Integrated Analyses of Phenotype and Quantitative Proteome of CMTM4 Deficient Mice Reveal Its Association with Male Fertility

Cmtm4 deficiency exacerbates colitis by inducing gut dysbiosis and S100A8/9 expression

The dysfunction of innate immunity components is one of the major drivers for ulcerative colitis (UC), and increasing reports indicate that the gut microbiome serves as an intermediate between genetic mutations and UC development. Here, we find that the IL-17 receptor subunit, CMTM4, is reduced in UC patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The deletion of CMTM4 (Cmtm4-/-) in mice leads to a higher susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis than in wild-type, and the gut microbiome significantly changes in composition. The causal role of the gut microbiome is confirmed with a cohousing experiment. We further identify that S100a8/9 is significantly up-regulated in Cmtm4-/- colitis, with the block of its receptor RAGE that reverses the phenotype associated with the CMTM4 deficiency. CMTM4 deficiency rather suppresses S100a8/9 expression in vitro via the IL17 pathway, further supporting that the elevation of S100a8/9 in vivo is most likely a result of microbial dysbiosis. Taken together, the results suggest that CMTM4 is involved in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, suppression of S100a8/9, and prevention of colitis development. Our study further shows CMTM4 as a crucial innate immunity component, confirming its important role in the UC development and providing insights into potential targets for the development of future therapies.

microRNA-378a-3p plays a regulatory role in trophoblast cell function in preeclampsia by targeting CMTM3

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia (PE) is a potential multisystemic disease in the middle and late pregnancy. Although its precise etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, it is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both pregnant women and newborns. This study explored the effects of the miR-378a-3p/CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 3 (CMTM3) upon the trophoblast biological functions in PE.

METHODS

The placental pathology of PE were identified by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and miR-378a-3p expression in placental tissues of PE was verified by RT-qPCR. Trophoblast cells (HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, scratch assay, and Transwell assay were carried out to measure cell viability, apoptosis, migratory and invasive capacities, respectively. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of the cell migration-related proteins. The binding of miR-378a-3p to CMTM3 was verified through a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

miR-378a-3p expression levels were down-regulated in placental tissues and primary trophoblast cells from women with PE compared to the control group. The overexpression of miR-378a-3p promoted the capabilities of LPS-treated trophoblast cells to proliferate, migrate and invade. In contrast, it impeded cell apoptosis, promoted matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and inhibiting TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression. Regarding the molecular mechanism, miR-378a-3p was chosen as the target to modulate the expression level of CMTM3. CMTM3 expression was increased in placental tissues and primary trophoblast cells from women with PE compared to the control group. CMTM3 overexpression could partially neutralize the effects of the overexpressed miR-378a-3p on trophoblast cell function and the expression levels of migration-associated proteins.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides a foundation for miRNA-targeted therapy for preeclampsia by establishing for the first time a potential role for the miR-378a-3p/CMTM3 axis in regulating trophoblast cell activities by altering the expression of migration-related proteins.

In vivo study revealed pro-tumorigenic effect of CMTM3 in hepatocellular carcinoma involving the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)

PURPOSE

To clarify the ambiguity of the function of CMTM3 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore its molecular mechanism.

METHODS

The Cmtm3-KO C57BL/6 mouse strain was established using CRISPR-Cas9. Acute liver damage and HCC models were induced by peritoneal injection of 100 or 25 mg/kg.BW N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) to male mice. Liver function and histology were evaluated by blood serum levels of AST and ALT, and HE staining. Gene and protein expression in liver tissues was investigated by RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Protein-protein interactions were studied by STRING and topological measures. The mRNA expression of CMTM3 and PPARs and patient survival were analyzed using the UALCAN database.

RESULTS

Global knockout of Cmtm3 in KO mice was successfully confirmed. Cmtm3 knockout alleviated DEN-induced acute damage to liver histological integrity and liver function, reduced DNA damage and apoptosis, and also caused a significantly reduced number (WT: 8.7 ± 5.5 vs. KO: 2.7 ± 3.1, P = 0.0394) and total size of tumors (WT: 130.9 ± 181.8 mm² vs. KO: 9.3 ± 11.5 mm², P = 0.026) in the liver. Mechanistically, Cmtm3 knockout resulted in reduced expression and inactivation of Pparγ and its downstream lipid metabolism genes (e.g. Adipoq) upon DEN intoxication. CMTM3 and PPARγ were both overexpressed in HCC, and higher levels of both genes were associated with worse overall survival of HCC patients.

CONCLUSION

This study clarified the pro-tumorigenesis role of CMTM3 in HCC in vivo, possibly through the upregulation of PPARγ and activation of the PPAR pathway.

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure induces sperm quality and functional defects in mice

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) harms mammalian testis development, yet the specific mechanism of its effect on sperm quality and function is unclear. In this study, male mice were administrated DEHP (200 mg/kg/day) via intragastric (i.g.) injection for 35 days. The sperm quality and function of DEHP-exposed mice were evaluated. DEHP exposure reduced the relative testis weight and serum testosterone levels. In addition, sperm count and motility parameters decreased significantly, which led to reduced sperm fertility characterized by reduced acrosome reaction rate, sperm-egg binding capacity and blastocyte formation. DEHP exposure decreased anti-oxidant indicators and the expressions of Cat, Sod1, Prdx6 and Sirt1 in the testis. DEHP-exposure also resulted in decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in mice testis, as well as the dose-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of GC-1 and GC-2 cells. These phenotypes may be related to increased cell apoptosis characterized by BAX/BCL2 and P53 up-regulation. DEHP exposure resulted in the down-regulation of SIRT1 and p-AKT in mice testis and decreased levels of GC-1and GC-2 cells. DEHP co-incubation with sperm in vitro resulted in decreased tyrosine phosphorylation and progressive motility, as well as p-AKT expression in capacitated sperm. Differential sperm proteomics identified 495 differentially expressed proteins, including 257 proteins down-regulated in the DEHP-exposure group. Bioinformatics analysis showed that proteins involved in sperm-egg interaction and fertilization processes were significantly down-regulated. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the adhesion pathway was enriched in down-regulated proteins, while the pathway associated with ribosomes was enriched in up-regulated proteins. Conclusively, DEHP exposure impaired male fertility by affecting sperm quality and function, and a pathway mediating the DEHP-induced decline in sperm quality and function was identified. The study provides additional information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of DEHP exposure and its effects on male reproduction.

Whole-Genome Profile of Greek Patients with Teratozοοspermia: Identification of Candidate Variants and Genes

Male infertility is a global health problem that affects a large number of couples worldwide. It can be categorized into specific subtypes, including teratozoospermia. The present study aimed to identify new variants associated with teratozoospermia in the Greek population and to explore the role of genes on which these were identified. For this reason, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on normozoospermic and teratozoospermic individuals, and after selecting only variants found in teratozoospermic men, these were further prioritized using a wide range of tools, functional and predictive algorithms, etc. An average of 600,000 variants were identified, and of them, 61 were characterized as high impact and 153 as moderate impact. Many of these are mapped in genes previously associated with male infertility, yet others are related for the first time to teratozoospermia. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis and Gene ontology (GO) analyses revealed the important role of the extracellular matrix in teratozoospermia. Therefore, the present study confirms the contribution of genes studied in the past to male infertility and sheds light on new molecular mechanisms by providing a list of variants and candidate genes associated with teratozoospermia in the Greek population.

Prognostic significance and immune characteristics of CMTM4 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Previous study has shown that chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family member 4 (CMTM4) can bind and maintain programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression to promote tumor progression by alleviating the suppression of tumor-specific T cell activity, suggesting its potential role in tumor immunotherapy. However, the role of CMTM4 in tumor immunity has not been well clarified, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

The protein expression of CMTM4/PD-L1/CD4/CD8 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) detection in 90 cases of HCC tissues. The mRNA expression profiles and related prognosis data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC). Two immune therapy cohorts were from Imvigor210 and GSE176307.

Results

Though the single protein expression of CMTM4, PD-L1, CD4 or CD8 in HCC tissues by IHC detection didn’t show a significant relationship with the prognosis of HCC patients, we found that high co-expression of CMTM4/PD-L1/CD4 showed a good prognosis of HCC patients. Further Timer 2.0 analysis identified that HCC patients with high expression of CMTM4/PD-L1 and high infiltration of CD4⁺ T cells had a better overall survival than those with low infiltration of CD4⁺ T cells. Moreover, a series of bioinformatics analyses revealed that CMTM4-related genes posed important effects on prognosis and immunity in HCC patients, and CMTM4 had a positive correlation with infiltration of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in HCC. At last, we used two immunotherapy cohorts to verify that the combination of CMTM4 with PD-L1 could improve the prognosis of tumor patients underwent immunotherapy.

Conclusions

CMTM4 and PD-L1 co-expression with T cell infiltration shows prognostic significance in HCC, suggesting combined effect from multiple proteins should be considered in HCC treatment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09999-y.

Application of CRISPR/Cas Technology in Spermatogenesis Research and Male Infertility Treatment

As the basis of animal reproductive activity, normal spermatogenesis directly determines the efficiency of livestock production. An in-depth understanding of spermatogenesis will greatly facilitate animal breeding efforts and male infertility treatment. With the continuous development and application of gene editing technologies, they have become valuable tools to study the mechanism of spermatogenesis. Gene editing technologies have provided us with a better understanding of the functions and potential mechanisms of action of factors that regulate spermatogenesis. This review summarizes the applications of gene editing technologies, especially CRISPR/Cas9, in deepening our understanding of the function of spermatogenesis-related genes and disease treatment. The problems of gene editing technologies in the field of spermatogenesis research are also discussed.

Overexpressed CMTM6 Improves Prognosis and Associated With Immune Infiltrates of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer (OV) is an epithelial malignancy that intrigues people for its high mortality and lack of efficient treatment. Chemokine-like factor (CKLF)–like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6) can be observed in various cancers, but its part in OV remains little known. Hence, the prognostic value and underlying mechanism of CMTM6 in OV were preliminarily evaluated. Here, we determined that CMTM6 expression was higher than that in normal controls. However, the upregulation of CMTM6 was associated with better prognosis. GSEA results suggested that CMTM6 is involved in the immune-related and metabolism-related pathways. GO/KEGG analysis of CMTM6 coexpressed genes was performed to survey the possible regulatory roles of CMTM6 in OV. Subsequently, CMTM6 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration levels of immune cells and the expression of diverse immune cell marker sets. Importantly, CMTM6 may influence prognosis partially by regulating immune infiltration in OV. Last, copy number variations (CNVs) and DNA methylation might prompt the abnormal CMTM6 expression in OV. In conclusion, CMTM6 can serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with OV.

Loss of Profilin3 Impairs Spermiogenesis by Affecting Acrosome Biogenesis, Autophagy, Manchette Development and Mitochondrial Organization

Profilins (PFNs) are key regulatory proteins for the actin polymerization in cells and are encoded in mouse and humans by four Pfn genes. PFNs are involved in cell mobility, cell growth, neurogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells. The testes-specific PFN3 is localized in the acroplaxome-manchette complex of developing spermatozoa. We demonstrate that PFN3 further localizes in the Golgi complex and proacrosomal vesicles during spermiogenesis, suggesting a role in vesicle transport for acrosome formation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we generated mice deficient for Pfn3. Pfn3-/- males are subfertile, displaying a type II globozoospermia. We revealed that Pfn3-/- sperm display abnormal manchette development leading to an amorphous sperm head shape. Additionally, Pfn3-/- sperm showed reduced sperm motility resulting from flagellum deformities. We show that acrosome biogenesis is impaired starting from the Golgi phase, and mature sperm seems to suffer from a cytoplasm removal defect. An RNA-seq analysis revealed an upregulation of Trim27 and downregulation of Atg2a. As a consequence, mTOR was activated and AMPK was suppressed, resulting in the inhibition of autophagy. This dysregulation of AMPK/mTOR affected the autophagic flux, which is hallmarked by LC3B accumulation and increased SQSTM1 protein levels. Autophagy is involved in proacrosomal vesicle fusion and transport to form the acrosome. We conclude that this disruption leads to the observed malformation of the acrosome. TRIM27 is associated with PFN3 as determined by co-immunoprecipitation from testis extracts. Further, actin-related protein ARPM1 was absent in the nuclear fraction of Pfn3-/- testes and sperm. This suggests that lack of PFN3 leads to destabilization of the PFN3-ARPM1 complex, resulting in the degradation of ARPM1. Interestingly, in the Pfn3-/- testes, we detected increased protein levels of essential actin regulatory proteins, cofilin-1 (CFL1), cofilin-2 (CFL2), and actin depolymerizing factor (ADF). Taken together, our results reveal the importance for PFN3 in male fertility and implicate this protein as a candidate for male factor infertility in humans.

iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of sperm reveals candidate proteins that affect the quality of spermatozoa from boars on plateaus

Background

Tibetan pigs (TP) exhibit heritable adaptations to their hypoxic environments as a result of natural selection. However, candidate proteins that affect the sperm quality of boars on plateaus have not yet been clearly investigated.

Methods

In this study, to reveal the candidate proteins that affect the quality of spermatozoa of boars on plateaus, we analyzed the sperm quality using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We also compared the proteomes of sperm proteomes between TP and Yorkshire pigs (YP) raised at high altitudes using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) in combination with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) proteomic method, and confirmed the relative expression levels of the four proteins by western blotting.

Results

The sperm quality of the TP was superior to that of the YP on plateaus. Of the 1,555 quantified proteins, 318 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEPs were predominantly associated with the sorbitol metabolic process, removal of superoxide radicals, cellular response to superoxide, response to superoxide and regulation of the mitotic spindle assembly. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were mainly enriched in pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and estrogen signaling. Based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, we identified 8 candidate proteins (FN1, EGF, HSP90B1, CFL1, GPX4, NDUFA6, VDAC2, and CP) that might play important roles and affect the sperm quality of boars on plateaus. Moreover, the relative expression levels of four proteins (CFL1, EGF, FN1, and GPX4) were confirmed by western blot analysis.

Conclusions

Our study revealed 8 candidate proteins (FN1, EGF, HSP90B1, CFL1, GPX4, NDUFA6, VDAC2, and CP) that affect the sperm quality of boar on plateaus and provide a reference for further studies on improving sperm quality and the molecular breeding of boars on plateaus.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12953-021-00177-9.

Chronic exposure of BPA impairs male germ cell proliferation and induces lower sperm quality in male mice

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor that affects male fertility. However, the main biological events through which BPA affects spermatogenesis remain to be identified.

METHODS

Adult male mice were treated by feeding with drinking water containing BPA (0.2 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, respectively) for two months. Testes were collected for protein extraction or for immunohistochemical analysis. Epididymal spermatozoa were collected for sperm quality evaluation and male fertility assay by in vitro fertility (IVF). Serums were collected for detection of testosterone levels. Proteins associated with germ cell proliferation, meiosis, blood-testis barrier, and steroidogenesis production were examined in BPA-treated and control mice testes. CCK8 assay was used to detect the effect of BPA on the proliferation of GC-1 and GC-2 cells.

RESULTS

The BPA-treated mice were characterized by decreased sperm quality, serum testosterone levels and, sub-fertile phenotype characterizing with low pregnancy rates and reduced fertilization efficiency. In lower BPA (0.2 μg/ml) treatment, PCNA and PLZF were down-expressed that indicated impaired germ cell proliferation. SYCP3 was down-expressed in BPA-treated mice, but expressions of other proteins associated with meiosis and blood-testis barrier were not significantly altered. CYP11A1 and HSD3B1 were down-expressed in BPA-treated mice that demonstrated reduced steroidogenesis activity. BPA has a concentration-dependent inhibition effect on the proliferation of GC-1 and GC-2 cells. Conclusively, low doses BPA exposure reduced mice sperm quality mainly by impairing germ cell proliferation, leading to reduced male fertility. The study would provide relevant information for investigation on molecular mechanisms and protective strategy on male production.

Chemokine-Like Factor-Like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Latest Advances

Chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTMs) is a new gene family, consisting of CKLF and CMTM1 to CMTM8, which plays an important role in hematopoiesis system, autoimmune diseases, male reproduction etc. Abnormal expression of CMTMs is also associated with tumor genesis, development and metastasis. In this review, we briefly describe the characteristics of CMTM family, outline its functions in multiple kinds of carcinomas, and summarize the latest research on their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma which are mainly related to the expression, prognostic effect, potential functions, and mechanism of action. The CMTM family is expected to provide new ideas and targets for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Ablation of the canonical testosterone production pathway via knockout of the steroidogenic enzyme HSD17B3, reveals a novel mechanism of testicular testosterone production

Male development, fertility, and lifelong health are all androgen-dependent. Approximately 95% of circulating testosterone is synthesized by the testis and the final step in this canonical pathway is controlled by the activity of the hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17-beta-3 (HSD17B3). To determine the role of HSD17B3 in testosterone production and androgenization during male development and function we have characterized a mouse model lacking HSD17B3. The data reveal that developmental masculinization and fertility are normal in mutant males. Ablation of HSD17B3 inhibits hyperstimulation of testosterone production by hCG, although basal testosterone levels are maintained despite the absence of HSD17B3. Reintroduction of HSD17B3 via gene-delivery to Sertoli cells in adulthood partially rescues the adult phenotype, showing that, as in development, different cell-types in the testis are able to work together to produce testosterone. Together, these data show that HS17B3 acts as a rate-limiting-step for the maximum level of testosterone production by the testis but does not control basal testosterone production. Measurement of other enzymes able to convert androstenedione to testosterone identifies HSD17B12 as a candidate enzyme capable of driving basal testosterone production in the testis. Together, these findings expand our understanding of testosterone production in males.

Down-Regulated CMTM2 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Our recent study identified that human chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family member 2 (CMTM2) was deregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and posed as a potential tumor suppressor. However, the mechanism of CMTM2 in HCC occurrence and development has not been well elaborated.

Materials and Methods

The expression of CMTM2 was knocked-down by RNA interruption in Huh-7 and SMMC7721 cells. Cell proliferation ability was detected by CCK8 test and colony formation assay. The cell invasion and migration were measured by wound healing and Transwell assay.

Results

We found that the cell proliferation was significantly increased by interruption of CMTM2 expression, both in Huh-7 and SMMC7721 cells. Moreover, down-regulated CMTM2 could promote the invasion and migration ability of HCC cells through inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. We further discovered that both the expression of CMTM2 and the EMT-associated marker E-cadherin were decreased in the same thirty cases of HCC tissues compared with the corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues. Pearson correlation test showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between CMTM2 and E-cadherin in HCC tissues (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Based on the results of cell model and HCC tissues, our study suggests that down-regulated CMTM2 promotes HCC metastasis through inducing the EMT process.

Protein expression profile changes of lung tissue in patients with pulmonary hypertension

Background

Pulmonary hypertension occurs in approximately 1% of the global population, and the prognosis for such patients may be poor. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of this disease remain unclear. Thus, understanding the development of pulmonary hypertension and finding new therapeutic targets and approaches are important for improved clinical outcomes.

Methods

Lung tissue specimens were collected from six patients with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension (all women, with a mean age of 46.5 ± 4.7 years, and their condition could not be corrected with an internal medical occlusion device) and from nine control patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy (six men and three women, with a mean age of 56.7 ± 1.7 years). Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses were used to detect protein expression levels.

Results

We found 74 significantly upregulated and 88 significantly downregulated differentially expressed proteins between control and pulmonary hypertensive lung tissue specimens. Gene ontology analyses identified the top 20 terms in all three categories, that is, biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and protein–protein interaction analyses determined the top 10 signaling pathways and found that the six hub proteins associated with the differentially expressed upregulated proteins (PRKAA1, DHPR, ACTB, desmin, ACTG1, and ITGA1) were all involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Conclusion

Our results identified protein expression profile changes in lung tissue derived from patients with pulmonary hypertension, providing potential new biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis for patients with pulmonary hypertension and offering candidate protein targets for future therapeutic drug development.