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Chato-Astrain I, Pronot M, Coppola T, Martin S. Molecular Organization and Regulation of the Mammalian Synapse by the Post-Translational Modification SUMOylation. Cells 2024; 13:420. [PMID: 38474384 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission occurs within highly specialized compartments forming the active synapse where the complex organization and dynamics of the interactions are tightly orchestrated both in time and space. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to these spatiotemporal regulations to ensure an efficient synaptic transmission. SUMOylation is a dynamic PTM that modulates the interactions between proteins and consequently regulates the conformation, the distribution and the trafficking of the SUMO-target proteins. SUMOylation plays a crucial role in synapse formation and stabilization, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. In this review, we summarize the molecular consequences of this protein modification in the structural organization and function of the mammalian synapse. We also outline novel activity-dependent regulation and consequences of the SUMO process and explore how this protein modification can functionally participate in the compartmentalization of both pre- and post-synaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Chato-Astrain
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Marie Pronot
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thierry Coppola
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
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2
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Acuña ML, García-Morin A, Orozco-Sepúlveda R, Ontiveros C, Flores A, Diaz AV, Gutiérrez-Zubiate I, Patil AR, Alvarado LA, Roy S, Russell WK, Rosas-Acosta G. Alternative splicing of the SUMO1/2/3 transcripts affects cellular SUMOylation and produces functionally distinct SUMO protein isoforms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2309. [PMID: 36759644 PMCID: PMC9911741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial increases in the conjugation of the main human SUMO paralogs, SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3, are observed upon exposure to different cellular stressors, and such increases are considered important to facilitate cell survival to stress. Despite their critical cellular role, little is known about how the levels of the SUMO modifiers are regulated in the cell, particularly as it relates to the changes observed upon stress. Here we characterize the contribution of alternative splicing towards regulating the expression of the main human SUMO paralogs under normalcy and three different stress conditions, heat-shock, cold-shock, and Influenza A Virus infection. Our data reveal that the normally spliced transcript variants are the predominant mature mRNAs produced from the SUMO genes and that the transcript coding for SUMO2 is by far the most abundant of all. We also provide evidence that alternatively spliced transcripts coding for protein isoforms of the prototypical SUMO proteins, which we refer to as the SUMO alphas, are also produced, and that their abundance and nuclear export are affected by stress in a stress- and cell-specific manner. Additionally, we provide evidence that the SUMO alphas are actively synthesized in the cell as their coding mRNAs are found associated with translating ribosomes. Finally, we provide evidence that the SUMO alphas are functionally different from their prototypical counterparts, with SUMO1α and SUMO2α being non-conjugatable to protein targets, SUMO3α being conjugatable but targeting a seemingly different subset of protein from those targeted by SUMO3, and all three SUMO alphas displaying different cellular distributions from those of the prototypical SUMOs. Thus, alternative splicing appears to be an important contributor to the regulation of the expression of the SUMO proteins and the cellular functions of the SUMOylation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriah L Acuña
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Andrea García-Morin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Rebeca Orozco-Sepúlveda
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Carlos Ontiveros
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Alejandra Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Arely V Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Abhijeet R Patil
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Luis A Alvarado
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Germán Rosas-Acosta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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4
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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5
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Cao Y, Huang C, Zhao X, Yu J. Regulation of SUMOylation on RNA metabolism in cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1137215. [PMID: 36911524 PMCID: PMC9998694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1137215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins play very important roles in regulating RNA metabolism and affect many biological pathways. Here we mainly summarize the crucial functions of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification in RNA metabolism including transcription, splicing, tailing, stability and modification, as well as its impact on the biogenesis and function of microRNA (miRNA) in particular. This review also highlights the current knowledge about SUMOylation regulation in RNA metabolism involved in many cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, which is closely related to tumorigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Bär J, Popp Y, Bucher M, Mikhaylova M. Direct and indirect effects of tubulin post-translational modifications on microtubule stability: Insights and regulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119241. [PMID: 35181405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) mediate various cellular functions such as structural support, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport. To achieve this, the pivotal properties of MTs have to be changeable and tightly controlled. This is enabled by a high variety of tubulin posttranslational modifications, which influence MT properties directly, via altering the MT lattice structurally, or indirectly by changing MT interaction partners. Here, the distinction between these direct and indirect effects of MT PTMs are exemplified by acetylation of the luminal α-tubulin K40 resulting in decreased rigidity of MTs, and by MT detyrosination which decreases interaction with depolymerizing proteins, thus causing more stable MTs. We discuss how these PTMs are reversed and regulated, e.g. on the level of enzyme transcription, localization, and activity via various signalling pathways including the conventional calcium-dependent proteases calpains and how advances in microscopy techniques and development of live-sensors facilitate the understanding of MT PTM interaction and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bär
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yannes Popp
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Bucher
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Santiago-Mujika E, Luthi-Carter R, Giorgini F, Kalaria RN, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Tubulin and Tubulin Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:730107. [PMID: 34776926 PMCID: PMC8586541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two most common forms of dementia in older people. Although these two dementia types differ in their etiology, they share many pathophysiological and morphological features, including neuronal loss, which is associated with the microtubule (MT) destabilization. Stabilization of MTs is achieved in different ways: through interactions with MT binding proteins (MTBP) or by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin. Polyglutamylation and tyrosination are two foremost PTMs that regulate the interaction between MTs and MTBPs, and play, therefore, a role in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize key information on tubulin PTMs in relation to AD and VaD and address the importance of studying further the tubulin code to reveal sites of potential intervention in development of novel and effective dementia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Santiago-Mujika
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Luthi-Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Evington Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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8
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MacTaggart B, Kashina A. Posttranslational modifications of the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:142-173. [PMID: 34152688 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays important roles in many essential processes at the cellular and organismal levels, including cell migration and motility, cell division, and the establishment and maintenance of cell and tissue architecture. In order to facilitate these varied functions, the main cytoskeletal components-microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments-must form highly diverse intracellular arrays in different subcellular areas and cell types. The question of how this diversity is conferred has been the focus of research for decades. One key mechanism is the addition of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to the major cytoskeletal proteins. This posttranslational addition of various chemical groups dramatically increases the complexity of the cytoskeletal proteome and helps facilitate major global and local cytoskeletal functions. Cytoskeletal proteins undergo many PTMs, most of which are not well understood. Recent technological advances in proteomics and cell biology have allowed for the in-depth study of individual PTMs and their functions in the cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview of the major PTMs that occur on the main structural components of the three cytoskeletal systems-tubulin, actin, and intermediate filament proteins-and highlight the cellular function of these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany MacTaggart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Teramura H, Yamada K, Ito K, Kasahara K, Kikuchi T, Kioka N, Fukuda M, Kusano H, Tanaka K, Shimada H. Characterization of novel SUMO family genes in the rice genome. Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:25-32. [PMID: 33731501 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a post-translational modification factor composed of about 100 amino acid residues. Most plant species express a family of SUMO isoforms. We found three novel homologs of rice (Oryza sativa L.) SUMO genes, OsSUMO4, OsSUMO5 and OsSUMO6, in addition to the known SUMO genes OsSUMO1-OsSUMO3. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that rice SUMO genes have diverged considerably during their evolution. All six of these SUMO genes complemented the phenotype of the SUMO-deficient pmt3Δ mutant of fission yeast. Among the amino acid sequences of rice SUMO proteins, consensus motifs (ΨKXE/D) of the SUMO acceptor site were found in OsSUMO3, OsSUMO4, OsSUMO5 and OsSUMO6. The heat shock protein HSF7 is known to be SUMOylated in Arabidopsis thaliana. SUMOylation using a bacterial expression system revealed that the rice HSF7 homolog was modified by the six rice SUMOs, and further suggested that OsSUMO1, OsSUMO3, OsSUMO4 and OsSUMO6 are involved in its multiple SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazuma Yamada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kahori Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Keisuke Kasahara
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tsubasa Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Naoya Kioka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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10
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Boulanger M, Chakraborty M, Tempé D, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. SUMO and Transcriptional Regulation: The Lessons of Large-Scale Proteomic, Modifomic and Genomic Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040828. [PMID: 33562565 PMCID: PMC7915335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One major role of the eukaryotic peptidic post-translational modifier SUMO in the cell is transcriptional control. This occurs via modification of virtually all classes of transcriptional actors, which include transcription factors, transcriptional coregulators, diverse chromatin components, as well as Pol I-, Pol II- and Pol III transcriptional machineries and their regulators. For many years, the role of SUMOylation has essentially been studied on individual proteins, or small groups of proteins, principally dealing with Pol II-mediated transcription. This provided only a fragmentary view of how SUMOylation controls transcription. The recent advent of large-scale proteomic, modifomic and genomic studies has however considerably refined our perception of the part played by SUMO in gene expression control. We review here these developments and the new concepts they are at the origin of, together with the limitations of our knowledge. How they illuminate the SUMO-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that have been characterized thus far and how they impact our view of SUMO-dependent chromatin organization are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Boulanger
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mehuli Chakraborty
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Denis Tempé
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
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11
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Feng W, Liu R, Xie X, Diao L, Gao N, Cheng J, Zhang X, Li Y, Bao L. SUMOylation of α-tubulin is a novel modification regulating microtubule dynamics. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:91-103. [PMID: 33394042 PMCID: PMC8104938 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are regulated by a number of known posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on α/β-tubulin to fulfill diverse cellular functions. Here, we showed that SUMOylation is a novel PTM on α-tubulin in vivo and in vitro. The SUMOylation on α-tubulin mainly occurred at Lys 96 (K96), K166, and K304 of soluble α-tubulin and could be removed by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific peptidase 1. In vitro experiments showed that tubulin SUMOylation could reduce interprotofilament interaction, promote MT catastrophe, and impede MT polymerization. In cells, mutation of the SUMOylation sites on α-tubulin reduced catastrophe frequency and increased the proportion of polymerized α-tubulin, while upregulation of SUMOylation with fusion of SUMO1 reduced α-tubulin assembly into MTs. Additionally, overexpression of SUMOylation-deficient α-tubulin attenuated the neurite extension in Neuro-2a cells. Thus, SUMOylation on α-tubulin represents a new player in the regulation of MT properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory; Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science & Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Biochemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory; Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science & Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yong Li
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Biochemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science/Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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12
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Moutin MJ, Bosc C, Peris L, Andrieux A. Tubulin post-translational modifications control neuronal development and functions. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:253-272. [PMID: 33325152 PMCID: PMC8246997 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are an essential component of the neuronal cytoskeleton; they are involved in various aspects of neuron development, maintenance, and functions including polarization, synaptic plasticity, and transport. Neuronal MTs are highly heterogeneous due to the presence of multiple tubulin isotypes and extensive post‐translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs—most notably detyrosination, acetylation, and polyglutamylation—have emerged as important regulators of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. With this review, we summarize what is currently known about the impact of tubulin PTMs on microtubule dynamics, neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and transport as well as on brain function in normal and pathological conditions, in particular during neuro‐degeneration. The main therapeutic approaches to neuro‐diseases based on the modulation of tubulin PTMs are also summarized. Overall, the review indicates how tubulin PTMs can generate a large number of functionally specialized microtubule sub‐networks, each of which is crucial to specific neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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13
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The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:307-326. [PMID: 32107477 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks: the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of post-translational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We then go on to show how fine-tuning of microtubule function by some tubulin modifications can affect homeostasis and how perturbation of this fine-tuning can lead to a range of dysfunctions, many of which are linked to human disease.
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14
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Shao L, Liu Y, Wang W, Li A, Wan P, Liu W, Shereen MA, Liu F, Zhang W, Tan Q, Wu K, Liu Y, Wu J. SUMO1 SUMOylates and SENP3 deSUMOylates NLRP3 to orchestrate the inflammasome activation. FASEB J 2019; 34:1497-1515. [PMID: 31914638 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901653r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome regulates innate immune and inflammatory responses by promoting caspase1-dependent induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, aberrant inflammasome activation causes diverse diseases, and thus inflammasome activity must be tightly controlled. Here, we reveal a molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 interacts with SUMO-conjugating enzyme (UBC9), which subsequently promotes small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) to catalyze NLRP3 SUMOylation at residue Lys204. SUMO1-catalyzed SUMOylation of NLRP3 facilitates ASC oligomerization, inflammasome activation, and interleukin-1β secretion. Moreover, this study also reveals that SUMO-specific protease 3 (SENP3) is required for the deSUMOylation of NLRP3. Interestingly, SENP3 deSUMOylates NLRP3 to attenuate ASC recruitment and speck formation, the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as well as IL-1β cleavage and secretion. In conclusion, we reveal that SUMO1-catalyzed SUMOylation and SENP3-mediated deSUMOylation of NLRP3 orchestrate the inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Guangdong LongFan Biological Science and Technology Company, Foshan, China
| | - Quiping Tan
- Guangdong LongFan Biological Science and Technology Company, Foshan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Dehnavi S, Sadeghi M, Johnston TP, Barreto G, Shohan M, Sahebkar A. The role of protein SUMOylation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:1-7. [PMID: 31078376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, as a subgroup of post-translational modifiers, act to change the function of proteins. Through their interactions with different targets, immune pathways, and the responses they elicit, can be affected by these SUMO conjugations. Thus, both a change to protein function and involvement in immune pathways has the potential to promote an efficient immune response to either a pathogenic challenge, or the development of an imbalance that could lead to an autoimmune-based disease. Also, a variety of changes such as mutations and polymorphisms can interfere with common functions of these modifications and move an effective immune response in the direction of an autoimmune disease. The present review discusses the general characteristics of SUMO proteins and focuses on their involvement in rheumatoid arthritis as an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - George Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mojtaba Shohan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Orr B, Lopes D, Maiato H. Dissecting the role of the tubulin code in mitosis. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:33-74. [PMID: 29804676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process that takes place in all eukaryotes and involves the equal division of genetic material from a parental cell into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, chromosome movement and segregation are orchestrated by a specialized structure known as the mitotic spindle, composed of a bipolar array of microtubules. The fundamental structure of microtubules comprises of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that associate head-to-tail and laterally to form hollow filaments. In vivo, microtubules are modified by abundant and evolutionarily conserved tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), giving these filaments the potential for a wide chemical diversity. In recent years, the concept of a "tubulin code" has emerged as an extralayer of regulation governing microtubule function. A range of tubulin isoforms, each with a diverse set of PTMs, provides a readable code for microtubule motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. This chapter focuses on the complexity of tubulin PTMs with an emphasis on detyrosination and summarizes the methods currently used in our laboratory to experimentally manipulate these modifications and study their impact in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Danilo Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Gujrati M, Mittal R, Ekal L, Mishra RK. SUMOylation of periplakin is critical for efficient reorganization of keratin filament network. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:357-369. [PMID: 30516430 PMCID: PMC6589569 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of the cytoskeleton and its remodeling are tightly regulated by dynamic reorganization of keratin-rich intermediate filaments. Plakin family proteins associate with the network of intermediate filaments (IFs) and affect its reorganization during migration, differentiation, and response to stress. The smallest plakin, periplakin (PPL), interacts specifically with intermediate filament proteins K8, K18, and vimentin via its C-terminal linker domain. Here, we show that periplakin is SUMOylated at a conserved lysine in its linker domain (K1646) preferentially by small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1). Our data indicate that PPL SUMOylation is essential for the proper reorganization of the keratin IF network. Stresses perturbing intermediate-filament and cytoskeletal architecture induce hyper--SUMOylation of periplakin. Okadaic acid induced hyperphosphorylation-dependent collapse of the keratin IF network results in a similar hyper-SUMOylation of PPL. Strikingly, exogenous overexpression of a non-SUMOylatable periplakin mutant (K1646R) induced aberrant bundling and loose network interconnections of the keratin filaments. Time-lapse imaging of cells expressing the K1646R mutant showed the enhanced sensitivity of keratin filament collapse upon okadaic acid treatment. Our data identify an important regulatory role for periplakin SUMOylation in dynamic reorganization and stability of keratin IFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Gujrati
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Rohit Mittal
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lakhan Ekal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
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18
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Abstract
In this study, we improved the most commonly used methods for MS detection of SUMOylated sites and used an E. coli recombination SUMOylation system with SUMO-1 (T95R). This system provides fast enrichment of SUMOylated viral protein in less than 2 days, and shows advantage over the method of collecting modified protein from cells in convenience and sensitivity. Furthermore, this method provides an option for rapid and accurate identification of the potential viral protein SUMOylation sites.
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19
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Tang B, Zhang CY. The strategies for identification and quantification of SUMOylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6989-6998. [PMID: 28589199 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that plays critical roles in a multitude of cellular processes including transcription, cellular localization, DNA repair and cell cycle progression. Similar to ubiquitin, the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are covalently attached to the epsilon amino group of lysine residues in the substrates. To understand the regulation and the dynamics of post-translational modifications (PTMs), the identification and quantification of SUMOylation is strictly needed. Although numerous proteomic approaches have been developed to identify hundreds of SUMO target proteins, the number of SUMOylation signatures identified from endogenous modified proteins is limited, and the identification of precise acceptor sites remains a challenge due to the low abundance of in vivo SUMO-modified proteins and the high activity of SUMO-specific proteases in cell lysates. In particular, very few sensitive strategies are available for accurate quantification of SUMO target proteins. Within the past decade, mass spectrometry-based strategies have been the most popular technologies for proteome-wide studies of SUMOylation. Recently, some new approaches such as single-molecule detection have been introduced. In this review, we summarize the strategies that have been exploited for enrichment, purification and identification of SUMOylation substrates and acceptor sites as well as ultrasensitive quantification of SUMOylation. We highlight the emerging trends in this field as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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20
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Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers, such as the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that reversibly regulates the function and the stability of target proteins. The SUMO paralogs SUMO1 and SUMO2/3, although sharing a common conjugation pathway, seem to play different roles in the cell. Many regulatory mechanisms, which contribute to SUMO-paralog-specific modification, have emerged. We have recently found that cell environment affects SUMO-paralog-specific sumoylation of HDAC1, whose conjugation to SUMO1 and not to SUMO2 facilitates its protein turnover. Here, we describe how to identify SUMO-paralog-specific conjugation of HDAC1 and how the different expression of SUMO E3 ligases in the cell plays an important role in this mechanism.
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21
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Niskanen EA, Palvimo JJ. Chromatin SUMOylation in heat stress: To protect, pause and organise?: SUMO stress response on chromatin. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28440894 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications, e.g. SUMO modifications (SUMOylation), provide a mechanism for swiftly changing a protein's activity. Various stress conditions trigger a SUMO stress response (SSR) - a stress-induced rapid change in the conjugation of SUMO to multiple proteins, which predominantly targets nuclear proteins. The SSR has been postulated to protect stressed cells by preserving the functionality of crucial proteins. However, it is unclear how it exerts its protective functions. Interestingly, heat stress (HS) increases SUMOylation of proteins at active promoters and enhancers. In promoters, HS-induced SUMOylation correlates with gene transcription and stress-induced RNA polymerase II (Pol2) pausing. Conversely, a disappearance of SUMOylation in HS occurs at chromatin anchor points that maintain chromatin-looping structures and the spatial organisation of chromatin. In reviewing the literature, we hypothesise that the SSR regulates Pol2 pausing by modulating the interactions of pausing-regulating proteins, whereas deSUMOylation alters the function of chromatin anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einari A Niskanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Cai L, Tu J, Song L, Gao Z, Li K, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhong F, Ge R, Qin J, Ding C, He F. Proteome-wide Mapping of Endogenous SUMOylation Sites in Mouse Testis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:717-727. [PMID: 28289178 PMCID: PMC5417816 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.062125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification involved in various critical biological processes. To date, there is limited approach for endogenous wild-type SUMO-modified peptides enrichment and SUMOylation sites identification. In this study, we generated a high-affinity SUMO1 antibody to facilitate the enrichment of endogenous SUMO1-modified peptides from Trypsin/Lys-C protease digestion. Following secondary Glu-C protease digestion, we identified 53 high-confidence SUMO1-modified sites from mouse testis by using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analyses showed that SUMO1-modified proteins were enriched in transcription regulation and DNA repair. Nab1 was validated to be an authentic SUMOylated protein and Lys479 was identified to be the major SUMOylation site. The SUMOylation of Nab1 enhanced its interaction with HDAC2 and maintained its inhibitory effect on EGR1 transcriptional activity. Therefore, we provided a novel approach to investigating endogenous SUMOylation sites in tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cai
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Tu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lei Song
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kai Li
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yunzhi Wang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Zhong
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Ge
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Qin
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Ding
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; .,§State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fuchu He
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; .,§State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX center, Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
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23
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Monribot-Villanueva J, Zurita M, Vázquez M. Developmental transcriptional regulation by SUMOylation, an evolving field. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 27935206 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational protein modification that affects the intracellular localization, stability, activity, and interactions of its protein targets. The SUMOylation pathway influences several nuclear and cytoplasmic processes. The expression of many genes, in particular those involved in development is finely tuned in space and time by several groups of proteins. There is growing evidence that transcriptional regulation mechanisms involve direct SUMOylation of transcriptional-related proteins such as initiation and elongation factors, and subunits of chromatin modifier and remodeling complexes originally described as members of the trithorax and Polycomb groups in Drosophila. Therefore, it is being unveiled that SUMOylation has a role in both, gene silencing and gene activation mechanisms. The goal of this review is to discuss the information on how SUMO modification in components of these multi-subunit complexes may have an effect in genome architecture and function and, therefore, in the regulation of gene expression in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Monribot-Villanueva
- Departamento de Fisiología Molecular y Genética del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Mario Zurita
- Departamento de Fisiología Molecular y Genética del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Martha Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología Molecular y Genética del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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24
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Jin L, Shen K, Chen T, Yu W, Zhang H. SUMO-1 Gene Silencing Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:987-998. [DOI: 10.1159/000460836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that blocking small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation by silencing SUMO gene remarkably decreased tumor growth in vivo. However, few studies have examined the relationship between SUMO gene silencing and gastric cancer (GC). The study aims to explore the effects of SUMO-1 gene silencing on GC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Methods: GC cells were cultured and divided into 5 groups: the blank group (without any transfection or treatment), the empty vector group (transfected with empty vector), the shRNA-SUMO-1-1 group (transfected with shRNA-SUMO-1-1 plasmid), the shRNA-SUMO-1-2 group (transfected with shRNA-SUMO-1-2 plasmid), and the shRNA-SUMO-1-3 group (transfected with shRNA-SUMO-1-3 plasmid). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to examine cell proliferation. Annexin V/PI staining combined with flow cytometry were used to detect cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were employed to measure the mRNA and protein expressions of SUMO-1, P53, Bcl-2 and c-myc, respectively. Results: SUMO-1 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased after transfecting with shRNA-SUMO-1. Compared with the blank group, the shRNA-SUMO-1-1 group presented a remarkable decreased proliferation of SGC-7901 cells. Significant increase in cell apoptosis rate was observed. Bcl-2, c-myc and P53 expressions were declined after transfecting with shRNA-SUMO plasmid. Conclusion: Our study provided evidence that SUMO-1 gene silencing could decrease proliferation and promote apoptosis in GC cells.
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25
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Abstract
Cohesin is a protein complex with key roles in chromosome biology, from chromatid segregation to DNA repair. Cohesin function is regulated by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation. Recent studies have shown that cohesin SUMOylation is essential for sister chromatid cohesion during normal cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. Posttranslational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a field in expansion, however, detecting SUMOylation can be challenging because the amount of modified substrates are usually low and de-conjugation during sample preparation often occurs. In this chapter we describe a method that can be adapted to different model organisms, and substrates to detect SUMOylation. We focus on cohesin and show that SUMOylation indeed occurs in most of the subunits of budding yeast cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelino Bermúdez-López
- Cell Cycle Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Luis Aragón
- Cell Cycle Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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26
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Richard P, Vethantham V, Manley JL. Roles of Sumoylation in mRNA Processing and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:15-33. [PMID: 28197904 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SUMO has gained prominence as a regulator in a number of cellular processes. The roles of sumoylation in RNA metabolism, however, while considerable, remain less well understood. In this chapter we have assembled data from proteomic analyses, localization studies and key functional studies to extend SUMO's role to the area of mRNA processing and metabolism. Proteomic analyses have identified multiple putative sumoylation targets in complexes functioning in almost all aspects of mRNA metabolism, including capping, splicing and polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Possible regulatory roles for SUMO have emerged in pre-mRNA 3' processing, where SUMO influences the functions of polyadenylation factors and activity of the entire complex. SUMO is also involved in regulating RNA editing and RNA binding by hnRNP proteins, and recent reports have suggested the involvement of the SUMO pathway in mRNA export. Together, these reports suggest that SUMO is involved in regulation of many aspects of mRNA metabolism and hold the promise for exciting future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Richard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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Abstract
Reversible post-translational modification is a rapid and efficient system to control the activity of pre-existing proteins. Modifiers range from small chemical moieties, such as phosphate groups, to proteins themselves as the modifier. The patriarch of the protein modifiers is ubiquitin which plays a central role in protein degradation and protein targeting. Over the last 20 years, the ubiquitin family has expanded to include a variety of ubiquitin-related small modifier proteins that are all covalently attached to a lysine residue on target proteins via series of enzymatic reactions. Of these more recently discovered ubiquitin-like proteins, the SUMO family has gained prominence as a major regulatory component that impacts numerous aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and response to stress. Unlike ubiquitinylation which often leads to proteins turn over, sumoylation performs a variety of function such as altering protein stability, modulating protein trafficking, directing protein-protein interactions, and regulating protein activity. This chapter will introduce the basic properties of SUMO proteins and the general tenets of sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van G Wilson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 8447 HWY 47, Bryan, TX, 77807-1359, USA.
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28
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Di Genova BM, da Silva RC, da Cunha JPC, Gargantini PR, Mortara RA, Tonelli RR. Protein SUMOylation is Involved in Cell-cycle Progression and Cell Morphology in Giardia lamblia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:491-503. [PMID: 27864857 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protozoa Giardia lamblia is a food- and waterborne parasite that causes giardiasis. This illness is manifested as acute and self-limited diarrhea and can evolve to long-term complications. Successful establishment of infection by Giardia trophozoites requires adhesion to host cells and colonization of the small intestine, where parasites multiply by mitotic division. The tight binding of trophozoites to host cells occurs by means of the ventral adhesive disc, a spiral array of microtubules and associated proteins such as giardins. In this work we show that knock down of the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) results in less adhesive trophzoites, decreased cell proliferation and deep morphological alterations, including at the ventral disc. Consistent with the reduced proliferation, SUMO knocked-down trophozoites were arrested in G1 and in S phases of the cell cycle. Mass spectrometry analysis of anti-SUMO immunoprecipitates was performed to identify SUMO substrates possibly involved in these events. Among the identified SUMOylation targets, α-tubulin was further validated by Western blot and confirmed to be a SUMO target in Giardia trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Di Genova
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard C da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia P C da Cunha
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Centro de Toxinas, Resposta Imune e Sinalização Celular - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Gargantini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Armada Argentina 3555., X5016DHK, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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29
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DJ-1 protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating mitochondrial fission. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:56-66. [PMID: 27108530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicates that DJ-1 plays a role in the cellular response to stress. Here, we aimed to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating the actions of DJ-1 in the heart following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In response to I/R injury, DJ-1 KO mice displayed increased areas of infarction and worsened left ventricular function when compared to WT mice, confirming a protective role for DJ-1 in the heart. In an effort to evaluate the potential mechanism(s) responsible for the increased injury in DJ-1 KO mice, we focused on SUMOylation, a post-translational modification process that regulates various aspects of protein function. DJ-1 KO hearts after I/R injury were found to display enhanced accumulation of SUMO-1 modified proteins and reduced SUMO-2/3 modified proteins. Further analysis, revealed that the protein expression of the de-SUMOylation enzyme SENP1 was reduced, whereas the expression of SENP5 was enhanced in DJ-1 KO hearts after I/R injury. Finally, DJ-1 KO hearts were found to display enhanced SUMO-1 modification of dynamin-related protein 1, excessive mitochondrial fission, and dysfunctional mitochondria. Our data demonstrates that the activation of DJ-1 in response to myocardial I/R injury protects the heart by regulating the SUMOylation status of Drp1 and attenuating excessive mitochondrial fission.
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Lee A, Oh JG, Gorski PA, Hajjar RJ, Kho C. Post-translational Modifications in Heart Failure: Small Changes, Big Impact. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:319-24. [PMID: 26795636 PMCID: PMC4775300 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex disease process with various aetiologies and is a significant cause of morbidity and death world-wide. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) alter protein structure and provide functional diversity in terms of physiological functions of the heart. In addition, alterations in protein PTMs have been implicated in human disease pathogenesis. Small ubiquitin-like modifier mediated modification (SUMOylation) pathway was found to play essential roles in cardiac development and function. Abnormal SUMOylation has emerged as a new feature of heart failure pathology. In this review, we will highlight the importance of SUMOylation as a regulatory mechanism of SERCA2a function, and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jae Gyun Oh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Przemek A Gorski
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Changwon Kho
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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31
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Tirard M, Brose N. Systematic Localization and Identification of SUMOylation Substrates in Knock-In Mice Expressing Affinity-Tagged SUMO1. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1475:291-301. [PMID: 27631813 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6358-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a posttranslational protein modification that is emerging as a key regulatory process in neurobiology. To date, however, SUMOylation in vivo has only been studied cursorily. Knock-in mice expressing His6-HA-SUMO1 from the Sumo1 locus allow for the highly specific localization and identification of endogenous SUMO1 substrates under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. By making use of the HA-tag and using wild-type mice for highly stringent negative control samples, SUMO1 targets can be specifically localized in and purified from cultured mouse nerve cells and mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Tirard
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Ahner A, Gong X, Frizzell RA. Divergent signaling via SUMO modification: potential for CFTR modulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C175-80. [PMID: 26582473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is generally responsible for the cAMP/PKA regulated anion conductance at the apical membranes of secretory epithelial cells. Mutations in CFTR underlie cystic fibrosis (CF), in which the most common variant, F508del, causes protein misfolding and its proteasome-mediated degradation. A new pathway that contributes to mutant CFTR degradation is mediated by the small heat shock protein, Hsp27, which cooperates with Ubc9, the E2 enzyme for SUMOylation, to selectively conjugate mutant CFTR with SUMO-2/3. This SUMO paralog can form polychains, which are recognized by the ubiquitin E3 enzyme, RNF4, leading to CFTR ubiquitylation and recognition by the proteasome. We found also that F508del CFTR could be modified by SUMO-1, a paralog that does not support SUMO polychain formation. The use of different SUMO paralogs to modify and target a single substrate for divergent purposes is not uncommon. In this short review we discuss the possibility that conjugation with SUMO-1 could protect mutant CFTR from disposal by RNF4 and similar ubiquitin ligases. We hypothesize that such a pathway could contribute to therapeutic efforts to stabilize immature mutant CFTR and thereby enhance the action of therapeutics that correct CFTR trafficking to the apical membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ahner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoyan Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond A Frizzell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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33
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Ureña E, Pirone L, Chafino S, Pérez C, Sutherland JD, Lang V, Rodriguez MS, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Blanco FJ, Barrio R, Martín D. Evolution of SUMO Function and Chain Formation in Insects. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:568-84. [PMID: 26538142 PMCID: PMC4866545 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation, the covalent binding of Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) to target proteins, is a posttranslational modification that regulates critical cellular processes in eukaryotes. In insects, SUMOylation has been studied in holometabolous species, particularly in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, which contains a single SUMO gene (smt3). This has led to the assumption that insects contain a single SUMO gene. However, the analysis of insect genomes shows that basal insects contain two SUMO genes, orthologous to vertebrate SUMO1 and SUMO2/3. Our phylogenetical analysis reveals that the SUMO gene has been duplicated giving rise to SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 families early in Metazoan evolution, and that later in insect evolution the SUMO1 gene has been lost after the Hymenoptera divergence. To explore the consequences of this loss, we have examined the characteristics and different biological functions of the two SUMO genes (SUMO1 and SUMO3) in the hemimetabolous cockroach Blattella germanica and compared them with those of Drosophila Smt3. Here, we show that the metamorphic role of the SUMO genes is evolutionary conserved in insects, although there has been a regulatory switch from SUMO1 in basal insects to SUMO3 in more derived ones. We also show that, unlike vertebrates, insect SUMO3 proteins cannot form polySUMO chains due to the loss of critical lysine residues within the N-terminal part of the protein. Furthermore, the formation of polySUMO chains by expression of ectopic human SUMO3 has a deleterious effect in Drosophila. These findings contribute to the understanding of the functional consequences of the evolution of SUMO genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Ureña
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Pirone
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Silvia Chafino
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coralia Pérez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Valérie Lang
- Cancer Unit, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J Blanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosa Barrio
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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Chicooree N, Unwin RD, Griffiths JR. The application of targeted mass spectrometry-based strategies to the detection and localization of post-translational modifications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:595-626. [PMID: 24737647 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes some of the more interesting and imaginative ways in which mass spectrometry has been utilized to study a number of important post-translational modifications over the past two decades; from circa 1990 to 2013. A diverse range of modifications is covered, including citrullination, sulfation, hydroxylation and sumoylation. A summary of the biological role of each modification described, along with some brief mechanistic detail, is also included. Emphasis has been placed on strategies specifically aimed at detecting target modifications, as opposed to more serendipitous modification discovery approaches, which rely upon straightforward product ion scanning methods. The authors have intentionally excluded from this review both phosphorylation and glycosylation since these major modifications have been extensively reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Chicooree
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9SU, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Griffiths
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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35
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Groebner JL, Tuma PL. The Altered Hepatic Tubulin Code in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2140-59. [PMID: 26393662 PMCID: PMC4598792 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that lead to the progression of alcoholic liver disease have been actively examined for decades. Because the hepatic microtubule cytoskeleton supports innumerable cellular processes, it has been the focus of many such mechanistic studies. It has long been appreciated that α-tubulin is a major target for modification by highly reactive ethanol metabolites and reactive oxygen species. It is also now apparent that alcohol exposure induces post-translational modifications that are part of the natural repertoire, mainly acetylation. In this review, the modifications of the "tubulin code" are described as well as those adducts by ethanol metabolites. The potential cellular consequences of microtubule modification are described with a focus on alcohol-induced defects in protein trafficking and enhanced steatosis. Possible mechanisms that can explain hepatic dysfunction are described and how this relates to the onset of liver injury is discussed. Finally, we propose that agents that alter the cellular acetylation state may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Groebner
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Pamela L Tuma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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36
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Sakin V, Richter SM, Hsiao HH, Urlaub H, Melchior F. Sumoylation of the GTPase Ran by the RanBP2 SUMO E3 Ligase Complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23589-602. [PMID: 26251516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SUMO E3 ligase complex RanBP2/RanGAP1*SUMO1/Ubc9 localizes at cytoplasmic nuclear pore complex (NPC) filaments and is a docking site in nucleocytoplasmic transport. RanBP2 has four Ran binding domains (RBDs), two of which flank RanBP2's E3 ligase region. We thus wondered whether the small GTPase Ran is a target for RanBP2-dependent sumoylation. Indeed, Ran is sumoylated both by a reconstituted and the endogenous RanBP2 complex in semi-permeabilized cells. Generic inhibition of SUMO isopeptidases or depletion of the SUMO isopeptidase SENP1 enhances sumoylation of Ran in semi-permeabilized cells. As Ran is typically associated with transport receptors, we tested the influence of Crm1, Imp β, Transportin, and NTF2 on Ran sumoylation. Surprisingly, all inhibited Ran sumoylation. Mapping Ran sumoylation sites revealed that transport receptors may simply block access of the E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9, however the acceptor lysines are perfectly accessible in Ran/NTF2 complexes. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that NTF2 prevents sumoylation by reducing RanGDP's affinity to RanBP2's RBDs to undetectable levels. Taken together, our findings indicate that RanGDP and not RanGTP is the physiological target for the RanBP2 SUMO E3 ligase complex. Recognition requires interaction of Ran with RanBP2's RBDs, which is prevented by the transport factor NTF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Sakin
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ, ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Richter
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ, ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - He-Hsuan Hsiao
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ, ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany,
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37
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Bish R, Cuevas-Polo N, Cheng Z, Hambardzumyan D, Munschauer M, Landthaler M, Vogel C. Comprehensive Protein Interactome Analysis of a Key RNA Helicase: Detection of Novel Stress Granule Proteins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1441-66. [PMID: 26184334 PMCID: PMC4598758 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX6 (p54/RCK) is a human RNA helicase with central roles in mRNA decay and translation repression. To help our understanding of how DDX6 performs these multiple functions, we conducted the first unbiased, large-scale study to map the DDX6-centric protein-protein interactome using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Using DDX6 as bait, we identify a high-confidence and high-quality set of protein interaction partners which are enriched for functions in RNA metabolism and ribosomal proteins. The screen is highly specific, maximizing the number of true positives, as demonstrated by the validation of 81% (47/58) of the RNA-independent interactors through known functions and interactions. Importantly, we minimize the number of indirect interaction partners through use of a nuclease-based digestion to eliminate RNA. We describe eleven new interactors, including proteins involved in splicing which is an as-yet unknown role for DDX6. We validated and characterized in more detail the interaction of DDX6 with Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 2 (NUFIP2) and with two previously uncharacterized proteins, FAM195A and FAM195B (here referred to as granulin-1 and granulin-2, or GRAN1 and GRAN2). We show that NUFIP2, GRAN1, and GRAN2 are not P-body components, but re-localize to stress granules upon exposure to stress, suggesting a function in translation repression in the cellular stress response. Using a complementary analysis that resolved DDX6's multiple complex memberships, we further validated these interaction partners and the presence of splicing factors. As DDX6 also interacts with the E3 SUMO ligase TIF1β, we tested for and observed a significant enrichment of sumoylation amongst DDX6's interaction partners. Our results represent the most comprehensive screen for direct interaction partners of a key regulator of RNA life cycle and localization, highlighting new stress granule components and possible DDX6 functions-many of which are likely conserved across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bish
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Nerea Cuevas-Polo
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- The Cleveland Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Mathias Munschauer
- RNA Biology and Post-Transcriptional Regulation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin 13092, Germany.
| | - Markus Landthaler
- RNA Biology and Post-Transcriptional Regulation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin 13092, Germany.
| | - Christine Vogel
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Uda M, Kawasaki H, Iizumi K, Shigenaga A, Baba T, Naito H, Yoshioka T, Yamakura F. Sumoylated α-skeletal muscle actin in the skeletal muscle of adult rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:59-66. [PMID: 26169987 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are composed of two major muscle fiber types: slow-twitch oxidative fibers and fast-twitch glycolytic fibers. The proteins in these muscle fibers are known to differ in their expression, relative abundance, and post-translational modifications. In this study, we report a previously unreported post-translational modification of α-skeletal muscle actin in the skeletal muscles of adult male F344 rats in vivo. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), we first examined the differences in the protein expression profiles between the soleus and plantaris muscles. We found higher intensity protein spots at approximately 60 kDa and pH 9 on 2D-PAGE for the soleus muscle compared with the plantaris muscle. These spots were identified as α-skeletal muscle actin by liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and western blot analyses. In addition, we found that the 60 kDa α-skeletal muscle actin is modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) 1, using 2D-PAGE and western blot analyses. Furthermore, we found that α-skeletal muscle actin with larger molecular weight was localized in the nuclear and cytosol of the skeletal muscle, but not in the myofibrillar fraction by the combination of subcellular fractionation and western blot analyses. These results suggest that α-skeletal muscle actin is modified by SUMO-1 in the skeletal muscles, localized in nuclear and cytosolic fractions, and the extent of this modification is much higher in the slow muscles than in the fast muscles. This is the first study to show the presence of SUMOylated actin in animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Uda
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan.,Faculty of Nursing, Hirosaki Gakuin University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawasaki
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Iizumi
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Japan
| | - Ayako Shigenaga
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Inzai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Inzai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Inzai, Japan
| | | | - Fumiyuki Yamakura
- Department of Chemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, Inzai, Japan.
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39
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Xu HD, Shi SP, Chen X, Qiu JD. Systematic Analysis of the Genetic Variability That Impacts SUMO Conjugation and Their Involvement in Human Diseases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10900. [PMID: 26154679 PMCID: PMC4495600 DOI: 10.1038/srep10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein function has been observed to rely on select essential sites instead of requiring all sites to be indispensable. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation or sumoylation, which is a highly dynamic reversible process and its outcomes are extremely diverse, ranging from changes in localization to altered activity and, in some cases, stability of the modified, has shown to be especially valuable in cellular biology. Motivated by the significance of SUMO conjugation in biological processes, we report here on the first exploratory assessment whether sumoylation related genetic variability impacts protein functions as well as the occurrence of diseases related to SUMO. Here, we defined the SUMOAMVR as sumoylation related amino acid variations that affect sumoylation sites or enzymes involved in the process of connectivity, and categorized four types of potential SUMOAMVRs. We detected that 17.13% of amino acid variations are potential SUMOAMVRs and 4.83% of disease mutations could lead to SUMOAMVR with our system. More interestingly, the statistical analysis demonstrates that the amino acid variations that directly create new potential lysine sumoylation sites are more likely to cause diseases. It can be anticipated that our method can provide more instructive guidance to identify the mechanisms of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Dong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Shao-Ping Shi
- Department of Mathematics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P.R.China [2] Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang College, Pingxiang 337055, P.R.China
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Alonso A, Greenlee M, Matts J, Kline J, Davis KJ, Miller RK. Emerging roles of sumoylation in the regulation of actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:305-39. [PMID: 26033929 PMCID: PMC5049490 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a powerful regulatory system that controls many of the critical processes in the cell, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, and DNA replication. Recently, new functions for SUMO have begun to emerge. SUMO is covalently attached to components of each of the four major cytoskeletal networks, including microtubule-associated proteins, septins, and intermediate filaments, in addition to nuclear actin and actin-regulatory proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms by which this signal transduction system controls the cytoskeleton is still in its infancy. One story that is beginning to unfold is that SUMO may regulate the microtubule motor protein dynein by modification of its adaptor Lis1. In other instances, cytoskeletal elements can both bind to SUMO non-covalently and also be conjugated by it. The molecular mechanisms for many of these new functions are not yet clear, but are under active investigation. One emerging model links the function of MAP sumoylation to protein degradation through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases, also known as STUbL enzymes. Other possible functions for cytoskeletal sumoylation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jessica Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Kayla J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Rita K. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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Ye K, Zhang X, Ni J, Liao S, Tu X. Identification of enzymes involved in SUMOylation in Trypanosoma brucei. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10097. [PMID: 25959766 PMCID: PMC4426598 DOI: 10.1038/srep10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a reversible post-translational protein modifier, plays important roles in diverse cellular mechanisms. Three enzymes, E1 (activating enzyme), E2 (conjugating enzyme) and E3 (ligase), are involved in SUMO modification. SUMOylation system and process in higher eukaryotes have been well studied. However, in protozoa, such as Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), these remain poorly understood. Herein, we identified the E1 (TbAos1/TbUba2) and E2 (TbUbc9) enzymes of SUMOylation pathway in T. brucei by sequence analysis and GST pull-down assay. Furthermore, we successfully reconstructed the SUMOylation system in vitro with recombinant enzymes. Using this system, the active site of TbUba2 and TbUbc9 was revealed to be located at Cys343 and Cys132, respectively, and a centrin homologue (TbCentrin3) was identified to be a target of SUMOylation in T. brucei. Altogether, our results demonstrate that TbAos1/TbUba2 and TbUbc9 are the bona fide E1 and E2 enzymes of the SUMOylation system in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- 1] School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, P.R. China [2] Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shanhui Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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Abstract
Microtubules give rise to intracellular structures with diverse morphologies and dynamics that are crucial for cell division, motility, and differentiation. They are decorated with abundant and chemically diverse posttranslational modifications that modulate their stability and interactions with cellular regulators. These modifications are important for the biogenesis and maintenance of complex microtubule arrays such as those found in spindles, cilia, neuronal processes, and platelets. Here we discuss the nature and subcellular distribution of these posttranslational marks whose patterns have been proposed to constitute a tubulin code that is interpreted by cellular effectors. We review the enzymes responsible for writing the tubulin code, explore their functional consequences, and identify outstanding challenges in deciphering the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Yu
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and
| | - Christopher P Garnham
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- From the Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, and NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Tu J, Chen Y, Cai L, Xu C, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang C, Zhao J, Cheng J, Xie H, Zhong F, He F. Functional Proteomics Study Reveals SUMOylation of TFII-I is Involved in Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2385-97. [PMID: 25869096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation has emerged as a new regulatory mechanism for proteins involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, the detailed function of SUMOylation in liver cancer is still elusive. This study reveals that the SUMOylation-activating enzyme UBA2 is highly expressed in liver cancer cells and clinical samples. Silencing of UBA2 expression could to some extent suppress cell proliferation. To elucidate the function of UBA2, we used a large scale proteomics strategy to identify SUMOylation targets in HepG2 cells. We characterized 827 potential SUMO1-modified proteins that were not present in the control samples. These proteins were enriched in gene expression processes. Twelve candidates were validated as SUMO1-modified proteins by immunoprecipitation-Western blotting. We further characterized SUMOylated protein TFII-I that was identified in this study and determined that TFII-I was modified by SUMO1 at K221 and K240. PIAS4 was an E3 ligase for TFII-I SUMOylation, and SENP2 was responsible for deSUMOylating TFII-I in HepG2 cells. SUMOylation reduced TFII-I binding to its repressor HDAC3 and thus promoted its transcriptional activity. We further show that SUMOylation is critical for TFII-I to promote cell proliferation and colony formation. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of SUMOylation in liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tu
- †Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yalan Chen
- ∥Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lili Cai
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Changming Xu
- #College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,§Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- ∥Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- #College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Fan Zhong
- ‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,§Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fuchu He
- †Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,‡Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,⊥State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
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HIF-1α SUMOylation affects the stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in human lens epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1279-90. [PMID: 25877955 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High blood glucose can induce oxidative damage and result in diabetic cataract. Oxidative stress induces various signal pathways including HIF-1α transcriptional signal to attenuate the damage of lenses. Whether HIF-1α SUMOylation can increase the activation of HIF-1α or if high glucose can affect the SUMOylation of HIF-1α in cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) is still unknown, as well as the function of HIF-1α SUMOylation in oxidative damage induced by high glucose in HLECs. In the present study, we examined SUMO and SUMO E3 (Cbx4 and PIASy) expression induced by high glucose, and investigated SUMO or SUMO E3 overexpression that enhanced HIF-1α SUMOylation in HLECs. METHODS SRA01/04 cells, one kind of human lens epithelial cell line, were addressed in media with 5.5 mmol/l (normal control group), 25 mmol/l (high glucose1 group) and 50 mmol/l (high glucose2 group) final glucose respectively. Expression of SUMO1 ~ 4, Cbx4, PIASy, HIF-1α, GLUT1, and VEGFA were detected in the mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Protein expression localization and co-localization were examined by immunofluorescence and co-immunofluorescence. The effects of SUMO overexpression, SUMO E3 overexpression, and Proteasome inhibitor MG132 respectively on the stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α were analyzed by immunoblot. RESULTS High glucose treatment induced SUMO1-4 expression and enhanced the expression of Cbx4 and PIASy. It also increased the expression of HIF-1α, GLUT1, and VEGFA. The co-localization of HIF-1α and SUMO was mainly in the nucleus induced by high glucose. Further studies showed that SUMO overexpression or SUMO E3 overexpression could enhance HIF-1α stability and transcriptional activity in HLECs. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 protected the stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in the SRA01/04 cells. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1α SUMOylation affected the stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in cultured human lens epithelial cells; SUMO overexpression or SUMO E3 overexpression enhanced the expression of HIF-1α, which is involved in inhibiting cell apoptosis and protecting lens opacification, and presumably plays a key role in protecting lenses from diabetic cataract.
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Ge L, Zhu MM, Yang JY, Wang F, Zhang R, Zhang JH, Shen J, Tian HF, Wu CF. Differential proteomic analysis of the anti-depressive effects of oleamide in a rat chronic mild stress model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 131:77-86. [PMID: 25641667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder, and its etiology and pathophysiology are not completely understood. Depression involves changes in many biogenic amine, neuropeptide, and oxidative systems, as well as alterations in neuroendocrine function and immune-inflammatory pathways. Oleamide is a fatty amide which exhibits pharmacological effects leading to hypnosis, sedation, and anti-anxiety effects. In the present study, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model was used to investigate the antidepressant-like activity of oleamide. Rats were exposed to 10weeks of CMS or control conditions and were then subsequently treated with 2weeks of daily oleamide (5mg/kg, i.p.), fluoxetine (10mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle. Protein extracts from the hippocampus were then collected, and hippocampal maps were generated by way of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Altered proteins induced by CMS and oleamide were identified through mass spectrometry and database searches. Compared to the control group, the CMS rats exhibited significantly less body weight gain and decreased sucrose consumption. Treatment with oleamide caused a reversal of the CMS-induced deficit in sucrose consumption. In the proteomic analysis, 12 protein spots were selected and identified. CMS increased the levels of adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (AK1), nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDKB), histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1), acyl-protein thioesterase 2 (APT-2), and glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4). Compared to the CMS samples, seven spots changed significantly following treatment with oleamide, including GSTA4, glutathione S-transferase A6 (GSTA6), GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (Ran-GTP), ATP synthase subunit d, transgelin-3, small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A1). Of these seven proteins, the level of eIF5A1 was up-regulated, whereas the remaining proteins were down-regulated. In conclusion, oleamide has antidepressant-like properties in the CMS rat model. The identification of proteins altered by CMS and oleamide treatment provides support for targeting these proteins in the development of novel therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jing-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jing-Hai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Central Laboratory, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Hui-Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Central Laboratory, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, PR China
| | - Chun-Fu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Regulation of synaptic plasticity and cognition by SUMO in normal physiology and Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7190. [PMID: 25448527 PMCID: PMC4250909 DOI: 10.1038/srep07190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory and the underlying cellular correlate, long-term synaptic plasticity, involve regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Here we demonstrate that conjugation with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a novel PTM required for normal synaptic and cognitive functioning. Acute inhibition of SUMOylation impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampal-dependent learning. Since Alzheimer's disease (AD) prominently features both synaptic and PTM dysregulation, we investigated SUMOylation under pathology induced by amyloid-β (Aβ), a primary neurotoxic molecule implicated in AD. We observed that SUMOylation is dysregulated in both human AD brain tissue and the Tg2576 transgenic AD mouse model. While neuronal activation normally induced upregulation of SUMOylation, this effect was impaired by Aβ42 oligomers. However, supplementing SUMOylation via transduction of its conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, rescued Aβ-induced deficits in LTP and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Our data establish SUMO as a novel regulator of LTP and hippocampal-dependent cognition and additionally implicate SUMOylation impairments in AD pathogenesis.
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47
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Song Y, Brady ST. Post-translational modifications of tubulin: pathways to functional diversity of microtubules. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:125-36. [PMID: 25468068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin and microtubules are subject to a remarkable number of post-translational modifications. Understanding the roles these modifications play in determining the functions and properties of microtubules has presented a major challenge that is only now being met. Many of these modifications are found concurrently, leading to considerable diversity in cellular microtubules, which varies with development, differentiation, cell compartment, and cell cycle. We now know that post-translational modifications of tubulin affect, not only the dynamics of the microtubules, but also their organization and interaction with other cellular components. Many early suggestions of how post-translational modifications affect microtubules have been replaced with new ideas and even new modifications as our understanding of cellular microtubule diversity comes into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Song
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 065105, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 808 S. Wood St., Rm 578 (M/C 512), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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48
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Bursomanno S, Beli P, Khan AM, Minocherhomji S, Wagner SA, Bekker-Jensen S, Mailand N, Choudhary C, Hickson ID, Liu Y. Proteome-wide analysis of SUMO2 targets in response to pathological DNA replication stress in human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 25:84-96. [PMID: 25497329 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a form of post-translational modification involving covalent attachment of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) polypeptides to specific lysine residues in the target protein. In human cells, there are four SUMO proteins, SUMO1-4, with SUMO2 and SUMO3 forming a closely related subfamily. SUMO2/3, in contrast to SUMO1, are predominantly involved in the cellular response to certain stresses, including heat shock. Substantial evidence from studies in yeast has shown that SUMOylation plays an important role in the regulation of DNA replication and repair. Here, we report a proteomic analysis of proteins modified by SUMO2 in response to DNA replication stress in S phase in human cells. We have identified a panel of 22 SUMO2 targets with increased SUMOylation during DNA replication stress, many of which play key functions within the DNA replication machinery and/or in the cellular response to DNA damage. Interestingly, POLD3 was found modified most significantly in response to a low dose aphidicolin treatment protocol that promotes common fragile site (CFS) breakage. POLD3 is the human ortholog of POL32 in budding yeast, and has been shown to act during break-induced recombinational repair. We have also shown that deficiency of POLD3 leads to an increase in RPA-bound ssDNA when cells are under replication stress, suggesting that POLD3 plays a role in the cellular response to DNA replication stress. Considering that DNA replication stress is a source of genome instability, and that excessive replication stress is a hallmark of pre-neoplastic and tumor cells, our characterization of SUMO2 targets during a perturbed S-phase should provide a valuable resource for future functional studies in the fields of DNA metabolism and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bursomanno
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Beli
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Asif M Khan
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian A Wagner
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Department of Disease Biology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Department of Disease Biology, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Molecular Oncology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Molecular Oncology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently, the properties and architecture of microtubules are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite this conservation, tubulin is subject to heterogeneity that is generated in two ways: by the expression of different tubulin isotypes and by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Identifying the mechanisms that generate and control tubulin heterogeneity and how this heterogeneity affects microtubule function are long-standing goals in the field. Recent work on tubulin PTMs has shed light on how these modifications could contribute to a “tubulin code” that coordinates the complex functions of microtubules in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, 91405 Orsay, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 3306, 91405 Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, 91405 Orsay, France Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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50
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Yang W, Paschen W. SUMO proteomics to decipher the SUMO-modified proteome regulated by various diseases. Proteomics 2014; 15:1181-91. [PMID: 25236368 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO1-3) conjugation is a posttranslational protein modification whereby SUMOs are conjugated to lysine residues of target proteins. SUMO conjugation can alter the activity, stability, and function of target proteins, and thereby modulate almost all major cellular pathways. Many diseases are associated with SUMO conjugation, including heart failure, arthritis, cancer, degenerative diseases, and brain ischemia/stroke. It is, therefore, of major interest to characterize the SUMO-modified proteome regulated by these disorders. SUMO proteomics analysis is hampered by low levels of SUMOylated proteins. Several strategies have, therefore, been developed to enrich SUMOylated proteins from cell/tissue extracts. These include proteomics analysis on cells expressing epitope-tagged SUMO isoforms, use of monoclonal SUMO antibodies for immunoprecipitation and epitope-specific peptides for elution, and affinity purification with peptides containing SUMO interaction motifs to specifically enrich polySUMOylated proteins. Recently, two mouse models were generated and characterized that express tagged SUMO isoforms, and allow purification of SUMOylated proteins from complex organ extracts. Ultimately, these new analytical tools will help to decipher the SUMO-modified proteome regulated by various human diseases, and thereby, identify new targets for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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