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Pavlovič A, Koller J, Vrobel O, Chamrád I, Lenobel R, Tarkowski P. Is the co-option of jasmonate signalling for botanical carnivory a universal trait for all carnivorous plants? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:334-349. [PMID: 37708289 PMCID: PMC10735409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The carnivorous plants in the order Caryophyllales co-opted jasmonate signalling from plant defence to botanical carnivory. However, carnivorous plants have at least 11 independent origins, and here we ask whether jasmonate signalling has been co-opted repeatedly in different evolutionary lineages. We experimentally wounded and fed the carnivorous plants Sarracenia purpurea (order Ericales), Cephalotus follicularis (order Oxalidales), Drosophyllum lusitanicum (order Caryophyllales), and measured electrical signals, phytohormone tissue level, and digestive enzymes activity. Coronatine was added exogenously to confirm the role of jasmonates in the induction of digestive process. Immunodetection of aspartic protease and proteomic analysis of digestive fluid was also performed. We found that prey capture induced accumulation of endogenous jasmonates only in D. lusitanicum, in accordance with increased enzyme activity after insect prey or coronatine application. In C. follicularis, the enzyme activity was constitutive while in S. purpurea was regulated by multiple factors. Several classes of digestive enzymes were identified in the digestive fluid of D. lusitanicum. Although carnivorous plants from different evolutionary lineages use the same digestive enzymes, the mechanism of their regulation differs. All investigated genera use jasmonates for their ancient role, defence, but jasmonate signalling has been co-opted for botanical carnivory only in some of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Koller
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Chamrád
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Procko C, Chory J. Carnivorous plant evolution: is a killer defense always the best option? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:9-12. [PMID: 38128899 PMCID: PMC10735428 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:Pavlovič A, Koller J, Vrobel O, Chamrád I, Lenobel R, and Tarkowski P. 2024. Is the co-option of jasmonate signalling for botanical carnivory a universal trait for all carnivorous plants? Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 334–349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P, Lichtscheidl I. Differences in the Occurrence of Cell Wall Components between Distinct Cell Types in Glands of Drosophyllum lusitanicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15045. [PMID: 37894725 PMCID: PMC10606540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are mixotrophs that have developed the ability to lure, trap, and digest small organisms and utilize components of the digested bodies. Leaves of Drosophyllum lusitanicum have two kinds of glands (emergences): stalked mucilage glands and sessile digestive glands. The stalked mucilage glands perform the primary role in prey lure and trapping. Apart from their role in carnivory, they absorb water condensed from oceanic fog; thus, plants can survive in arid conditions. To better understand the function of carnivorous plant emergences, the molecular composition of their cell walls was investigated using immunocytochemical methods. In this research, Drosophyllum lusitanicum was used as a study system to determine whether cell wall immunocytochemistry differs between the mucilage and digestive glands of other carnivorous plant species. Light and electron microscopy were used to observe gland structure. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of carbohydrate epitopes associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The mucilage gland (emergence) consists of a glandular head, a connecting neck zone, and stalk. The gland head is formed by an outer and inner layer of glandular (secretory) cells and supported by a layer of endodermoid (barrier) cells. The endodermoid cells have contact with a core of spongy tracheids with spiral-shaped thickenings. Lateral tracheids are surrounded by epidermal and parenchymal neck cells. Different patterns of cell wall components were found in the various cell types of the glands. Cell walls of glandular cells generally are poor in both low and highly esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) but enriched with hemicelluloses. Cell walls of inner glandular cells are especially rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The cell wall ingrowths in glandular cells are significantly enriched with hemicelluloses and AGPs. In the case of cell wall components, the glandular cells of Drosophyllum lusitanicum mucilage glands are similar to the glandular cells of the digestive glands of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Dionaea muscipula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Winkelmann T, Bringmann G, Herwig A, Hedrich R. Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana Triphyophyllum peltatum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37191044 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Triphyophyllum peltatum, a rare tropical African liana, is unique in its facultative carnivory. The trigger for carnivory is yet unknown, mainly because the plant is difficult to propagate and cultivate. This study aimed at identifying the conditions that result in the formation of carnivorous leaves. In vitro shoots were subjected to abiotic stressors in general and deficiencies of the major nutrients nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in particular, to trigger carnivorous leaves' development. Adventitious root formation was improved to allow verification of the trigger in glasshouse-grown plants. Among all the stressors tested, only under phosphorus deficiency, the formation of carnivorous leaves was observed. These glandular leaves fully resembled those found under natural growing conditions including the secretion of sticky liquid by mature capture organs. To generate plants for glasshouse experiments, a pulse of 55.4 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid was essential to achieve 90% in vitro rooting. This plant material facilitated the confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient for carnivory induction, also under ex vitro conditions. Having established the cultivation of T. peltatum and the induction of carnivory, future gene expression profiles from phosphorus starvation-induced leaves will provide important insight to the molecular mechanism of carnivory on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traud Winkelmann
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Herwig
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant-Physiology and Biophysics - Botany I, University of Würzburg, Biocentre, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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Yu M, Arai N, Ochiai T, Ohyama T. Expression and function of an S1-type nuclease in the digestive fluid of a sundew, Drosera adelae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:335-346. [PMID: 36546767 PMCID: PMC9992940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous plants trap and digest insects and similar-sized animals. Many studies have examined enzymes in the digestive fluids of these plants and have gradually unveiled the origins and gene expression of these enzymes. However, only a few attempts have been made at characterization of nucleases. This study aimed to reveal gene expression and the structural, functional and evolutionary characteristics of an S1-type nuclease (DAN1) in the digestive fluid of an Australian sundew, Drosera adelae, whose trap organ shows unique gene expression and related epigenetic regulation. METHODS Organ-specificity in Dan1 expression was examined using glandular tentacles, laminas, roots and inflorescences, and real-time PCR. The methylation status of the Dan1 promoter in each organ was clarified by bisulphite sequencing. The structural characteristics of DAN1 were studied by a comparison of primary structures of S1-type nucleases of three carnivorous and seven non-carnivorous plants. DAN1 was prepared using a cell-free protein synthesis system. Requirements for metal ions, optimum pH and temperature, and substrate preference were examined using conventional methods. KEY RESULTS Dan1 is exclusively expressed in the glandular tentacles and its promoter is almost completely unmethylated in all organs. This is in contrast to the S-like RNase gene da-I of Dr. adelae, which shows similar organ-specific expression, but is controlled by a promoter that is specifically unmethylated in the glandular tentacles. Comparison of amino acid sequences of S1-type nucleases identifies seven and three positions where amino acid residues are conserved only among the carnivorous plants and only among the non-carnivorous plants, respectively. DAN1 prefers a substrate RNA over DNA in the presence of Zn2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ at an optimum pH of 4.0. CONCLUSIONS Uptake of phosphates from prey is suggested to be the main function of DAN1, which is very different from the known functions of S1-type nucleases. Evolution has modified the structure and expression of Dan1 to specifically function in the digestive fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Naoki Arai
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 221-8686, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Ochiai
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohyama
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Baharin A, Ting TY, Goh HH. Omics Approaches in Uncovering Molecular Evolution and Physiology of Botanical Carnivory. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:408. [PMID: 36679121 PMCID: PMC9867145 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology has been increasingly applied with multiple omics for a holistic comprehension of complex biological systems beyond the reductionist approach that focuses on individual molecules. Different high-throughput omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have been implemented to study the molecular mechanisms of botanical carnivory. This covers almost all orders of carnivorous plants, namely Caryophyllales, Ericales, Lamiales, and Oxalidales, except Poales. Studies using single-omics or integrated multi-omics elucidate the compositional changes in nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. The omics studies on carnivorous plants have led to insights into the carnivory origin and evolution, such as prey capture and digestion as well as the physiological adaptations of trap organ formation. Our understandings of botanical carnivory are further enhanced by the discoveries of digestive enzymes and transporter proteins that aid in efficient nutrient sequestration alongside dynamic molecular responses to prey. Metagenomics studies revealed the mutualistic relationships between microbes and carnivorous plants. Lastly, in silico analysis accelerated the functional characterization of new molecules from carnivorous plants. These studies have provided invaluable molecular data for systems understanding of carnivorous plants. More studies are needed to cover the diverse species with convergent evolution of botanical carnivory.
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Freund M, Graus D, Fleischmann A, Gilbert KJ, Lin Q, Renner T, Stigloher C, Albert VA, Hedrich R, Fukushima K. The digestive systems of carnivorous plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:44-59. [PMID: 35604105 PMCID: PMC9434158 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive in the nutrient-poor habitats, carnivorous plants capture small organisms comprising complex substances not suitable for immediate reuse. The traps of carnivorous plants, which are analogous to the digestive systems of animals, are equipped with mechanisms for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Such capabilities have been acquired convergently over the past tens of millions of years in multiple angiosperm lineages by modifying plant-specific organs including leaves. The epidermis of carnivorous trap leaves bears groups of specialized cells called glands, which acquire substances from their prey via digestion and absorption. The digestive glands of carnivorous plants secrete mucilage, pitcher fluids, acids, and proteins, including digestive enzymes. The same (or morphologically distinct) glands then absorb the released compounds via various membrane transport proteins or endocytosis. Thus, these glands function in a manner similar to animal cells that are physiologically important in the digestive system, such as the parietal cells of the stomach and intestinal epithelial cells. Yet, carnivorous plants are equipped with strategies that deal with or incorporate plant-specific features, such as cell walls, epidermal cuticles, and phytohormones. In this review, we provide a systematic perspective on the digestive and absorptive capacity of convergently evolved carnivorous plants, with an emphasis on the forms and functions of glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Fleischmann
- Botanische Staatssammlung München and GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology & W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Qianshi Lin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility of the Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P, Strzemski M, Miranda VFO. Immunocytochemical Analysis of the Wall Ingrowths in the Digestive Gland Transfer Cells in Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae). Cells 2022; 11:cells11142218. [PMID: 35883661 PMCID: PMC9322817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are unique due to their ability to attract small animals or protozoa, retain them in specialized traps, digest them, and absorb nutrients from the dissolved prey material; however, to this end, these plants need a special secretion-digestive system (glands). A common trait of the digestive glands of carnivorous plants is the presence of transfer cells. Using the aquatic carnivorous species Aldrovanda vesiculosa, we showed carnivorous plants as a model for studies of wall ingrowths/transfer cells. We addressed the following questions: Is the cell wall ingrowth composition the same between carnivorous plant glands and other plant system models? Is there a difference in the cell wall ingrowth composition between various types of gland cells (glandular versus endodermoid cells)? Fluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy were employed to localize carbohydrate epitopes associated with major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The cell wall ingrowths were enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) localized with the JIM8, JIM13, and JIM14 epitopes. Both methylesterified and de-esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) were absent or weakly present in the wall ingrowths in transfer cells (stalk cells and head cells of the gland). Both the cell walls and the cell wall ingrowths in the transfer cells were rich in hemicelluloses: xyloglucan (LM15) and galactoxyloglucan (LM25). There were differences in the composition between the cell wall ingrowths and the primary cell walls in A. vesiculosa secretory gland cells in the case of the absence or inaccessibility of pectins (JIM5, LM19, JIM7, LM5, LM6 epitopes); thus, the wall ingrowths are specific cell wall microdomains. Even in the same organ (gland), transfer cells may differ in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths (glandular versus endodermoid cells). We found both similarities and differences in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths between the A. vesiculosa transfer cells and transfer cells of other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-60-39
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal CEP 14884-900, Brazil;
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Norero NS, Rey Burusco MF, D’Ippólito S, Décima Oneto CA, Massa GA, Castellote MA, Feingold SE, Guevara MG. Genome-Wide Analyses of Aspartic Proteases on Potato Genome ( Solanum tuberosum): Generating New Tools to Improve the Resistance of Plants to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040544. [PMID: 35214878 PMCID: PMC8875628 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases are proteolytic enzymes widely distributed in living organisms and viruses. Although they have been extensively studied in many plant species, they are poorly described in potatoes. The present study aimed to identify and characterize S. tuberosum aspartic proteases. Gene structure, chromosome and protein domain organization, phylogeny, and subcellular predicted localization were analyzed and integrated with RNAseq data from different tissues, organs, and conditions focused on abiotic stress. Sixty-two aspartic protease genes were retrieved from the potato genome, distributed in 12 chromosomes. A high number of intronless genes and segmental and tandem duplications were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight StAP groups, named from StAPI to StAPVIII, that were differentiated into typical (StAPI), nucellin-like (StAPIIIa), and atypical aspartic proteases (StAPII, StAPIIIb to StAPVIII). RNAseq data analyses showed that gene expression was consistent with the presence of cis-acting regulatory elements on StAP promoter regions related to water deficit. The study presents the first identification and characterization of 62 aspartic protease genes and proteins on the potato genome and provides the baseline material for functional gene determinations and potato breeding programs, including gene editing mediated by CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sigrid Norero
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - María Florencia Rey Burusco
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University National of Mar del Plata, Balcarce B7620, Argentina
| | - Sebastián D’Ippólito
- Institute of Biological Research, University of Mar del Plata (IIB-UNMdP), Mar del Plata B7600, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1499, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Andrea Décima Oneto
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Massa
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University National of Mar del Plata, Balcarce B7620, Argentina
| | - Martín Alfredo Castellote
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Sergio Enrique Feingold
- Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology IPADS (INTA—CONICET), Balcarce B7620, Argentina; (N.S.N.); (M.F.R.B.); (C.A.D.O.); (G.A.M.); (M.A.C.); (S.E.F.)
| | - María Gabriela Guevara
- Institute of Biological Research, University of Mar del Plata (IIB-UNMdP), Mar del Plata B7600, Argentina;
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1499, Argentina
- Correspondence: or
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P. Arabinogalactan Proteins in the Digestive Glands of Dionaea muscipula J.Ellis Traps. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030586. [PMID: 35159395 PMCID: PMC8833951 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) play important roles in plant growth and developmental processes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the spatial distribution of AGP in the plant organs and tissues of carnivorous plants during their carnivorous cycle. The Dionaea muscipula trap forms an "external stomach" and is equipped with an effective digestive-absorbing system. Because its digestive glands are composed of specialized cells, the hypothesis that their cell walls are also very specialized in terms of their composition (AGP) compared to the cell wall of the trap epidermal and parenchyma cells was tested. Another aim of this study was to determine whether there is a spatio-temporal distribution of the AGP in the digestive glands during the secretory cycle of D. muscipula. Antibodies that act against AGPs, including JIM8, JIM13 and JIM14, were used. The localization of the examined compounds was determined using immunohistochemistry techniques and immunogold labeling. In both the un-fed and fed traps, there was an accumulation of AGP in the cell walls of the gland secretory cells. The epitope, which is recognized by JIM14, was a useful marker of the digestive glands. The secretory cells of the D. muscipula digestive glands are transfer cells and an accumulation of specific AGP was at the site where the cell wall labyrinth occurred. Immunogold labeling confirmed an occurrence of AGP in the cell wall ingrowths. There were differences in the AGP occurrence (labeled with JIM8 and JIM13) in the cell walls of the gland secretory cells between the unfed and fed traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-60-39
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
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Böhm J, Scherzer S. Signaling and transport processes related to the carnivorous lifestyle of plants living on nutrient-poor soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2017-2031. [PMID: 35235668 PMCID: PMC8890503 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Eukaryotes, long-distance and rapid signal transmission is required in order to be able to react fast and flexibly to external stimuli. This long-distance signal transmission cannot take place by diffusion of signal molecules from the site of perception to the target tissue, as their speed is insufficient. Therefore, for adequate stimulus transmission, plants as well as animals make use of electrical signal transmission, as this can quickly cover long distances. This update summarises the most important advances in plant electrical signal transduction with a focus on the carnivorous Venus flytrap. It highlights the different types of electrical signals, examines their underlying ion fluxes and summarises the carnivorous processes downstream of the electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Böhm
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Adamec L, Matušíková I, Pavlovič A. Recent ecophysiological, biochemical and evolutional insights into plant carnivory. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:241-259. [PMID: 34111238 PMCID: PMC8389183 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnivorous plants are an ecological group of approx. 810 vascular species which capture and digest animal prey, absorb prey-derived nutrients and utilize them to enhance their growth and development. Extant carnivorous plants have evolved in at least ten independent lineages, and their adaptive traits represent an example of structural and functional convergence. Plant carnivory is a result of complex adaptations to mostly nutrient-poor, wet and sunny habitats when the benefits of carnivory exceed the costs. With a boost in interest and extensive research in recent years, many aspects of these adaptations have been clarified (at least partly), but many remain unknown. SCOPE We provide some of the most recent insights into substantial ecophysiological, biochemical and evolutional particulars of plant carnivory from the functional viewpoint. We focus on those processes and traits in carnivorous plants associated with their ecological characterization, mineral nutrition, cost-benefit relationships, functioning of digestive enzymes and regulation of the hunting cycle in traps. We elucidate mechanisms by which uptake of prey-derived nutrients leads to stimulation of photosynthesis and root nutrient uptake. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of prey-derived mineral (mainly N and P) and organic nutrients is highly beneficial for plants and increases the photosynthetic rate in leaves as a prerequisite for faster plant growth. Whole-genome and tandem gene duplications brought gene material for diversification into carnivorous functions and enabled recruitment of defence-related genes. Possible mechanisms for the evolution of digestive enzymes are summarized, and a comprehensive picture on the biochemistry and regulation of prey decomposition and prey-derived nutrient uptake is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ildikó Matušíková
- University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, J. Herdu 2, SK-917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- For correspondence. E-mail
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13
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Basic β-1,3-Glucanase from Drosera binata Exhibits Antifungal Potential in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081747. [PMID: 34451792 PMCID: PMC8401921 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The basic β-1,3-glucanase of the carnivorous plant Drosera binata was tested as a purified protein, as well as under the control of a double CaMV35S promoter in transgenic tobacco for its capability to inhibit the growth of Trichoderma viride, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, and Fusarium poae in an in-vitro assay. The purified protein inhibited tested phytopathogens but not the saprophytic fungus T. viride. Out of the analysed transgenic plants, lines 13, 16, 19, and 22 exhibited high DbGluc1 transcript abundance normalised to the actin transcript. Because of DbGluc1 transgene expression, lines 13 and 16 showed a 1.7-fold increase and lines 19 and 22 showed more than a 2-fold increase in total β-1,3-glucanase activity compared to the non-transgenic control. In accordance with the purified β-1,3-glucanase in-vitro antifungal assay, crude protein extracts of lines 19 and 22 significantly inhibited the growth of phytopathogens (14–34%). Further analyses revealed that the complementary action of transgenic β-1,3-glucanase and 20% higher activity of endogenous chitinase(s) in these lines were crucial for maximising the antifungal efficiency of crude protein extracts.
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14
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Gilbert KJ, Renner T. Acid or base? How do plants regulate the ecology of their phylloplane? AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab032. [PMID: 34285793 PMCID: PMC8286713 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants interface with and modify the external environment across their surfaces, and in so doing, can control or mitigate the impacts of abiotic stresses and also mediate their interactions with other organisms. Botanically, it is known that plant roots have a multi-faceted ability to modify rhizosphere conditions like pH, a factor with a large effect on a plant's biotic interactions with microbes. But plants can also modify pH levels on the surfaces of their leaves. Plants can neutralize acid rain inputs in a period of hours, and either acidify or alkalinize the pH of neutral water droplets in minutes. The pH of the phylloplane-that is, the outermost surface of the leaf-varies across species, from incredibly acidic (carnivorous plants: as low as pH 1) to exceptionally alkaline (species in the plant family, Malvaceae, up to pH 11). However, most species mildly acidify droplets on the phylloplane by 1.5 orders of magnitude in pH. Just as rhizosphere pH helps shape the plant microbiome and is known to influence belowground interactions, so too can phylloplane pH influence aboveground interactions in plant canopies. In this review, we discuss phylloplane pH regulation from the physiological, molecular, evolutionary, and ecological perspectives and address knowledge gaps and identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Sciences and Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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15
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Hedrich R, Fukushima K. On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:133-153. [PMID: 33434053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charles Darwin recognized that carnivorous plants thrive in nutrient-poor soil by capturing animals. Although the concept of botanical carnivory has been known for nearly 150 years, its molecular mechanisms and evolutionary origins have not been well understood until recently. In the last decade, technical advances have fueled the genome and transcriptome sequencings of active and passive hunters, leading to a better understanding of the traits associated with the carnivorous syndrome, from trap leaf development and prey digestion to nutrient absorption, exemplified, for example, by the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis), and bladderwort (Utricularia gibba). The repurposing of defense-related genes is an important trend in the evolution of plant carnivory. In this review, using the Venus flytrap as a representative of the carnivorous plants, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying their ability to attract, trap, and digest prey and discuss the origins of plant carnivory in relation to their genomic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; ,
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; ,
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16
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Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment Solely via Biocatalysis as a Partial Simultaneous Lignino-Holocellulolysis Process. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endeavors generate a significant quantity of bio-waste, even lignocellulosic waste, due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, and can cause pollution to aquatic ecosystems, and contribute to detrimental animal and human health because of the toxicity of consequent hydrolysis products. This paper contributes to a new understanding of the lignocellulosic waste bio-pretreatment process from a literature review, which can provide better biorefinery operational outcomes. The simultaneous partial biological lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose lysis, i.e., simultaneous semi-lignino-holocellulolysis, is aimed at suggesting that when ligninolysis ensues, holocellulolysis is simultaneously performed for milled lignocellulosic waste instead of having a sequential process of initial ligninolysis and subsequent holocellulolysis as is currently the norm. It is presumed that such a process can be solely performed by digestive enzyme cocktails from the monkey cups of species such as Nepenthes, white and brown rot fungi, and some plant exudates. From the literature review, it was evident that the pretreatment of milled lignocellulosic waste is largely incomplete, and ligninolysis including holocellulolysis ensues simultaneously when the waste is milled. It is further proposed that lignocellulosic waste pretreatment can be facilitated using an environmentally friendly approach solely using biological means. For such a process to be understood and applied on an industrial scale, an interdisciplinary approach using process engineering and microbiology techniques is required.
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17
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Klejchova M, Silva-Alvim FAL, Blatt MR, Alvim JC. Membrane voltage as a dynamic platform for spatiotemporal signaling, physiological, and developmental regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1523-1541. [PMID: 33598675 PMCID: PMC8133626 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane voltage arises from the transport of ions through ion-translocating ATPases, ion-coupled transport of solutes, and ion channels, and is an integral part of the bioenergetic "currency" of the membrane. The dynamics of membrane voltage-so-called action, systemic, and variation potentials-have also led to a recognition of their contributions to signal transduction, both within cells and across tissues. Here, we review the origins of our understanding of membrane voltage and its place as a central element in regulating transport and signal transmission. We stress the importance of understanding voltage as a common intermediate that acts both as a driving force for transport-an electrical "substrate"-and as a product of charge flux across the membrane, thereby interconnecting all charge-carrying transport across the membrane. The voltage interconnection is vital to signaling via second messengers that rely on ion flux, including cytosolic free Ca2+, H+, and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species generated by integral membrane, respiratory burst oxidases. These characteristics inform on the ways in which long-distance voltage signals and voltage oscillations give rise to unique gene expression patterns and influence physiological, developmental, and adaptive responses such as systemic acquired resistance to pathogens and to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Klejchova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fernanda A L Silva-Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Author for communication:
| | - Jonas Chaves Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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18
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Atsuzawa K, Kanaizumi D, Ajisaka M, Kamada T, Sakamoto K, Matsushima H, Kaneko Y. Fine structure of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L: the peculiar lifestyle of an aquatic carnivorous plant elucidated by electron microscopy using cryo-techniques. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 69:214-226. [PMID: 32328650 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. is critically endangered worldwide; its peculiar lifestyle raises many questions and poses problems both intriguing on their own and relevant to conservation. While establishing a culture system for its propagation and restoring its natural habitat in Hozoji pond in Saitama, Japan, we conducted ultrastructural observations to examine the various aspects of Aldrovanda's way of life. Electron microscopic observation in combination with cryo-techniques produced novel information which could not be obtained by other methods. Some of the results are: phosphorous is stored in petiole cells of turions during winter; mucilaginous guides are provided for pollen tubes in parietal placental ovaries; storage of potassium in the vicinity of the midrib of carnivorous leaves may contribute to the rapid closing of the carnivorous leaves; dynamic sequential changes of the ultrastructure of digestive glands are involved in the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes, including protease and acid phosphatase. These results should contribute significantly to our understanding of Aldrovanda and the detailed mechanisms of its life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Atsuzawa
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanaizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ajisaka
- Graduate School of Education, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, and
| | - Tasuku Kamada
- Graduate School of Education, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, and
| | - Kimie Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsushima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kaneko
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Education; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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19
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Arai N, Ohno Y, Jumyo S, Hamaji Y, Ohyama T. Organ-specific expression and epigenetic traits of genes encoding digestive enzymes in the lance-leaf sundew (Drosera adelae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1946-1961. [PMID: 33247920 PMCID: PMC7921302 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, extensive studies have been performed at the molecular level to understand the evolution of carnivorous plants. As fruits, the repertoire of protein components in the digestive fluids of several carnivorous plants have gradually become clear. However, the quantitative aspects of these proteins and the expression mechanisms of the genes that encode them are still poorly understood. In this study, using the Australian sundew Drosera adelae, we identified and quantified the digestive fluid proteins. We examined the expression and methylation status of the genes corresponding to major hydrolytic enzymes in various organs; these included thaumatin-like protein, S-like RNase, cysteine protease, class I chitinase, β-1, 3-glucanase, and hevein-like protein. The genes encoding these proteins were exclusively expressed in the glandular tentacles. Furthermore, the promoters of the β-1, 3-glucanase and cysteine protease genes were demethylated only in the glandular tentacles, similar to the previously reported case of the S-like RNase gene da-I. This phenomenon correlated with high expression of the DNA demethylase DEMETER in the glandular tentacles, strongly suggesting that it performs glandular tentacle-specific demethylation of the genes. The current study strengthens and generalizes the relevance of epigenetics to trap organ-specific gene expression in D. adelae. We also suggest similarities between the trap organs of carnivorous plants and the roots of non-carnivorous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Arai
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Jumyo
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hamaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohyama
- Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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20
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A single touch can provide sufficient mechanical stimulation to trigger Venus flytrap closure. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000740. [PMID: 32649659 PMCID: PMC7351144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carnivorous Venus flytrap catches prey by an ingenious snapping mechanism. Based on work over nearly 200 years, it has become generally accepted that two touches of the trap’s sensory hairs within 30 s, each one generating an action potential, are required to trigger closure of the trap. We developed an electromechanical model, which, however, suggests that under certain circumstances one touch is sufficient to generate two action potentials. Using a force-sensing microrobotic system, we precisely quantified the sensory-hair deflection parameters necessary to trigger trap closure and correlated them with the elicited action potentials in vivo. Our results confirm the model’s predictions, suggesting that the Venus flytrap may be adapted to a wider range of prey movements than previously assumed. It is generally accepted that two touches of the Venus flytrap’s sensory hairs within 30 seconds are required to trigger closure of the trap. Here, however, quantification of the plant’s sensory hair deflection parameters reveals that one stimulus is sufficient.
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21
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Kocáb O, Jakšová J, Novák O, Petřík I, Lenobel R, Chamrád I, Pavlovič A. Jasmonate-independent regulation of digestive enzyme activity in the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3749-3758. [PMID: 32219314 PMCID: PMC7307851 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants within the order Caryophyllales use jasmonates, a class of phytohormone, in the regulation of digestive enzyme activities. We used the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina from the order Lamiales to investigate whether jasmonate signaling is a universal and ubiquitous signaling pathway that exists outside the order Caryophyllales. We measured the electrical signals, enzyme activities, and phytohormone tissue levels in response to prey capture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins in the digestive secretion. We identified eight enzymes in the digestive secretion, many of which were previously found in other genera of carnivorous plants. Among them, alpha-amylase is unique in carnivorous plants. Enzymatic activities increased in response to prey capture; however, the tissue content of jasmonic acid and its isoleucine conjugate remained rather low in contrast to the jasmonate response to wounding. Enzyme activities did not increase in response to the exogenous application of jasmonic acid or coronatine. Whereas similar digestive enzymes were co-opted from plant defense mechanisms among carnivorous plants, the mode of their regulation differs. The butterwort has not co-opted jasmonate signaling for the induction of enzyme activities in response to prey capture. Moreover, the presence of alpha-amylase in digestive fluid of P. × Tina, which has not been found in other genera of carnivorous plants, might indicate that non-defense-related genes have also been co-opted for carnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kocáb
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Chamrád
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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22
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Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Metabolite Compositions in Leaf Blade and Traps of Carnivorous Nepenthes Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124376. [PMID: 32575527 PMCID: PMC7352528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous plants that evolved a pitfall trap, the pitcher, to catch and digest insect prey to obtain additional nutrients. Each pitcher is part of the whole leaf, together with a leaf blade. These two completely different parts of the same organ were studied separately in a non-targeted metabolomics approach in Nepenthes x ventrata, a robust natural hybrid. The first aim was the analysis and profiling of small (50–1000 m/z) polar and non-polar molecules to find a characteristic metabolite pattern for the particular tissues. Second, the impact of insect feeding on the metabolome of the pitcher and leaf blade was studied. Using UPLC-ESI-qTOF and cheminformatics, about 2000 features (MS/MS events) were detected in the two tissues. They showed a huge chemical diversity, harboring classes of chemical substances that significantly discriminate these tissues. Among the common constituents of N. x ventrata are phenolics, flavonoids and naphthoquinones, namely plumbagin, a characteristic compound for carnivorous Nepenthales, and many yet-unknown compounds. Upon insect feeding, only in pitchers in the polar compounds fraction, small but significant differences could be detected. By further integrating information with cheminformatics approaches, we provide and discuss evidence that the metabolite composition of the tissues can point to their function.
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Bekalu ZE, Dionisio G, Brinch-Pedersen H. Molecular Properties and New Potentials of Plant Nepenthesins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E570. [PMID: 32365700 PMCID: PMC7284499 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nepenthesins are aspartic proteases (APs) categorized under the A1B subfamily. Due to nepenthesin-specific sequence features, the A1B subfamily is also named nepenthesin-type aspartic proteases (NEPs). Nepenthesins are mostly known from the pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes, where they are availed for the hydrolyzation of insect protein required for the assimilation of insect nitrogen resources. However, nepenthesins are widely distributed within the plant kingdom and play significant roles in plant species other than Nepenthes. Although they have received limited attention when compared to other members of the subfamily, current data indicates that they have exceptional molecular and biochemical properties and new potentials as fungal-resistance genes. In the current review, we provide insights into the current knowledge on the molecular and biochemical properties of plant nepenthesins and highlights that future focus on them may have strong potentials for industrial applications and crop trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Eshetu Bekalu
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark; (G.D.); (H.B.-P.)
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Transcriptome-wide shift from photosynthesis and energy metabolism upon endogenous fluid protein depletion in young Nepenthes ampullaria pitchers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6575. [PMID: 32313042 PMCID: PMC7170878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous pitcher plants produce specialised pitcher organs containing secretory glands, which secrete acidic fluids with hydrolytic enzymes for prey digestion and nutrient absorption. The content of pitcher fluids has been the focus of many fluid protein profiling studies. These studies suggest an evolutionary convergence of a conserved group of similar enzymes in diverse families of pitcher plants. A recent study showed that endogenous proteins were replenished in the pitcher fluid, which indicates a feedback mechanism in protein secretion. This poses an interesting question on the physiological effect of plant protein loss. However, there is no study to date that describes the pitcher response to endogenous protein depletion. To address this gap of knowledge, we previously performed a comparative RNA-sequencing experiment of newly opened pitchers (D0) against pitchers after 3 days of opening (D3C) and pitchers with filtered endogenous proteins (>10 kDa) upon pitcher opening (D3L). Nepenthes ampullaria was chosen as a model study species due to their abundance and unique feeding behaviour on leaf litters. The analysis of unigenes with top 1% abundance found protein translation and stress response to be overrepresented in D0, compared to cell wall related, transport, and signalling for D3L. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis identified DEGs with functional enrichment in protein regulation, secondary metabolism, intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport. The transcriptomic landscape of the pitcher dramatically shifted towards intracellular transport and defence response at the expense of energy metabolism and photosynthesis upon endogenous protein depletion. This is supported by secretome, transportome, and transcription factor analysis with RT-qPCR validation based on independent samples. This study provides the first glimpse into the molecular responses of pitchers to protein loss with implications to future cost/benefit analysis of carnivorous pitcher plant energetics and resource allocation for adaptation in stochastic environments.
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Pavlovič A, Libiaková M, Bokor B, Jakšová J, Petřík I, Novák O, Baluška F. Anaesthesia with diethyl ether impairs jasmonate signalling in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:173-183. [PMID: 31677265 PMCID: PMC6948209 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS General anaesthetics are compounds that induce loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli in animals and humans. The primary site of action of general anaesthetics is the nervous system, where anaesthetics inhibit neuronal transmission. Although plants do not have neurons, they generate electrical signals in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we investigated the effect of the general volatile anaesthetic diethyl ether on the ability to sense potential prey or herbivore attacks in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). METHODS We monitored trap movement, electrical signalling, phytohormone accumulation and gene expression in response to the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs and wounding under diethyl ether treatment. KEY RESULTS Diethyl ether completely inhibited the generation of action potentials and trap closing reactions, which were easily and rapidly restored when the anaesthetic was removed. Diethyl ether also inhibited the later response: jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and expression of JA-responsive genes (cysteine protease dionain and type I chitinase). However, external application of JA bypassed the inhibited action potentials and restored gene expression under diethyl ether anaesthesia, indicating that downstream reactions from JA are not inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The Venus flytrap cannot sense prey or a herbivore attack under diethyl ether treatment caused by inhibited action potentials, and the JA signalling pathway as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Libiaková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Jakšová J, Libiaková M, Bokor B, Petřík I, Novák O, Pavlovič A. Taste for protein: Chemical signal from prey stimulates enzyme secretion through jasmonate signalling in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:90-97. [PMID: 31734521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hunting cycle of the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) is comprised of mechanism for rapid trap closure followed by slow hermetical sealing and activation of gene expression responsible for digestion of prey and nutrient uptake. In the present study, we focus on the late phase of Venus's flytrap hunting cycle when mechanical stimulation of the prey ceases and is replaced by chemical cues. We used two nitrogen-rich compounds (chitin and protein) in addition to mechanostimulation to investigate the electrical and jasmonate signalling responsible for induction of enzyme activities. Chemical stimulation by BSA protein and chitin did not induce any additional spontaneous action potentials (APs). However, chemical stimulation by protein induced the highest levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) as well as the expression of studied gene encoding a cysteine protease (dionain). Although chitin is probably the first chemical agent which is in direct contact with digestive glands, presence of protein in the secured trap mimics the presence of insect prey best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Libiaková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B2, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B2, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia; Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, SK-841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Pavlovič A, Mithöfer A. Jasmonate signalling in carnivorous plants: copycat of plant defence mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3379-3389. [PMID: 31120525 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived jasmonate phytohormones (JAs) regulate a wide spectrum of physiological processes in plants such as growth, development, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and defence against pathogen infection and insect attack. Recently, a new role for JAs has been revealed in carnivorous plants. In these specialized plants, JAs can induce the formation of digestive cavities and regulate enzyme production in response to different stimuli from caught prey. Appearing to be a new function for JAs in plants, a closer look reveals that the signalling pathways involved resemble known signalling pathways from plant defence mechanisms. Moreover, the digestion-related secretome of carnivorous plants is composed of many pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and low molecular weight compounds, indicating that the plant carnivory syndrome is related to and has evolved from plant defence mechanisms. This review describes the similarities between defence and carnivory. It further describes how, after recognition of caught insects, JAs enable the carnivorous plants to digest and benefit from the prey. In addition, a causal connection between electrical and jasmonate signalling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, CZ, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße, Jena, Germany
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Soares A, Ribeiro Carlton SM, Simões I. Atypical and nucellin-like aspartic proteases: emerging players in plant developmental processes and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2059-2076. [PMID: 30715463 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the pepsin-like family (A1) of aspartic proteases (APs) are widely distributed in plants. A large number of genes encoding putative A1 APs are found in different plant genomes, the vast majority of which exhibit distinct features when compared with the so-called typical APs (and, therefore, grouped as atypical and nucellin-like APs). These features include the absence of the plant-specific insert; an unusually high number of cysteine residues; the nature of the amino acids preceding the first catalytic aspartate; and unexpected localizations. The over-representation of atypical and nucellin-like APs in plants is suggestive of greater diversification of protein functions and a more regulatory role for these APs, as compared with the housekeeping function generally attributed to typical APs. New functions have been uncovered for non-typical APs, with proposed roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses, chloroplast metabolism, and reproductive development, clearly suggesting functional specialization and tight regulation of activity. Furthermore, unusual enzymatic properties have also been documented for some of these proteases. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the distinctive features and functions of both atypical and nucellin-like APs, and discuss this emerging pattern of functional complexity and specialization among plant pepsin-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Soares
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Isaura Simões
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Sickel W, Van de Weyer AL, Bemm F, Schultz J, Keller A. Venus flytrap microbiotas withstand harsh conditions during prey digestion. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5289860. [PMID: 30649283 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) overcomes environmental nutrient limitation by capturing small animals. Such prey is digested with an acidic enzyme-containing mucilage that is secreted into the closed trap. However, surprisingly little is known about associations with microorganisms. Therefore, we assessed microbiotas of traps and petioles for the Venus flytrap by 16S amplicon meta-barcoding. We also performed time-series assessments of dynamics during digestion in traps and experimental acidification of petioles. We found that the traps hosted distinct microbiotas that differed from adjacent petioles. Further, they showed a significant taxonomic turnover during digestion. Following successful catches, prey-associated bacteria had strong effects on overall composition. With proceeding digestion, however, microbiotas were restored to compositions resembling pre-digestion stages. A comparable, yet less extensive shift was found when stimulating digestion with coronatine. Artificial acidification of petioles did not induce changes towards trap-like communities. Our results show that trap microbiota were maintained during digestion despite harsh conditions and recovered after short-term disturbances through prey microbiota. This indicates trap-specific and resilient associations. By mapping to known genomes, we predicted putative adaptations and functional implications for the system, yet direct mechanisms and quantification of host benefits, like the involvement in digestion, remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Sickel
- Molecular Biodiversity Group, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Felix Bemm
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Molecular Biodiversity Group, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Gergely ZR, Martinez DE, Donohoe BS, Mogelsvang S, Herder R, Staehelin LA. 3D electron tomographic and biochemical analysis of ER, Golgi and trans Golgi network membrane systems in stimulated Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula) glandular cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:15. [PMID: 30116723 PMCID: PMC6083566 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect-trapping leaves of Dionaea muscipula provide a model for studying the secretory pathway of an inducible plant secretory system. The leaf glands were induced with bovine serum albumin to secrete proteases that were characterized via zymogram activity gels over a 6-day period. The accompanying morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi were analyzed using 3D electron tomography of glands preserved by high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution methods. RESULTS Secretion of multiple cysteine and aspartic proteases occurred biphasically. The majority of the Golgi was organized in clusters consisting of 3-6 stacks surrounded by a cage-like system of ER cisternae. In these clusters, all Golgi stacks were oriented with their cis-most C1 cisterna facing an ER export site. The C1 Golgi cisternae varied in size and shape consistent with the hypothesis that they form de novo. Following induction, the number of ER-bound polysomes doubled, but no increase in COPII vesicles was observed. Golgi changes included a reduction in the number of cisternae per stack and a doubling of cisternal volume without increased surface area. Polysaccharide molecules that form the sticky slime cause swelling of the trans and trans Golgi network (TGN) cisternae. Peeling of the trans-most cisternae gives rise to free TGN cisternae. One day after gland stimulation, the free TGNs were frequently associated with loose groups of oriented actin-like filaments which were not seen in any other samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the secretory apparatus of resting gland cells is "overbuilt" to enable the cells to rapidly up-regulate lytic enzyme production and secretion in response to prey trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Gergely
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CONICET CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Exxel Pharma, Inc, 12635 E Montview Blvd, Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rachel Herder
- Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, One Market Plaza, Spear Tower, Ste 3300, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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Ravee R, Mohd Salleh F‘I, Goh HH. Discovery of digestive enzymes in carnivorous plants with focus on proteases. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4914. [PMID: 29888132 PMCID: PMC5993016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnivorous plants have been fascinating researchers with their unique characters and bioinspired applications. These include medicinal trait of some carnivorous plants with potentials for pharmaceutical industry. METHODS This review will cover recent progress based on current studies on digestive enzymes secreted by different genera of carnivorous plants: Drosera (sundews), Dionaea (Venus flytrap), Nepenthes (tropical pitcher plants), Sarracenia (North American pitcher plants), Cephalotus (Australian pitcher plants), Genlisea (corkscrew plants), and Utricularia (bladderworts). RESULTS Since the discovery of secreted protease nepenthesin in Nepenthes pitcher, digestive enzymes from carnivorous plants have been the focus of many studies. Recent genomics approaches have accelerated digestive enzyme discovery. Furthermore, the advancement in recombinant technology and protein purification helped in the identification and characterisation of enzymes in carnivorous plants. DISCUSSION These different aspects will be described and discussed in this review with focus on the role of secreted plant proteases and their potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishiesvari Ravee
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faris ‘Imadi Mohd Salleh
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nogueira FCS, Farias ARB, Teixeira FM, Domont GB, Campos FAP. Common Features Between the Proteomes of Floral and Extrafloral Nectar From the Castor Plant ( Ricinus Communis) and the Proteomes of Exudates From Carnivorous Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:549. [PMID: 29755492 PMCID: PMC5934526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Label-free quantitative proteome analysis of extrafloral (EFN) and floral nectar (FN) from castor (Ricinus communis) plants resulted in the identification of 72 and 37 proteins, respectively. Thirty proteins were differentially accumulated between EFN and FN, and 24 of these were more abundant in the EFN. In addition to proteins involved in maintaining the nectar pathogen free such as chitinases and glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase, both proteomes share an array of peptidases, lipases, carbohydrases, and nucleases. A total of 39 of the identified proteins, comprising different classes of hydrolases, were found to have biochemical matching partners in the exudates of at least five genera of carnivorous plants, indicating the EFN and FN possess a potential to digest biological material from microbial, animal or plant origin equivalent to the exudates of carnivorous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio C. S. Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, PPGBq, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreza R. B. Farias
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fabiano M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Proteomics Unit, PPGBq, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco A. P. Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Hedrich R, Neher E. Venus Flytrap: How an Excitable, Carnivorous Plant Works. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:220-234. [PMID: 29336976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The carnivorous plant Dionaea possesses very sensitive mechanoreceptors. Upon contact with prey an action potential is triggered which, via an electrical network - comparable to the nervous system of vertebrates - rapidly closes its bivalved trap. The 'hunting cycle' comprises a constitutively activated mechanism for the rapid capture of prey, followed by a well-orchestrated sequence of activation of genes responsible for tight trap closure, digestion of the prey, and uptake of nutrients. Decisions on the step-by-step activation are based on 'counting' the number of stimulations of sensory organs. These remarkable animal-like skills in the carnivore are achieved not by taking over genes from its prey but by modifying and rearranging the functions of genes that are ubiquitous in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erwin Neher
- Department for Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Wheeler GL, Carstens BC. Evaluating the adaptive evolutionary convergence of carnivorous plant taxa through functional genomics. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4322. [PMID: 29404217 PMCID: PMC5797450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are striking examples of evolutionary convergence, displaying complex and often highly similar adaptations despite lack of shared ancestry. Using available carnivorous plant genomes along with non-carnivorous reference taxa, this study examines the convergence of functional overrepresentation of genes previously implicated in plant carnivory. Gene Ontology (GO) coding was used to quantitatively score functional representation in these taxa, in terms of proportion of carnivory-associated functions relative to all functional sequence. Statistical analysis revealed that, in carnivorous plants as a group, only two of the 24 functions tested showed a signal of substantial overrepresentation. However, when the four carnivorous taxa were analyzed individually, 11 functions were found to be significant in at least one taxon. Though carnivorous plants collectively may show overrepresentation in functions from the predicted set, the specific functions that are overrepresented vary substantially from taxon to taxon. While it is possible that some functions serve a similar practical purpose such that one taxon does not need to utilize both to achieve the same result, it appears that there are multiple approaches for the evolution of carnivorous function in plant genomes. Our approach could be applied to tests of functional convergence in other systems provided on the availability of genomes and annotation data for a group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Wheeler
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Bryan C. Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Pavlovič A, Jakšová J, Novák O. Triggering a false alarm: wounding mimics prey capture in the carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:927-938. [PMID: 28850713 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), the sequence of events after prey capture resembles the well-known plant defence signalling pathway in response to pathogen or herbivore attack. Here, we used wounding to mimic prey capture to show the similarities and differences between botanical carnivory and plant defence mechanisms. We monitored movement, electrical signalling, jasmonate accumulation and digestive enzyme secretion in local and distal (systemic) traps in response to prey capture, the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs and wounding. The Venus flytrap cannot discriminate between wounding and mechanical trigger hair stimulation. Both induced the same action potentials, rapid trap closure, hermetic trap sealing, the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), and the secretion of proteases (aspartic and cysteine proteases), phosphatases and type I chitinase. The jasmonate accumulation and enzyme secretion were confined to the local traps, to which the stimulus was applied, which correlates with the propagation of electrical signals and the absence of a systemic response in the Venus flytrap. In contrast to plant defence mechanisms, the absence of a systemic response in carnivorous plant may represent a resource-saving strategy. During prey capture, it could be quite expensive to produce digestive enzymes in the traps on the plant without prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jakšová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Kruse J, Gao P, Eibelmeier M, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H. Dynamics of amino acid redistribution in the carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) after digestion of 13 C/ 15 N-labelled prey. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:886-895. [PMID: 28727249 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids represent an important component in the diet of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), and supply plants with much needed nitrogen resources upon capture of insect prey. Little is known about the significance of prey-derived carbon backbones of amino acids for the success of Dionaea's carnivorous life-style. The present study aimed at characterizing the metabolic fate of 15 N and 13 C in amino acids acquired from double-labeled insect powder. We tracked changes in plant amino acid pools and their δ13 C- and δ15 N-signatures over a period of five weeks after feeding, as affected by contrasting feeding intensity and tissue type (i.e., fed and non-fed traps and attached petioles of Dionaea). Isotope signatures (i.e., δ13 C and δ15 N) of plant amino acid pools were strongly correlated, explaining 60% of observed variation. Residual variation was related to contrasting effects of tissue type, feeding intensity and elapsed time since feeding. Synthesis of nitrogen-rich transport compounds (i.e., amides) during peak time of prey digestion increased 15 N- relative to 13 C- abundances in amino acid pools. After completion of prey digestion, 13 C in amino acid pools was progressively exchanged for newly fixed 12 C. The latter process was most evident for non-fed traps and attached petioles of plants that had received ample insect powder. We argue that prey-derived amino acids contribute to respiratory energy gain and loss of 13 CO2 during conversion into transport compounds (i.e., 2 days after feeding), and that amino-nitrogen helps boost photosynthetic carbon gain later on (i.e., 5 weeks after feeding).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kruse
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Gao
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Eibelmeier
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Alfarraj
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Rennenberg
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Long-read sequencing uncovers the adaptive topography of a carnivorous plant genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4435-E4441. [PMID: 28507139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702072114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Utricularia gibba, the humped bladderwort, is a carnivorous plant that retains a tiny nuclear genome despite at least two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) since common ancestry with grapevine and other species. We used a third-generation genome assembly with several complete chromosomes to reconstruct the two most recent lineage-specific ancestral genomes that led to the modern U. gibba genome structure. Patterns of subgenome dominance in the most recent WGD, both architectural and transcriptional, are suggestive of allopolyploidization, which may have generated genomic novelty and led to instantaneous speciation. Syntenic duplicates retained in polyploid blocks are enriched for transcription factor functions, whereas gene copies derived from ongoing tandem duplication events are enriched in metabolic functions potentially important for a carnivorous plant. Among these are tandem arrays of cysteine protease genes with trap-specific expression that evolved within a protein family known to be useful in the digestion of animal prey. Further enriched functions among tandem duplicates (also with trap-enhanced expression) include peptide transport (intercellular movement of broken-down prey proteins), ATPase activities (bladder-trap acidification and transmembrane nutrient transport), hydrolase and chitinase activities (breakdown of prey polysaccharides), and cell-wall dynamic components possibly associated with active bladder movements. Whereas independently polyploid Arabidopsis syntenic gene duplicates are similarly enriched for transcriptional regulatory activities, Arabidopsis tandems are distinct from those of U. gibba, while still metabolic and likely reflecting unique adaptations of that species. Taken together, these findings highlight the special importance of tandem duplications in the adaptive landscapes of a carnivorous plant genome.
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Insect haptoelectrical stimulation of Venus flytrap triggers exocytosis in gland cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4822-4827. [PMID: 28416693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701860114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula captures insects and consumes their flesh. Prey contacting touch-sensitive hairs trigger traveling electrical waves. These action potentials (APs) cause rapid closure of the trap and activate secretory functions of glands, which cover its inner surface. Such prey-induced haptoelectric stimulation activates the touch hormone jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway, which initiates secretion of an acidic hydrolase mixture to decompose the victim and acquire the animal nutrients. Although postulated since Darwin's pioneering studies, these secretory events have not been recorded so far. Using advanced analytical and imaging techniques, such as vibrating ion-selective electrodes, carbon fiber amperometry, and magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored stimulus-coupled glandular secretion into the flytrap. Trigger-hair bending or direct application of JA caused a quantal release of oxidizable material from gland cells monitored as distinct amperometric spikes. Spikes reminiscent of exocytotic events in secretory animal cells progressively increased in frequency, reaching steady state 1 d after stimulation. Our data indicate that trigger-hair mechanical stimulation evokes APs. Gland cells translate APs into touch-inducible JA signaling that promotes the formation of secretory vesicles. Early vesicles loaded with H+ and Cl- fuse with the plasma membrane, hyperacidifying the "green stomach"-like digestive organ, whereas subsequent ones carry hydrolases and nutrient transporters, together with a glutathione redox moiety, which is likely to act as the major detected compound in amperometry. Hence, when glands perceive the haptoelectrical stimulation, secretory vesicles are tailored to be released in a sequence that optimizes digestion of the captured animal.
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Fasbender L, Maurer D, Kreuzwieser J, Kreuzer I, Schulze WX, Kruse J, Becker D, Alfarraj S, Hedrich R, Werner C, Rennenberg H. The carnivorous Venus flytrap uses prey-derived amino acid carbon to fuel respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:597-606. [PMID: 28042877 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to elucidate the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from protein of prey caught by carnivorous Dionaea muscipula. For this, traps were fed 13 C/15 N-glutamine (Gln). The release of 13 CO2 was continuously monitored by isotope ratio infrared spectrometry. After 46 h, the allocation of C and N label into different organs was determined and tissues were subjected to metabolome, proteome and transcriptome analyses. Nitrogen of Gln fed was already separated from its C skeleton in the decomposing fluid secreted by the traps. Most of the Gln-C and Gln-N recovered inside plants were localized in fed traps. Among nonfed organs, traps were a stronger sink for Gln-C compared to Gln-N, and roots were a stronger sink for Gln-N compared to Gln-C. A significant amount of the Gln-C was respired as indicated by 13 C-CO2 emission, enhanced levels of metabolites of respiratory Gln degradation and increased abundance of proteins of respiratory processes. Transcription analyses revealed constitutive expression of enzymes involved in Gln metabolism in traps. It appears that prey not only provides building blocks of cellular constituents of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula, but also is used for energy generation by respiratory amino acid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fasbender
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Daniel Maurer
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Jörg Kruse
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christiane Werner
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Krausko M, Perutka Z, Šebela M, Šamajová O, Šamaj J, Novák O, Pavlovič A. The role of electrical and jasmonate signalling in the recognition of captured prey in the carnivorous sundew plant Drosera capensis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1818-1835. [PMID: 27933609 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The carnivorous sundew plant (Drosera capensis) captures prey using sticky tentacles. We investigated the tentacle and trap reactions in response to the electrical and jasmonate signalling evoked by different stimuli to reveal how carnivorous sundews recognize digestible captured prey in their traps. We measured the electrical signals, phytohormone concentration, enzyme activities and Chla fluorescence in response to mechanical stimulation, wounding or insect feeding in local and systemic traps. Seven new proteins in the digestive fluid were identified using mass spectrometry. Mechanical stimuli and live prey induced a fast, localized tentacle-bending reaction and enzyme secretion at the place of application. By contrast, repeated wounding induced a nonlocalized convulsive tentacle movement and enzyme secretion in local but also in distant systemic traps. These differences can be explained in terms of the electrical signal propagation and jasmonate accumulation, which also had a significant impact on the photosynthesis in the traps. The electrical signals generated in response to wounding could partially mimic a mechanical stimulation of struggling prey and might trigger a false alarm, confirming that the botanical carnivory and plant defence mechanisms are related. To trigger the full enzyme activity, the traps must detect chemical stimuli from the captured prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Krausko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B2, Ilkovi?ova 6, Bratislava, SK-842 15, Slovakia
| | - Zdeněk Perutka
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B2, Ilkovi?ova 6, Bratislava, SK-842 15, Slovakia
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
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Fukushima K, Fang X, Alvarez-Ponce D, Cai H, Carretero-Paulet L, Chen C, Chang TH, Farr KM, Fujita T, Hiwatashi Y, Hoshi Y, Imai T, Kasahara M, Librado P, Mao L, Mori H, Nishiyama T, Nozawa M, Pálfalvi G, Pollard ST, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A, Sankoff D, Shibata TF, Shigenobu S, Sumikawa N, Uzawa T, Xie M, Zheng C, Pollock DD, Albert VA, Li S, Hasebe M. Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:59. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Callaway E. How plants evolved into carnivores. Nature 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2017.21425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Jopcik M, Moravcikova J, Matusikova I, Bauer M, Rajninec M, Libantova J. Structural and functional characterisation of a class I endochitinase of the carnivorous sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.). PLANTA 2017; 245:313-327. [PMID: 27761648 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase gene from the carnivorous plant, Drosera rotundifolia , was cloned and functionally characterised. Plant chitinases are believed to play an important role in the developmental and physiological processes and in responses to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, there is growing evidence that carnivorous plants can use them to digest insect prey. In this study, a full-length genomic clone consisting of the 1665-bp chitinase gene (gDrChit) and adjacent promoter region of the 698 bp in length were isolated from Drosera rotundifolia L. using degenerate PCR and a genome-walking approach. The corresponding coding sequence of chitinase gene (DrChit) was obtained following RNA isolation from the leaves of aseptically grown in vitro plants, cDNA synthesis with a gene-specific primer and PCR amplification. The open reading frame of cDNA clone consisted of 978 nucleotides and encoded 325 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis indicated that DrChit belongs to the class I group of plant chitinases. Phylogenetic analysis within the Caryophyllales class I chitinases demonstrated a significant evolutionary relatedness of DrChit with clade Ib, which contains the extracellular orthologues that play a role in carnivory. Comparative expression analysis revealed that the DrChit is expressed predominantly in tentacles and is up-regulated by treatment with inducers that mimick insect prey. Enzymatic activity of rDrChit protein expressed in Escherichia coli was confirmed and purified protein exhibited a long oligomer-specific endochitinase activity on glycol-chitin and FITC-chitin. The isolation and expression profile of a chitinase gene from D. rotundifolia has not been reported so far. The obtained results support the role of specific chitinases in digestive processes in carnivorous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ildiko Matusikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Bauer
- NAFC Research Institute for Animal Production, Nitra, Hlohovska 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Michalko J, Renner T, Mészáros P, Socha P, Moravčíková J, Blehová A, Libantová J, Polóniová Z, Matušíková I. Molecular characterization and evolution of carnivorous sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) class V β-1,3-glucanase. PLANTA 2017; 245:77-91. [PMID: 27580619 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A gene for β-1,3-glucanase was isolated from carnivorous sundew. It is active in leaves and roots, but not in digestive glands. Analyses in transgenic tobacco suggest its function in germination. Ancestral plant β-1,3-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.39) played a role in cell division and cell wall remodelling, but divergent evolution has extended their roles in plant defense against stresses to decomposition of prey in carnivorous plants. As available gene sequences from carnivorous plants are rare, we isolated a glucanase gene from roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) by a genome walking approach. Computational predictions recognized typical gene features and protein motifs described for other plant β-1,3-glucanases. Phylogenetic reconstructions suggest strong support for evolutionary relatedness to class V β-1,3-glucanases, including homologs that are active in the traps of related carnivorous species. The gene is expressed in sundew vegetative tissues but not in flowers and digestive glands, and encodes for a functional enzyme when expressed in transgenic tobacco. Detailed analyses of the supposed promoter both in silico and in transgenic tobacco suggest that this glucanase plays a role in development. Specific spatiotemporal activity was observed during transgenic seed germination. Later during growth, the sundew promoter was active in marginal and sub-marginal areas of apical true leaf meristems of young tobacco plants. These results suggest that the isolated glucanase gene is regulated endogenously, possibly by auxin. This is the first report on a nuclear gene study from sundew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Michalko
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4614, USA
| | - Patrik Mészáros
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Socha
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravčíková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Alžbeta Blehová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B2, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Polóniová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ildikó Matušíková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic.
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Lee L, Zhang Y, Ozar B, Sensen CW, Schriemer DC. Carnivorous Nutrition in Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes spp.) via an Unusual Complement of Endogenous Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3108-17. [PMID: 27436081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes are carnivorous, using specialized pitfall traps called "pitchers" that attract, capture, and digest insects as a primary source of nutrients. We have used RNA sequencing to generate a cDNA library from the Nepenthes pitchers and applied it to mass spectrometry-based identification of the enzymes secreted into the pitcher fluid using a nonspecific digestion strategy superior to trypsin in this application. This first complete catalog of the pitcher fluid subproteome includes enzymes across a variety of functional classes. The most abundant proteins present in the secreted fluid are proteases, nucleases, peroxidases, chitinases, a phosphatase, and a glucanase. Nitrogen recovery involves a particularly rich complement of proteases. In addition to the two expected aspartic proteases, we discovered three novel nepenthensins, two prolyl endopeptidases that we name neprosins, and a putative serine carboxypeptidase. Additional proteins identified are relevant to pathogen-defense and secretion mechanisms. The full complement of acid-stable enzymes discovered in this study suggests that carnivory in the genus Nepenthes can be sustained by plant-based mechanisms alone and does not absolutely require bacterial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brittany Ozar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christoph W Sensen
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology , Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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46
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Pavlovič A, Krausko M, Adamec L. A carnivorous sundew plant prefers protein over chitin as a source of nitrogen from its traps. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 104:11-16. [PMID: 26998942 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants have evolved in nutrient-poor wetland habitats. They capture arthropod prey, which is an additional source of plant growth limiting nutrients. One of them is nitrogen, which occurs in the form of chitin and proteins in prey carcasses. In this study, the nutritional value of chitin and protein and their digestion traits in the carnivorous sundew Drosera capensis L. were estimated using stable nitrogen isotope abundance. Plants fed on chitin derived 49% of the leaf nitrogen from chitin, while those fed on the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) derived 70% of its leaf nitrogen from this. Moreover, leaf nitrogen content doubled in protein-fed in comparison to chitin-fed plants indicating that the proteins were digested more effectively in comparison to chitin and resulted in significantly higher chlorophyll contents. The surplus chlorophyll and absorbed nitrogen from the protein digestion were incorporated into photosynthetic proteins - the light harvesting antennae of photosystem II. The incorporation of insect nitrogen into the plant photosynthetic apparatus may explain the increased rate of photosynthesis and plant growth after feeding. This general response in many genera of carnivorous plants has been reported in many previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Krausko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Section of Plant Ecology, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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Bemm F, Becker D, Larisch C, Kreuzer I, Escalante-Perez M, Schulze WX, Ankenbrand M, Van de Weyer AL, Krol E, Al-Rasheid KA, Mithöfer A, Weber AP, Schultz J, Hedrich R. Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies. Genome Res 2016; 26:812-25. [PMID: 27197216 PMCID: PMC4889972 DOI: 10.1101/gr.202200.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the concept of botanical carnivory has been known since Darwin's time, the molecular mechanisms that allow animal feeding remain unknown, primarily due to a complete lack of genomic information. Here, we show that the transcriptomic landscape of the Dionaea trap is dramatically shifted toward signal transduction and nutrient transport upon insect feeding, with touch hormone signaling and protein secretion prevailing. At the same time, a massive induction of general defense responses is accompanied by the repression of cell death-related genes/processes. We hypothesize that the carnivory syndrome of Dionaea evolved by exaptation of ancient defense pathways, replacing cell death with nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bemm
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Campus Hubland Nord; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Larisch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Escalante-Perez
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Ankenbrand
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Campus Hubland Nord; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Campus Hubland Nord; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Khaled A Al-Rasheid
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas P Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Campus Hubland Nord; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Bibo-Verdugo B, O'Donoghue AJ, Rojo-Arreola L, Craik CS, García-Carreño F. Complementary Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis of Peptidases in Lobster Gastric Juice Uncovers the Functional Role of Individual Enzymes in Food Digestion. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:201-214. [PMID: 26613762 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans are a diverse group, distributed in widely variable environmental conditions for which they show an equally extensive range of biochemical adaptations. Some digestive enzymes have been studied by purification/characterization approaches. However, global analysis is crucial to understand how digestive enzymes interplay. Here, we present the first proteomic analysis of the digestive fluid from a crustacean (Homarus americanus) and identify glycosidases and peptidases as the most abundant classes of hydrolytic enzymes. The digestion pathway of complex carbohydrates was predicted by comparing the lobster enzymes to similar enzymes from other crustaceans. A novel and unbiased substrate profiling approach was used to uncover the global proteolytic specificity of gastric juice and determine the contribution of cysteine and aspartic acid peptidases. These enzymes were separated by gel electrophoresis and their individual substrate specificities uncovered from the resulting gel bands. This new technique is called zymoMSP. Each cysteine peptidase cleaves a set of unique peptide bonds and the S2 pocket determines their substrate specificity. Finally, affinity chromatography was used to enrich for a digestive cathepsin D1 to compare its substrate specificity and cold-adapted enzymatic properties to mammalian enzymes. We conclude that the H. americanus digestive peptidases may have useful therapeutic applications, due to their cold-adaptation properties and ability to hydrolyze collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Liliana Rojo-Arreola
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Fernando García-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., 23096, Mexico.
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Rottloff S, Miguel S, Biteau F, Nisse E, Hammann P, Kuhn L, Chicher J, Bazile V, Gaume L, Mignard B, Hehn A, Bourgaud F. Proteome analysis of digestive fluids in Nepenthes pitchers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:479-95. [PMID: 26912512 PMCID: PMC4765550 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carnivorous plants have developed strategies to enable growth in nutrient-poor soils. For the genus Nepenthes, this strategy represents producing pitcher-modified leaves that can trap and digest various prey. These pitchers produce a digestive fluid composed of proteins, including hydrolytic enzymes. The focus of this study was on the identification of these proteins. METHODS In order to better characterize and have an overview of these proteins, digestive fluid was sampled from pitchers at different stages of maturity from five species of Nepenthes (N. mirabilis, N. alata, N. sanguinea, N. bicalcarata and N. albomarginata) that vary in their ecological niches and grew under different conditions. Three complementary approaches based on transcriptomic resources, mass spectrometry and in silico analysis were used. KEY RESULTS This study permitted the identification of 29 proteins excreted in the pitchers. Twenty of these proteins were never reported in Nepenthes previously and included serine carboxypeptidases, α- and β-galactosidases, lipid transfer proteins and esterases/lipases. These 20 proteins display sequence signals allowing their secretion into the pitcher fluid. CONCLUSIONS Nepenthes pitcher plants have evolved an arsenal of enzymes to digest prey caught in their traps. The panel of new proteins identified in this study provides new insights into the digestive process of these carnivorous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Rottloff
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Aura Optik GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Str. 6, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sissi Miguel
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Flore Biteau
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Estelle Nisse
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and
| | - Johana Chicher
- Proteomic Platform, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FRC 1589, 15 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg cedex, France and
| | - Vincent Bazile
- Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Laurence Gaume
- Université Montpellier II and CNRS, UMR AMAP: Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes, TA A51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Benoit Mignard
- Plant Advanced Technologies SA, 13 Rue du bois de la Champelle, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France,
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- INRA UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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50
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Böhm J, Scherzer S, Krol E, Kreuzer I, von Meyer K, Lorey C, Mueller TD, Shabala L, Monte I, Solano R, Al-Rasheid KAS, Rennenberg H, Shabala S, Neher E, Hedrich R. The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake. Curr Biol 2016; 26:286-95. [PMID: 26804557 PMCID: PMC4751343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants, such as the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), depend on an animal diet when grown in nutrient-poor soils. When an insect visits the trap and tilts the mechanosensors on the inner surface, action potentials (APs) are fired. After a moving object elicits two APs, the trap snaps shut, encaging the victim. Panicking preys repeatedly touch the trigger hairs over the subsequent hours, leading to a hermetically closed trap, which via the gland-based endocrine system is flooded by a prey-decomposing acidic enzyme cocktail. Here, we asked the question as to how many times trigger hairs have to be stimulated (e.g., now many APs are required) for the flytrap to recognize an encaged object as potential food, thus making it worthwhile activating the glands. By applying a series of trigger-hair stimulations, we found that the touch hormone jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway is activated after the second stimulus, while more than three APs are required to trigger an expression of genes encoding prey-degrading hydrolases, and that this expression is proportional to the number of mechanical stimulations. A decomposing animal contains a sodium load, and we have found that these sodium ions enter the capture organ via glands. We identified a flytrap sodium channel DmHKT1 as responsible for this sodium acquisition, with the number of transcripts expressed being dependent on the number of mechano-electric stimulations. Hence, the number of APs a victim triggers while trying to break out of the trap identifies the moving prey as a struggling Na+-rich animal and nutrition for the plant. Video Abstract
Carnivorous Dionaea muscipula captures and processes nutrient- and sodium-rich prey Via mechano-sensor stimulation, an animal meal is recognized, captured, and processed Mechano-electrical waves induce JA signaling pathways that trigger prey digestion Number of stimulations controls the production of digesting enzymes and uptake modules
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Böhm
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina von Meyer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lorey
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Naturwissenschaftliches Labor für Schüler, Friedrich-Koenig-Gymnasium, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Isabel Monte
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus University Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus University Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Erwin Neher
- Department for Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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