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Liu Z, Hou S, He P. Detection of Ligand-Induced Receptor Kinase and Signaling Component Phosphorylation with Mn 2+-Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:205-214. [PMID: 38019436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-resident receptor kinases (RKs) are crucial for plants to sense endogenous and exogenous signals in regulating growth, development, and stress response. Upon perception of ligands by the extracellular domain, RKs are usually activated by auto- and/or trans-phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic kinase domain, which in turn phosphorylates downstream substrates to relay the signaling. Therefore, monitoring ligand-induced in vivo phosphorylation dynamics of RKs and their associated proteins provides mechanistic insight into RK activation and downstream signal transduction. Phos-tag specifically binds phosphomonoester dianions of phosphorylated serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, which enables Phos-tag-containing SDS-PAGE gels to separate phosphorylated proteins from non-phosphorylated form. Here, we describe a detailed method of Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis to detect the ligand-induced in vivo phosphorylation of RKs and associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Ping He
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Wang Q, Shen T, Ni L, Chen C, Jiang J, Cui Z, Wang S, Xu F, Yan R, Jiang M. Phosphorylation of OsRbohB by the protein kinase OsDMI3 promotes H 2O 2 production to potentiate ABA responses in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:882-902. [PMID: 37029489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In rice, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase OsDMI3 is an important positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In ABA signaling, H2O2 is required for ABA-induced activation of OsDMI3, which in turn increase H2O2 production. However, how OsDMI3 regulates H2O2 production in ABA signaling remains unknown. Here we show that OsRbohB is the main NADPH oxidase involved in ABA-induced H2O2 production and ABA-mediated physiological responses. OsDMI3 directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsRbohB at Ser-191, which is OsDMI3-mediated site-specific phosphorylation in ABA signaling. Further analyses revealed that OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB Ser-191 phosphorylation positively regulates the activity of NADPH oxidase and the production of H2O2 in ABA signaling, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of seed germination and root growth to ABA and plant tolerance to water stress and oxidative stress. Moreover, we discovered that the OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB phosphorylation and H2O2 production is dependent on the sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases SAPK8/9/10, which phosphorylate OsRbohB at Ser-140 in ABA signaling. Taken together, these results not only reveal an important regulatory mechanism that directly activates Rboh for ABA-induced H2O2 production but also uncover the importance of this regulatory mechanism in ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengjuan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Runjiao Yan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Shi G, Song C, Torres Robles J, Salichos L, Lou HJ, Lam TT, Gerstein M, Turk BE. Proteome-wide screening for mitogen-activated protein kinase docking motifs and interactors. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabm5518. [PMID: 36626580 PMCID: PMC9995140 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abm5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential functions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) depend on their capacity to selectively phosphorylate a limited repertoire of substrates. MAPKs harbor a conserved groove located outside of the catalytic cleft that binds to short linear sequence motifs found in substrates and regulators. However, the weak and transient nature of these "docking" interactions poses a challenge to defining MAPK interactomes and associated sequence motifs. Here, we describe a yeast-based genetic screening pipeline to evaluate large collections of MAPK docking sequences in parallel. Using this platform, we analyzed a combinatorial library based on the docking sequences from the MAPK kinases MKK6 and MKK7, defining features critical for binding to the stress-activated MAPKs JNK1 and p38α. Our screen of a library consisting of ~12,000 sequences from the human proteome revealed multiple MAPK-selective interactors, including many that did not conform to previously defined docking motifs. Analysis of p38α/JNK1 exchange mutants identified specific docking groove residues that mediate selective binding. Last, we verified that docking sequences identified in the screen functioned in substrate recruitment in vitro and in cultured cells. Together, these studies establish an approach to characterize MAPK docking sequences and provide a resource for future investigation of signaling downstream of p38 and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Claire Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jaylissa Torres Robles
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Leonidas Salichos
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Keck MS and Proteomics Resource, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Li H, Zhang Y, Wu C, Bi J, Chen Y, Jiang C, Cui M, Chen Y, Hou X, Yuan M, Xiong L, Yang Y, Xie K. Fine-tuning OsCPK18/OsCPK4 activity via genome editing of phosphorylation motif improves rice yield and immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2258-2271. [PMID: 35984919 PMCID: PMC9674324 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex signalling networks to regulate growth and defence responses under an ever-changing environment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth-defence tradeoff are largely unclear. We previously reported that rice CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 18 (OsCPK18) and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 5 (OsMPK5) mutually phosphorylate each other and that OsCPK18 phosphorylates and positively regulates OsMPK5 to suppress rice immunity. In this study, we found that OsCPK18 and its paralog OsCPK4 positively regulate plant height and yield-related traits. Further analysis reveals that OsCPK18 and OsMPK5 synergistically regulate defence-related genes but differentially regulate development-related genes. In vitro and in vivo kinase assays demonstrated that OsMPK5 phosphorylates C-terminal threonine (T505) and serine (S512) residues of OsCPK18 and OsCPK4, respectively. The kinase activity of OsCPK18T505D , in which T505 was replaced by aspartic acid to mimic T505 phosphorylation, displayed less calcium sensitivity than that of wild-type OsCPK18. Interestingly, editing the MAPK phosphorylation motif in OsCPK18 and its paralog OsCPK4, which deprives OsMPK5-mediated phosphorylation but retains calcium-dependent activation of kinase activity, simultaneously increases rice yields and immunity. This editing event also changed the last seven amino acid residues of OsCPK18 and attenuated its binding with OsMPK5. This study presents a new regulatory circuit that fine tunes the growth-defence tradeoff by modulating OsCPK18/4 activity and suggests that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated engineering phosphorylation pathways could simultaneously improve crop yield and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Caiyun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinpeng Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yache Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Changjin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuedan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Huck Institutes of Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
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Hirano H, Shirakawa J. Recent developments in Phos-tag electrophoresis for the analysis of phosphoproteins in proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:103-114. [PMID: 35285370 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2052850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphate-binding tag (Phos-tag) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is an important development capable of analyzing the phosphorylation state of proteins. Conventionally, proteins were separated via SDS-PAGE and Phos-tag SDS-PAGE that use different gels to identify phosphorylated proteins. However, it was often difficult to compare the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins in the different gels used. The recently developed Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis has been able to solve this problem. It can indicate the SDS-PAGE and Phos-tag SDS-PAGE patterns on a single gel; therefore, phosphorylated proteins can be distinguished easily from non-phosphorylated proteins. AREAS COVERED This review assesses the importance of Phos-tag electrophoresis, which enables the analysis of protein phosphorylation states, in the field of proteomics. Additionally, this review describes the significance and actual experimental technique of Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis, which was recently developed to overcome the drawbacks of Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. EXPERT OPINION Although shotgun analysis of proteins allows detecting many phosphorylation sites, it is challenging to clarify the differences in the phosphorylation states of protein molecules using this technique. Therefore, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE is frequently used to determine the phosphorylation state of proteins. This technique has become more powerful with the recent development of Phos-tag diagonal electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hirano
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Recent advances in the Phos-tag technique focused on the analysis of phosphoproteins in a bacterial two-component system. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104429. [PMID: 34813946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a bacterial two-component system (TCS), signals are generally conveyed by means of a His-Asp phosphorelay. Each system consists of a histidine kinase (HK) and its cognate response regulator (RR). The His- and Asp-bound phosphate groups are extremely unstable under acidic conditions easily to be hydrolyzed within a few hours. Because of the labile nature of phosphorylated His and Asp residues, few approaches are available that permit a quantitative analysis of their phosphorylation states in the TCS. Here, we describe that Phos-tag technique is suitable for the quantitative analysis of His- and Asp-phosphorylated proteins. The dynamics of the His-Asp phosphorelay of recombinant TCS derived from Escherichia coli, was examined by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE or Phos-tag fluorescent dye gel staining. The technique permitted not only the quantitative monitoring of the autophosphorylation reactions of HK and RR in the presence of ATP or acetyl phosphate, respectively, but also that of the phosphotransfer reaction from HK to RR in the presence of ATP. Furthermore, we demonstrate profiling of waldiomycin, an HK inhibitor, by using the Phos-tag fluorescent dye gel staining. Consequently, Phos-tag technique provides a simple and convenient approach for screening of HK inhibitors that have potential as new antimicrobial agents. SIGNIFICANCE: Bacterial cells have unique phosphotransfer signaling mechanisms known as two-component systems (TCSs) that permit the organism to sense and respond to various environmental conditions. Each system consists of a histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). A typical HK contains an invariant His residue that is autophosphorylated in an ATP-dependent manner. A typical RR has a conserved Asp residue that can acquire a phosphoryl group from its cognate HK. In general, TCS has this type of a His-Asp phosphorelay scheme. Because TCS is also involved in the virulence of pathogens, it is potential targets for novel antibiotics and antivirulence agents. It is, thus, very important to determine HK activity in the bacterial TCS. We believe that our Phos-tag technique provides a simple and convenient approach for drug discovery targeting the bacterial TCS.
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Koike T. History of Phos-tag technology for phosphoproteomics. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104432. [PMID: 34818585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phos-tag is a functional molecule that selectively captures a phosphate monoester dianion in neutral aqueous solutions. The affinity of Phos-tag for phosphate monoester dianions is more than 10,000 times greater than that for other anions present in living organisms, such as carboxylic acid anions. We have developed and applied useful techniques for phosphoproteomics based on Phos-tag. This review describes the history of Phos-tag development and outlines three main technologies that have been put to practical use. The first is a technique to separate and concentrate phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins using a Phos-tag derivative with a hydrophilic chromatography carrier (Phos-tag polymer beads). The second is a technology to detect phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins on various arrays using Phos-tag biotin. The third is a technique to separate and detect phosphoproteins by electrophoresis using Phos-tag acrylamide. We hope that these three technologies will make a significant contribution to phosphoproteomics and, ultimately, to life science research. SIGNIFICANCE: The authors found that a dinuclear metal complex of 1,3-bis[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]propan-2-olato acted as a novel phosphate-binding tag nanomolecule, Phos-tag, in an aqueous solution under near physiological conditions. The metal complex having a vacancy on two metal ions is suitable for the access of a phosphomonoester dianion (R-OPO32-) as a bridging ligand. A dinuclear zinc(II) complex (Zn2+-Phos-tag) strongly binds to a p-nitrophenyl phosphate dianion (Kd = 2.5 × 10-8 M) at a neutral pH. The anion selectivity indexes against SO42-, CH3COO-, Cl-, and the bisphenyl phosphate monoanion at 25 °C are 5.2 × 103, 1.6 × 104, 8.0 × 105, and > 2 × 106, respectively. We have been involved in developing technologies by using the Phos-tag molecule and its derivatives to permit the analysis of phosphorylated biomolecules. To date, Phos-tag technology has contributed to the development of several procedures for phosphoproteomics, including a phosphate-affinity chromatography technique for the separation and enrichment of phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins, a wide variety of microarray/on-chip techniques for the detection of protein phosphorylation, and a phosphate-affinity electrophoresis technique for the detection of shifts in the mobilities of phosphoproteins. In this review article, the authors introduce the impact of Phos-tag-based technological advances for phosphoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences, Hiroshima Bunkyo University, Kabehigashi 1-2-1, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima 731-0295, Japan.
| | - Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Identification and validation of new ERK substrates by phosphoproteomic technologies including Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. J Proteomics 2022; 258:104543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gilliard G, Huby E, Cordelier S, Ongena M, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Deleu M. Protoplast: A Valuable Toolbox to Investigate Plant Stress Perception and Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:749581. [PMID: 34675954 PMCID: PMC8523952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly facing abiotic and biotic stresses. To continue to thrive in their environment, they have developed many sophisticated mechanisms to perceive these stresses and provide an appropriate response. There are many ways to study these stress signals in plant, and among them, protoplasts appear to provide a unique experimental system. As plant cells devoid of cell wall, protoplasts allow observations at the individual cell level. They also offer a prime access to the plasma membrane and an original view on the inside of the cell. In this regard, protoplasts are particularly useful to address essential biological questions regarding stress response, such as protein signaling, ion fluxes, ROS production, and plasma membrane dynamics. Here, the tools associated with protoplasts to comprehend plant stress signaling are overviewed and their potential to decipher plant defense mechanisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gilliard
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eloïse Huby
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Terra Teaching and Research Center, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- RIBP EA 4707, USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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Characterization of Phosphorylation Status and Kinase Activity of Src Family Kinases Expressed in Cell-Based and Cell-Free Protein Expression Systems. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101448. [PMID: 34680080 PMCID: PMC8533471 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of heterologous proteins is an important procedure for biologists in basic and applied sciences. A variety of cell-based and cell-free protein expression systems are available to achieve this. The expression system must be selected carefully, especially for target proteins that require post-translational modifications. In this study, human Src family kinases were prepared using six different protein expression systems: 293 human embryonic kidney cells, Escherichia coli, and cell-free expression systems derived from rabbit reticulocytes, wheat germ, insect cells, or Escherichia coli. The phosphorylation status of each kinase was analyzed by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. The kinase activities were also investigated. In the eukaryotic systems, multiple phosphorylated forms of the expressed kinases were observed. In the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and 293 cells, differences in phosphorylation status between the wild-type and kinase-dead mutants were observed. Whether the expressed kinase was active depended on the properties of both the kinase and each expression system. In the prokaryotic systems, Src and Hck were expressed in autophosphorylated active forms. Clear differences in post-translational phosphorylation among the protein expression systems were revealed. These results provide useful information for preparing functional proteins regulated by phosphorylation.
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Chen M, Ni L, Chen J, Sun M, Qin C, Zhang G, Zhang A, Jiang M. Rice calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase directly phosphorylates a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase to regulate abscisic acid responses. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1790-1812. [PMID: 33630095 PMCID: PMC8254507 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is an important positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress signaling in plants and is believed to act upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in ABA signaling. However, it is unclear how CCaMK activates MAPK in ABA signaling. Here, we show that OsDMI3, a rice (Oryza sativa) CCaMK, directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsMKK1, a MAPK kinase (MKK) in rice, in vitro and in vivo. OsDMI3 was found to directly phosphorylate Thr-25 in the N-terminus of OsMKK1, and this Thr-25 phosphorylation is OsDMI3-specific in ABA signaling. The activation of OsMKK1 and its downstream kinase OsMPK1 is dependent on Thr-25 phosphorylation of OsMKK1 in ABA signaling. Moreover, ABA treatment induces phosphorylation in the activation loop of OsMKK1, and the two phosphorylations, in the N-terminus and in the activation loop, are independent. Further analyses revealed that OsDMI3-mediated phosphorylation of OsMKK1 positively regulates ABA responses in seed germination, root growth, and tolerance to both water stress and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that OsMKK1 is a direct target of OsDMI3, and OsDMI3-mediated phosphorylation of OsMKK1 plays an important role in activating the MAPK cascade and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Manman Sun
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Caihua Qin
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Author for correspondence:
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12
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Hu Y, Cheng Y, Yu X, Liu J, Yang L, Gao Y, Ke G, Zhou M, Mu B, Xiao S, Wang Y, Wen YQ. Overexpression of two CDPKs from wild Chinese grapevine enhances powdery mildew resistance in Vitis vinifera and Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2029-2046. [PMID: 33595857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play vital roles in metabolic regulations and stimuli responses in plants. However, little is known about their function in grapevine. Here, we report that VpCDPK9 and VpCDPK13, two paralogous CDPKs from Vitis pseudoreticulata accession Baihe-35-1, appear to positively regulate powdery mildew resistance. The transcription of them in leaves of 'Baihe-35-1' were differentially induced upon powdery mildew infection. Overexpression of VpCDPK9-YFP or VpCDPK13-YFP in the V. vinifera susceptible cultivar Thompson Seedless resulted in enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (YFP, yellow fluorescent protein). This might be due to elevation of SA and ethylene production, and excess accumulation of H2 O2 and callose in penetrated epidermal cells and/or the mesophyll cells underneath. Ectopic expression of VpCDPK9-YFP in Arabidopsis resulted in varied degrees of reduced stature, pre-mature senescence and enhanced powdery mildew resistance. However, these phenotypes were abolished in VpCDPK9-YFP transgenic lines impaired in SA signaling (pad4sid2) or ethylene signaling (ein2). Moreover, both of VpCDPK9 and VpCDPK13 were found to interact with and potentially phosphorylate VpMAPK3, VpMAPK6, VpACS1 and VpACS2 in vivo (ACS, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase). These results suggest that VpCDPK9 and VpCDPK13 contribute to powdery mildew resistance via positively regulating SA and ethylene signaling in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lushan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yurong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guihua Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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13
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An assay of human tyrosine protein kinase ABL activity using an Escherichia coli protein expression system. Biotechniques 2021; 70:209-217. [PMID: 33820471 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABL, a human tyrosine protein kinase, and its substrate are co-expressed in Escherichia coli. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the substrate in E. coli was detected using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. The bacterial co-expression system was used as a field for the kinase reaction to evaluate the enzymatic activity of five types of ABL kinase domain mutants. Relative to wild-type ABL, kinase activity was comparable in the H396P mutant, reduced in both Y253F and E255K mutants and undetectable in T315I and M351T mutants. These comparative results demonstrated that the phosphorylation states of the mutants correlated with their activity. The bacterial co-expression system permits rapid production of tyrosine kinase variants and provides a simple approach for examining their structure-activity relationships.
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14
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Li H, Wu C, Du M, Chen Y, Hou X, Yang Y, Xie K. A versatile nanoluciferase toolkit and optimized in-gel detection method for protein analysis in plants. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:13. [PMID: 37309479 PMCID: PMC10236060 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissection of gene function requires sophisticated tools to monitor gene expression. Gene tagging with epitope peptides and fluorescent protein tags is a routine method to investigate protein expression using tag-specific antibodies and western blotting with tedious blotting and immunodetection steps. Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) exhibits extremely bright bioluminescence and is engineered as a sensitive genetic reporter. Due to its small size and high bioluminescent activity, NanoLuc could be engineered to function as a novel protein tag that permits direct detection of tagged protein in the gel matrix (in-gel detection). In this study, we developed Gateway compatible vectors to tag proteins with NanoLuc in plants. We also tailored the in-gel detection conditions which can detect NanoLuc-tagged MPK3 from as low as 200 pg of total protein extracts. Compared to FLAG tag and western blotting-based detection, NanoLuc tag and optimized in-gel detection exhibit increased detection sensitivity but omit the blotting and immunodetection steps. We also demonstrated versatile applications of the NanoLuc-based in-gel detection method for protein expression analysis, probing protein-protein interactions by coimmunoprecipitation, and in vivo protein phosphorylation detection with Phos-tag gel electrophoresis. Finally, NanoLuc was used to tag the gene at its endogenous locus using the wheat dwarf virus replicon and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. Our data suggest that NanoLuc tag and in-gel detection permit fast detection of tagged protein with high sensitivity. The versatile NanoLuc toolkit and convenient in-gel detection method are expected to facilitate in vitro and in vivo protein analysis for plant functional genomics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01210-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Caiyun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Manman Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yache Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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15
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Phos-Tag Fluorescent Gel Staining for the Quantitative Detection of His- and Asp-Phosphorylated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2261:73-78. [PMID: 33420985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a standard protocol for phosphate-affinity fluorescent gel staining that uses a fluorophore-labeled dizinc(II) complex of a derivative of the phosphate-binding tag molecule Phos-tag to detect His- and Asp-phosphorylated proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The procedure permits the quantitative monitoring of phosphorylated histidine kinases (His-phosphoproteins) and their cognate phosphorylated response regulators (Asp-phosphoproteins) in bacterial two-component signaling transduction systems. The total time required for each gel staining operation is about 2 h at room temperature.
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16
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Koike T. Determining Protein Phosphorylation Status Using Antibody Arrays and Phos-Tag Biotin. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2237:217-224. [PMID: 33237421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1064-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a standard protocol for determining the phosphorylation status of protein multiplexes using antibody arrays and a biotinylated Phos-tag with a dodeca(ethylene glycol) spacer (Phos-tag Biotin). The procedure is based on an antibody microarray technique used in conjunction with an enhanced chemiluminescence system, and it permits the simultaneous and highly sensitive detection of multiple phosphoproteins in a cell lysate. By using this procedure, we have demonstrated the quantitative detection of the entire phosphorylation status of a target protein involved in intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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Receptor tyrosine kinases activate heterotrimeric G proteins via phosphorylation within the interdomain cleft of Gαi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28763-28774. [PMID: 33139573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004699117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G proteins, two major signaling hubs in eukaryotes, independently relay signals across the plasma membrane have been extensively characterized. How these hubs cross-talk has been a long-standing question, but answers remain elusive. Using linear ion-trap mass spectrometry in combination with biochemical, cellular, and computational approaches, we unravel a mechanism of activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by RTKs and chart the key steps that mediate such activation. Upon growth factor stimulation, the guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator dissociates Gαi•βγ trimers, scaffolds monomeric Gαi with RTKs, and facilitates the phosphorylation on two tyrosines located within the interdomain cleft of Gαi. Phosphorylation triggers the activation of Gαi and inhibits second messengers (cAMP). Tumor-associated mutants reveal how constitutive activation of this pathway impacts cell's decision to "go" vs. "grow." These insights define a tyrosine-based G protein signaling paradigm and reveal its importance in eukaryotes.
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18
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Utsumi T, Miyazaki A, Tokumoto C, Doi K, Harada H, Kinoshita E, Koike T. Protein-N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of serine 13 of tyrosine kinase Lyn by casein kinase 1γ at the Golgi during intracellular protein traffic. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16273. [PMID: 33004926 PMCID: PMC7531007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation of Src-family kinases (SFKs) is a critical co-translational modification to anchor the enzymes in the plasma membrane. Phosphorylation of SFKs is also an essential modification for regulating their enzymatic activities. In this study, we used Phos-tag SDS-PAGE to investigate N-myristoylation-dependent phosphorylation of SFKs and their non-N-myristoylated G2A mutants. The serine-13 residue of Lyn (Lyn-S13) was shown to be N-myristoylation-dependently phosphorylated. Although there have been more than 40 reports of mass spectrometric studies on phosphorylation at Lyn-S13, the kinase responsible remained unclear. We succeeded in identifying casein kinase 1γ (CK1γ) as the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of Lyn-S13. In HEK293 cells co-expressing Lyn and CK1γ, the phosphorylation level of Lyn-S13 increased significantly. CK1γ is unique among the CK1 family (α, γ, δ, and ε) in carrying an S-palmitoylation site for membrane binding. Co-expression with the non-S-palmitoylated CK1γ mutant, which localized in the cytosol, gave no increase in the phosphorylation level at Lyn-S13. In HEK293 cells expressing the non-S-palmitoylated Lyn-C3A mutant, on the other hand, the Lyn-C3A mutant was phosphorylated at Lyn-S13, and the mutant remained at the Golgi. These results showed that S-palmitoylated CK1γ can phosphorylate S13 of N-myristoylated Lyn at the Golgi during intracellular protein traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Aya Miyazaki
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tokumoto
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Doi
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruna Harada
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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19
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Maruta S, Eguchi Y, Igarashi M, Okajima T, Utsumi R, Kinoshita E, Koike T. An immuno-dot blot assay for screening histidine kinase inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2020; 600:113765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Mateus P, Delgado R. Zinc(ii) and copper(ii) complexes as tools to monitor/inhibit protein phosphorylation events. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17076-17092. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A perspective on the advance of copper(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes of varied ligand architectures as binders of phosphorylated peptides/proteins and as sensors of phosphorylation reactions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mateus
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV)
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
| | - Rita Delgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA)
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
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21
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Klein R, Kretzschmar A, Unden G. Control of the bifunctional O
2
‐sensor kinase NreB of
Staphylococcus carnosus
by the nitrate sensor NreA: Switching from kinase to phosphatase state. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:369-380. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Klein
- Microbiology and Wine Research, Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
| | - Ann‐Katrin Kretzschmar
- Microbiology and Wine Research, Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Microbiology and Wine Research, Institute for Molecular Physiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
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22
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kusamoto H, Ono S, Akayama K, Eguchi Y, Igarashi M, Okajima T, Utsumi R, Kinoshita E, Koike T. Quantitative monitoring of His and Asp phosphorylation in a bacterial signaling system by using Phos-tag Magenta/Cyan fluorescent dyes. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3005-3013. [PMID: 31495938 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the bacterial signaling mechanisms known as two-component systems (TCSs), signals are generally conveyed by means of a His-Asp phosphorelay. Each system consists of a histidine kinase (HK) and its cognate response regulator. Because of the labile nature of phosphorylated His and Asp residues, few approaches are available that permit a quantitative analysis of their phosphorylation status. Here, we show that the Phos-tag dye technology is suitable for the fluorescent detection of His- and Asp-phosphorylated proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The dynamics of the His-Asp phosphorelay of recombinant EnvZ-OmpR, a TCS derived from Escherichia coli, were examined by SDS-PAGE followed by simple rapid staining with Phos-tag Magenta fluorescent dye. The technique permitted not only the quantitative monitoring of the autophosphorylation reactions of EnvZ and OmpR in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or acetyl phosphate, respectively, but also that of the phosphotransfer reaction from EnvZ to OmpR, which occurs within 1 min in the presence of ATP. Furthermore, we demonstrate profiling of waldiomycin, an HK inhibitor, by using the Phos-tag Cyan gel staining. We believe that the Phos-tag dye technology provides a simple and convenient fluorometric approach for screening of HK inhibitors that have potential as new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kusamoto
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Syogo Ono
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Akayama
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Eguchi
- Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Toshihide Okajima
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Utsumi
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Reaction, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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23
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Phosphorylated claudin-16 interacts with Trpv5 and regulates transcellular calcium transport in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19176-19186. [PMID: 31488724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902042116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) was previously considered to be a paracellular channelopathy caused by mutations in the claudin-16 and claudin-19 genes. Here, we provide evidence that a missense FHHNC mutation c.908C>G (p.T303R) in the claudin-16 gene interferes with the phosphorylation in the claudin-16 protein. The claudin-16 protein carrying phosphorylation at residue T303 is localized in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) but not in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the mouse kidney. The phosphomimetic claudin-16 protein carrying the T303E mutation but not the wildtype claudin-16 or the T303R mutant protein increases the Trpv5 channel conductance and membrane abundance in human kidney cells. Phosphorylated claudin-16 and Trpv5 are colocalized in the luminal membrane of the mouse DCT tubule; phosphomimetic claudin-16 and Trpv5 interact in the yeast and mammalian cell membranes. Knockdown of claudin-16 gene expression in transgenic mouse kidney delocalizes Trpv5 from the luminal membrane in the DCT. Unlike wildtype claudin-16, phosphomimetic claudin-16 is delocalized from the tight junction but relocated to the apical membrane in renal epithelial cells because of diminished binding affinity to ZO-1. High-Ca2+ diet reduces the phosphorylation of claudin-16 protein at T303 in the DCT of mouse kidney via the PTH signaling cascade. Knockout of the PTH receptor, PTH1R, from the mouse kidney abrogates the claudin-16 phosphorylation at T303. Together, these results suggest a pathogenic mechanism for FHHNC involving transcellular Ca2+ pathway in the DCT and identify a molecular component in renal Ca2+ homeostasis under direct regulation of PTH.
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24
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Shellhammer JP, Pomeroy AE, Li Y, Dujmusic L, Elston TC, Hao N, Dohlman HG. Quantitative analysis of the yeast pheromone pathway. Yeast 2019; 36:495-518. [PMID: 31022772 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pheromone response pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-established model for the study of G proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Our longstanding ability to combine sophisticated genetic approaches with established functional assays has provided a thorough understanding of signalling mechanisms and regulation. In this report, we compare new and established methods used to quantify pheromone-dependent MAPK phosphorylation, transcriptional induction, mating morphogenesis, and gradient tracking. These include both single-cell and population-based assays of activity. We describe several technical advances, provide example data for benchmark mutants, highlight important differences between newer and established methodologies, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each as applied to the yeast model. Quantitative measurements of pathway activity have been used to develop mathematical models and reveal new regulatory mechanisms in yeast. It is our expectation that experimental and computational approaches developed in yeast may eventually be adapted to human systems biology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Shellhammer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amy E Pomeroy
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lorena Dujmusic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nan Hao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Henrik G Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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25
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Phosphoproteomic identification and functional characterization of protein kinase substrates by 2D-DIGE and Phos-tag PAGE. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Lombard CK, Davis AL, Inukai T, Maly DJ. Allosteric Modulation of JNK Docking Site Interactions with ATP-Competitive Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5897-5909. [PMID: 30211540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) play a wide variety of roles in cellular signaling processes, dictating important, and even divergent, cellular fates. These essential kinases possess docking surfaces distal to their active sites that interact with diverse binding partners, including upstream activators, downstream substrates, and protein scaffolds. Prior studies have suggested that the interactions of certain protein-binding partners with one such JNK docking surface, termed the D-recruitment site (DRS), can allosterically influence the conformational state of the ATP-binding pocket of JNKs. To further explore the allosteric relationship between the ATP-binding pockets and DRSs of JNKs, we investigated how the interactions of the scaffolding protein JIP1, as well as the upstream activators MKK4 and MKK7, are allosterically influenced by the ATP-binding site occupancy of the JNKs. We show that the affinity of the JNKs for JIP1 can be divergently modulated with ATP-competitive inhibitors, with a >50-fold difference in dissociation constant observed between the lowest- and highest-affinity JNK1-inhibitor complexes. Furthermore, we found that we could promote or attenuate phosphorylation of JNK1's activation loop by MKK4 and MKK7, by varying the ATP-binding site occupancy. Given that JIP1, MKK4, and MKK7 all interact with JNK DRSs, these results demonstrate that there is functional allostery between the ATP-binding sites and DRSs of these kinases. Furthermore, our studies suggest that ATP-competitive inhibitors can allosterically influence the intracellular binding partners of the JNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe K Lombard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98117 , United States
| | - Audrey L Davis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98117 , United States
| | - Takayuki Inukai
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. , 3-1-1 Sakurai , Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98117 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98117 , United States
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Phosphoproteomic-based kinase profiling early in influenza virus infection identifies GRK2 as antiviral drug target. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3679. [PMID: 30206219 PMCID: PMC6133941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although annual influenza epidemics affect around 10% of the global population, current treatment options are limited and development of new antivirals is needed. Here, using quantitative phosphoproteomics, we reveal the unique phosphoproteome dynamics that occur in the host cell within minutes of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We uncover cellular kinases required for the observed signaling pattern and find that inhibition of selected candidates, such as the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), leads to decreased IAV replication. As GRK2 has emerged as drug target in heart disease, we focus on its role in IAV infection and show that it is required for viral uncoating. Replication of seasonal and pandemic IAVs is severely decreased by specific GRK2 inhibitors in primary human airway cultures and in mice. Our study reveals the IAV-induced changes to the cellular phosphoproteome and identifies GRK2 as crucial node of the kinase network that enables IAV replication. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics and development of antivirals is needed. Here, the authors perform phosphoproteomics during IAV entry and identify GRK2 as drug target, inhibition of which decreases replication of seasonal and pandemic IAV in primary human cells and animal models.
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Conage-Pough JE, Boise LH. Phosphorylation alters Bim-mediated Mcl-1 stabilization and priming. FEBS J 2018; 285:2626-2640. [PMID: 29775995 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mcl-1 is a highly labile protein, subject to extensive post-translational regulation. This distinguishes Mcl-1 from other antiapoptotic proteins and necessitates further study to better understand how interactions with proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins affect its regulation. One such protein, Bim, is known to stabilize Mcl-1, and Bim phosphorylation has been associated with increased Mcl-1 binding. Consequently, we investigated the potential impact of Bim phosphorylation on Mcl-1 stability. We found that Bim stabilizes and primes Mcl-1 in RPCI-WM1 cells and is constitutively phosphorylated. Additionally, introduction of several phospho-mimetic and unphosphosphorylateable Bim mutations resulted in altered Mcl-1 stability and distinct Bim binding to antiapoptotic proteins. These findings suggest Bim phosphorylation not only regulates Mcl-1 stability but also is a potential mechanism for enforcing Mcl-1 dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Conage-Pough
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kinoshita E, Ueda S, Ino Y, Kimura Y, Hirano H, Koike T. Increase in constitutively active MEK1 species by introduction of MEK1 mutations identified in cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1867:62-70. [PMID: 29753091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinase MEK1 is an essential component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Somatic mutations that have been identified in the MEK1-coding gene generally enhance kinase activity. Consequently, MEK1 has attracted much interest as a target for cancer therapy to block the aberrant activity. By using Phos-tag affinity electrophoresis, we found that the introduction of mutations detected in certain sporadic cancers or in MEK-inhibitor-resistant cancer cells produced constitutively active MEK1 species containing phosphorylated Ser-218 and Ser-222 residues; it also enhanced the constitutive activity of the kinase. Phosphorylation profiling of the mutants in the presence of inhibitors of RAF/MEK demonstrated that several mutations conferred resistance to multiple inhibitors as a result of an increase in the quantity of active MEK1 species containing the two phosphorylated Ser-218 and Ser-222 residues. Phos-tag-based phosphorylation profiling of MEK1 can therefore provide clinical insights into characteristics of individual mutations in the MEK1-coding gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ueda
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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A Simple Method for Detecting Phosphorylation of Proteins by Using Zn 2+-Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE at Neutral pH. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1853:223-229. [PMID: 30097947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8745-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE at neutral pH is a novel and simple method for analysis and separation of phosphorylated forms of proteins from their nonphosphorylated forms. This technique exploits the use of a dinuclear metal complex of 1,3-bis[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]propan-2-olate which acts as a phosphate-binding tag, having the capacity to incorporate two zinc metal ions which could then bind to phosphomonoester dianion as a bridging ligand. The acrylamide-pendant Zn2+-Phos-tag provides a phosphate affinity on simple SDS-PAGE gel for detection of mobility shift in phosphorylated proteins as compared to their nonphosphorylated forms. The technique is based on the principle that Zn2+-Phos-tag bound phosphorylated protein has a slower migration rate on the gel as compared to unbound nonphosphorylated proteins and are thus separated on the gel. Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE was developed by improving the Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE as the latter was unsuccessful in showing a mobility shift in some proteins such as Tau and pepsin. Additionally, the use of neutral pH instead of alkaline pH gives almost about 6 months of stability to the gels as compared to gels in alkaline pH which were quite unstable. Therefore, this Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE method is simple, reliable and convenient for phosphate-affinity SDS-PAGE.
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Phosphorylation of CENP-C by Aurora B facilitates kinetochore attachment error correction in mitosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10667-E10676. [PMID: 29180432 PMCID: PMC5740674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710506114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein networks located on centromeres that mediate chromosome segregation during mitosis and maintain genomic stability. Mis12 complex (Mis12C) functions as a scaffold that targets Ndc80 and Knl1 complexes to the centromere by associating with CENP-C. Here, we provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the CENP-C–dependent kinetochore recruitment of Mis12C, which is negatively regulated by Aurora B-dependent CENP-C phosphorylation. Replacement of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cnp3 with a phosphorylation-mimicking mutant, Cnp3T28E, results in defective chromosome segregation caused by improper kinetochore assembly. These findings indicate that Aurora B-dependent phosphorylation of CENP-C plays a role in interrupting the connection between the inner and outer kinetochore and is thus involved in the error correction/spindle assembly checkpoint pathway to prevent chromosome missegregation during mitosis. Kinetochores are superprotein complexes that orchestrate chromosome segregation via a dynamic interaction with spindle microtubules. A physical connection between CENP-C and the Mis12–Ndc80–Knl1 (KMN) protein network is an important pathway that is used to assemble kinetochores on CENP-A nucleosomes. Multiple outer kinetochore components are phosphorylated by Aurora B kinase to activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. However, it is unknown whether Aurora B can phosphorylate inner kinetochore components to facilitate proper mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we reported the structure of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mis12–Nnf1 complex and showed that N-terminal residues 26–50 in Cnp3 (the CENP-C homolog of S. pombe) are responsible for interacting with the Mis12 complex. Interestingly, Thr28 of Cnp3 is a substrate of Ark1 (the Aurora B homolog of S. pombe), and phosphorylation impairs the interaction between the Cnp3 and Mis12 complex. The expression of a phosphorylation-mimicking Cnp3 mutant results in defective chromosome segregation due to improper kinetochore assembly. These results establish a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism involved in CENP-C–Mis12-facilitated kinetochore attachment error correction to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Epstein-Barr Virus BKRF4 Gene Product Is Required for Efficient Progeny Production. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00975-17. [PMID: 28904200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00975-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of human gammaherpesvirus, infects mainly B cells. EBV has two alternative life cycles, latent and lytic, and is reactivated occasionally from the latent stage to the lytic cycle. To combat EBV-associated disorders, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the EBV lytic replication cycle is also important. Here, we focused on an EBV lytic gene, BKRF4. Using our anti-BKRF4 antibody, we revealed that the BKRF4 gene product is expressed during the lytic cycle with late kinetics. To characterize the role of BKRF4, we constructed BKRF4-knockout mutants using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Although disruption of the BKRF4 gene had almost no effect on viral protein expression and DNA synthesis, it significantly decreased progeny virion levels in HEK293 and Akata cells. Furthermore, we show that BKRF4 is involved not only in production of progeny virions but also in increasing the infectivity of the virus particles. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that BKRF4 interacted with a virion protein, BGLF2. We showed that the C-terminal region of BKRF4 was critical for this interaction and for efficient progeny production. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that BKRF4 partially colocalized with BGLF2 in the nucleus and perinuclear region. Finally, we showed that BKRF4 is a phosphorylated, possible tegument protein and that the EBV protein kinase BGLF4 may be important for this phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that BKRF4 is involved in the production of infectious virions.IMPORTANCE Although the latent genes of EBV have been studied extensively, the lytic genes are less well characterized. This study focused on one such lytic gene, BKRF4, which is conserved only among gammaherpesviruses (ORF45 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or murine herpesvirus 68). After preparing the BKRF4 knockout virus using B95-8 EBV-BAC, we demonstrated that the BKRF4 gene was involved in infectious progeny particle production. Importantly, we successfully generated a BKRF4 knockout virus of Akata using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, confirming the phenotype in this separate strain. We further showed that BKRF4 interacted with another virion protein, BGLF2, and demonstrated the importance of this interaction in infectious virion production. These results shed light on the elusive process of EBV progeny maturation in the lytic cycle. Notably, this study describes a successful example of the generation and characterization of an EBV construct with a disrupted lytic gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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TAMRA/TAMRA Fluorescence Quenching Systems for the Activity Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081877. [PMID: 28809819 PMCID: PMC5579763 DOI: 10.3390/s17081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce two types of fluorescence-quenching assay for alkaline phosphatases (APs) by using a carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled phosphate-binding tag molecule (TAMRA-Phos-tag). In the first assay, TAMRA-labeled O-phosphorylethanolamine (TAMRA-PEA) was used as an artificial AP-substrate. TAMRA-Phos-tag specifically captured TAMRA-PEA to form a 1:1 complex at pH 7.4; the intensity of the fluorescence peak of the complex at 580 nm (λex = 523 nm) was significantly reduced to 32% of the average value for the two individual components as a result of the mutual approach of the TAMRA moieties. As TAMRA-PEA was dephosphorylated by AP, the resulting TAMRA-labeled ethanolamine dissociated and the fluorescence increased in a manner dependent on the AP dose and the time. In the second assay, pyrophosphate (PP), a natural AP-substrate, was used as a bridging ligand to form a dimeric TAMRA-Phos-tag complex. The dimerization reduced the fluorescence intensity to 49% of that in the absence of PP. As pyrophosphate was hydrolyzed to two orthophosphate moieties by AP, the 580-nm fluorescence recovered in a time-dependent manner. By examining the initial slope of this time-dependent fluorescence recovery, we succeeded in evaluating the 50% inhibitory concentrations of orthovanadate toward two AP isozymes under near-physiological conditions.
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Banerjee Mustafi S, Chakraborty PK, Dwivedi SKD, Ding K, Moxley KM, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. BMI1, a new target of CK2α. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:56. [PMID: 28270146 PMCID: PMC5341428 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polycomb group protein, BMI1 plays important roles in chromatin modification, stem cell function, DNA damage repair and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such diverse cellular functions of BMI1 could be, in part, due to post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation. To date, AKT has been reported as a kinase that by site specific phosphorylation of BMI1 modulates its oncogenic functions. METHODS Immunoprecipitation in conjunction with kinase assay and mass spectrometry was used to determine association with and site specific phosphorylation of BMI1 by CK2α. Functional implications of the BMI1/CK2α axis was examined in cancer cells utilizing siRNA and exogenous gene expression followed by biochemical and phenotypic studies. Correlations between expression of CK2α and BMI1 were determined from cell lines and formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues representing the normal fallopian tube epithelium and high grade serous ovarian cancer samples. RESULTS Here we report that CK2α, a nuclear serine threonine kinase, phosphorylates BMI1 at Serine 110 as determined by in-vitro/ex-vivo kinase assay and mass spectrometry. In ovarian cancer cell lines, expression of CK2α correlated with the phospho-species, as well as basal BMI1 levels. Preventing phosphorylation of BMI1 at Serine 110 significantly decreased half-life and stability of the protein. Additionally, re-expression of the phosphorylatable but not non-phosphorylatable BMI1 rescued clonal growth in endogenous BMI1 silenced cancer cells leading us to speculate that CK2α-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes BMI1 and promotes its oncogenic function. Clinically, compared to normal fallopian tube epithelial tissues, the expression of both BMI1 and CK2α were significantly higher in tumor tissues obtained from high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Among tumor samples, the expression of BMI1 and CK2α positively correlated (Spearman coefficient = 0.62, P = 0.0021) with each other. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings establish an important regulatory role of CK2α on BMI1 phosphorylation and stability and implicate the CK2α/BMI1 axis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Prabir Kumar Chakraborty
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Katherine M. Moxley
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center (OUHSC), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1409B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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Watanabe T, Sakaida K, Yoshida M, Masud HMAA, Sato Y, Goshima F, Kimura H, Murata T. The C-Terminus of Epstein-Barr Virus BRRF2 Is Required for its Proper Localization and Efficient Virus Production. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:125. [PMID: 28197146 PMCID: PMC5281634 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with several malignancies. We reported previously that an EBV lytic gene product BRRF2 is involved in the maturation of progeny virus. To analyze the domain(s) needed for efficient production of progeny, we prepared a series of deletion mutants and found two functional domains in the N- and C-terminal regions by complementation assays. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that BRRF2 lacking the C-terminal region demonstrated aberrant localization in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas wild-type BRRF2 was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. We also confirmed that wild-type BRRF2 co-localized with Rab5, an endosomal marker, at least partly. Additionally, serine 511 of BRRF2 was phosphorylated during lytic infection; however, a mutant in which the serine was substituted with alanine still augmented the yield as efficiently as did wild-type BRRF2. These results showed that the C-terminal region of BRRF2 is involved in the predominant localization of BRRF2 to the cytoplasm and in the efficient production of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiya Sakaida
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
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Zheng W, Cao S, Chen C, Li J, Zhang S, Jiang J, Niu Y, Fan W, Li Y, Bi Y, Gao GF, Sun L, Liu W. Threonine 80 phosphorylation of non-structural protein 1 regulates the replication of influenza A virus by reducing the binding affinity with RIG-I. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12643. [PMID: 27376632 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus evades host antiviral defense through hijacking innate immunity by its non-structural protein 1 (NS1). By using mass spectrometry, threonine 80 (T80) was identified as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NS1 of the influenza virus A/WSN/1933(H1N1). By generating recombinant influenza viruses encoding NS1 T80 mutants, the roles of this phosphorylation site were characterized during viral replication. The T80E (phosphomimetic) mutant attenuated virus replication, whereas the T80A (non-phosphorylatable) mutant did not. Similar phenotypes were observed for these mutants in a mouse model experiment. In further study, the T80E mutant decreased the binding capacity between NS1 and viral nucleoprotein (NP), leading to impaired viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP)-mediated viral transcription. The T80E mutant was also unable to inhibit interferon (IFN) production by reducing the binding affinity between NS1 and retinoic acid-induced gene 1 protein (RIG-I), causing attenuation of virus replication. Taken together, the present study reveals that T80 phosphorylation of NS1 reduced influenza virus replication through controlling RIG-I-mediated IFN production and vRNP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yange Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Karata K, Kawano T, Nishiyama A, Yamato M, Koike T. Specific glutamic acid residues in targeted proteins induce exaggerated retardations in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE migration. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1139-1146. [PMID: 28112428 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe two unique proteins, Escherichia coli ClpX and human histone H2A, that show extremely retarded migrations relative to their molecular weights in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, despite being nonphosphorylated. Although ClpX separated into multiple migration bands in Phos-tag gels, the separation was not due to phosphorylation. The N-terminal 47-61 region of ClpX was responsible for producing multiple phosphorylation-independent structural variants, even under denaturing conditions, and some of these variants were detected as highly up-shifted bands. By systematic Ala-scanning mutation analysis in the N-47-61 region, we concluded that the Glu-51 or Glu-54 residue was responsible for the appearance of exaggerated mobility-shifting bands. Histone H2A showed a much slower migration in Phos-tag gels in comparison with other major histones having similar molecular weights, and we found that the Glu-62 or Glu-65 residue caused the retarded migration. In addition, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE permitted us to detect a shift in the mobility of the phosphorylated form of histone H2A from that of the nonphosphorylated one. This is the first report showing that exaggerated retardation in the migration of a certain protein in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE is induced by interactions between the Phos-tag molecule and the carboxylate group of a specific Glu residue on the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Karata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kawano
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihisa Yamato
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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38
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Koike T. Zn(II)-Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE for Separation and Detection of a DNA Damage-Related Signaling Large Phosphoprotein. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1599:113-126. [PMID: 28477115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6955-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a standard protocol for phosphate-affinity sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE). This technique uses a dizinc(II) complex of the phosphate-binding molecule Phos-tag in conjunction with a neutral-pH gel system, Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane], and acetic acid (Tris-AcOH), to detect shifts in the mobility of phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase. This protocol, which employs a 3% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel strengthened with 0.5% (w/v) agarose, permits the separation of larger phosphoproteins with molecular masses in the order of 200 kDa over a period of approximately 4 h. Subsequently, multiple phosphorylated forms of high-molecular-mass ATM kinase (350 kDa) can be clearly detected via immunoblotting as multiple upshifted migration bands on the Zn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE gel. The procedure described in this protocol requires a completion time of approximately 5 h from the beginning of gel preparation to the end of electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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39
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Kosako H, Motani K. Global Identification of ERK Substrates by Phosphoproteomics Based on IMAC and 2D-DIGE. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1487:137-149. [PMID: 27924564 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) regulates various cellular functions through phosphorylation of numerous downstream substrates, which have not yet been fully characterized. To date, several phosphoproteomic approaches have been employed to identify novel substrates for ERK. In this chapter, we describe a method to globally identify ERK substrates by combining immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by mass spectrometry. Phosphoprotein enrichment by IMAC enables the subsequent detection of many protein spots with different fluorescence intensities between ERK-inhibited and -activated cells in 2D-DIGE analysis. Furthermore, the advanced sensitivity and resolution of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry allow for a direct identification of proteins obtained from silver-stained 2D-DIGE gels. Validation experiments such as Phos-tag Western blotting are important steps to further elucidate the functional roles of ERK-mediated phosphorylation of these newly identified substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kou Motani
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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40
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Mimura Y, Takagi M, Clever M, Imamoto N. ELYS regulates the localization of LBR by modulating its phosphorylation state. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4200-4212. [PMID: 27802161 PMCID: PMC5117198 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR), an inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein, contributes to the functional integrity of the nucleus by tethering heterochromatin to the nuclear envelope. We have previously reported that the depletion of embryonic large molecule derived from yolk sac (ELYS; also known as AHCTF1), a component of the nuclear pore complex, from cells perturbs the localization of LBR to the INM, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. In this study, we found that the depletion of ELYS promoted LBR phosphorylation at the residues known to be phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and serine/arginine protein kinases 1 and 2 (SRPK1 and SRPK2, respectively). These phosphorylation events were most likely to be counter-balanced by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and the depletion of PP1 from cells consistently caused the mislocalization of LBR. These observations point to a new mechanism regulating the localization of LBR, which is governed by an ELYS-mediated phosphorylation network. This phosphorylation-dependent coordination between INM proteins and the nuclear pore complex might be important for the integrity of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Mimura
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, Riken, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Michaela Clever
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, Riken, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoko Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, Riken, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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41
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Chang AN, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Role of myosin light chain phosphatase in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 101:35-43. [PMID: 27742556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of contractile performance of the heart is achieved in part by the constitutive 40% phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) in sarcomeres. The importance of this extent of RLC phosphorylation for optimal cardiac performance becomes apparent when various mouse models and resultant phenotypes are compared. The absence or attenuation of RLC phosphorylation results in poor performance leading to heart failure, whereas increased RLC phosphorylation is associated with cardiac protection from stresses. Although information is limited, RLC phosphorylation appears compromised in human heart failure which is consistent with data from mouse studies. The extent of cardiac RLC phosphorylation is determined by the balanced activities of cardiac myosin light chain kinases and phosphatases, the regulatory mechanisms of which are now emerging. This review thusly focuses on kinases that may participate in phosphorylating RLC to make the substrate for cardiac myosin light chain phosphatases, in addition to providing perspectives on the family of myosin light chain phosphatases and involved signaling mechanisms. Because biochemical and physiological information about cardiac myosin light chain phosphatase is sparse, such studies represent an emerging area of investigation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kristine E Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James T Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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42
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Brosse A, Korobeinikova A, Gottesman S, Guillier M. Unexpected properties of sRNA promoters allow feedback control via regulation of a two-component system. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9650-9666. [PMID: 27439713 PMCID: PMC5175337 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) and small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are both widespread regulators of gene expression in bacteria. TCS are in most cases transcriptional regulators. A large class of sRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that modulate the translation and/or stability of target-mRNAs. Many connections have been recently unraveled between these two types of regulators, resulting in mixed regulatory circuits with poorly characterized properties. This study focuses on the negative feedback circuit that exists between the EnvZ-OmpR TCS and the OmrA/B sRNAs. We have shown that OmpR directly activates transcription from the omrA and omrB promoters, allowing production of OmrA/B sRNAs that target multiple mRNAs, including the ompR-envZ mRNA. This control of ompR-envZ by the Omr sRNAs does not affect the amount of phosphorylated OmpR, i.e. the presumably active form of the regulator. Accordingly, expression of robust OmpR targets, such as the ompC or ompF porin genes, is not affected by OmrA/B. However, we find that several OmpR targets, including OmrA/B themselves, are sensitive to changing total OmpR levels. As a result, OmrA/B limit their own synthesis. These findings unravel an additional layer of control in the expression of some OmpR targets and suggest the existence of differential regulation within the OmpR regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Brosse
- CNRS UMR8261, Associated with University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Korobeinikova
- CNRS UMR8261, Associated with University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Susan Gottesman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maude Guillier
- CNRS UMR8261, Associated with University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
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43
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Kinoshita E, Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kubota Y, Takekawa M, Koike T. A Phos-tag SDS-PAGE method that effectively uses phosphoproteomic data for profiling the phosphorylation dynamics of MEK1. Proteomics 2016; 16:1825-36. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Yuji Kubota
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine; Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Mutsuhiro Takekawa
- Division of Cell Signaling and Molecular Medicine; Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science; Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Japan
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44
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Validation of Cis and Trans Modes in Multistep Phosphotransfer Signaling of Bacterial Tripartite Sensor Kinases by Using Phos-Tag SDS-PAGE. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148294. [PMID: 26828204 PMCID: PMC4734776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite sensor kinases (TSKs) have three phosphorylation sites on His, Asp, and His residues, which are conserved in a histidine kinase (HK) domain, a receiver domain, and a histidine-containing phosphotransmitter (HPt) domain, respectively. By means of a three-step phosphorelay, TSKs convey a phosphoryl group from the γ-phosphate group of ATP to the first His residue in the HK domain, then to the Asp residue in the receiver domain, and finally to the second His residue in the HPt domain. Although TSKs generally form homodimers, it was unknown whether the mode of phosphorylation in each step was intramolecular (cis) or intermolecular (trans). To examine this mode, we performed in vitro complementation analyses using Ala-substituted mutants of the ATP-binding region and three phosphorylation sites of recombinant ArcB, EvgS, and BarA TSKs derived from Escherichia coli. Phosphorylation profiles of these kinases, determined by using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, showed that the sequential modes of the three-step phosphoryl-transfer reactions of ArcB, EvgS, and BarA are all different: cis-trans-trans, cis-cis-cis, and trans-trans-trans, respectively. The inclusion of a trans mode is consistent with the need to form a homodimer; the fact that all the steps for EvgS have cis modes is particularly interesting. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE therefore provides a simple method for identifying the unique and specific phosphotransfer mode for a given kinase, without taking complicated intracellular elements into consideration.
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45
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Duodu E, Kraskouskaya D, Gómez-Biagi RF, Gunning PT. A tool for the selective sequestration of ATP and PPi to aid in-solution phosphopeptide detection assays. Analyst 2015; 141:820-2. [PMID: 26643551 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of small phospho-anions, such as PPi and ATP in protein samples often complicates the robust detection of phosphoproteins by metal-based chemosensors and receptors. We herein report the development of a bis(Zn(2+)-cyclen)-triethylbenzene scaffold which can selectively sequester PPi and ATP without affecting the detection of a di-phosphorylated peptide by a ProxyPhos chemosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Duodu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaL5L1C6.
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46
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kinoshita E, Koike T. Phosphopeptide Detection with Biotin-Labeled Phos-tag. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1355:17-29. [PMID: 26584916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3049-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are widely considered to be invaluable target enzymes for drug discovery and for diagnosing diseases and assessing their prognosis. Effective analytical techniques for measuring the activities of cellular protein kinases are therefore required for studies in the field of phosphoproteomics. We have recently developed a highly sensitive microarray-based technique for tracing the activities of protein kinases. A series of peptides that are specific substrates of various protein kinases are immobilized on a glass slide and subjected to phosphorylation by cell lysates. The resulting phosphorylated forms of the various peptides are then selectively and simultaneously detected by using a phosphate-binding tag molecule, biotin-labeled Phos-tag, bound to horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin. Enhanced chemiluminescence signals can then be readily detected by using an automatic image analyzer. In this chapter, we describe a standard protocol for detecting phosphopeptides by biotin-labeled Phos-tag. We also describe a microarray system for high-throughput profiling of intracellular protein kinase activities. The Phos-tag-based method is expected to be useful in the rapid detection of the complex range of phosphorylation reactions involved in cellular signaling events, and it has potential applications in high-throughput screening of kinase activators or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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47
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Morishita Y, Tsutsumi K, Ohta Y. Phosphorylation of Serine 402 Regulates RacGAP Protein Activity of FilGAP Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26328-38. [PMID: 26359494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FilGAP is a Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that specifically regulates Rac. FilGAP is phosphorylated by ROCK, and this phosphorylation stimulates its RacGAP activity. However, it is unclear how phosphorylation regulates cellular functions and localization of FilGAP. We found that non-phosphorylatable FilGAP (ST/A) mutant is predominantly localized to the cytoskeleton along actin filaments and partially co-localized with vinculin around cell periphery, whereas phosphomimetic FilGAP (ST/D) mutant is diffusely cytoplasmic. Moreover, phosphorylated FilGAP detected by Phos-tag is also mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Of the six potential phosphorylation sites in FilGAP tested, only mutation of serine 402 to alanine (S402A) resulted in decreased cell spreading on fibronectin. FilGAP phosphorylated at Ser-402 is localized to the cytoplasm but not at the cytoskeleton. Although Ser-402 is highly phosphorylated in serum-starved quiescent cells, dephosphorylation of Ser-402 is accompanied with the cell spreading on fibronectin. Treatment of the cells expressing wild-type FilGAP with calyculin A, a Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, suppressed cell spreading on fibronectin, whereas cells transfected with FilGAP S402A mutant were not affected by calyculin A. Expression of constitutively activate Arf6 Q67L mutant stimulated membrane blebbing activity of both non-phosphorylatable (ST/A) and phosphomimetic (ST/D) FilGAP mutants. Conversely, depletion of endogenous Arf6 suppressed membrane blebbing induced by FilGAP (ST/A) and (ST/D) mutants. Our study suggests that Arf6 and phosphorylation of FilGAP may regulate FilGAP, and phosphorylation of Ser-402 may play a role in the regulation of cell spreading on fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Morishita
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-ku, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-ku, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- From the Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-ku, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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48
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A flexible codon in genomically recoded Escherichia coli permits programmable protein phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8130. [PMID: 26350500 PMCID: PMC4566969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical investigation of protein phosphorylation events is limited by inefficient production of the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of full-length proteins. Here using a genomically recoded strain of E. coli with a flexible UAG codon we produce site-specific serine- or phosphoserine-containing proteins, with purities approaching 90%, from a single recombinant DNA. Specifically, we synthesize human MEK1 kinase with two serines or two phosphoserines, from one DNA template, and demonstrate programmable kinase activity. Programmable protein phosphorylation is poised to help reveal the structural and functional information encoded in the phosphoproteome. The effects of protein phosphorylation, a common post-translational modification, are difficult to study using recombinant proteins. Here the authors use genomically engineered E. coli to enhance translation systems that express phosphor-serine containing proteins, and use these systems to produce phosphorylated MEK1 kinase.
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49
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Kinoshita-Kikuta E, Kinoshita E, Eguchi Y, Yanagihara S, Edahiro K, Inoue Y, Taniguchi M, Yoshida M, Yamamoto K, Takahashi H, Sawasaki T, Utsumi R, Koike T. Functional Characterization of the Receiver Domain for Phosphorelay Control in Hybrid Sensor Kinases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132598. [PMID: 26151934 PMCID: PMC4494823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid sensor kinase, which contains a histidine kinase (HK) domain, a receiver domain, and a histidine-containing phosphotransmitter (HPt) domain, conveys signals to its cognate response regulator by means of a His-Asp-His-Asp phosphorelay. We examined the multistep phosphorelay of a recombinant EvgAS system in Escherichia coli and performed in vitro quantitative analyses of phosphorylation by using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. Replacement of Asp in the receiver domain of EvgS by Ala markedly promoted phosphorylation at His in the HK domain compared with that in wild-type EvgS. Similar Ala-substituted mutants of other hybrid sensor kinases BarA and ArcB showed similar characteristics. In the presence of sufficient ATP, autophosphorylation of the HK domain in the mutant progressed efficiently with nearly pseudo-first-order kinetics until the phosphorylation ratio reached a plateau value of more than 95% within 60 min, and the value was maintained until 180 min. However, both wild-type EvgS and the Ala-substituted mutant of His in the HPt domain showed a phosphorylation ratio of less than 25%, which gradually decreased after 10 min. These results showed that the phosphorylation level is regulated negatively by the receiver domain. The receiver domain therefore plays a crucial role in controlling the phosphorelay to the response regulator. Furthermore, our in vitro assays confirmed the existence of a similar hyperphosphorylation reaction in the HK domain of the EvgS mutant in which the Asp residue was replaced with Ala, confirming the validity of the control mechanism proposed from profiling of phosphorylation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kinoshita-Kikuta
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Kinoshita
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoko Eguchi
- Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Japan
| | - Shiho Yanagihara
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Edahiro
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Momoka Taniguchi
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Myu Yoshida
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Utsumi
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nara Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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50
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Watanabe T, Tsuruoka M, Narita Y, Katsuya R, Goshima F, Kimura H, Murata T. The Epstein-Barr virus BRRF2 gene product is involved in viral progeny production. Virology 2015; 484:33-40. [PMID: 26057150 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) predominantly establishes a latent infection in B lymphocytes, and occasionally switches from the latent state to the lytic cycle. In this report, we identified and examined the role of a lytic gene, BRRF2. We first prepared an antibody against BRRF2 and identified the gene product as a viral lytic protein expressed in B95-8 cells with late kinetics. Immunofluorescence revealed that BRRF2 localized in the cytoplasm of cells during the lytic phase. We also found that BRRF2 protein was phosphorylated in lytic cells, but the only viral protein kinase, BGLF4, was not involved in the phosphorylation. Knockout EBV and a repaired strain were then prepared, and we found that BRRF2 disruption did not affect viral gene expression and DNA replication, but decreased virus production. These results demonstrated that BRRF2 is involved in production of infectious progeny, although it is not essential for lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tsuruoka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Narita
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Katsuya
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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