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Hooda P, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA, Makeen HA, Mohan S. Phytoimmunomodulators: A review of natural modulators for complex immune system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23790. [PMID: 38205318 PMCID: PMC10777011 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the medicinal properties of plants and their effects on the human immune system are being studied extensively. Plants are an incredible source of traditional medicines that help cure various diseases, including altered immune mechanisms and are economical and benign compared to allopathic medicines. Reported data in written documents such as Traditional Chinese medicine, Indian Ayurvedic medicine support the supplementation of botanicals for immune defense reactions in the body and can lead to safe and effective immunity responses. Additionally, some botanicals are well-identified as magical herbal remedies because they act upon the pathogen directly and help boost the immunity of the host. Chemical compounds, also known as phytochemicals, obtained from these botanicals looked promising due to their effects on the human immune system by modulating the lymphocytes which subsequently reduce the chances of getting infected. This paper summarises most documented phytochemicals and how they act on the immune system, their properties and possible mechanisms, screening conventions, formulation guidelines, comparison with synthetic immunity-enhancers, marketed immunity-boosting products, and immune-booster role in the ongoing ghastly corona virus wave. However, it focuses mainly on plant metabolites as immunomodulators. In addition, it also sheds light on the current advancements and future possibilities in this field. From this thorough study, it can be stated that the plant-based secondary metabolites contribute significantly to immunity building and could prove to be valuable medicaments for the design and development of novel immunomodulators even for a pandemic like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partibha Hooda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Gurugram, India
- SRM Modi Nagar College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Delhi-NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Oman
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A. Halawi
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
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Rizwan HM, Khan MK, Mughal MAS, Abbas Z, Abbas RZ, Sindhu ZUD, Sajid MS, Ain QU, Abbas A, Zafar A, Imran M, Aqib AI, Nadeem M. A new insight in immunomodulatory impact of botanicals in treating avian coccidiosis. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1164-1175. [PMID: 36457787 PMCID: PMC9606196 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus Eimeria (E.) i.e. E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunette and E. mitis and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds. To purge undesirable foreign agents, immune system produces a variety of molecules and cells that ultimately neutralize target particles in healthy organisms. However; when this particular system compromises, infection develops and the load of pathogens along with their virulence factors overcome both; innate and adaptive immune systems. Livestock and poultry sectors are important part of agriculture industry worldwide. Due to excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, pathogens have developed resistance against these agents leading to the great economic losses. Numerous therapeutic approaches are in routine process for the treatment and prevention of various ailments but irrational use of antibiotics/chemicals has raised alarming concerns, like the development of drug resistant strains, residual effects in ultimate users and environmental pollution. These problems have led to the development of alternatives. In this regard, anticoccidial vaccine can be used as an alternative but due to high cost of production, plant derived biological response modifiers and antioxidants compounds are considered as a promising alternative. This review summarizes the immunotherapeutic effects of different compounds particularly with reference to avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | | | - Zaheer Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Zia ud Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | | | - Qurat ul Ain
- Health Officer in Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Zafar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
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Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, Parveen A, Gaurav, Parveen R, Ahmad M. Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:578970. [PMID: 33737875 PMCID: PMC7962606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cases of COVID-19 are still increasing day-by-day worldwide, even after a year of its first occurrence in Wuhan city of China. The spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very fast and different from other SARS-CoV infections possibly due to structural differences in S proteins. The patients with severe diseases may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by systemic inflammatory reactions due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the immune effector cells. In India too, it is spreading very rapidly, although the case fatality rate is below 1.50% (https://www.statista.com), which is markedly less than in other countries, despite the dense population and minimal health infrastructure in rural areas. This may be due to the routine use of many immunomodulator medicinal plants and traditional AYUSH formulations by the Indian people. This communication reviews the AYUSH recommended formulations and their ingredients, routinely used medicinal plants and formulations by Indian population as well as other promising Indian medicinal plants, which can be tested against COVID-19. Special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The traditional AYUSH medicines currently under clinical trials against COVID-19 are also discussed as well as furtherance of pre-clinical and clinical testing of the potential traditional medicines against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. The results of the clinical studies on AYUSH drugs will guide the policymakers from the AYUSH systems of medicines to maneuver their policies for public health, provide information to the global scientific community and could form a platform for collaborative studies at national and global levels. It is thereby suggested that promising AYUSH formulations and Indian medicinal plants must be investigated on a priority basis to solve the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Parakh Basist
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abida Parveen
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, School of Unani Medical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Mohtashami E, Soltani A, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini A, Jalili-Nik M, Vahedi MM, Roshan MK, Sahebkar A. Protective Role of Natural Products in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Focus on Nitric Oxide Pathway. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:377-400. [PMID: 32000638 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200130104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of therapeutic modalities such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains an incurable fatal disease. This necessitates further therapeutic options that could enhance the efficacy of existing modalities. Nitric Oxide (NO), a short-lived small molecule, has been revealed to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of GBM. Several studies have demonstrated that NO is involved in apoptosis, metastasis, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and many other processes implicated in GBM pathobiology. Herein, we elaborate on the role of NO as a therapeutic target in GBM and discuss some natural products affecting the NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Karimi Roshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Juárez-Vázquez MDC, Campos-Xolalpa N. Medicinal Plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Used as Immunostimulants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:4017676. [PMID: 27042188 PMCID: PMC4794563 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4017676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A literature review was undertaken by analyzing distinguished books, undergraduate and postgraduate theses, and peer-reviewed scientific articles and by consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as SCOPUS, Web of Science, SCIELO, Medline, and Google Scholar. Medicinal plants used as immunostimulants were classified into two categories: (1) plants with pharmacological studies and (2) plants without pharmacological research. Medicinal plants with pharmacological studies of their immunostimulatory properties were subclassified into four groups as follows: (a) plant extracts evaluated for in vitro effects, (b) plant extracts with documented in vivo effects, (c) active compounds tested on in vitro studies, and (d) active compounds assayed in animal models. Pharmacological studies have been conducted on 29 of the plants, including extracts and compounds, whereas 75 plants lack pharmacological studies regarding their immunostimulatory activity. Medicinal plants were experimentally studied in vitro (19 plants) and in vivo (8 plants). A total of 12 compounds isolated from medicinal plants used as immunostimulants have been tested using in vitro (11 compounds) and in vivo (2 compounds) assays. This review clearly indicates the need to perform scientific studies with medicinal flora from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, to obtain new immunostimulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050 Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - María del Carmen Juárez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, 04960 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 45:165-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Silveira P, Vashist U, Cabral A, Amaral KB, Soares GLG, Dagosto M. Effect of rutin and chloroquine on White Leghorn chickens infected with Plasmodium (Bennettinia) juxtanucleare. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1319-23. [PMID: 19225902 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium juxtanucleare is one of the agents that cause avian malaria in chickens and little is known about the treatment of the infection. The aim of this study was to compare the antimalarial activities of rutin and chloroquine in chickens infected with P. juxtanucleare after immunosuppression with corticosteroid. Antimalarial activity was verified in 33 fowls by evaluation of parasitemia levels in Giemsa-stained blood smears taken to 30 days. Rutin did not exert a reduction in parasitemia from P. juxtanucleare when compared to chloroquine treatment that kept the parasites at a low level, demonstrating its antimalarial effect. During the course of the infection, the trophozoite stage predominated (80%), followed by schizont (17%) and gametocyte (3%). Maximum parasitemia levels were recorded on day 12 in control and rutin groups. There were no significant differences in the hematocrit values, weight body or the temperature of the fowls among the groups evaluated (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silveira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus S/N, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CP 36036-330, Brazil.
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De Paula ML, Braga FG, Coimbra ES, Carmo AML, Teixeira HC, Da Silva AD, Souza MA, Ferreira AP. Modulatory effects of 6-carboxymethylthiopurine on activated murine macrophages. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 71:563-7. [PMID: 18466273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunological activity of macrophages against pathogens in hosts includes the phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide. We report herein the investigation of the effect of 6-carboxymethylthiopurine on nitric oxide production by murine macrophages as well as its effect on the cell viability and proliferation after stimulus with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin, interferon-gamma or a combination of both. J774A.1 macrophages stimulated or not by bacille Calmette-Guérin (20 microg/mL), interferon-gamma or both, were cultured in the presence of 6-carboxymethylthiopurine (125, 250 and 500 microm). Nitric oxide production was measured by the Griess method and cell viability/proliferation by the diphenyltetrazolium assay [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. We observed an increase of J774A.1 cell proliferation after stimulus with bacille Calmette-Guérin at 125, 250 and 500 microm (69.1, 124.0 and 89.7%, respectively) and with interferon-gamma at 125 and 250 microm (64.8% and 61.7%, respectively) (p < 0.05). In all cultures treated with 6-carboxymethylthiopurine, interferon-gamma-activated nitric oxide production by J774A.1 cells decreased as well as when subjected to interferon-gamma plus bacille Calmette-Guérin stimuli at 500 microm (p < 0.05). Altogether these data point to an anti-inflammatory effect of 6-carboxymethylthiopurine on stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L De Paula
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Napolitano DR, Mineo JR, de Souza MA, de Paula JE, Espindola LS, Espindola FS. Down-modulation of nitric oxide production in murine macrophages treated with crude plant extracts from the Brazilian Cerrado. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 99:37-41. [PMID: 15848017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several plant species from the Cerrado biome in Brazil are popularly used as herbal medicines for its reputed analgesic, anti-acid, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral properties, among others. It has been reported that some plant extracts interfere in the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important inflammatory mediator. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hexanic and ethanolic extracts from three plant species on NO production by LPS/IFN-gamma-activated J774 macrophages based on traditional use. The cytotoxic effect of the crude extracts was determined by the thiazolyl blue test (MTT) to measure cell viability. Serjania lethalis stem extracts and Cupania vernalis leaf extracts significantly inhibited NO production, while extracts from Casearia sylvestris var. lingua were inactive or showed low activity on NO production, or were very cytotoxic. The ethanolic stem bark and leaf extracts of Serjania lethalis and Cupania vernalis, respectively, almost completely inhibited the production of NO by J774 macrophages. It can be concluded that the selected extracts are potential sources of active compounds that might be used as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Napolitano
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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