1
|
Liu Y, Sundah NR, Ho NRY, Shen WX, Xu Y, Natalia A, Yu Z, Seet JE, Chan CW, Loh TP, Lim BY, Shao H. Bidirectional linkage of DNA barcodes for the multiplexed mapping of higher-order protein interactions in cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01225-3. [PMID: 38898172 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Capturing the full complexity of the diverse hierarchical interactions in the protein interactome is challenging. Here we report a DNA-barcoding method for the multiplexed mapping of pairwise and higher-order protein interactions and their dynamics within cells. The method leverages antibodies conjugated with barcoded DNA strands that can bidirectionally hybridize and covalently link to linearize closely spaced interactions within individual 3D protein complexes, encoding and decoding the protein constituents and the interactions among them. By mapping protein interactions in cancer cells and normal cells, we found that tumour cells exhibit a larger diversity and abundance of protein complexes with higher-order interactions. In biopsies of human breast-cancer tissue, the method accurately identified the cancer subtype and revealed that higher-order protein interactions are associated with cancer aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noah R Sundah
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R Y Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Xiang Shen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Xu
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhonglang Yu
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Ee Seet
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian Y Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie S, Saba L, Jiang H, Bringas OR, Oghbaie M, Stefano LD, Sherman V, LaCava J. Multiparameter screen optimizes immunoprecipitation. Biotechniques 2024; 76:145-152. [PMID: 38425263 PMCID: PMC11091867 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoprecipitation (IP) coupled with mass spectrometry effectively maps protein-protein interactions when genome-wide, affinity-tagged cell collections are used. Such studies have recorded significant portions of the compositions of physiological protein complexes, providing draft 'interactomes'; yet many constituents of protein complexes still remain uncharted. This gap exists partly because high-throughput approaches cannot optimize each IP. A key challenge for IP optimization is stabilizing in vivo interactions during the transfer from cells to test tubes; failure to do so leads to the loss of genuine interactions during the IP and subsequent failure to detect. Our high-content screening method explores the relationship between in vitro chemical conditions and IP outcomes, enabling rapid empirical optimization of conditions for capturing target macromolecular assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Xie
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Leila Saba
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular & Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omar R Bringas
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Mehrnoosh Oghbaie
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cellular & Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luciano Di Stefano
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Vadim Sherman
- High Energy Physics Instrument Shop, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John LaCava
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cellular & Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mostaffa NH, Suhaimi AH, Al-Idrus A. Interactomics in plant defence: progress and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4605-4618. [PMID: 36920596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Interactomics is a branch of systems biology that deals with the study of protein-protein interactions and how these interactions influence phenotypes. Identifying the interactomes involved during host-pathogen interaction events may bring us a step closer to deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defence. Here, we conducted a systematic review of plant interactomics studies over the last two decades and found that while a substantial progress has been made in the field, plant-pathogen interactomics remains a less-travelled route. As an effort to facilitate the progress in this field, we provide here a comprehensive research pipeline for an in planta plant-pathogen interactomics study that encompasses the in silico prediction step to the validation step, unconfined to model plants. We also highlight four challenges in plant-pathogen interactomics with plausible solution(s) for each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hikmah Mostaffa
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husaini Suhaimi
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aisyafaznim Al-Idrus
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deutsch EW, Mendoza L, Shteynberg DD, Hoopmann MR, Sun Z, Eng JK, Moritz RL. Trans-Proteomic Pipeline: Robust Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Data Analysis Suite. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:615-624. [PMID: 36648445 PMCID: PMC10166710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP) mass spectrometry data analysis suite has been in continual development and refinement since its first tools, PeptideProphet and ProteinProphet, were published 20 years ago. The current release provides a large complement of tools for spectrum processing, spectrum searching, search validation, abundance computation, protein inference, and more. Many of the tools include machine-learning modeling to extract the most information from data sets and build robust statistical models to compute the probabilities that derived information is correct. Here we present the latest information on the many TPP tools, and how TPP can be deployed on various platforms from personal Windows laptops to Linux clusters and expansive cloud computing environments. We describe tutorials on how to use TPP in a variety of ways and describe synergistic projects that leverage TPP. We conclude with plans for continued development of TPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | | | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jimmy K Eng
- Proteomics Resource, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan S, Bhawal R, Yin Z, Thannhauser TW, Zhang S. Recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics in plants. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:17. [PMID: 37789425 PMCID: PMC10514990 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, systems biology and plant-omics have increasingly become the main stream in plant biology research. New developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools, and methodological schema to integrate multi-omics data have leveraged recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics. These progresses are driving a rapid evolution in the field of plant research, greatly facilitating our understanding of the mechanistic aspects of plant metabolisms and the interactions of plants with their external environment. Here, we review the recent progresses in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics tools and workflows with a special focus on their applications to plant biology research using several case studies related to mechanistic understanding of stress response, gene/protein function characterization, metabolic and signaling pathways exploration, and natural product discovery. We also present a projection concerning future perspectives in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics development including their applications to and challenges for system biology. This review is intended to provide readers with an overview of how advanced MS technology, and integrated application of proteomics and metabolomics can be used to advance plant system biology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Yan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, 139 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, 139 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proximity labeling methods for proteomic analysis of membrane proteins. J Proteomics 2022; 264:104620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Pan J, Li LP, You ZH, Yu CQ, Ren ZH, Guan YJ. Prediction of Protein-Protein Interactions in Arabidopsis, Maize, and Rice by Combining Deep Neural Network With Discrete Hilbert Transform. Front Genet 2021; 12:745228. [PMID: 34616437 PMCID: PMC8488469 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.745228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in plants play an essential role in the regulation of biological processes. However, traditional experimental methods are expensive, time-consuming, and need sophisticated technical equipment. These drawbacks motivated the development of novel computational approaches to predict PPIs in plants. In this article, a new deep learning framework, which combined the discrete Hilbert transform (DHT) with deep neural networks (DNN), was presented to predict PPIs in plants. To be more specific, plant protein sequences were first transformed as a position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM). Then, DHT was employed to capture features from the PSSM. To improve the prediction accuracy, we used the singular value decomposition algorithm to decrease noise and reduce the dimensions of the feature descriptors. Finally, these feature vectors were fed into DNN for training and predicting. When performing our method on three plant PPI datasets Arabidopsis thaliana, maize, and rice, we achieved good predictive performance with average area under receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.8369, 0.9466, and 0.9440, respectively. To fully verify the predictive ability of our method, we compared it with different feature descriptors and machine learning classifiers. Moreover, to further demonstrate the generality of our approach, we also test it on the yeast and human PPI dataset. Experimental results anticipated that our method is an efficient and promising computational model for predicting potential plant-protein interacted pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- School of Information Engineering, Xijing University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- School of Information Engineering, Xijing University, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smythers AL, Hicks LM. Mapping the plant proteome: tools for surveying coordinating pathways. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:203-220. [PMID: 33620075 PMCID: PMC8166341 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants rapidly respond to environmental fluctuations through coordinated, multi-scalar regulation, enabling complex reactions despite their inherently sessile nature. In particular, protein post-translational signaling and protein-protein interactions combine to manipulate cellular responses and regulate plant homeostasis with precise temporal and spatial control. Understanding these proteomic networks are essential to addressing ongoing global crises, including those of food security, rising global temperatures, and the need for renewable materials and fuels. Technological advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics are enabling investigations of unprecedented depth, and are increasingly being optimized for and applied to plant systems. This review highlights recent advances in plant proteomics, with an emphasis on spatially and temporally resolved analysis of post-translational modifications and protein interactions. It also details the necessity for generation of a comprehensive plant cell atlas while highlighting recent accomplishments within the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terracciano R, Preianò M, Fregola A, Pelaia C, Montalcini T, Savino R. Mapping the SARS-CoV-2-Host Protein-Protein Interactome by Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry and Proximity-Dependent Biotin Labeling: A Rational and Straightforward Route to Discover Host-Directed Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E532. [PMID: 33430309 PMCID: PMC7825748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are the vital engine of cellular machinery. After virus entry in host cells the global organization of the viral life cycle is strongly regulated by the formation of virus-host protein interactions. With the advent of high-throughput -omics platforms, the mirage to obtain a "high resolution" view of virus-host interactions has come true. In fact, the rapidly expanding approaches of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in the study of PPIs provide efficient tools to identify a significant number of potential drug targets. Generation of PPIs maps by affinity purification-MS and by the more recent proximity labeling-MS may help to uncover cellular processes hijacked and/or altered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), providing promising therapeutic targets. The possibility to further validate putative key targets from high-confidence interactions between viral bait and host protein through follow-up MS-based multi-omics experiments offers an unprecedented opportunity in the drug discovery pipeline. In particular, drug repurposing, making use of already existing approved drugs directly targeting these identified and validated host interactors, might shorten the time and reduce the costs in comparison to the traditional drug discovery process. This route might be promising for finding effective antiviral therapeutic options providing a turning point in the fight against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Annalisa Fregola
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dou Y, Kalmykova S, Pashkova M, Oghbaie M, Jiang H, Molloy KR, Chait BT, Rout MP, Fenyö D, Jensen TH, Altukhov I, LaCava J. Affinity proteomic dissection of the human nuclear cap-binding complex interactome. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10456-10469. [PMID: 32960270 PMCID: PMC7544204 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5′,7-methylguanosine cap is a quintessential feature of RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs, and a textbook aspect of co-transcriptional RNA processing. The cap is bound by the cap-binding complex (CBC), canonically consisting of nuclear cap-binding proteins 1 and 2 (NCBP1/2). Interest in the CBC has recently renewed due to its participation in RNA-fate decisions via interactions with RNA productive factors as well as with adapters of the degradative RNA exosome. A novel cap-binding protein, NCBP3, was recently proposed to form an alternative CBC together with NCBP1, and to interact with the canonical CBC along with the protein SRRT. The theme of post-transcriptional RNA fate, and how it relates to co-transcriptional ribonucleoprotein assembly, is abundant with complicated, ambiguous, and likely incomplete models. In an effort to clarify the compositions of NCBP1-, 2- and 3-related macromolecular assemblies, we have applied an affinity capture-based interactome screen where the experimental design and data processing have been modified to quantitatively identify interactome differences between targets under a range of experimental conditions. This study generated a comprehensive view of NCBP-protein interactions in the ribonucleoprotein context and demonstrates the potential of our approach to benefit the interpretation of complex biological pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Dou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Pashkova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Mehrnoosh Oghbaie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ilya Altukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.,European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khodadadi E, Zeinalzadeh E, Taghizadeh S, Mehramouz B, Kamounah FS, Khodadadi E, Ganbarov K, Yousefi B, Bastami M, Kafil HS. Proteomic Applications in Antimicrobial Resistance and Clinical Microbiology Studies. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1785-1806. [PMID: 32606829 PMCID: PMC7305820 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of the genomes of all-important bacterial pathogens of man, plants, and animals have been completed. Still, it is not enough to achieve complete information of all the mechanisms controlling the biological processes of an organism. Along with all advances in different proteomics technologies, proteomics has completed our knowledge of biological processes all around the world. Proteomics is a valuable technique to explain the complement of proteins in any organism. One of the fields that has been notably benefited from other systems approaches is bacterial pathogenesis. An emerging field is to use proteomics to examine the infectious agents in terms of, among many, the response the host and pathogen to the infection process, which leads to a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This trend also enables us to identify quantitative measurements for proteins extracted from microorganisms. The present review study is an attempt to summarize a variety of different proteomic techniques and advances. The significant applications in bacterial pathogenesis studies are also covered. Moreover, the areas where proteomics may lead the future studies are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Zeinalzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Taghizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mehramouz
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK 2100, Denmark
| | - Ehsan Khodadadi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poverennaya EV, Kiseleva OI, Ivanov AS, Ponomarenko EA. Methods of Computational Interactomics for Investigating Interactions of Human Proteoforms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:68-79. [PMID: 32079518 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792001006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human genome contains ca. 20,000 protein-coding genes that could be translated into millions of unique protein species (proteoforms). Proteoforms coded by a single gene often have different functions, which implies different protein partners. By interacting with each other, proteoforms create a network reflecting the dynamics of cellular processes in an organism. Perturbations of protein-protein interactions change the network topology, which often triggers pathological processes. Studying proteoforms is a relatively new research area in proteomics, and this is why there are comparatively few experimental studies on the interaction of proteoforms. Bioinformatics tools can facilitate such studies by providing valuable complementary information to the experimental data and, in particular, expanding the possibilities of the studies of proteoform interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - O I Kiseleva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - A S Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Winczura K, Domanski M, LaCava J. Affinity Proteomic Analysis of the Human Exosome and Its Cofactor Complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2062:291-325. [PMID: 31768983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9822-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the RNA exosome consists of an enzymatically inactive nine-subunit core, with ribonucleolytic activity contributed by additional components. Several cofactor complexes also interact with the exosome-these enable the recruitment of, and specify the activity upon, diverse substrates. Affinity capture coupled with mass spectrometry has proven to be an effective means to identify the compositions of RNA exosomes and their cofactor complexes: here, we describe a general experimental strategy for proteomic characterization of macromolecular complexes, applied to the exosome and an affiliated adapter protein, ZC3H18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Winczura
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michal Domanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Armean IM, Lilley KS, Trotter MWB, Pilkington NCV, Holden SB. Co-complex protein membership evaluation using Maximum Entropy on GO ontology and InterPro annotation. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:1884-1892. [PMID: 29390084 PMCID: PMC5972588 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Protein–protein interactions (PPI) play a crucial role in our understanding of protein function and biological processes. The standardization and recording of experimental findings is increasingly stored in ontologies, with the Gene Ontology (GO) being one of the most successful projects. Several PPI evaluation algorithms have been based on the application of probabilistic frameworks or machine learning algorithms to GO properties. Here, we introduce a new training set design and machine learning based approach that combines dependent heterogeneous protein annotations from the entire ontology to evaluate putative co-complex protein interactions determined by empirical studies. Results PPI annotations are built combinatorically using corresponding GO terms and InterPro annotation. We use a S.cerevisiae high-confidence complex dataset as a positive training set. A series of classifiers based on Maximum Entropy and support vector machines (SVMs), each with a composite counterpart algorithm, are trained on a series of training sets. These achieve a high performance area under the ROC curve of ≤0.97, outperforming go2ppi—a previously established prediction tool for protein-protein interactions (PPI) based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotations. Availability and implementation https://github.com/ima23/maxent-ppi Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Armean
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Matthew W B Trotter
- Celegene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Nicholas C V Pilkington
- Department of Computer Science, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
| | - Sean B Holden
- Department of Computer Science, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gillen J, Nita-Lazar A. Experimental Analysis of Viral-Host Interactions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:425. [PMID: 31031644 PMCID: PMC6470254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and pathogen protein complexity is often limited by their relatively small genomes, thus critical functions are often accomplished by complexes of host and pathogen proteins. This requirement makes the study of host-pathogen interactions critical for the understanding of pathogenicity and virology. This review article discusses proteomic methods that offer an opportunity to experimentally identify and analyze the binding partners of a target protein and presents the representative studies performed with these methods. These methods divide into two classes: ex situ and in situ. Ex situ assays depend on bindings that occur outside of the normal cellular environment and include yeast two hybrids, pull-downs, and nucleic acid-programmable protein arrays (NAPPA). In situ assays depend on bindings that occur inside of host cells and include affinity purification (AP) and proximity dependent labeling (PDL). Either ex or in situ methods can be reliably used for generating protein-protein interactions networks but it is important to understand and recognize the limitations of the chosen methods when developing an interactomic network. In summary, proteomic methods can be extremely useful for interactomics but it is important to recognize the nature of the method when designing and analyzing an experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang H, Taylor MS, Molloy KR, Altukhov I, LaCava J. Identification of RNase-sensitive LINE-1 Ribonucleoprotein Interactions by Differential Affinity Immobilization. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3200. [PMID: 31106238 PMCID: PMC6519465 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) constitutes a family of autonomous, self-replicating genetic elements known as retrotransposons. Although most are inactive, copious L1 sequences populate the human genome. L1s proliferate in a 'copy-and-paste' fashion through an RNA intermediate; a full-length L1 transcript is ~6,000 nucleotides long and functions as a bicistronic mRNA that encodes and assembles in cis with two main polypeptides, ORF1p and ORF2p, forming a ribonucleoprotein (RNP); L1 RNPs also interact with a wide range of host factors in positive and negative regulatory capacities. The following protocol describes an approach to affinity enrich ectopically expressed L1 RNPs and, using RNases, release the fraction of protein that depends upon the presence of intact RNA for retention in the immobilized macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Martin S. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kelly R. Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Ilya Altukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Struk S, Jacobs A, Sánchez Martín-Fontecha E, Gevaert K, Cubas P, Goormachtig S. Exploring the protein-protein interaction landscape in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:387-409. [PMID: 30156707 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent an essential aspect of plant systems biology. Identification of key protein players and their interaction networks provide crucial insights into the regulation of plant developmental processes and into interactions of plants with their environment. Despite the great advance in the methods for the discovery and validation of PPIs, still several challenges remain. First, the PPI networks are usually highly dynamic, and the in vivo interactions are often transient and difficult to detect. Therefore, the properties of the PPIs under study need to be considered to select the most suitable technique, because each has its own advantages and limitations. Second, besides knowledge on the interacting partners of a protein of interest, characteristics of the interaction, such as the spatial or temporal dynamics, are highly important. Hence, multiple approaches have to be combined to obtain a comprehensive view on the PPI network present in a cell. Here, we present the progress in commonly used methods to detect and validate PPIs in plants with a special emphasis on the PPI features assessed in each approach and how they were or can be used for the study of plant interactions with their environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anse Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Sánchez Martín-Fontecha
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Considerations for Identifying Endogenous Protein Complexes from Tissue via Immunoaffinity Purification and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1977:115-143. [PMID: 30980326 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9232-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein complexes perform key roles in nearly all aspects of biology. Identification of the composition of these complexes offers insights into how different cellular processes are carried out. The use of affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry has become a method of choice for identifying protein-protein interactions, but has been most frequently applied to cell model systems using tagged and overexpressed bait proteins. Although valuable, this approach can create several potential artifacts due to the presence of a tag on a protein and the higher abundance of the protein of interest (bait). The isolation of endogenous proteins using antibodies raised against the proteins of interest instead of an epitope tag offers a means to examine protein interactions in any cellular or animal model system and without the caveats of overexpressed, tagged proteins. Although conceptually simple, the limited use of this approach has been primarily driven by challenges associated with finding adequate antibodies and experimental conditions for effective isolations. In this chapter, we present a protocol for the optimization of lysis conditions, antibody evaluation, affinity purification, and ultimately identification of protein complexes from endogenous immunoaffinity purifications using quantitative mass spectrometry. We also highlight the increased use of targeted mass spectrometry analyses, such as parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) for orthogonal validation of protein isolation and interactions initially identified via data-dependent mass spectrometry analyses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Getting to know the neighborhood: using proximity-dependent biotinylation to characterize protein complexes and map organelles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 48:44-54. [PMID: 30458335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of proximity-dependent biotinylation approaches combined with mass spectrometry (e.g. BioID and APEX) has revolutionized the study of protein-protein interactions and organellar proteomics. These powerful techniques are based on the fusion of an enzyme (e.g. a biotin ligase or peroxidase) to a 'bait' protein of interest, which is then expressed in a relevant biological setting. Addition of enzyme substrate enables covalent biotin labeling of proteins in the vicinity of the bait in vivo. These approaches thus allow for the capture and identification of 'neighborhood' proteins in the context of a living cell, and provide data that are complementary to more established techniques such as fractionation or affinity purification. As compared to standard affinity-based purification approaches, proximity-dependent biotinylation (PDB) can help to: first, identify interactions with and amongst membrane proteins, and other polypeptide classes that are less amenable to study by standard pulldown techniques; second, enrich for transient and/or low affinity interactions that are not readily captured using affinity purification approaches; third, avoid post-lysis artefacts associated with standard biochemical purification experiments and; fourth, provide deep insight into the organization of membrane-less organelles and other subcellular structures that cannot be easily isolated or purified. Given the increasing use of these techniques to answer a variety of different types of biological questions, it is important to understand how best to design PDB-MS experiments, what type of data they generate, and how to analyze and interpret the results.
Collapse
|
20
|
Global landscape of cell envelope protein complexes in Escherichia coli. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 36:103-112. [PMID: 29176613 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell envelope protein (CEP) complexes mediate a range of processes, including membrane assembly, antibiotic resistance and metabolic coordination. However, only limited characterization of relevant macromolecules has been reported to date. Here we present a proteomic survey of 1,347 CEPs encompassing 90% inner- and outer-membrane and periplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli. After extraction with non-denaturing detergents, we affinity-purified 785 endogenously tagged CEPs and identified stably associated polypeptides by precision mass spectrometry. The resulting high-quality physical interaction network, comprising 77% of targeted CEPs, revealed many previously uncharacterized heteromeric complexes. We found that the secretion of autotransporters requires translocation and the assembly module TamB to nucleate proper folding from periplasm to cell surface through a cooperative mechanism involving the β-barrel assembly machinery. We also establish that an ABC transporter of unknown function, YadH, together with the Mla system preserves outer membrane lipid asymmetry. This E. coli CEP 'interactome' provides insights into the functional landscape governing CE systems essential to bacterial growth, metabolism and drug resistance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian B, Zhao C, Gu F, He Z. A two-step framework for inferring direct protein-protein interaction network from AP-MS data. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:82. [PMID: 28950876 PMCID: PMC5615237 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has been widely used for generating bait-prey data sets so as to identify underlying protein-protein interactions and protein complexes. However, the AP-MS data sets in terms of bait-prey pairs are highly noisy, where candidate pairs contain many false positives. Recently, numerous computational methods have been developed to identify genuine interactions from AP-MS data sets. However, most of these methods aim at removing false positives that contain contaminants, ignoring the distinction between direct interactions and indirect interactions. Results In this paper, we present an initialization-and-refinement framework for inferring direct PPI networks from AP-MS data, in which an initial network is first generated with existing scoring methods and then a refined network is constructed by the application of indirect association removal methods. Experimental results on several real AP-MS data sets show that our method is capable of identifying more direct interactions than traditional scoring methods. Conclusions The proposed framework is sufficiently general to incorporate any feasible methods in each step so as to have potential for handling different types of AP-MS data in the future applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0452-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Tuqiang Road, Dalian, China
| | - Can Zhao
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Tuqiang Road, Dalian, China
| | - Feiyang Gu
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Tuqiang Road, Dalian, China
| | - Zengyou He
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Tuqiang Road, Dalian, China. .,Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning, Tuqiang Road 321, Dalian, 116600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meysman P, Titeca K, Eyckerman S, Tavernier J, Goethals B, Martens L, Valkenborg D, Laukens K. Protein complex analysis: From raw protein lists to protein interaction networks. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:600-614. [PMID: 26709718 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of molecular interaction networks is one of the pivotal challenges in the study of biology. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry and other co-complex methods have become widely employed experimental techniques to identify protein complexes. These techniques typically suffer from a high number of false negatives and false positive contaminants due to technical shortcomings and purification biases. To support a diverse range of experimental designs and approaches, a large number of computational methods have been proposed to filter, infer and validate protein interaction networks from experimental pull-down MS data. Nevertheless, this expansion of available methods complicates the selection of the most optimal ones to support systems biology-driven knowledge extraction. In this review, we give an overview of the most commonly used computational methods to process and interpret co-complex results, and we discuss the issues and unsolved problems that still exist within the field. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:600-614, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Meysman
- Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kevin Titeca
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Goethals
- Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Valkenborg
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- IBioStat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- CFP-CeProMa, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Advanced Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jean Beltran PM, Federspiel JD, Sheng X, Cristea IM. Proteomics and integrative omic approaches for understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:922. [PMID: 28348067 PMCID: PMC5371729 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are constantly exposed to microbial pathogens in their environments. When a pathogen meets its host, a series of intricate intracellular interactions shape the outcome of the infection. The understanding of these host–pathogen interactions is crucial for the development of treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases. Over the past decade, proteomic approaches have become prime contributors to the discovery and understanding of host–pathogen interactions that represent anti‐ and pro‐pathogenic cellular responses. Here, we review these proteomic methods and their application to studying viral and bacterial intracellular pathogens. We examine approaches for defining spatial and temporal host–pathogen protein interactions upon infection of a host cell. Further expanding the understanding of proteome organization during an infection, we discuss methods that characterize the regulation of host and pathogen proteomes through alterations in protein abundance, localization, and post‐translational modifications. Finally, we highlight bioinformatic tools available for analyzing such proteomic datasets, as well as novel strategies for integrating proteomics with other omic tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to obtain a systems‐level understanding of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joel D Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xinlei Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee CM, Adamchek C, Feke A, Nusinow DA, Gendron JM. Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions Using Affinity Purification and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1610:231-249. [PMID: 28439867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7003-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mapping of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and their dynamics are crucial steps to deciphering the function of a protein and its role in cellular pathways, making it critical to have comprehensive knowledge of a protein's interactome. Advances in affinity purification and mass spectrometry technology (AP-MS) have provided a powerful and unbiased method to capture higher-order protein complexes and decipher dynamic PPIs. However, the unbiased calling of nonspecific interactions and the ability to detect transient interactions remains challenging when using AP-MS, thereby hampering the detection of biologically meaningful complexes. Additionally, there are plant-specific challenges with AP-MS, such as a lack of protein-specific antibodies, which must be overcome to successfully identify PPIs. Here we discuss and describe a protocol designed to bypass the traditional challenges of AP-MS and provide a roadmap to identify bona fide PPIs in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Mei Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher Adamchek
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ann Feke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Joshua M Gendron
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Affinity capture is an effective technique for isolating endogenous protein complexes for further study. When used in conjunction with an antibody, this technique is also frequently referred to as immunoprecipitation. Affinity capture can be applied in a bench-scale and in a high-throughput context. When coupled with protein mass spectrometry, affinity capture has proven to be a workhorse of interactome analysis. Although there are potentially many ways to execute the numerous steps involved, the following protocols implement our favored methods. Two features are distinctive: the use of cryomilled cell powder to produce cell extracts, and antibody-coupled paramagnetic beads as the affinity medium. In many cases, we have obtained superior results to those obtained with more conventional affinity capture practices. Cryomilling avoids numerous problems associated with other forms of cell breakage. It provides efficient breakage of the material, while avoiding denaturation issues associated with heating or foaming. It retains the native protein concentration up to the point of extraction, mitigating macromolecular dissociation. It reduces the time extracted proteins spend in solution, limiting deleterious enzymatic activities, and it may reduce the non-specific adsorption of proteins by the affinity medium. Micron-scale magnetic affinity media have become more commonplace over the last several years, increasingly replacing the traditional agarose- and Sepharose-based media. Primary benefits of magnetic media include typically lower non-specific protein adsorption; no size exclusion limit because protein complex binding occurs on the bead surface rather than within pores; and ease of manipulation and handling using magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University; Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine;
| | - Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Titeca K, Meysman P, Gevaert K, Tavernier J, Laukens K, Martens L, Eyckerman S. SFINX: Straightforward Filtering Index for Affinity Purification–Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:332-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Titeca
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Advanced
Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics
and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical
Informatics Research Center Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Advanced
Database Research and Modelling (ADReM), Department of Mathematics
and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical
Informatics Research Center Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics
Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin Y, Xie G, Xia J, Su D, Liu J, Jiang F, Xu Y. TBMS1 exerts its cytotoxicity in NCI-H460 lung cancer cells through nucleolar stress-induced p53/MDM2-dependent mechanism, a quantitative proteomics study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:204-10. [PMID: 26549658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1) exerts its anticancer effects by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism of its anti-tumor effects has not been fully elucidated, especially the signaling pathways involved in the early stage of TBMS1 stimulation. In this study, we employed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics approach and identified 439 proteins that exhibit significant differential expressions in NCI-H460 lung cancer cells upon exposure to TBMS1. Gene ontology and network analysis using DAVID and STRING on-line tools revealed that several nucleolar stress (ribosomal biogenesis) response proteins were differentially regulated by TBMS1. Functional validation demonstrated that TBMS1-induced NCI-H460 cell cytotoxicity involved nucleolar stress-induced p53/murine double minute clone 2 (MDM2), mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Guobin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ji Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Akerman M, Fregoso OI, Das S, Ruse C, Jensen MA, Pappin DJ, Zhang MQ, Krainer AR. Differential connectivity of splicing activators and repressors to the human spliceosome. Genome Biol 2015; 16:119. [PMID: 26047612 PMCID: PMC4502471 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During spliceosome assembly, protein-protein interactions (PPI) are sequentially formed and disrupted to accommodate the spatial requirements of pre-mRNA substrate recognition and catalysis. Splicing activators and repressors, such as SR proteins and hnRNPs, modulate spliceosome assembly and regulate alternative splicing. However, it remains unclear how they differentially interact with the core spliceosome to perform their functions. Results Here, we investigate the protein connectivity of SR and hnRNP proteins to the core spliceosome using probabilistic network reconstruction based on the integration of interactome and gene expression data. We validate our model by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of the prototypical splicing factors SRSF1 and hnRNPA1. Network analysis reveals that a factor’s properties as an activator or repressor can be predicted from its overall connectivity to the rest of the spliceosome. In addition, we discover and experimentally validate PPIs between the oncoprotein SRSF1 and members of the anti-tumor drug target SF3 complex. Our findings suggest that activators promote the formation of PPIs between spliceosomal sub-complexes, whereas repressors mostly operate through protein-RNA interactions. Conclusions This study demonstrates that combining in-silico modeling with biochemistry can significantly advance the understanding of structure and function relationships in the human spliceosome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0682-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Akerman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Present address: Envisagenics, Inc, 315 Main St., 2nd floor, Huntington, NY, 11743, USA
| | - Oliver I Fregoso
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Present address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Human Biology, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shipra Das
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Cristian Ruse
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Present address: New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, UK
| | - Mads A Jensen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Present address: Santaris Pharma A/S, Horsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.,Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hakhverdyan Z, Domanski M, Hough LE, Oroskar AA, Oroskar AR, Keegan S, Dilworth DJ, Molloy KR, Sherman V, Aitchison JD, Fenyö D, Chait BT, Jensen TH, Rout MP, LaCava J. Rapid, optimized interactomic screening. Nat Methods 2015; 12:553-60. [PMID: 25938370 PMCID: PMC4449307 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We must reliably map the interactomes of cellular macromolecular
complexes in order to fully explore and understand biological systems. However,
there are no methods to accurately predict how to capture a given macromolecular
complex with its physiological binding partners. Here, we present a screen that
comprehensively explores the parameters affecting the stability of interactions
in affinity-captured complexes, enabling the discovery of physiological binding
partners and the elucidation of their functional interactions in unparalleled
detail. We have implemented this screen on several macromolecular complexes from
a variety of organisms, revealing novel profiles even for well-studied proteins.
Our approach is robust, economical and automatable, providing an inroad to the
rigorous, systematic dissection of cellular interactomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Hakhverdyan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michal Domanski
- 1] Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Loren E Hough
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Keegan
- 1] Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J Dilworth
- 1] Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vadim Sherman
- High Energy Physics Instrument Shop, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- 1] Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- 1] Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Extracting high confidence protein interactions from affinity purification data: at the crossroads. J Proteomics 2015; 118:63-80. [PMID: 25782749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deriving protein-protein interactions from data generated by affinity-purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) techniques requires application of scoring methods to measure the reliability of detected putative interactions. Choosing the appropriate scoring method has become a major challenge. Here we apply six popular scoring methods to the same AP-MS dataset and compare their performance. The comparison was carried out for six distinct datasets from human, fly and yeast, which focus on different biological processes and differ in their coverage of the proteome. Results show that the performance of a given scoring method may vary substantially depending on the dataset. Disturbingly, we find that the high confidence (HC) PPI networks built by applying the six scoring methods to the same raw AP-MS dataset display very poor overlap, with only 1.7-4.1% of the HC interactions present in all the networks built, respectively, from the proteome-wide human, fly or yeast datasets. Various properties of the shared versus unique interactions in each network, including biases in protein abundance, suggest that current scoring methods are able to eliminate only the most obvious contaminants, but still fail to reliably single out specific interactions from the large body of spurious associations detected in the AP-MS experiments. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The fast progress in AP-MS techniques has prompted the development of a multitude of scoring methods, which are relied upon to remove contaminants and non-specific binders. Choosing the appropriate scoring scheme for a given AP-MS dataset has become a major challenge. The comparative analysis of 6 of the most popular scoring methods, presented here, reveals that overall these methods do not perform as expected. Evidence is provided that this is due to 3 closely related issues: the high 'noise' levels of the raw AP-MS data, the limited capacity of current scoring methods to deal with such high noise levels, and the biases introduced using Gold Standard datasets to benchmark the scoring functions and threshold the networks. For the field to move forward, all three issues will have to be addressed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein dynamics in health and disease. Guest Editors: Pierre Thibault and Anne-Claude Gingras.
Collapse
|
31
|
Helou YA, Salomon AR. Protein networks and activation of lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:78-85. [PMID: 25687331 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signal transduction pathways initiated by lymphocyte activation play a critical role in regulating host immunity. High-resolution mass spectrometry has accelerated the investigation of these complex and dynamic pathways by enabling the qualitative and quantitative investigation of thousands of proteins and phosphoproteins simultaneously. In addition, the unbiased and wide-scale identification of protein-protein interaction networks and protein kinase substrates in lymphocyte signaling pathways can be achieved by mass spectrometry-based approaches. Critically, the integration of these discovery-driven strategies with single-cell analysis using mass cytometry can facilitate the understanding of complex signaling phenotypes in distinct immunophenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ynes A Helou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Villaveces JM, Jiménez RC, Porras P, Del-Toro N, Duesbury M, Dumousseau M, Orchard S, Choi H, Ping P, Zong NC, Askenazi M, Habermann BH, Hermjakob H. Merging and scoring molecular interactions utilising existing community standards: tools, use-cases and a case study. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bau131. [PMID: 25652942 PMCID: PMC4316181 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The evidence that two molecules interact in a living cell is often inferred from multiple different experiments. Experimental data is captured in multiple repositories, but there is no simple way to assess the evidence of an interaction occurring in a cellular environment. Merging and scoring of data are commonly required operations after querying for the details of specific molecular interactions, to remove redundancy and assess the strength of accompanying experimental evidence. We have developed both a merging algorithm and a scoring system for molecular interactions based on the proteomics standard initiative–molecular interaction standards. In this manuscript, we introduce these two algorithms and provide community access to the tool suite, describe examples of how these tools are useful to selectively present molecular interaction data and demonstrate a case where the algorithms were successfully used to identify a systematic error in an existing dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Villaveces
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - R C Jiménez
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - P Porras
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - N Del-Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - M Duesbury
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - M Dumousseau
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - S Orchard
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - H Choi
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - P Ping
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - N C Zong
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - M Askenazi
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - B H Habermann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| | - Henning Hermjakob
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Matinsried, Germany, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK, Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, MRL Building, Suite 1609, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Biomedical Hosting LLC, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sancho A, Li S, Paul T, Zhang F, Aguilo F, Vashisht A, Balasubramaniyan N, Leleiko NS, Suchy FJ, Wohlschlegel JA, Zhang W, Walsh MJ. CHD6 regulates the topological arrangement of the CFTR locus. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2724-32. [PMID: 25631877 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of transcription is regulated through the well-coordinated spatial and temporal interactions between distal genomic regulatory elements required for specialized cell-type and developmental gene expression programs. With recent findings CFTR has served as a model to understand the principles that govern genome-wide and topological organization of distal intra-chromosomal contacts as it relates to transcriptional control. This is due to the extensive characterization of the DNase hypersensitivity sites, modification of chromatin, transcription factor binding sites and the arrangement of these sites in CFTR consistent with the restrictive expression in epithelial cell types. Here, we identified CHD6 from a screen among several chromatin-remodeling proteins as a putative epigenetic modulator of CFTR expression. Moreover, our findings of CTCF interactions with CHD6 are consistent with the role described previously for CTCF in CFTR regulation. Our results now reveal that the CHD6 protein lies within the infrastructure of multiple transcriptional complexes, such as the FACT, PBAF, PAF1C, Mediator, SMC/Cohesion and MLL complexes. This model underlies the fundamental role CHD6 facilitates by tethering cis-acting regulatory elements of CFTR in proximity to these multi-subunit transcriptional protein complexes. Finally, we indicate that CHD6 structurally coordinates a three-dimensional stricture between intragenic elements of CFTR bound by several cell-type specific transcription factors, such as CDX2, SOX18, HNF4α and HNF1α. Therefore, our results reveal new insights into the epigenetic regulation of CFTR expression, whereas the manipulation of CFTR gene topology could be considered for treating specific indications of cystic fibrosis and/or pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sancho
- Departments of Pediatrics, Structural and Chemical Biology
| | | | - Thankam Paul
- Department of Paediatrics, St. George's Hospital, University of London, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Ajay Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and
| | - Neal S Leleiko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, NY, USA
| | - Frederick J Suchy
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA and
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Departments of Pediatrics, Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Cereals are the most important crop plant supplying staple food throughout the world. The economic importance and continued breeding of crop plants such as rice, maize, wheat, or barley require a detailed scientific understanding of adaptive and developmental processes. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important regulatory posttranslational modifications and its analysis allows deriving functional and regulatory principles in plants. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge of phosphoproteomic studies in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuchang Moshan, Wuhan, 430074, China,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bundalovic-Torma C, Parkinson J. Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Modularity of Prokaryotes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 883:77-96. [PMID: 26621462 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23603-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The soaring number of high-quality genomic sequences has ushered in the era of post-genomic research where our understanding of organisms has dramatically shifted towards defining the function of genes within their larger biological contexts. As a result, novel high-throughput experimental technologies are being increasingly employed to uncover physical and functional associations of genes and proteins in complex biological processes. Through the construction and analysis of physical, genetic and metabolic networks generated for the model organisms, such as Escherichia coli, organizational principles of the genome have been deduced, such as modularity, which has important implications toward understanding prokaryotic evolution and adaptation to novel lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedoljub Bundalovic-Torma
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St. Rm 21-9830, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4.
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Molecular Structure and Function, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St. Rm 20-9709, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rees JS, Lilley KS, Jackson AP. SILAC-iPAC: a quantitative method for distinguishing genuine from non-specific components of protein complexes by parallel affinity capture. J Proteomics 2014; 115:143-56. [PMID: 25534881 PMCID: PMC4329988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pull-down assays can identify members of protein complexes but suffer from co-isolation of contaminants. The problem is particularly acute when the specifically interacting partners are of low-abundance and/or bind transiently with low affinity. To differentiate true interacting partners from contaminants, we have combined SILAC labelling with a proteomic method called “Interactomes by Parallel Affinity Capture” (iPAC). In our method, a cell-line stably expressing a doubly tagged target endogenous protein and its tag-less control cell-line are differentially SILAC labelled. Lysates from the two cell-lines are mixed and the tagged protein is independently purified for MS analysis using multiple affinity resins in parallel. This allows the quantitative identification of tagged proteins and their binding partners. SILAC–iPAC provides a rigorous and sensitive approach that can discriminate between genuine binding partners and contaminants, even when the contaminants in the pull-down are in large excess. We employed our method to examine the interacting partners of phosphatidyl inositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase 2β subunit (PI5P4K2β) and the Fanconi anaemia core complex in the chicken pre-B cell-line DT40. We confirmed known components of these two complexes, and we have identified new potential binding partners. Combining the iPAC approach with SILAC labelling provides a sensitive and fully quantitative method for the discrimination of specific interactions under conditions where low signal to noise ratios are unavoidable. In addition, our work provides the first characterisation of the most abundant proteins within the DT40 proteome and the non-specific DT40 ‘beadomes’ (non-specific proteins binding to beads) for common epitope tags. Given the importance and widespread use of the DT40 cell-line, these will be important resources for the cell biology and immunology communities. Biological significance SILAC–iPAC provides an improved method for the analysis of low-affinity and/or low abundance protein-protein interactions. We use it to clarify two examples where the nature of the protein complexes are known, or are currently unclear. The method is simple and quantitative and will be applicable to many problems in cell and molecular biology. We also report the first chicken beadomes. SILAC–iPAC; an improved AP-MS method to quantitatively detect low abundance proteins RUVBL1 and its partner RUVBL2 are novel interactors of the Fanconi anaemia complex. First characterisation of chicken DT40 beadomes using four common epitope tags
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Rees
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK; Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Antony P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yan B, Deng Y, Hou J, Bi Q, Yang M, Jiang B, Liu X, Wu W, Guo D. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS combined with spike-in method for plasma metabonomics analysis of acute myocardial ischemia rats and pretreatment effect of Danqi Tongmai tablet. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:486-96. [PMID: 25418780 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Undoubtedly, metabonomics can reveal the comprehensive efficacies of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae and its complex mechanism at the molecular biological level. In this study, an attempt was made to address the pretreatment effect of a TCM formula. In this case, as a critical point, we should first know how to really reflect the various endogenous metabolites in a disease status before a TCM formula is employed in a therapeutic procedure. Here, we explored an approach that combined high resolution LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with a spike-in method to characterize endogenous metabolites in acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rats. As a result, 19 potential biomarkers in rat plasma were identified and 10 related disturbed pathways were perturbed in the early stages of AMI development. Subsequently, the metabonomics method was applied to investigate the pretreatment effect of the TCM formula named the Danqi Tongmai tablet (DQTM). The results revealed that the DQTM pretreatment could reduce the AMI injury and partially regulate the perturbed TCA cycle and amino and nucleotide metabolism, which were presumable related to energy metabolism and myocardial cells apoptosis/necrosis. In conclusion, UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS combined with a spike-in method were successfully applied to the metabonomics analysis of DQTM, which demonstrated that not only a comprehensive metabolic profile in the early stages of AMI development was achieved, but also that the underlying holistic efficacies were assessed and it was helpful to understand the possible mechanism of pretreatment with DQTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingpeng Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Teng B, Zhao C, Liu X, He Z. Network inference from AP-MS data: computational challenges and solutions. Brief Bioinform 2014; 16:658-74. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
39
|
Boström T, Johansson HJ, Lehtiö J, Uhlén M, Hober S. Investigating the Applicability of Antibodies Generated within the Human Protein Atlas as Capture Agents in Immunoenrichment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4424-35. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tove Boström
- Department
of Protein Technology, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik J. Johansson
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department
of Oncology−Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Cancer Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department
of Oncology−Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department
of Protein Technology, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Clancy T, Hovig E. From proteomes to complexomes in the era of systems biology. Proteomics 2014; 14:24-41. [PMID: 24243660 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein complexes carry out almost the entire signaling and functional processes in the cell. The protein complex complement of a cell, and its network of complex-complex interactions, is referred to here as the complexome. Computational methods to predict protein complexes from proteomics data, resulting in network representations of complexomes, have recently being developed. In addition, key advances have been made toward understanding the network and structural organization of complexomes. We review these bioinformatics advances, and their discovery-potential, as well as the merits of integrating proteomics data with emerging methods in systems biology to study protein complex signaling. It is envisioned that improved integration of proteomics and systems biology, incorporating the dynamics of protein complexes in space and time, may lead to more predictive models of cell signaling networks for effective modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Clancy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fischer M, Zilkenat S, Gerlach RG, Wagner S, Renard BY. Pre- and post-processing workflow for affinity purification mass spectrometry data. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2239-49. [PMID: 24641689 DOI: 10.1021/pr401249b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reliable detection of protein-protein interactions by affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) is crucial for the understanding of biological processes. Quantitative information can be used to separate truly interacting proteins from false-positives by contrasting counts of proteins binding to specific baits with counts of negative controls. Several approaches have been proposed for computing scores for potential interaction proteins, for example, the commonly used SAINT software. However, it remains a subjective decision where to set the cutoff score for candidate selection; furthermore, no precise control for the expected number of false-positives is provided. In related fields, successful data analysis strongly relies on statistical pre- and post-processing steps, which, so far, have played only a minor role in AP-MS data analysis. We introduce a complete workflow, embedding either the scoring method SAINT or alternatively a two-stage Poisson model into a pre- and post-processing framework. To this end, we investigate different normalization methods and apply a statistical filter adjusted to AP-MS data. Furthermore, we propose permutation and adjustment procedures, which allow the replacement of scores by statistical p values. The performance of the workflow is assessed on simulations as well as on a study focusing on interactions with the T3SS in Salmonella Typhimurium. Preprocessing methods significantly increase the number of detected truly interacting proteins, while a constant false-discovery rate is maintained. The software solution is freely available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fischer
- Research Group Bioinformatics (NG 4), Robert Koch-Institute , Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Piazzi M, Blalock WL, Bavelloni A, Faenza I, D'Angelo A, Maraldi NM, Cocco L. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C β 1b (PI-PLCβ1b) interactome: affinity purification-mass spectrometry analysis of PI-PLCβ1b with nuclear protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2220-35. [PMID: 23665500 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two isoforms of inositide-dependent phospholipase C β1 (PI-PLCβ1) are generated by alternative splicing (PLCβ1a and PLCβ1b). Both isoforms are present within the nucleus, but in contrast to PLCβ1a, the vast majority of PLCβ1b is nuclear. In mouse erythroid leukemia cells, PI-PLCβ1 is involved in the regulation of cell division and the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. It has been demonstrated that nuclear localization is crucial for the enzymatic function of PI-PLCβ1, although the mechanism by which this nuclear import occurs has never been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize both the mechanism of nuclear localization and the molecular function of nuclear PI-PLCβ1 by identifying its interactome in Friend's erythroleukemia isolated nuclei, utilizing a procedure that coupled immuno-affinity purification with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Using this procedure, 160 proteins were demonstrated to be in association with PI-PLCβ1b, some of which have been previously characterized, such as the splicing factor SRp20 (Srsf3) and Lamin B (Lmnb1). Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of selected proteins confirmed the data obtained via mass spectrometry. Of particular interest was the identification of the nuclear import proteins Kpna2, Kpna4, Kpnb1, Ran, and Rangap1, as well as factors involved in hematological malignancies and several anti-apoptotic proteins. These data give new insight into possible mechanisms of nuclear trafficking and functioning of this critical signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Piazzi
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|