordering. To evaluate the methodology, we compared a simple mixture of 7 proteins and a complex cell-lysate sample. The results across three replicates showed that our semi-automated protocol had performance equal to or better than a manual in-gel digestion with respect to replicate variability and level of contamination. In this paper, we also provide the Agilent Bravo method file, which can be adapted to other liquid handlers. The simplicity, reproducibility, and cost-effectiveness of our semi-automated protocol make it ideal for routine in-gel and GeLC sample preparations, as well as high throughput processing of large clinical sample cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde E Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Dorothy Loo
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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29
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Shi Y, Tan SH, Ng S, Zhou J, Yang ND, Koo GB, McMahon KA, Parton RG, Hill MM, Del Pozo MA, Kim YS, Shen HM. Critical role of CAV1/caveolin-1 in cell stress responses in human breast cancer cells via modulation of lysosomal function and autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:769-84. [PMID: 25945613 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1034411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CAV1 (caveolin 1, caveolae protein, 22kDa) is well known as a principal scaffolding protein of caveolae, a specialized plasma membrane structure. Relatively, the caveolae-independent function of CAV1 is less studied. Autophagy is a process known to involve various membrane structures, including autophagosomes, lysosomes, and autolysosomes for degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles. Currently, the function of CAV1 in autophagy remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that CAV1 deficiency promotes both basal and inducible autophagy. Interestingly, the promoting effect was found mainly in the late stage of autophagy via enhancing lysosomal function and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Notably, the regulatory function of CAV1 in lysosome and autophagy was found to be caveolae-independent, and acts through lipid rafts. Furthermore, the elevated autophagy level induced by CAV1 deficiency serves as a cell survival mechanism under starvation. Importantly, downregulation of CAV1 and enhanced autophagy level were observed in human breast cancer cells and tissues. Taken together, our data reveal a novel function of CAV1 and lipid rafts in breast cancer development via modulation of lysosomal function and autophagy.
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Key Words
- ATP6V0D1, ATPase H+ transporting lysosomal 38kDa, V0 subunit d1
- Baf, bafilomycin A1
- CAV1, caveolin 1
- CHO, water-soluble cholesterol
- CQ, choloroquine
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- CTxB, cholera toxin subunit B
- DRF, detergent-resistant fraction
- DSF, detergent-soluble fraction
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- KO, knockout
- LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MBCD, methyl-β-cyclodextrin
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PTRF, polymerase I and transcript release factor
- TFRC, transferrin receptor
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- WT, wild type.
- autophagy
- breast cancer
- caveolin 1
- lipid rafts
- lysosome
- tfLC3B, mRFP-GFP tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shi
- a Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore ; Singapore
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30
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Vilasi A, Fiume I, Capasso G, Turiák L, Buzas EI, Vékey K. Mass spectrometry of extracellular vesicles. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:3-21. [PMID: 25705034 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The review briefly summaries main features of extracellular vesicles, a joint terminology for exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles. These vesicles are in the center of interest in biology and medical sciences, and form a very active field of research. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its specificity and sensitivity, has the potential to identify and characterize molecular composition of these vesicles; but as yet there are only a limited, but fast-growing, number of publications that use MS workflows in this field. MS is the major tool to assess protein composition of extracellular vesicles: qualitative and quantitative proteomics approaches are both reviewed. Beside proteins, lipid and metabolite composition of vesicles might also be best assessed by MS techniques; however there are few applications as yet in this respect. The role of alternative analytical approaches, like gel-based proteomics and antibody-based immunoassays, are also mentioned. The objective of the review is to give an overview of this fast-growing field to help orient MS-based research on extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Christopher Stanly
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vilasi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Fiume
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Vascular Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lilla Turiák
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Endo-Munoz L, Cai N, Cumming A, Macklin R, Merida de Long L, Topkas E, Mukhopadhyay P, Hill M, Saunders NA. Progression of Osteosarcoma from a Non-Metastatic to a Metastatic Phenotype Is Causally Associated with Activation of an Autocrine and Paracrine uPA Axis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133592. [PMID: 26317203 PMCID: PMC4552671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary metastasis is the major untreatable complication of osteosarcoma (OS) resulting in 10-20% long-term survival. The factors and pathways regulating these processes remain unclear, yet their identification is crucial in order to find new therapeutic targets. In this study we used a multi-omics approach to identify molecules in metastatic and non-metastatic OS cells that may contribute to OS metastasis, followed by validation in vitro and in vivo. We found elevated levels of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and of the uPA receptor (uPAR) exclusively in metastatic OS cells. uPA was secreted in soluble form and as part of the protein cargo of OS-secreted extracellular vesicles, including exosomes. In addition, in the tumour microenvironment, uPA was expressed and secreted by bone marrow cells (BMC), and OS- and BMC-derived uPA significantly and specifically stimulated migration of metastatic OS cells via uPA-dependent signaling pathways. Silencing of uPAR in metastatic OS cells abrogated the migratory response to uPA in vitro and decreased metastasis in vivo. Finally, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of uPA significantly (P = 0.0004) inhibited metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model of OS. Thus, we show for the first time that malignant conversion of OS cells to a metastatic phenotype is defined by activation of the uPA/uPAR axis in both an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Furthermore, metastasis is driven by changes in OS cells as well as in the microenvironment. Finally, our data show that pharmacological inhibition of the uPA/uPAR axis with a novel small-molecule inhibitor can prevent the emergence of metastatic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Endo-Munoz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Na Cai
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Cumming
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Rebecca Macklin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lilia Merida de Long
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Eleni Topkas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Pamela Mukhopadhyay
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Michelle Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Saunders
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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32
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Bellingham SA, Guo B, Hill AF. The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Biol Cell 2015; 107:389-418. [PMID: 26032945 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Anderson W, Lane R, Korbie D, Trau M. Observations of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing for Exosome Analysis: Improving System Sensitivity and Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6577-87. [PMID: 25970769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution and concentration measurements of exosomes are essential when investigating their cellular function and uptake. Recently, a particle size distribution and concentration measurement platform known as tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) has seen increased use for the characterization of exosome samples. TRPS measures the brief increase in electrical resistance (a resistive pulse) produced by individual submicrometer/nanoscale particles as they translocate through a size-tunable submicrometer/micrometer-sized pore, embedded in an elastic membrane. Unfortunately, TRPS measurements are susceptible to issues surrounding system stability, where the pore can become blocked by particles, and sensitivity issues, where particles are too small to be detected against the background noise of the system. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the parameters involved in TRPS exosome measurements and demonstrate the ability to improve system sensitivity and stability by the optimization of system parameters. We also provide the first analysis of system noise, sensitivity cutoff limits, and accuracy with respect to exosome measurements and offer an explicit definition of system sensitivity that indicates the smallest particle diameter that can be detected within the noise of the trans-membrane current. A comparison of exosome size measurements from both TRPS and cryo-electron microscopy is also provided, finding that a significant number of smaller exosomes fell below the detection limit of the TRPS platform and offering one potential insight as to why there is such large variability in the exosome size distribution reported in the literature. We believe the observations reported here may assist others in improving TRPS measurements for exosome samples and other submicrometer biological and nonbiological particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Anderson
- †Centre for Personalized NanoMedicine, ‡Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, and §School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Rebecca Lane
- †Centre for Personalized NanoMedicine, ‡Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, and §School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- †Centre for Personalized NanoMedicine, ‡Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, and §School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- †Centre for Personalized NanoMedicine, ‡Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, and §School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
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Cavin-1 and Caveolin-1 are both required to support cell proliferation, migration and anchorage-independent cell growth in rhabdomyosarcoma. J Transl Med 2015; 95:585-602. [PMID: 25822667 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a childhood soft tissue tumor with broad expression of markers that are typically found in skeletal muscle. Cavin-1 is a recently discovered protein actively cooperating with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in the morphogenesis of caveolae and whose role in cancer is drawing increasing attention. Using a combined in silico and in vitro analysis here we show that Cavin-1 is expressed in myogenic RMS tumors as well as in human and primary mouse RMS cultures, exhibiting a broad subcellular localization, ranging from nuclei and cytosol to plasma membrane. In particular, the coexpression and plasma membrane interaction between Cavin-1 and Cav-1 characterized the proliferation of human and mouse RMS cell cultures, while a downregulation of their expression levels was observed during the myogenic differentiation. Knockdown of Cavin-1 or Cav-1 in the human RD and RH30 cells led to impairment of cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, loss of Cavin-1 in RD cells impaired the anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar. While the loss of Cavin-1 did not affect the Cav-1 protein levels in RMS cells, Cav-1 overexpression and knockdown triggered a rise or depletion of Cavin-1 protein levels in RD cells, respectively, in turn reflecting on increased or decreased cell proliferation, migration and anchorage-independent cell growth. Collectively, these data indicate that the interaction between Cavin-1 and Cav-1 underlies the cell growth and migration in myogenic tumors.
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35
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Extracellular vesicles such as prostate cancer cell fragments as a fluid biopsy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:213-20. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Galectin-3 Overrides PTRF/Cavin-1 Reduction of PC3 Prostate Cancer Cell Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126056. [PMID: 25942420 PMCID: PMC4420459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a key component of cell surface caveolae, is elevated in prostate cancer (PCa) and associated with PCa metastasis and a poor prognosis for PCa patients. Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor (PTRF)/cavin-1 is a cytoplasmic protein required for Cav1-dependent formation of caveolae. Expression of PTRF reduces the motility of PC3 cells, a metastatic prostate cancer cell line that endogenously expresses abundant Cav1 but no PTRF and no caveolae, suggesting a role for non-caveolar Cav1 domains, or Cav1 scaffolds, in PCa cell migration. Tyrosine phosphorylated Cav1 (pCav1) functions in concert with Galectin-3 (Gal3) and the galectin lattice to stabilize focal adhesion kinase (FAK) within focal adhesions (FAs) and promote cancer cell motility. However, whether PTRF regulation of Cav1 function in PCa cell migration is related to Gal3 expression and functionality has yet to be determined. Here we show that PTRF expression in PC3 cells reduces FAK stabilization in focal adhesions and reduces cell motility without affecting pCav1 levels. Exogenous Gal3 stabilized FAK in focal adhesions of PTRF-expressing cells and restored cell motility of PTRF-expressing PC3 cells to levels of PC3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an optimal concentration of 2 µg/ml. Exogenous Gal3 stabilized FAK in focal adhesions of Gal3 knockdown PC3 cells but not in Cav1 knockdown PC3 cells. Cav1 knockdown also prevented Gal3 rescue of FA-associated FAK stabilization in PTRF-expressing PC3 cells. Our data support a role for PTRF/cavin-1, through caveolae formation, as an attenuator of the non-caveolar functionality of Cav1 in Gal3-Cav1 signalling and regulation of focal adhesion dynamics and cancer cell migration.
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38
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Gupta R, Toufaily C, Annabi B. Caveolin and cavin family members: dual roles in cancer. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:188-202. [PMID: 25241255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized plasma membrane subdomains with distinct lipid and protein compositions, which play an essential role in cell physiology through regulation of trafficking and signaling functions. The structure and functions of caveolae have been shown to require the proteins caveolins. Recently, members of the cavin protein family were found to be required, in concert with caveolins, for the formation and function of caveolae. Caveolins have a paradoxical role in the development of cancer formation. They have been involved in both tumor suppression and oncogenesis, depending on tumor type and progress stage. High expression of caveolins and cavins leads to inhibition of cancer-related pathways, such as growth factor signaling pathways. However, certain cancer cells that express caveolins and cavins have been shown to be more aggressive and metastatic because of their increased potential for anchorage-independent growth. Here, we will survey the functional roles of caveolins and of different cavin family members in cancer regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Gupta
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Chirine Toufaily
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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39
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Chen D, Shah A, Nguyen H, Loo D, Inder KL, Hill MM. Online quantitative proteomics p-value calculator for permutation-based statistical testing of peptide ratios. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4184-91. [PMID: 25058807 DOI: 10.1021/pr500525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The utility of high-throughput quantitative proteomics to identify differentially abundant proteins en-masse relies on suitable and accessible statistical methodology, which remains mostly an unmet need. We present a free web-based tool, called Quantitative Proteomics p-value Calculator (QPPC), designed for accessibility and usability by proteomics scientists and biologists. Being an online tool, there is no requirement for software installation. Furthermore, QPPC accepts generic peptide ratio data generated by any mass spectrometer and database search engine. Importantly, QPPC utilizes the permutation test that we recently found to be superior to other methods for analysis of peptide ratios because it does not assume normal distributions.1 QPPC assists the user in selecting significantly altered proteins based on numerical fold change, or standard deviation from the mean or median, together with the permutation p-value. Output is in the form of comma separated values files, along with graphical visualization using volcano plots and histograms. We evaluate the optimal parameters for use of QPPC, including the permutation level and the effect of outlier and contaminant peptides on p-value variability. The optimal parameters defined are deployed as default for the web-tool at http://qppc.di.uq.edu.au/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chen
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Nassar ZD, Moon H, Duong T, Neo L, Hill MM, Francois M, Parton RG, Parat MO. PTRF/Cavin-1 decreases prostate cancer angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1844-55. [PMID: 24123650 PMCID: PMC3858569 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized plasma membrane subdomains implicated in cellular functions such as migration, signalling and trafficking. Caveolin-1 and polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF)/cavin-1 are essential for caveola formation. Caveolin-1 is overexpressed and secreted in prostate tumors and promotes aggressiveness and angiogenesis. In contrast, a lack of PTRF expression is reported in prostate cancer, and ectopic PTRF expression in prostate cancer cells inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. We experimentally manipulated PTRF expression in three prostate cancer cell lines, namely the caveolin-1 positive cells PC3 and DU145 and the caveolin-1-negative LNCaP cells, to evaluate angiogenesis- and lymphangiogenesis-regulating functions of PTRF. We show that the conditioned medium of PTRF-expressing prostate cancer cells decreases ECs proliferation, migration and differentiation in vitro and ex vivo. This can occur independently from caveolin-1 expression and secretion or caveola formation, since the anti-angiogenic effects of PTRF were detected in caveolin-1-negative LNCaP cells. Additionally, PTRF expression in PC3 cells significantly decreased blood and lymphatic vessel densities in orthotopic tumors in mice. Our results suggest that the absence of PTRF in prostate cancer cells contributes significantly to tumour progression and metastasis by promoting the angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis potential of the cancer cells, and this could be exploited for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad D Nassar
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, QLD, Australia
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Inder KL, Ruelcke JE, Petelin L, Moon H, Choi E, Rae J, Blumenthal A, Hutmacher D, Saunders NA, Stow JL, Parton RG, Hill MM. Cavin-1/PTRF alters prostate cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle content and internalization to attenuate extracellular vesicle-mediated osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast proliferation. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23784. [PMID: 25018864 PMCID: PMC4072912 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in tumour progression; however, the spectrum of molecular mechanisms regulating EV secretion and cargo selection remain to be fully elucidated. We have reported that cavin-1 expression in prostate cancer PC3 cells reduced the abundance of a subset of EV proteins, concomitant with reduced xenograft tumour growth and metastasis. Methods We examined the functional outcomes and mechanisms of cavin-1 expression on PC3-derived EVs (PC3-EVs). Results PC3-EVs were internalized by osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells and primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) in vitro, stimulating osteoclastogenesis 37-fold and hOB proliferation 1.5-fold, respectively. Strikin
gly, EVs derived from cavin-1-expressing PC3 cells (cavin-1-PC3-EVs) failed to induce multinucleate osteoblasts or hOB proliferation. Cavin-1 was not detected in EVs, indicating an indirect mechanism of action. EV morphology, size and quantity were also not affected by cavin-1 expression, suggesting that cavin-1 modulated EV cargo recruitment rather than release. While cavin-1-EVs had no osteoclastogenic function, they were internalized by RAW264.7 cells but at a reduced efficiency compared to control EVs. EV surface proteins are required for internalization of PC3-EVs by RAW264.7 cells, as proteinase K treatment abolished uptake of both control and cavin-1-PC3-EVs. Removal of sialic acid modifications by neuraminidase treatment increased the amount of control PC3-EVs internalized by RAW264.7 cells, without affecting cavin-1-PC3-EVs. This suggests that cavin-1 expression altered the glycosylation modifications on PC3-EV surface. Finally, cavin-1 expression did not affect EV in vivo tissue targeting as both control and cavin-1-PC3-EVs were predominantly retained in the lung and bone 24 hours after injection into mice. Discussion Taken together, our results reveal a novel pathway for EV cargo sorting, and highlight the potential of utilizing cavin-1-mediated pathways to attenuate metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Inder
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jayde E Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lara Petelin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hyeongsun Moon
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eunju Choi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar Hutmacher
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Saunders
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Chaudhary N, Gomez GA, Howes MT, Lo HP, McMahon KA, Rae JA, Schieber NL, Hill MM, Gaus K, Yap AS, Parton RG. Endocytic crosstalk: cavins, caveolins, and caveolae regulate clathrin-independent endocytosis. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001832. [PMID: 24714042 PMCID: PMC3979662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolar proteins and caveolae negatively regulate a second clathrin-independent endocytic CLIC/GEEC pathway; caveolin-1 affects membrane diffusion properties of raft-associated CLIC cargo, and the scaffolding domain of caveolin-1 is required and sufficient for endocytic inhibition. Several studies have suggested crosstalk between different clathrin-independent endocytic pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms and functional relevance of these interactions are unclear. Caveolins and cavins are crucial components of caveolae, specialized microdomains that also constitute an endocytic route. Here we show that specific caveolar proteins are independently acting negative regulators of clathrin-independent endocytosis. Cavin-1 and Cavin-3, but not Cavin-2 or Cavin-4, are potent inhibitors of the clathrin-independent carriers/GPI-AP enriched early endosomal compartment (CLIC/GEEC) endocytic pathway, in a process independent of caveola formation. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) and CAV3 also inhibit the CLIC/GEEC pathway upon over-expression. Expression of caveolar protein leads to reduction in formation of early CLIC/GEEC carriers, as detected by quantitative electron microscopy analysis. Furthermore, the CLIC/GEEC pathway is upregulated in cells lacking CAV1/Cavin-1 or with reduced expression of Cavin-1 and Cavin-3. Inhibition by caveolins can be mimicked by the isolated caveolin scaffolding domain and is associated with perturbed diffusion of lipid microdomain components, as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies. In the absence of cavins (and caveolae) CAV1 is itself endocytosed preferentially through the CLIC/GEEC pathway, but the pathway loses polarization and sorting attributes with consequences for membrane dynamics and endocytic polarization in migrating cells and adult muscle tissue. We also found that noncaveolar Cavin-1 can act as a modulator for the activity of the key regulator of the CLIC/GEEC pathway, Cdc42. This work provides new insights into the regulation of noncaveolar clathrin-independent endocytosis by specific caveolar proteins, illustrating multiple levels of crosstalk between these pathways. We show for the first time a role for specific cavins in regulating the CLIC/GEEC pathway, provide a new tool to study this pathway, identify caveola-independent functions of the cavins and propose a novel mechanism for inhibition of the CLIC/GEEC pathway by caveolin. Endocytosis is the process that allows cells to take up molecules from the environment. Several endocytic pathways exist in mammalian cells. While the best understood endocytic pathway uses clathrin, recent years have seen a great increase in our understanding of clathrin-independent endocytic pathways. Here we characterize the crosstalk between caveolae, flask-shaped specialized microdomains present at the plasma membrane, and a second clathrin-independent pathway, the CLIC/GEEC Cdc42-regulated endocytic pathway. These pathways are segregated in migrating cells with caveolae at the rear and CLIC/GEEC endocytosis at the leading edge. Here we find that specific caveolar proteins, caveolins and cavins, can also negatively regulate the CLIC/GEEC pathway. With the help of several techniques, including quantitative electron microscopy analysis and real-time live-cell imaging, we demonstrate that expression of caveolar proteins affects early carrier formation, causes cellular lipid changes, and changes the activity of the key regulator of the CLIC/GEEC pathway, Cdc42. The functional consequences of loss of caveolar proteins on the CLIC/GEEC pathway included inhibition of polarized cell migration and increased endocytosis in tissue explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaudhary
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark T. Howes
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harriet P. Lo
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerrie-Ann McMahon
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A. Rae
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- The University of New South Wales, Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alpha S. Yap
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Faggi F, Mitola S, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Donato R, Codenotti S, Poliani PL, Cominelli M, Vescovi R, Rossi S, Calza S, Colombi M, Penna F, Costelli P, Perini I, Sampaolesi M, Monti E, Fanzani A. Phosphocaveolin-1 enforces tumor growth and chemoresistance in rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84618. [PMID: 24427291 PMCID: PMC3888403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) can ambiguously behave as either tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on its phosphorylation state and the type of cancer. In this study we show that Cav-1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 (pCav-1) by Src-kinase family members in various human cell lines and primary mouse cultures of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most frequent soft-tissue sarcoma affecting childhood. Cav-1 overexpression in the human embryonal RD or alveolar RH30 cells yielded increased pCav-1 levels and reinforced the phosphorylation state of either ERK or AKT kinase, respectively, in turn enhancing in vitro cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness and chemoresistance. In contrast, reducing the pCav-1 levels by administration of a Src-kinase inhibitor or through targeted Cav-1 silencing counteracted the malignant in vitro phenotype of RMS cells. Consistent with these results, xenotransplantation of Cav-1 overexpressing RD cells into nude mice resulted in substantial tumor growth in comparison to control cells. Taken together, these data point to pCav-1 as an important and therapeutically valuable target for overcoming the progression and multidrug resistance of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Faggi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Silvia Codenotti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Vescovi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Stem Cell Research Institute, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Stem Cell Research Institute, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Anatomy Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Italy
- * E-mail:
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Soekmadji C, Russell PJ, Nelson CC. Exosomes in prostate cancer: putting together the pieces of a puzzle. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1522-44. [PMID: 24351670 PMCID: PMC3875952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have been shown to act as mediators for cell to cell communication and as a potential source of biomarkers for many diseases, including prostate cancer. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles secreted by cells and consist of proteins normally found in multivesicular bodies, RNA, DNA and lipids. As a potential source of biomarkers, exosomes have attracted considerable attention, as their protein content resembles that of their cells of origin, even though it is noted that the proteins, miRNAs and lipids found in the exosomes are not a reflective stoichiometric sampling of the contents from the parent cells. While the biogenesis of exosomes in dendritic cells and platelets has been extensively characterized, much less is known about the biogenesis of exosomes in cancer cells. An understanding of the processes involved in prostate cancer will help to further elucidate the role of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer progression and metastasis. There are few methodologies available for general isolation of exosomes, however validation of those methodologies is necessary to study the role of exosomal-derived biomarkers in various diseases. In this review, we discuss “exosomes” as a member of the family of extracellular vesicles and their potential to provide candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soekmadji
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Level 3 West, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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Nassar ZD, Hill MM, Parton RG, Parat MO. Caveola-forming proteins caveolin-1 and PTRF in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:529-36. [PMID: 23938946 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of caveola-forming proteins is dysregulated in prostate cancer. Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that have roles in membrane trafficking and cell signalling. Members of two families of proteins--caveolins and cavins--are known to be required for the formation and functions of caveolae. Caveolin-1, the major structural protein of caveolae, is overexpresssed in prostate cancer and has been demonstrated to be involved in prostate cancer angiogenesis, growth and metastasis. Polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) is the only cavin family member necessary for caveola formation. When exogenously expressed in prostate cancer cells, PTRF reduces aggressive potential, probably via both caveola-mediated and caveola-independent mechanisms. In addition, stromal PTRF expression decreases with progression of the disease. Evaluation of caveolin-1 antibodies in the clinical setting is underway and it is hoped that future studies will reveal the mechanisms of PTRF action, allowing its targeting for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad D Nassar
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Interaction of membrane/lipid rafts with the cytoskeleton: impact on signaling and function: membrane/lipid rafts, mediators of cytoskeletal arrangement and cell signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:532-45. [PMID: 23899502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells contains microdomains that are enriched in certain glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, and sterols (such as cholesterol) to form membrane/lipid rafts (MLR). These regions exist as caveolae, morphologically observable flask-like invaginations, or as a less easily detectable planar form. MLR are scaffolds for many molecular entities, including signaling receptors and ion channels that communicate extracellular stimuli to the intracellular milieu. Much evidence indicates that this organization and/or the clustering of MLR into more active signaling platforms depends upon interactions with and dynamic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Several cytoskeletal components and binding partners, as well as enzymes that regulate the cytoskeleton, localize to MLR and help regulate lateral diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids in response to extracellular events (e.g., receptor activation, shear stress, electrical conductance, and nutrient demand). MLR regulate cellular polarity, adherence to the extracellular matrix, signaling events (including ones that affect growth and migration), and are sites of cellular entry of certain pathogens, toxins and nanoparticles. The dynamic interaction between MLR and the underlying cytoskeleton thus regulates many facets of the function of eukaryotic cells and their adaptation to changing environments. Here, we review general features of MLR and caveolae and their role in several aspects of cellular function, including polarity of endothelial and epithelial cells, cell migration, mechanotransduction, lymphocyte activation, neuronal growth and signaling, and a variety of disease settings. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Bencharit S, Border MB. Where are we in the world of proteomics and bioinformatics? Expert Rev Proteomics 2013. [PMID: 23194265 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 2nd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2012) was a follow-up from the successful 1st conference in Hyderabad, India, in June 2011. This conference was sponsored by the OMICS group. Talks on a variety of proteomic and bioinformatic sciences were presented ranging from computation methods, intracellular organelle proteomics, cellular proteomics, to clinical biofluid/tissue proteomics. This conference provided an excellent avenue for a productive multidisciplinary interaction. Several human diseases, for example, diabetes, malaria, glaucoma, bone disorders and others as well as plant pharmacoproteomics and drug development were included. This report summarizes some of the highlights and prospectives presented at this conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Bencharit
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Cholesterol accumulation in prostate cancer: a classic observation from a modern perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:219-29. [PMID: 23357067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in developed countries. Epidemiological studies have associated high blood-cholesterol levels with an increased risk of PCa, whilst cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) reduce the risk of advanced PCa. Furthermore, normal prostate epithelial cells have an abnormally high cholesterol content, with cholesterol levels increasing further during progression to PCa. In this review, we explore why and how this occurs. Concurrent to this observation, intense efforts have been expended in cardiovascular research to better understand the regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we apply this knowledge to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving the accumulation of cholesterol in PCa. For instance, recent evidence from our group and others shows that major signalling players in prostate growth and differentiation, such as androgens and Akt, modulate the key transcriptional regulators of cholesterol homeostasis to enhance cholesterol levels. This includes adjusting central carbon metabolism to sustain greater lipid synthesis. Perturbations in cholesterol homeostasis appear to be maintained even when PCa approaches the advanced, 'castration-resistant' state. Overall, this provides a link between cholesterol accumulation and PCa cell growth. Given there is currently no cure for castration-resistant PCa, could cholesterol metabolism be a novel target for PCa therapy? Overall, this review presents a picture that cholesterol metabolism is important for PCa development: growth-promoting factors stimulate cholesterol accumulation, which in turn presents a possible target for chemotherapy. Consequently, we recommend future investigations, both to better elucidate the mechanisms driving this accumulation and applying it in novel chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Inder KL, Davis M, Hill MM. Ripples in the pond--using a systems approach to decipher the cellular functions of membrane microdomains. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:330-8. [PMID: 23322173 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25300c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts and caveolae regulate a myriad of cellular functions including cell signalling, protein trafficking, cell viability, and cell movement. They have been implicated in diseases such as cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the essential role they play in cell processes. Despite much research and debate on the size, composition and dynamics of membrane microdomains, the molecular mechanism(s) of their action remain poorly understood. Most studies have dealt solely with the content and properties of the membrane microdomain as an entity in itself. However, recent work shows that membrane microdomain disruption has wide ranging effects on other subcellular compartments, and the cell as a whole. Hence we propose that a systems approach incorporating many cellular attributes such as subcellular localisation is required in order to understand the global impact of microdomains on cell function. Although analysis of sub-proteome changes already provides additional insight, we further propose biological network analysis of functional proteomics data to capture effects at the systems level. In this review, we highlight the use of protein-protein interactions networks and mixed networks to portray and visualize the relationships between proteins within and between subcellular fractions. Such a systems analysis will be required to improve our understanding of the full cellular function of membrane microdomains.
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50
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Wang C, Taciroglu A, Maetschke SR, Nelson CC, Ragan MA, Davis MJ. mCOPA: analysis of heterogeneous features in cancer expression data. J Clin Bioinforma 2012; 2:22. [PMID: 23216803 PMCID: PMC3553066 DOI: 10.1186/2043-9113-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer outlier profile analysis (COPA) has proven to be an effective approach to analyzing cancer expression data, leading to the discovery of the TMPRSS2 and ETS family gene fusion events in prostate cancer. However, the original COPA algorithm did not identify down-regulated outliers, and the currently available R package implementing the method is similarly restricted to the analysis of over-expressed outliers. Here we present a modified outlier detection method, mCOPA, which contains refinements to the outlier-detection algorithm, identifies both over- and under-expressed outliers, is freely available, and can be applied to any expression dataset. Results We compare our method to other feature-selection approaches, and demonstrate that mCOPA frequently selects more-informative features than do differential expression or variance-based feature selection approaches, and is able to recover observed clinical subtypes more consistently. We demonstrate the application of mCOPA to prostate cancer expression data, and explore the use of outliers in clustering, pathway analysis, and the identification of tumour suppressors. We analyse the under-expressed outliers to identify known and novel prostate cancer tumour suppressor genes, validating these against data in Oncomine and the Cancer Gene Index. We also demonstrate how a combination of outlier analysis and pathway analysis can identify molecular mechanisms disrupted in individual tumours. Conclusions We demonstrate that mCOPA offers advantages, compared to differential expression or variance, in selecting outlier features, and that the features so selected are better able to assign samples to clinically annotated subtypes. Further, we show that the biology explored by outlier analysis differs from that uncovered in differential expression or variance analysis. mCOPA is an important new tool for the exploration of cancer datasets and the discovery of new cancer subtypes, and can be combined with pathway and functional analysis approaches to discover mechanisms underpinning heterogeneity in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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