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Pavkova I, Klimentova J, Bavlovic J, Horcickova L, Kubelkova K, Vlcak E, Raabova H, Filimonenko V, Ballek O, Stulik J. Francisella tularensis Outer Membrane Vesicles Participate in the Early Phase of Interaction With Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:748706. [PMID: 34721352 PMCID: PMC8554293 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.748706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is known to release unusually shaped tubular outer membrane vesicles (OMV) containing a number of previously identified virulence factors and immunomodulatory proteins. In this study, we present that OMV isolated from the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strain FSC200 enter readily into primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and seem to reside in structures resembling late endosomes in the later intervals. The isolated OMV enter BMDM generally via macropinocytosis and clathrin-dependent endocytosis, with a minor role played by lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. OMVs proved to be non-toxic and had no negative impact on the viability of BMDM. Unlike the parent bacterium itself, isolated OMV induced massive and dose-dependent proinflammatory responses in BMDM. Using transmission electron microscopy, we also evaluated OMV release from the bacterial surface during several stages of the interaction of Francisella with BMDM. During adherence and the early phase of the uptake of bacteria, we observed numerous tubular OMV-like protrusions bulging from the bacteria in close proximity to the macrophage plasma membrane. This suggests a possible role of OMV in the entry of bacteria into host cells. On the contrary, the OMV release from the bacterial surface during its cytosolic phase was negligible. We propose that OMV play some role in the extracellular phase of the interaction of Francisella with the host and that they are involved in the entry mechanism of the bacteria into macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pavkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jana Klimentova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jan Bavlovic
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Lenka Horcickova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Klara Kubelkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Erik Vlcak
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Raabova
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vlada Filimonenko
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Ballek
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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Sheshko V, Link M, Golovliov I, Balonova L, Stulik J. Utilization of a tetracycline-inducible system for high-level expression of recombinant proteins in Francisella tularensis LVS. Plasmid 2021; 115:102564. [PMID: 33610608 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen causing tularemia. A number of its potential virulence factors have been identified, but their biology and functions are not precisely known. Understanding the biological and immunological functions of these proteins requires adequate genetic tools for homologous and heterologous expression of cloned genes, maintaining both original structure and post-translational modifications. Here, we report the construction of a new multipurpose shuttle plasmid - pEVbr - which can be used for high-level expression in F. tularensis. The pEVbr plasmid has been constructed by modifying the TetR-regulated expression vector pEDL17 (LoVullo, 2012) that includes (i) a strong F. tularensis bfr promoter, and (ii) two tet operator sequences cloned into the promoter. The cloned green fluorescent protein (GFP), used as a reporter, demonstrated almost undetectable basal expression level under uninduced conditions and a highly dynamic dose-dependent response to the inducer. The utility of the system was further confirmed by cloning the gapA and FTT_1676 genes into the pEVbr vector and quantifying proteins expression in F. tularensis LVS, as well as by studying post-translational modification of the cloned genes. This study demonstrates that high levels of recombinant native-like Francisella proteins can be produced in Francisella cells. Hence, this system may be beneficial for the analysis of protein function and the development of new treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sheshko
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Link
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Golovliov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucie Balonova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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3
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Characterization of Posttranslationally Modified Multidrug Efflux Pumps Reveals an Unexpected Link between Glycosylation and Antimicrobial Resistance. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02604-20. [PMID: 33203757 PMCID: PMC7683400 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02604-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial rise in multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is a current global imperative. Cumulative efforts to characterize antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has demonstrated the spread of six families of multidrug efflux pumps, of which resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) is the major mechanism of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. RND is composed of a tripartite protein assembly and confers resistance to a range of unrelated compounds. In the major enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, the three protein components of RND are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans. The direct role of N-linked glycans in C. jejuni and other bacteria has long been elusive. Here, we present the first detailed account of the role of N-linked glycans and the link between N-glycosylation and antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni We demonstrate the multifunctional role of N-linked glycans in enhancing protein thermostability, stabilizing protein complexes and the promotion of protein-protein interaction, thus mediating antimicrobial resistance via enhancing multidrug efflux pump activity. This affirms that glycosylation is critical for multidrug efflux pump assembly. We present a generalized strategy that could be used to investigate general glycosylation system in Campylobacter genus and a potential target to develop antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacterial species have at least a single glycosylation system, but the direct effects of these posttranslational protein modifications are unresolved. Glycoproteome-wide analysis of several bacterial pathogens has revealed general glycan modifications of virulence factors and protein assemblies. Using Campylobacter jejuni as a model organism, we have studied the role of general N-linked glycans in the multidrug efflux pump commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria. We show, for the first time, the direct link between N-linked glycans and multidrug efflux pump activity. At the protein level, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans play a role in enhancing protein thermostability and mediating the assembly of the multidrug efflux pump to promote antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of this posttranslational modification in bacterial physiology. Similar roles for glycans are expected to be found in other Gram-negative pathogens that possess general protein glycosylation systems.
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4
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Stojkova P, Spidlova P, Lenco J, Rehulkova H, Kratka L, Stulik J. HU protein is involved in intracellular growth and full virulence of Francisella tularensis. Virulence 2018; 9:754-770. [PMID: 29473442 PMCID: PMC5955460 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1441588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoid-associated HU proteins are small abundant DNA-binding proteins in bacterial cell which play an important role in the initiation of DNA replication, cell division, SOS response, control of gene expression and recombination. HU proteins bind to double stranded DNA non-specifically, but they exhibit high affinity to abnormal DNA structures as four-way junctions, gaps or nicks, which are generated during DNA damage. In many pathogens HU proteins regulate expression of genes involved in metabolism and virulence. Here, we show that the Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica gene locus FTS_0886 codes for functional HU protein which is essential for full Francisella virulence and its resistance to oxidative stress. Further, our results demonstrate that the recombinant FtHU protein binds to double stranded DNA and protects it against free hydroxyl radicals generated via Fenton's reaction. Eventually, using an iTRAQ approach we identified proteins levels of which are affected by the deletion of hupB, among them for example Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) proteins. The pleiotropic role of HU protein classifies it as a potential target for the development of therapeutics against tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Stojkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Spidlova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenco
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Rehulkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Fulton KM, Li J, Tomas JM, Smith JC, Twine SM. Characterizing bacterial glycoproteins with LC-MS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:203-216. [PMID: 29400572 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1435276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though eukaryotic glycoproteins have been studied since their discovery in the 1930s, the first bacterial glycoprotein was not identified until the 1970s. As a result, their role in bacterial pathogenesis is still not well understood and they remain an understudied component of bacterial virulence. In recent years, mass spectrometry has emerged as a leading technology for the study of bacterial glycoproteins, largely due to its sensitivity and versatility. Areas covered: Identification and comprehensive characterization of bacterial glycoproteins usually requires multiple complementary mass spectrometry approaches, including intact protein analysis, top-down analysis, and bottom-up methods used in combination with specialized liquid chromatography. This review provides an overview of liquid chromatography separation technologies, as well as current and emerging mass spectrometry approaches used specifically for bacterial glycoprotein identification and characterization. Expert commentary: Bacterial glycoproteins may have significant clinical utility as a result of their unique structures and exposure on the surface of the cells. Better understanding of these glycoconjugates is an essential first step towards that goal. These often unique structures, and by extension the key enzymes involved in their synthesis, represent promising targets for novel antimicrobials, while unique carbohydrate structures may be used as antigens in vaccines or as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Fulton
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Juan M Tomas
- b Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- c Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Susan M Twine
- a Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Latousakis D, Juge N. How Sweet Are Our Gut Beneficial Bacteria? A Focus on Protein Glycosylation in Lactobacillus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010136. [PMID: 29301365 PMCID: PMC5796085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is emerging as an important feature in bacteria. Protein glycosylation systems have been reported and studied in many pathogenic bacteria, revealing an important diversity of glycan structures and pathways within and between bacterial species. These systems play key roles in virulence and pathogenicity. More recently, a large number of bacterial proteins have been found to be glycosylated in gut commensal bacteria. We present an overview of bacterial protein glycosylation systems (O- and N-glycosylation) in bacteria, with a focus on glycoproteins from gut commensal bacteria, particularly Lactobacilli. These emerging studies underscore the importance of bacterial protein glycosylation in the interaction of the gut microbiota with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Latousakis
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, The Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, The Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Freudenberger Catanzaro KC, Champion AE, Mohapatra N, Cecere T, Inzana TJ. Glycosylation of a Capsule-Like Complex (CLC) by Francisella novicida Is Required for Virulence and Partial Protective Immunity in Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:935. [PMID: 28611741 PMCID: PMC5447757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium and the etiologic agent of tularemia. F. tularensis may appear encapsulated when examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which is due to production of an extracellular capsule-like complex (CLC) when the bacterium is grown under specific environmental conditions. Deletion of two glycosylation genes in the live vaccine strain (LVS) results in loss of apparent CLC and attenuation of LVS in mice. In contrast, F. novicida, which is also highly virulent for mice, is reported to be non-encapsulated. However, the F. novicida genome contains a putative polysaccharide locus with homology to the CLC glycosylation locus in F. tularensis. Following daily subculture of F. novicida in Chamberlain's defined medium, an electron dense material surrounding F. novicida, similar to the F. tularensis CLC, was evident. Extraction with urea effectively removed the CLC, and compositional analysis indicated the extract contained galactose, glucose, mannose, and multiple proteins, similar to those found in the F. tularensis CLC. The same glycosylation genes deleted in LVS were targeted for deletion in F. novicida by allelic exchange using the same mutagenesis vector used for mutagenesis of LVS. In contrast, this mutation also resulted in the loss of five additional genes immediately upstream of the targeted mutation (all within the glycosylation locus), resulting in strain F. novicida Δ1212-1218. The subcultured mutant F. novicida Δ1212-1218 was CLC-deficient and the CLC contained significantly less carbohydrate than the subcultured parent strain. The mutant was severely attenuated in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally, as determined by the lower number of F. novicida Δ1212-1218 recovered in tissues compared to the parent, and by clearance of the mutant by 10-14 days post-challenge. Mice immunized intranasally with F. novicida Δ1212-1218 were partially protected against challenge with the parent, produced significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, and their spleens contained only areas of lymphoid hyperplasia, whereas control mice challenged with the parent exhibited hypercytokinemia and splenic necrosis. Therefore, F. novicida is capable of producing a CLC similar to that of F. tularensis, and glycosylation of the CLC contributed to F. novicida virulence and immunoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Freudenberger Catanzaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Anna E Champion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nrusingh Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Thomas J Inzana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanoke, VA, United States
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Barel M, Charbit A. Role of Glycosylation/Deglycolysation Processes in Francisella tularensis Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:71. [PMID: 28377902 PMCID: PMC5359314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is able to invade, survive and replicate inside a variety of cell types. However, in vivo F. tularensis preferentially enters host macrophages where it rapidly escapes to the cytosol to avoid phagosomal stresses and to multiply to high numbers. We previously showed that human monocyte infection by F. tularensis LVS triggered deglycosylation of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5. However, this deglycosylation, specifically induced by Francisella infection, was not restricted to SLC1A5, suggesting that host protein deglycosylation processes in general might contribute to intracellular bacterial adaptation. Indeed, we later found that Francisella infection modulated the transcription of numerous glycosidase and glycosyltransferase genes in human macrophages and analysis of cell extracts revealed an important increase of N and O-protein glycosylation. In eukaryotic cells, glycosylation has significant effects on protein folding, conformation, distribution, stability, and activity and dysfunction of protein glycosylation may lead to development of diseases like cancer and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Pathogenic bacteria have also evolved dedicated glycosylation machineries and have notably been shown to use these glycoconjugates as ligands to specifically interact with the host. In this review, we will focus on Francisella and summarize our current understanding of the importance of these post-translational modifications on its intracellular niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barel
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Leriche, Université Paris DescartesParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151 -Team 11, Pathogenesis of Systemic InfectionsParis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment Leriche, Université Paris DescartesParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151 -Team 11, Pathogenesis of Systemic InfectionsParis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253Paris, France
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9
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Bastos PAD, da Costa JP, Vitorino R. A glimpse into the modulation of post-translational modifications of human-colonizing bacteria. J Proteomics 2016; 152:254-275. [PMID: 27888141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a key bacterial feature that holds the capability to modulate protein function and responses to environmental cues. Until recently, their role in the regulation of prokaryotic systems has been largely neglected. However, the latest developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have allowed an unparalleled identification and quantification of proteins and peptides that undergo PTMs in bacteria, including in species which directly or indirectly affect human health. Herein, we address this issue by carrying out the largest and most comprehensive global pooling and comparison of PTM peptides and proteins from bacterial species performed to date. Data was collected from 91 studies relating to PTM bacterial peptides or proteins identified by mass spectrometry-based methods. The present analysis revealed that there was a considerable overlap between PTMs across species, especially between acetylation and other PTMs, particularly succinylation. Phylogenetically closer species may present more overlapping phosphoproteomes, but environmental triggers also contribute to this proximity. PTMs among bacteria were found to be extremely versatile and diverse, meaning that the same protein may undergo a wide variety of different modifications across several species, but it could also suffer different modifications within the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo André Dias Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Li H, Debowski AW, Liao T, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Marshall BJ, Stubbs KA, Benghezal M. Understanding protein glycosylation pathways in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27689684 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Through advances in analytical methods to detect glycoproteins and to determine glycan structures, there have been increasing reports of protein glycosylation in bacteria. In this review, we summarize the known pathways for bacterial protein glycosylation: lipid carrier-mediated 'en bloc' glycosylation; and cytoplasmic stepwise protein glycosylation. The exploitation of bacterial protein glycosylation systems, especially the 'mix and match' of three independent but similar pathways (oligosaccharyltransferase-mediated protein glycosylation, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis) in Gram-negative bacteria for glycoengineering recombinant glycoproteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tingting Liao
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hong Tang
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Ondek Pty Ltd, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Swiss Vitamin Institute, Route de la Corniche 1, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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11
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Tytgat HLP, de Vos WM. Sugar Coating the Envelope: Glycoconjugates for Microbe-Host Crosstalk. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:853-861. [PMID: 27374775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made on mapping the mainly bacterial members of the human intestinal microbiota. Knowledge on what is out there, or rather what is inside, needs to be complemented with insight on how these bacteria interact with their biotic environment. Bacterial glycoconjugates, that is, the collection of all glycan-modified molecules, are ideal modulators of such interactions. Their enormous versatility and diversity results in a species-specific glycan barcode, providing a range of ligands for host interaction. Recent reports on the functional importance of glycosylation of important bacterial ligands in beneficial and pathogenic species underpin this. Glycoconjugates, and glycoproteins in particular, are an underappreciated, potentially crucial, factor in understanding bacteria-host interactions of old friends and foes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne L P Tytgat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the potentially lethal disease tularemia. Due to a low infectious dose and ease of airborne transmission, Francisella is classified as a category A biological agent. Despite the possible risk to public health, there is no safe and fully licensed vaccine. A potential vaccine candidate, an attenuated live vaccine strain, does not fulfil the criteria for general use. In this review, we will summarize existing and new candidates for live attenuated and subunit vaccines.
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13
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Dankova V, Balonova L, Link M, Straskova A, Sheshko V, Stulik J. Inactivation of Francisella tularensis Gene Encoding Putative ABC Transporter Has a Pleiotropic Effect upon Production of Various Glycoconjugates. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:510-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dankova
- Department
of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Balonova
- Department
of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Link
- Department
of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Straskova
- Department
of Phototrophic Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology, The Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Trebon 379 81, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Sheshko
- Department
of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department
of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
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Rowe HM, Huntley JF. From the Outside-In: The Francisella tularensis Envelope and Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:94. [PMID: 26779445 PMCID: PMC4688374 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly-infectious bacterium that causes the rapid, and often lethal disease, tularemia. Many studies have been performed to identify and characterize the virulence factors that F. tularensis uses to infect a wide variety of hosts and host cell types, evade immune defenses, and induce severe disease and death. This review focuses on the virulence factors that are present in the F. tularensis envelope, including capsule, LPS, outer membrane, periplasm, inner membrane, secretion systems, and various molecules in each of aforementioned sub-compartments. Whereas, no single bacterial molecule or molecular complex single-handedly controls F. tularensis virulence, we review here how diverse bacterial systems work in conjunction to subvert the immune system, attach to and invade host cells, alter phagosome/lysosome maturation pathways, replicate in host cells without being detected, inhibit apoptosis, and induce host cell death for bacterial release and infection of adjacent cells. Given that the F. tularensis envelope is the outermost layer of the bacterium, we highlight herein how many of these molecules directly interact with the host to promote infection and disease. These and future envelope studies are important to advance our collective understanding of F. tularensis virulence mechanisms and offer targets for future vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jason F Huntley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences Toledo, OH, USA
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15
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Elhenawy W, Scott NE, Tondo ML, Orellano EG, Foster LJ, Feldman MF. Protein O-linked glycosylation in the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Glycobiology 2015; 26:301-11. [PMID: 26531228 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most lethal phytopathogens in the world. Due to its broad host range, it can cause wilting disease in many plant species of economic interest. In this work, we identified the O-oligosaccharyltransferase (O-OTase) responsible for protein O-glycosylation in R. solanacearum. An analysis of the glycoproteome revealed that 20 proteins, including type IV pilins are substrates of this general glycosylation system. Although multiple glycan forms were identified, the majority of the glycopeptides were modified with a pentasaccharide composed of HexNAc-(Pen)-dHex(3), similar to the O antigen subunit present in the lipopolysaccharide of multiple R. solanacearum strains. Disruption of the O-OTase led to the total loss of protein glycosylation, together with a defect in biofilm formation and reduced pathogenicity towards tomato plants. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the loss of glycosylation is not associated with widespread proteome changes. Only the levels of a single glycoprotein, the type IV pilin, were diminished in the absence of glycosylation. In parallel, disruption of glycosylation triggered an increase in the levels of a surface lectin homologous to Pseudomonas PA-IIL. These results reveal the important role of glycosylation in the pathogenesis of R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Laura Tondo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBIOYF-UNR), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Elena G Orellano
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBIOYF-UNR), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Lu Q, Li S, Shao F. Sweet Talk: Protein Glycosylation in Bacterial Interaction With the Host. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:630-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Harding CM, Nasr MA, Kinsella RL, Scott NE, Foster LJ, Weber BS, Fiester SE, Actis LA, Tracy EN, Munson RS, Feldman MF. Acinetobacter strains carry two functional oligosaccharyltransferases, one devoted exclusively to type IV pilin, and the other one dedicated to O-glycosylation of multiple proteins. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1023-41. [PMID: 25727908 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple species within the Acinetobacter genus are nosocomial opportunistic pathogens of increasing relevance worldwide. Among the virulence factors utilized by these bacteria are the type IV pili and a protein O-glycosylation system. Glycosylation is mediated by O-oligosaccharyltransferases (O-OTases), enzymes that transfer the glycan from a lipid carrier to target proteins. O-oligosaccharyltransferases are difficult to identify due to similarities with the WaaL ligases that catalyze the last step in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. A bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of two genes encoding putative O-OTases or WaaL ligases in most of the strains within the genus Acinetobacter. Employing A. nosocomialis M2 and A. baylyi ADP1 as model systems, we show that these genes encode two O-OTases, one devoted uniquely to type IV pilin, and the other one responsible for glycosylation of multiple proteins. With the exception of ADP1, the pilin-specific OTases in Acinetobacter resemble the TfpO/PilO O-OTase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In ADP1 instead, the two O-OTases are closely related to PglL, the general O-OTase first discovered in Neisseria. However, one of them is exclusively dedicated to the glycosylation of the pilin-like protein ComP. Our data reveal an intricate and remarkable evolutionary pathway for bacterial O-OTases and provide novel tools for glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Harding
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed A Nasr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brent S Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Steve E Fiester
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Luis A Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Erin N Tracy
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert S Munson
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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18
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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19
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Faulds-Pain A, Twine SM, Vinogradov E, Strong PCR, Dell A, Buckley AM, Douce GR, Valiente E, Logan SM, Wren BW. The post-translational modification of the Clostridium difficile flagellin affects motility, cell surface properties and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:272-89. [PMID: 25135277 PMCID: PMC4441256 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a prominent nosocomial pathogen, proliferating and causing enteric disease in individuals with a compromised gut microflora. We characterized the post-translational modification of flagellin in C. difficile 630. The structure of the modification was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to contain an N-acetylglucosamine substituted with a phosphorylated N-methyl-l-threonine. A reverse genetics approach investigated the function of the putative four-gene modification locus. All mutants were found to have truncated glycan structures by LC-MS/MS, taking into account bioinformatic analysis, we propose that the open reading frame CD0241 encodes a kinase involved in the transfer of the phosphate to the threonine, the CD0242 protein catalyses the addition of the phosphothreonine to the N-acetylglucosamine moiety and CD0243 transfers the methyl group to the threonine. Some mutations affected motility and caused cells to aggregate to each other and abiotic surfaces. Altering the structure of the flagellin modification impacted on colonization and disease recurrence in a murine model of infection, showing that alterations in the surface architecture of C. difficile vegetative cells can play a significant role in disease. We show that motility is not a requirement for colonization, but that colonization was compromised when the glycan structure was incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Twine
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research CouncilOttawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research CouncilOttawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Philippa C R Strong
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research CouncilOttawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial CollegeLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony M Buckley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Gillian R Douce
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Esmeralda Valiente
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineKeppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Susan M Logan
- Vaccine Program, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research CouncilOttawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Brendan W Wren
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineKeppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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20
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Večerková R, Hernychová L, Dobeš P, Vrba J, Josypčuk B, Bartošík M, Vacek J. Investigation of protein FTT1103 electroactivity using carbon and mercury electrodes. Surface-inhibition approach for disulfide oxidoreductases using silver amalgam powder. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 830:23-31. [PMID: 24856508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that electrochemical methods can be used for analysis of poorly water-soluble proteins and for study of their structural changes and intermolecular (protein-ligand) interactions. In this study, we focused on complex electrochemical investigation of recombinant protein FTT1103, a disulfide oxidoreductase with structural similarity to well described DsbA proteins. This thioredoxin-like periplasmic lipoprotein plays an important role in virulence of bacteria Francisella tularensis. For electrochemical analyses, adsorptive transfer (ex situ) square-wave voltammetry with pyrolytic graphite electrode, and alternating-current voltammetry and constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping analysis with mercury electrodes, including silver solid amalgam electrode (AgSAE) were used. AgSAE was used in poorly water-soluble protein analysis for the first time. In addition to basic redox, electrocatalytic and adsorption/desorption characterization of FTT1103, electrochemical methods were also used for sensitive determination of the protein at nanomolar level and study of its interaction with surface of AgSA microparticles. Proposed electrochemical protocol and AgSA surface-inhibition approach presented here could be used in future for biochemical studies focused on proteins associated with membranes as well as on those with disulfide oxidoreductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Večerková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychová
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dobeš
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Josypčuk
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Biomimetic Electrochemistry, Dolejskova 3, Prague 182 23, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic.
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21
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Jones BD, Faron M, Rasmussen JA, Fletcher JR. Uncovering the components of the Francisella tularensis virulence stealth strategy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:32. [PMID: 24639953 PMCID: PMC3945745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, studies on the virulence of the highly pathogenic intracellular bacterial pathogen Francisella tularensis have increased dramatically. The organism produces an inert LPS, a capsule, escapes the phagosome to grow in the cytosol (FPI genes mediate phagosomal escape) of a variety of host cell types that include epithelial, endothelial, dendritic, macrophage, and neutrophil. This review focuses on the work that has identified and characterized individual virulence factors of this organism and we hope to highlight how these factors collectively function to produce the pathogenic strategy of this pathogen. In addition, several recent studies have been published characterizing F. tularensis mutants that induce host immune responses not observed in wild type F. tularensis strains that can induce protection against challenge with virulent F. tularensis. As more detailed studies with attenuated strains are performed, it will be possible to see how host models develop acquired immunity to Francisella. Collectively, detailed insights into the mechanisms of virulence of this pathogen are emerging that will allow the design of anti-infective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA ; The Genetics Program, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA ; The Midwest Regional Center for Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease Research, Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Faron
- The Genetics Program, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jed A Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua R Fletcher
- The Genetics Program, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, IA, USA
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22
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Lithgow KV, Scott NE, Iwashkiw JA, Thomson ELS, Foster LJ, Feldman MF, Dennis JJ. A general protein O-glycosylation system within the Burkholderia cepacia complex is involved in motility and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:116-37. [PMID: 24673753 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are pathogens of humans, plants, and animals. Burkholderia cenocepacia is one of the most common Bcc species infecting cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and its carriage is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we characterized a general O-linked protein glycosylation system in B. cenocepacia K56-2. The PglLBc O-oligosaccharyltransferase (O-OTase), encoded by the cloned gene bcal0960, was shown to be capable of transferring a heptasaccharide from the Campylobacter jejuni N-glycosylation system to a Neisseria meningitides-derived acceptor protein in an Escherichia coli background, indicating that the enzyme has relaxed specificities for both the sugar donor and protein acceptor. In B cenocepacia K56-2, PglLBc is responsible for the glycosylation of 23 proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that these proteins are modified with a trisaccharide HexNAc-HexNAc-Hex, which is unrelated to the O-antigen biosynthetic process. The glycosylation sites that were identified existed within regions of low complexity, rich in serine, alanine, and proline. Disruption of bcal0960 abolished glycosylation and resulted in reduced swimming motility and attenuated virulence towards both plant and insect model organisms. This study demonstrates the first example of post-translational modification in Bcc with implications for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Lithgow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
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23
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Francisella tularensis intracellular survival: to eat or to die. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:989-997. [PMID: 24513705 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious facultative intracellular bacterium causing the zoonotic disease tularemia. Numerous attributes required for F. tularensis intracellular multiplication have been identified recently. However, the mechanisms by which the majority of them interfere with the infected host are still poorly understood. The following review summarizes our current knowledge on the different steps of Francisella intramacrophagic life cycle and expands on the importance of nutrient acquisition.
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24
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Novotny MV, Alley WR. Recent trends in analytical and structural glycobiology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:832-40. [PMID: 23790311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The great complexity of glycosylated biomolecules necessitates a set of powerful analytical methodologies to reveal functionally important structural features. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its different ionization techniques, mass analyzers, and detection strategies, has become the most important analytical method in glycomic and glycoproteomic investigations. In combination with MS, microscale separations (based on capillary chromatography and electrophoresis) and carbohydrate microchemistry, we feature here conceptually important applications of the recent years. This review focuses on methodological advances pertaining to disease biomarker research, immunology, developmental biology, and measurements of importance to biopharmaceuticals. High-sensitivity determinations and sample enrichment/preconcentration are particularly emphasized in glycomic and glycoproteomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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25
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Iwashkiw JA, Vozza NF, Kinsella RL, Feldman MF. Pour some sugar on it: the expanding world of bacterial proteinO-linked glycosylation. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:14-28. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Iwashkiw
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Nicolas F. Vozza
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Rachel L. Kinsella
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
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26
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Ramond E, Gesbert G, Barel M, Charbit A. Proteins involved in Francisella tularensis survival and replication inside macrophages. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:1255-68. [PMID: 23075445 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, is a member of the γ-proteobacteria class of Gram-negative bacteria. This highly virulent bacterium can infect a large range of mammalian species and has been recognized as a human pathogen for a century. F. tularensis is able to survive in vitro in a variety of cell types. In vivo, the bacterium replicates mainly in infected macrophages, using the cytoplasmic compartment as a replicative niche. To successfully adapt to this stressful environment, F. tularensis must simultaneously: produce and regulate the expression of a series of dedicated virulence factors; adapt its metabolic needs to the nutritional context of the host cytosol; and control the innate immune cytosolic surveillance pathways to avoid premature cell death. We will focus here on the secretion or release of bacterial proteins in the host, as well as on the envelope proteins, involved in bacterial survival inside macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Faculté de Médecine Necker, Université Paris Descartes, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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27
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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28
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Novotny MV, Alley WR, Mann BF. Analytical glycobiology at high sensitivity: current approaches and directions. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:89-117. [PMID: 22945852 PMCID: PMC3586546 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the analytical advances made during the last several years in the structural and quantitative determinations of glycoproteins in complex biological mixtures. The main analytical techniques used in the fields of glycomics and glycoproteomics involve different modes of mass spectrometry and their combinations with capillary separation methods such as microcolumn liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The need for high-sensitivity measurements have been emphasized in the oligosaccharide profiling used in the field of biomarker discovery through MALDI mass spectrometry. High-sensitivity profiling of both glycans and glycopeptides from biological fluids and tissue extracts has been aided significantly through lectin preconcentration and the uses of affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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29
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Twine SM, Vinogradov E, Lindgren H, Sjostedt A, Conlan JW. Roles for wbtC, wbtI, and kdtA Genes in Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis, Protein Glycosylation, Virulence, and Immunogenicity in Francisella tularensis2 Strain SCHU S4. Pathogens 2012; 1:12-29. [PMID: 25152813 PMCID: PMC4141488 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a strategy of gene deletion mutagenesis, we have examined the roles of genes putatively involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in the virulent facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis, strain SCHU S4 in LPS biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, virulence and immunogenicity. One mutant, ΔwbtI, did not elaborate a long chain O-polysaccharide (OPS), was completely avirulent for mice, and failed to induce a protective immune response against challenge with wild type bacteria. Another mutant, ΔwbtC, produced a long chain OPS with altered chemical and electrophoretic characteristics. This mutant showed markedly reduced glycosylation of several known glycoproteins. Additionally this mutant was highly attenuated, and elicited a protective immune response against systemic, but not respiratory challenge with wild type SCHU S4. A third mutant, ΔkdtA, produced an unconjugated long chain OPS, lacking a detectable core structure, and which was not obviously expressed at the surface. It was avirulent and elicited partial protection against systemic challenge only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan. M. Twine
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 1L1, Canada; E-Mails: (E.V.); (J.W.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-8829; Fax: +1-613-952-9092
| | - Evguenii Vinogradov
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 1L1, Canada; E-Mails: (E.V.); (J.W.C.)
| | - Helena Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90185, Sweden; E-Mails: (H.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Anders Sjostedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90185, Sweden; E-Mails: (H.L.); (A.S.)
| | - J. Wayne Conlan
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 1L1, Canada; E-Mails: (E.V.); (J.W.C.)
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