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Calado AM, Seixas F, Dos Anjos Pires M. Virus as Teratogenic Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:105-142. [PMID: 38285335 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are important causes of reproductive disorders, as abortion, fetal mummification, embryonic mortality, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in animals and in humans. In this chapter, we provide an overview of some virus, as important agents in teratology.We begin by describing the Zika virus, whose infection in humans had a very significant impact in recent years and has been associated with major health problems worldwide. This virus is a teratogenic agent in humans and has been classified as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).Then, some viruses associated with reproductive abnormalities on animals, which have a significant economic impact on livestock, are described, as bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Schmallenberg virus, Akabane virus, and Aino virus.For all viruses mentioned in this chapter, the teratogenic effects and the congenital malformations associated with fetus and newborn are described, according to the most recent scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Calado
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Liu X, Cheng Z, Zhang W, Mao L, Pan Z, Yang L, Liu M, Long Y, Bai J, Li W. Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA to detect antibodies against the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus-1. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114851. [PMID: 37956891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of cattle industry, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is becoming widespread in China, which causes serious economic losses to the industry. Effective vaccination and viral surveillance are critical for the prevent and control of BVDV infection. In the present study, the immunogenic domain of E2 protein of BVDV-1 was expressed by prokaryotic pET-28a vector. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against E2 protein were prepared and systemically examined by western blot, immunofluorescence assay, blocking ELISA (bELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The mAb 1E2B3, which showed good reactivity and neutralizing activity to BVDV-1 strains, was selected for ELISA establishment. After a series of screening and optimization, a novel bELISA for highly sensitive and specific detection of BVDV-1 antibodies was established, using HRP-labeled 1E2B3 and recombinant E2 protein. ROC analysis of 91 positive and 84 negative reference bovine serum samples yielded the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9903. A diagnostic specificity of 96.43 % and a sensitivity of 95.6 % were achieved when the cutoff value was set at 24.31 %. There was no cross reaction to the positive sera of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Mycoplasma bovis (M.bovis) and Brucella. The total agreement rate of bELISA with VNT was 93.96 % (249/265). In addition, the result of bELISA was positively correlated with neutralizing antibody titer, and the bELISA could well distinguish the serum samples before and after BVDV vaccination. These results indicate that the established bELISA in this study is specific, sensitive, simple and convenient, which provides technical support for the vaccine efficacy evaluation, prevention and control of BVD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zilong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Li Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yunfeng Long
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center, Nanjing Customs, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Barone LJ, Cardoso NP, Mansilla FC, Castillo M, Capozzo AV. Enhanced infectivity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in arginase-producing bovine monocyte-derived macrophages. Virulence 2023:2283899. [PMID: 37966797 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells of the innate immunity that play a major role in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) pathogenesis. Macrophages are not a homogenous population; they exist in different phenotypes, typically divided into two main categories: classically (pro-inflammatory) and alternatively activated (anti-inflammatory) or M1 and M2, respectively. The role of bovine macrophage phenotypes on BVDV infection is still unclear. This study characterized the interaction between BVDV, and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mφ) collected from healthy cattle and polarized to an M1 or M2 state by using LPS, INF-γ, IL-4 or azithromycin. Arginase activity quantitation was utilized as a marker of the M2 Mo-Mφ spectrum. There was a significant association between arginase activity and the replication rate of BVDV strains of different genotypes and biotypes. Inhibition of arginase activity also reduced BVDV infectivity. Calves treated with azithromycin induced Mo-Mφ of the M2 state produced high levels of arginase. Interestingly, azithromycin administered in vivo increased the susceptibility of macrophages to BVDV infection ex vivo. Mo-Mφ from pregnant dams and calves produced higher arginase levels than those from non-pregnant adult animals. The increased infection of arginase-producing alternatively activated bovine macrophages with BVDV supports the need to delve into a possible leading role of M2 macrophages in establishing the immune-suppressive state during BVDV convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas José Barone
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Patricia Cardoso
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariángeles Castillo
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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HoBi-like Pestivirus Is Highly Prevalent in Cattle Herds in the Amazon Region (Northern Brazil). Viruses 2023; 15:v15020453. [PMID: 36851667 PMCID: PMC9965828 DOI: 10.3390/v15020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are globally distributed and cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. In Brazil, the country with the world's largest cattle population, pestivirus infections are well described in some regions, such as in the south, where a high frequency of BVDV-2 is described and contrasts with the high prevalence of HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) in the northeast. However, there is a lack of information about pestiviruses in the Amazon Region, in northern Brazil, with a cattle population estimated at 55.7 million head, which has a significant impact on the international livestock market. Therefore, this study investigated the seroprevalence and genetic variability of ruminant pestiviruses in 944 bovine serum samples from four states in northern Brazil: Pará (PA), Amapá (AP), Roraima (RR), and Amazonas (AM). Our results showed that 45.4% of the samples were seropositive (19.8% for BVDV-1, 14.1% for BVDV-2, and 20.9% for HoBiPeV). All samples were tested by RT-qPCR, and three were positive and classified as HoBiPeV in a phylogenetic analysis. These serological and molecular results contrast with those from other regions of the world, suggesting that the northern Brazilian states have a high prevalence of all bovine pestiviruses including HoBiPeV.
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Shortall O. Lessons learned for animal health governance from bovine viral diarrhea eradication schemes in Scotland and Ireland. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:956635. [PMID: 36299629 PMCID: PMC9589495 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.956635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores lessons learned for animal health governance from bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication schemes in Scotland and Ireland, drawing on qualitative key stakeholder interviews. Bovine viral diarrhea is an endemic cattle disease that causes animal health and welfare problems, as well as financial losses to farmers. Initial voluntary industry-led schemes to eradicate BVD were introduced in both countries in the 2010s, followed by compulsory phases involving legislation. The paper uses a theoretical framework of co-productive governance to analyze stakeholder views on how well the design and execution of the eradication schemes worked and what can be learned to inform future directions of animal health governance. The term “co-productive governance” comes from the field of environmental governance and was developed to describe how science and politics influence each other in a context where governance is carried out by multiple actors working collaboratively. The results of key stakeholder interviews are analyzed using the concepts of vision, context, knowledge, and process. In relation to vision, the results show the importance of creating a clear narrative about the goal of disease eradication schemes, which may incorporate or replace existing vet or farmer “narratives” about a disease. With regard to context, it is difficult to engage all actors in biosecurity governance, when initiatives are developed with the legacy of existing relationships and tensions. In relation to knowledge, the results showed the importance but political complexity of basing decisions on scientific research. One of the lessons learned was the benefit of involving industry stakeholders in setting scientific questions to inform the design of the scheme. Additionally, with reference to the process, while interviewees were enthusiastic about future prospects for industry and government working together to achieve biosecurity goals co-productive governance is not a panacea for enrolling all actors in biosecurity goals. The results also highlighted that farmers and other actors might object to an eradication scheme, whether it is run by government or private industry. Thus, it is useful to keep questions about who benefits in what way from biosecurity governance open.
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Yue X, Wu J, van der Voort M, Steeneveld W, Hogeveen H. Estimating the Effect of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Control Program: An Empirical Study on the Performance of Dutch Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892928. [PMID: 35873683 PMCID: PMC9301250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more European countries have implemented a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) control program. The economic effects of such programs have been evaluated in simulations, but empirical studies are lacking, especially in the final stage of the program. We investigated the economic (gross margin) and production effects (milk yield, somatic cell count, and calving interval) of the herds obtaining BVDV-free certification based on longitudinal annual accounting and herd performance data from Dutch dairy herds between 2014 and 2019, the final stages of the Dutch national BVDV-free program. This study was designed as a case-control study: two types of case herds were defined for two analyses. The case herds in the first analysis are herds where the BVDV status changed from “BVDV not free” to “BVDV free” during the study period. The not-free status refers to a herd that participated in the BVDV-free program but had not yet obtained the BVDV-free certification. In the second analysis, the case herds started participating in the Dutch BVDV-free program during the study period and obtained the BVDV-free certification. Control herds in both analyses were BVDV-free during the entire study period. Potential bias between the covariates of the two herd groups was reduced by matching case and control herds using the propensity score matching method. To compare the differences between case and control herds before and after BVDV-free certification, we used the time-varying Difference-in-Differences estimation (DID) methodology. The results indicate that there was no significant change in milk yield, somatic cell count, calving interval, and gross margin upon BVDV-free certification. There are several possible explanations for the non-significant effects observed in our study, such as the final stage of the BVDV control program, not knowing the true BVDV infection situation in case herds and not knowing if control measures were implemented in case herds prior to participating in the BVDV-free program. In our study, the effects of BVDV-free certification might have been underestimated, given that the Dutch BVDV control program became mandatory during the study period, and some of the case herds might have never experienced any BVDV infection. The results of this study suggest that in the final stage of the BVDV control program, the program may no longer have a clear benefit to the herd performance of participating dairy herds. When designing national programs to eradicate BVDV, it is therefore important to include incentives for such farms to motivate them to join the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yue
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Yue
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariska van der Voort
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilma Steeneveld
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Wernike K, Beer M. International proficiency trial for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibody detection: limitations of milk serology. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:168. [PMID: 35524302 PMCID: PMC9074317 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control programs were implemented in several countries against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), one of the most significant cattle diseases worldwide. Most of the programs rely on serological diagnostics in any phase of the program. For the detection of antibodies against BVD virus (BVDV), neutralization tests as well as a variety of (commercially available) ELISAs are used. Here, test systems applied in various laboratories were evaluated in the context of an international interlaboratory proficiency trial. A panel of standardized samples comprising five sera and five milk samples was sent to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (n=51) and test kit manufacturers (n=3). Results The ring trial sample panel was investigated by nine commercially available antibody ELISAs as well as by neutralization tests against diverse BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and/or border disease virus (BDV) strains. The negative serum and milk sample as well as a serum collected after BVDV-2 infection were mostly correctly tested regardless of the applied test system. A serum sample obtained from an animal immunized with an inactivated BVDV-1 vaccine tested positive by neutralization tests or by total antibody or Erns-based ELISAs, while all applied NS3-based ELISAs gave negative results. A further serum, containing antibodies against the ovine BDV, reacted positive in all applied BVDV ELISAs, a differentiation between anti-BDV and anti-BVDV antibodies was only enabled by parallel application of neutralization tests against BVDV and BDV isolates. For the BVDV antibody-positive milk samples (n=4), which mimicked prevalences of 20% (n=2) or 50% (n=2), considerable differences in the number of positive results were observed, which mainly depended on the ELISA kit and the sample incubation protocols used. These 4 milk samples tested negative in 43.6%, 50.9%, 3.6% and 56.4%, respectively, of all investigations. Overall, negative results occurred more often, when a short sample incubation protocol instead of an over-night protocol was applied. Conclusions While the seronegative samples were correctly evaluated in most cases, there were considerable differences in the number of correct evaluations for the seropositive samples, most notably when pooled milk samples were tested. Hence, thorough validation and careful selection of ELISA tests are necessary, especially when applied during surveillance programs in BVD-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Nugroho W, Silitonga RJP, Reichel MP, Irianingsih SH, Wicaksono MS. The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020215. [PMID: 35215158 PMCID: PMC8878523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Risma Juniarti Paulina Silitonga
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostic Services, Center for Diagnostic Standards of Agriculture Quarantine, East Jakarta 13220, Indonesia;
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | | | - Muhammad Satryo Wicaksono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
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Lack of Fetal Protection against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Vaccinated Heifer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020311. [PMID: 35215904 PMCID: PMC8879756 DOI: 10.3390/v14020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the report was to present the circulation of BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus) in the cattle population and determine the cause of the failure of vaccination failure leading to the birth of the PI (persistently infected) calf. The case study was carried out at the BVDV-free animal breeding center and cattle farm, where the vaccination program against BVDV was implemented in 2012, and each newly introduced animal was serologically and virologically tested for BVDV. In this case, a blood sample was taken from a 9-month-old breeding bull. Positive RT-PCR and negative ELISA serology results were obtained. The tests were repeated at 2-week intervals, and the results confirmed the presence of the virus and the absence of specific antibodies, i.e., persistent infection. Additionally, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed, and the BVDV-1d subgenotype was detected. The results of this study showed that pregnant heifers and cows that are vaccinated multiple times with the killed vaccine containing BVDV-1a may not be fully protected against infection with other subgenotypes of BVDV, including their fetuses, which can become PI calves.
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First detection of emerging HoBi-like Pestivirus (BVD-3) among some persistently infected dairy cattle herds in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:336. [PMID: 36207639 PMCID: PMC9546976 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a serious veterinary health concern worldwide. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of persistent infections (PI) and identify the current strain among some dairy cattle herds in Egypt. A total of 240 serum samples were collected from six Egyptian provinces. Between 2019 and 2020, samples were tested by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of PI animals, and then molecular characterization was performed. Six calves were found PI with a prevalence of 2.5% (6/240). Using molecular characterization, HoBi-like Pestivirus (BVD-3) was successfully identified in Egypt for the first time. Based on the BVD-3 reference strains on Genbank, the detected strains had an identity ranging from 98.8 to 99.6%. Partial nucleotide sequence of the 5'UTR gene for six tested samples was submitted to Genbank with accessions: OM324396, OM324397, OM324398, OM324399, OM3243100, and OM3243101.
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Bhuyan AA, Akbar Bhuiyan A, Memon AM, Zhang B, Alam J, He QG. The in vitro antiviral activity of Lacticaseibacillus casei MCJ protein-based metabolites on bovine viral diarrhea virus. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:340-349. [PMID: 34495814 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1967964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a ubiquitous immunosuppressive etiological agent which is economically important for a wide host range in the livestock industry. Lactobacillus spp. has widely been using in the field of management and treatment of gastro-enteric disease for both humans and animals. The ability of Lacticaseibacillus casei MCJ protein-based metabolized to suppress BVDV infection in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cell line was demonstrated in this study. The protein-based metabolites were extracted from the cultured L. casei to obtain the safest and beneficial form of the probiotic bacteria. It is revealed that LPM have no cytotoxic effect and the cell viability remain more than 80% even after the cells are treated with 3000 µg/mL of LPM. The results of the plaque formation assay showed that LPM can reduce the viral infection rate. To know the mechanism of LPM for anti-BVDV activity, MDBK cells were exposed to LPM before, after and co-incubation of virus infection. The co-treatment of LPM with BVDV revealed the best results. The results suggest that the LPM has a potential anti-BVDV activity which could be a prospective candidate for the prevention and control of BVDV infection in an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman Ara Bhuyan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Akbar Bhuiyan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Atta Muhammad Memon
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jahangir Alam
- National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Qi-Gai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Guelbenzu-Gonzalo MP, Lozano JM, O'Sullivan P, Lane EA, Graham DA. A Herd Investigation Tool in Support of the Irish Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Eradication Programme. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:694774. [PMID: 34485428 PMCID: PMC8416257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.694774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important endemic disease of cattle. In Ireland, an industry-led compulsory eradication programme began in January 2013. The main elements of this programme are the identification and elimination of persistently infected (PI) calves by testing all new-borns, the implementation of biosecurity to prevent re-introduction of disease and continuous surveillance. In 2016, a standardised framework was developed to investigate herds with positive results. This is delivered by trained private veterinary practitioners (PVP). The investigation's aims are 3-fold: firstly, to identify plausible sources of infection; secondly, to ensure that no virus-positive animals remain on farm by resolving the BVD status of all animals in the herd; and thirdly, agreeing up to three biosecurity measures with the herd owner to prevent the re-introduction of the virus. Each investigation follows a common approach comprising four steps based on information from the programme database and collected on-farm: firstly, identifying the time period when each virus-positive calf was exposed in utero (window of susceptibility, taken as 30-120 days of gestation); secondly, determining the location of the dam of each positive calf during this period; thirdly, to investigate potential sources of exposure, either within the herd or external to it; and finally, based on the findings, the PVP and herdowner agree to implement up to three biosecurity measures to minimise the risk of reintroduction. Between 2016 and 2020, 4,105 investigations were completed. The biosecurity recommendations issued more frequently related to the risks of introduction of virus associated with contact with neighbouring cattle at pasture, personnel (including the farmer), the purchase of cattle and vaccination. Although each investigation generates farm-specific outcomes and advice, the aggregated results also provide an insight into the most commonly identified transmission pathways for these herds which inform overall programme communications on biosecurity. The most widely identified plausible sources of infection over these years included retained BVD-positive animals, Trojan births, contact at boundaries and indirect contact through herd owner and other personnel in the absence of appropriate hygiene measures. While generated in the context of BVD herd investigations, the findings also provide an insight into biosecurity practises more generally on Irish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose-Maria Lozano
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Ireland
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Lane
- Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Bassett J, Gethmann J, Blunk P, Conraths FJ, Hövel P. Individual-based model for the control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea spread in livestock trade networks. J Theor Biol 2021; 527:110820. [PMID: 34216591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a cattle disease that causes substantial financial losses, in particular to the dairy industry. Hence, several countries including Germany introduced compulsory disease control programs. For the case of Germany in particular, all animals had to be tested and persistently infected animals (PI animals) were removed from the population. The program was successful in reducing the number of PI animals, but was overtly expensive. Alternative approaches were therefore discussed to eliminate the remaining PI animals and alter the testing system in order to reduce costs. Contributing to these efforts, we developed an agent-based model that aimed to cover all relevant aspects of the disease biology and would allow to evaluate different control strategies. For the biological part of the infection spread, the model includes horizontal and vertical transmission, transient and persistent infections. Moreover, several control strategies including import of animals, trade restrictions, vaccination, as well as various testing schemes were included. The model was furthermore defined to be stochastic, event-driven and hierarchical, with cattle movements as the main route of spreading between farms. For the spread within farms, we included susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) dynamics with an additional permanently infectious class. The interaction between the farms was described by a supply and demand farm manager mechanism governing the network structure and dynamics. Additionally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis of the input parameters to study the impact of extreme values on the model. Since the population size in the model is limited, we tested the influence of the initial population size on the model results. Our results showed that the model could accurately describe the dynamics of the disease in the presence and absence of disease control. Although we developed the model for the spread of BVD, it may be adapted to similar diseases of cattle and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bassett
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin 10623, Germany; Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, Greifswald - Insel Riems, 17493 Germany
| | - Pascal Blunk
- Beta Systems IAM Software AG, Alt-Moabit 90d, Berlin 10559, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, Greifswald - Insel Riems, 17493 Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin 10623, Germany; School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF64, Ireland
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14
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Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030360. [PMID: 33803542 PMCID: PMC8002923 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious cattle diseases worldwide. The major source of virus transmission is immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves, which makes them the key target of control programs. In the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, a very low prevalence was achieved, with more than 99.8% of the cattle herds being free from PI animals since the year 2013. In 2017, BVD virus was detected in a previously disease-free holding (herd size of ~380 cows, their offspring, and fattening bulls). The purchase of two so-called Trojan cows, i.e., dams pregnant with a PI calf, was identified as the source of infection. The births of the PI animals resulted in transient infections of in-contact dams, accompanied by vertical virus transmission to their fetuses within the critical timeframe for the induction of PI calves. Forty-eight days after the birth of the first PI calf, all animals in close contact with the Trojan cows during their parturition period were blood-sampled and serologically examined by a neutralization test and several commercial ELISAs. The resulting seroprevalence strongly depended on the applied test system. The outbreak could be stopped by the immediate elimination of every newborn PI calf and vaccination, and since 2018, no BVD cases have occurred.
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Klimowicz-Bodys MD, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Czopowicz M, Polak MP, Lachowicz-Wolak A, Rypuła K. Antibody Response to a Live-Modified Virus Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in Dairy Cattle in a Field Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030259. [PMID: 33804010 PMCID: PMC7999113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term antibody response of dairy cows to a single dose of a commercial modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (Mucosiffa® CEVA Sante Animale, Liburne, France). (2) Methods: The study was carried out in a dairy cattle herd counting 290 animals negative for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The vaccination was implemented following the manufacturer’s instructions. Twelve dairy cows were randomly selected before the study, and blood samples were collected right before the vaccination and then 12 times at 1-month intervals. The serum samples were screened using a virus neutralization test (VNT) and ELISA. (3) Results: Both tests showed that antibody titers increased significantly in all animals within the first month post-vaccination, and continued to increase significantly until the second (VNT) and third (ELISA) month post-vaccination. Antibody titers remained high and stable until the end of the study. Moreover, cows did not show any adverse reactions or clinical symptoms of the disease. (4) Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the administration of one dose MLV vaccine was able to stimulate long-lasting (12-months) and strong antibody response in all vaccinated cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata D. Klimowicz-Bodys
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (A.L.-W.)
| | - Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (A.L.-W.)
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Mirosław Paweł Polak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Lachowicz-Wolak
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (A.L.-W.)
| | - Krzysztof Rypuła
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (A.L.-W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-3205-326
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16
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Schmitt–van de Leemput E, Metcalfe LVA, Caldow G, Walz PH, Guidarini C. Comparison of milk production of dairy cows vaccinated with a live double deleted BVDV vaccine and non-vaccinated dairy cows cohabitating in commercial herds endemically infected with BVD virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240113. [PMID: 33002072 PMCID: PMC7529212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily milk production and reproductive performance of cows vaccinated with a live double-deleted Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) vaccine were compared to those of non-vaccinated cows, cohabitating in endemic BVDV herds. All animals in the treatment group were vaccinated on study day 0 irrespective of lactation or gestation status, while control animals did not receive any treatment. 1463 animals were enrolled in the study from four different farms in three different countries (UK, Italy, France). Endemic presence of BVDV in study herds was demonstrated by the detection of BVDV in the bulk tank milk, and seroconversion was evaluated at the beginning of the study. For individual animals, the day of calving was taken to be the start of lactation for the calculation of days in milk (DIM). The standard lactation period of 305 days was divided into three periods: early lactation (EL, from DIM 8 to DIM 102), mid lactation (ML, from DIM 103 to DIM 204 and late lactation (LL, from DIM 205 to DIM 305). For each farm and each lactation period, a mixed model statistical analysis was performed with daily milk production as response, and group, day as well as the interaction between those two factors as fixed factors. Chi-square test was used to compare abortion rate and prolonged inter-oestrous interval rate between treatment and control groups. A significant increase in milk production in the vaccinated group was observed in farms 1 (1.023 L/day) and 3 (0.611 L/day) during EL (p<0.001) and in farm 2 (1.799 L/day) during ML (P<0.001). In addition, at farm 2, vaccinated cows produced more milk than non-vaccinated cows starting from 80 DIM. No differences were found between groups in abortion rates or prolonged inter-oestrous interval rates. Data demonstrate that cows in herds endemically infected with BVDV and vaccinated with live double-deleted BVDV vaccine produce more milk; the difference in milk production occurs during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Caldow
- Scottish Agricultural Colleges Veterinary Sciences Division St Boswells, Roxburghshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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17
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van Roon AM, Mercat M, van Schaik G, Nielen M, Graham DA, More SJ, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Fourichon C, Madouasse A, Santman-Berends IMGA. Quantification of risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle herds: A systematic search and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9446-9463. [PMID: 32747110 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is endemic in many parts of the world, and multiple countries have implemented surveillance activities for disease control or eradication. In such control programs, the disease-free status can be compromised by factors that pose risks for introduction or persistence of the virus. The aim of the present study was to gain a comprehensive overview of possible risk factors for BVDV infection in cattle herds in Europe and to assess their importance. Papers that considered risk factors for BVDV infection in cattle were identified through a systematic search. Further selection of papers eligible for quantitative analysis was performed using a predefined checklist, including (1) appropriate region (i.e., studies performed in Europe), (2) representativeness of the study population, (3) quality of statistical analysis, and (4) availability of sufficient quantitative data. In total, 18 observational studies were selected. Data were analyzed by a random-effects meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates of the odds of BVDV infection. Meta-analyses were performed on 6 risk factors: herd type, herd size, participation in shows or markets, introduction of cattle, grazing, and contact with other cattle herds on pasture. Significant higher odds were found for dairy herds (odds ratio, OR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.06-2.50) compared with beef herds, for larger herds (OR = 1.04 for every 10 extra animals in the herd, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06), for herds that participate in shows or markets (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10-1.91), for herds that introduced cattle into the herd (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18-1.69), and for herds that share pasture or have direct contact with cattle of other herds at pasture (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.63). These pooled values must be interpreted with care, as there was a high level of heterogeneity between studies. However, they do give an indication of the importance of the most frequently studied risk factors and can therefore assist in the development, evaluation, and optimization of BVDV control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Roon
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M Mercat
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - G van Schaik
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | | | - C Fourichon
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - A Madouasse
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - I M G A Santman-Berends
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
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18
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Knapek KJ, Georges HM, Van Campen H, Bishop JV, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Smirnova NP, Hansen TR. Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080816. [PMID: 32731575 PMCID: PMC7472107 DOI: 10.3390/v12080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J. Knapek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hanah M. Georges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Hana Van Campen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeanette V. Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Natalia P. Smirnova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
| | - Thomas R. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.J.K.); (H.M.G.); (H.V.C.); (J.V.B.); (N.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-988-4582
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19
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Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030374. [PMID: 32664468 PMCID: PMC7565157 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestivirus A or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. The objective of the present study was to verify whether animals immunised with four commercial vaccines also developed a protective humoral immunity against other viral subgenotypes than those contained in each vaccine. Four groups of 25 bovines each were formed and vaccinated according to the manufacturer’s instructions of the commercial vaccines. On sera collected 28 days after the last vaccination, virus neutralisation tests (VNT) were performed using homologous and heterologous viruses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, the VNT results were comparatively evaluated through a statistical analysis. Serological results highlighted that, although with a different degree of efficiency, the four vaccines resulted in not developing a solid antibody-mediated cross-immunity against all the strains used.
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20
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Gilbert L, Brülisauer F, Willoughby K, Cousens C. Identifying Environmental Risk Factors for Louping Ill Virus Seroprevalence in Sheep and the Potential to Inform Wildlife Management Policy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:377. [PMID: 32695800 PMCID: PMC7339109 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the risk factors for disease is crucial for developing policy and strategies for controlling exposure to pathogens. However, this is often challenging, especially in complex disease systems, such as vector-borne diseases with multiple hosts and other environmental drivers. Here we combine seroprevalence data with GIS-based environmental variables to identify the environmental risk factors associated with an endemic tick-borne pathogen—louping ill virus—in sheep in Scotland. Higher seroprevalences were associated with (i) upland/moorland habitats, in accordance with what we predicted from the habitat preferences of alternative LIV transmission hosts (such as red grouse), (ii) areas of higher deer density, which supports predictions from previous theoretical models, since deer are the key Ixodes ricinus tick reproduction host in this system, and (iii) a warmer climate, concurring with our current knowledge of how temperature affects tick activity and development rates. The implications for policy include adopting increased disease management and awareness in high risk habitats and in the presence of alternative LIV hosts (e.g., grouse) and tick hosts (especially deer). These results can also inform deer management policy, especially where there may be conflict between contrasting upland management objectives, for example, revenue from deer hunting vs. sheep farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gilbert
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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21
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van Roon AM, Santman-Berends IMGA, Graham D, More SJ, Nielen M, van Duijn L, Mercat M, Fourichon C, Madouasse A, Gethmann J, Sauter-Louis C, Frössling J, Lindberg A, Correia-Gomes C, Gunn GJ, Henry MK, van Schaik G. A description and qualitative comparison of the elements of heterogeneous bovine viral diarrhea control programs that influence confidence of freedom. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4654-4671. [PMID: 32147269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For endemic infections in cattle that are not regulated at the European Union level, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), European Member States have implemented control or eradication programs (CEP) tailored to their specific situations. Different methods are used to assign infection-free status in CEP; therefore, the confidence of freedom associated with the "free" status generated by different CEP are difficult to compare, creating problems for the safe trade of cattle between territories. Safe trade would be facilitated with an output-based framework that enables a transparent and standardized comparison of confidence of freedom for CEP across herds, regions, or countries. The current paper represents the first step toward development of such a framework by seeking to describe and qualitatively compare elements of CEP that contribute to confidence of freedom. For this work, BVDV was used as a case study. We qualitatively compared heterogeneous BVDV CEP in 6 European countries: Germany, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Scotland. Information about BVDV CEP that were in place in 2017 and factors influencing the risk of introduction and transmission of BVDV (the context) were collected using an existing tool, with modifications to collect information about aspects of control and context. For the 6 participating countries, we ranked all individual elements of the CEP and their contexts that could influence the probability that cattle from a herd categorized as BVDV-free are truly free from infection. Many differences in the context and design of BVDV CEP were found. As examples, CEP were either mandatory or voluntary, resulting in variation in risks from neighboring herds, and risk factors such as cattle density and the number of imported cattle varied greatly between territories. Differences were also found in both testing protocols and definitions of freedom from disease. The observed heterogeneity in both the context and CEP design will create difficulties when comparing different CEP in terms of confidence of freedom from infection. These results highlight the need for a standardized practical methodology to objectively and quantitatively determine confidence of freedom resulting from different CEP around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Roon
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - I M G A Santman-Berends
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - D Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Unit 4/5, The Archways, Bridge St., Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - M Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L van Duijn
- GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Mercat
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, Nantes 44307, France
| | - C Fourichon
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, Nantes 44307, France
| | - A Madouasse
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, Nantes 44307, France
| | - J Gethmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - C Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Frössling
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Lindberg
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Correia-Gomes
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - G J Gunn
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - M K Henry
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - G van Schaik
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508, TD Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Wernike K, Beer M. Diagnostics in the context of an eradication program: Results of the German bovine viral diarrhea proficiency trial. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108452. [PMID: 31767099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), one of the most important infectious diseases in cattle, causes major economic losses and significant impact on animal welfare worldwide. The major source for virus spread is persistently infected, immunotolerant calves and, therefore, their early identification is of utmost importance for disease prevention. Here, a ring trial was initiated to control the performance of diagnostic tests used in German regional laboratories in charge of the diagnostics within the country's BVD control program. A panel of five ear notch and five serum samples was provided for virological analysis. By an antigen ELISA, which was applied 26 times, the status of every sample was correctly identified in any case. In addition, a total of 54 real-time RT-PCR result sets was generated and also in most cases correctly classified. In addition to the virological test panel, a set of six sera and four milk samples was sent to the participating laboratories to be analyzed by serological methods. With serum neutralization tests, an excellent diagnostic sensitivity was achieved. However, one serum and both milk samples - positive for BVDV antibodies - repeatedly tested false negative by some of the used ELISA kits. All negative serum and milk samples were correctly identified by every commercial antibody ELISA. In conclusion, the BVDV proficiency test demonstrated that the used antigen/genome test systems allowed predominantly reliable diagnostics, while for four of the applied nine antibody ELISA kits adjustments are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Gates MC, Evans CA, Weir AM, Heuer C, Weston JF. Recommendations for the testing and control of bovine viral diarrhoea in New Zealand pastoral cattle production systems. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:219-227. [PMID: 31104579 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1618745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) from cattle populations requires a clear approach for determining the epidemiological status of individual herds and implementing the appropriate control measures to ensure the transmission cycle is cost-effectively broken. This is particularly important in countries such as New Zealand where there is currently no coordinated national programme and the herd-level decisions to control BVD are left to the discretion of individual farmers and veterinarians. To ensure greater consistency in the information being delivered by different stakeholders, we review the epidemiology of BVD in the context of New Zealand pastoral production systems and provides a series of simplified recommendations for the future control of BVD in beef and dairy herds. Based on analysis of BVD test accession data from commercial diagnostic laboratories, it has been estimated that 40.6% of dairy herds and 45.6% of beef herds tested had positive results for antibodies to BVD virus. While BVD continues to remain widespread and under voluntary control in New Zealand, it is recommended that herds test all individual mixed-age cows and replacement heifers for BVD virus or antigen and remove persistently infected animals from the breeding population. All new breeding animals that have entered the herd either through purchase or birth should also be tested for BVD virus. Biosecurity risks should be managed by reducing contacts with other herds and implementing targeted vaccination programmes. All individual purchased cattle should be tested and confirmed negative for BVD virus before being moved onto the buyer's property, even if the herd of origin had a negative antibody-based screening test. Herds should continue annual antigen or virus testing of all calves as soon as possible after birth to identify any persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A M Weir
- b Eltham District Veterinary Services , Eltham , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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24
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Ring SC, Graham DA, Kelleher MM, Doherty ML, Berry DP. Genetic parameters for variability in the birth of persistently infected cattle following likely in utero exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:559-568. [PMID: 30412254 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection is an inexpensive and complementary strategy to traditional methods of improving animal health and welfare. Nonetheless, endeavors to incorporate animal health and welfare traits in international breeding programs have been hampered by the availability of informative phenotypes. The recent eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in the Republic of Ireland has provided an opportunity to quantify the potential benefits that genetic selection could offer BVD eradication programs elsewhere, as well as inform possible eradication programs for other diseases in the Republic of Ireland. Using a dataset of 188,085 Irish calves, the estimated direct and maternal heritability estimates for the birth of persistently infected calves following likely in utero exposure to BVD virus ranged from not different from zero (linear model) to 0.29 (SE = 0.075; threshold model) and from essentially zero (linear model) to 0.04 (SE = 0.033; threshold model), respectively. The corresponding genetic SD for the direct and maternal effect of the binary trait (0, 1) ranged from 0.005 (linear model) to 0.56 (threshold model) units and ranged from 0.00008 (linear model) to 0.20 (threshold model) units, respectively. The coefficient of direct genetic variation based on the linear model was 2.56% indicating considerable genetic variation could be exploited. Based on results from the linear model in the present study, there is the potential to reduce the incidence of persistent infection in cattle by on average 0.11 percentage units per year which is cumulative and permanent. Therefore, genetic selection can contribute to reducing the incidence of persistent infection in cattle. Moreover, where populations are free from persistent infection, inclusion of the estimated genetic merit for BVD in national breeding indexes could contribute to a preservation of a BVD-free status. Results from the present study can be used to inform breeding programs of the potential genetic gains achievable. Moreover, the approaches used in the present study can be applied to other diseases when data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Ring
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Margaret M Kelleher
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Highfield House, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donagh P Berry
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
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25
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Garoussi MT, Mehrzad J, Nejati A. Investigation of persistent infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Holstein dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:853-858. [PMID: 30535897 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the persistent infection (PI) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) along with its coexistence between BVDV antibody titer and BVD virus in blood of Holstein dairy cows. Only large commercial farms (each contained < 1000-3000 unvaccinated cows) were included. There were 11 dairy cattle herds. They included nearly 20,000 dairy cows. Totally, 140 cows, > 3 months to almost 10 years old, were randomly sampled. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect BVDV antibody and virus, respectively. The percent positivity (PP) < 14 and ≥ 14 values are interpreted negative and positive, respectively. Simultaneously, whole blood samples pooled in groups of 10 animals were used for molecular detection of BVDV. The results revealed that 138 (98.56%) out of 140 cows were positive for BVDV antibody, while the BVDV antigen was detected only in 2 (1.42%) cows, which were negative for BVDV antibody and so were considered as persistent infection (PI) cows. They were also retested 3 weeks apart. Since the results showed the strong coexistence between seropositivity and BVD virus, in the infected dairy cattle herds, the combination of simple ELISA and pooled whole blood RT-PCR strategy could be an achievable approach to detect PI animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Garoussi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran.
| | - J Mehrzad
- Section of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Nejati
- Section of Theriogenology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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Scharnböck B, Roch FF, Richter V, Funke C, Firth CL, Obritzhauser W, Baumgartner W, Käsbohrer A, Pinior B. A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14420. [PMID: 30258185 PMCID: PMC6158279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A random effect meta-analysis was performed to estimate the worldwide pooled bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences of persistently infected (PI), viraemic (VI) and antibody-positive (AB) animals and herds. The meta-analysis covered 325 studies in 73 countries that determined the presence or absence of BVDV infections in cattle from 1961 to 2016. In total, 6.5 million animals and 310,548 herds were tested for BVDV infections in the global cattle population. The worldwide pooled PI prevalences at animal level ranged from low (≤0.8% Europe, North America, Australia), medium (>0.8% to 1.6% East Asia) to high (>1.6% West Asia). The PI and AB prevalences in Europe decreased over time, while BVDV prevalence increased in North America. The highest mean pooled PI prevalences at animal level were identified in countries that had failed to implement any BVDV control and/or eradication programmes (including vaccination). Our analysis emphasizes the need for more standardised epidemiological studies to support decision-makers implementing animal health policies for non-globally-regulated animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Scharnböck
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Richter
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Funke
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 96, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clair L Firth
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Obritzhauser
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Pinior
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Enhanced immune responses to E2 protein and DNA formulated with ISA 61 VG administered as a DNA prime–protein boost regimen against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2018; 36:5591-5599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Han JH, Weir AM, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Elimination of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in New Zealand: a review of research progress and future directions. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:273-280. [PMID: 30091684 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1509030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The major impacts of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) on cattle health and production have prompted many countries to embark on national elimination programmes. These programmes typically involve identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) cattle in infected herds and implementing biosecurity measures, such as pre- or post-movement testing. In order to design a systematic national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand, which achieves the greatest benefits to the industries at the lowest cost to individual farmers, an accurate understanding is necessary of the epidemiology, economics and social motivation for BVD control in New Zealand. In this article we briefly review the pathogenesis of BVD, transmission and diagnosis of BVD virus infection, and effectiveness of vaccination. We summarise the current state of knowledge of the prevalence, risk factors for transmission, and financial impacts of BVD in New Zealand. We describe control programmes in Europe and then discuss the challenges that must be addressed to design a cost-effective national control programme to eliminate BVD in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Han
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A M Weir
- b Eltham District Veterinary Services , PO Box 24, Eltham , New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- c School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- a EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , New Zealand
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The Occurrence of a Commercial N pro and E rns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050274. [PMID: 29783722 PMCID: PMC5977267 DOI: 10.3390/v10050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major source for the spread of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are in-utero infected, immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) animals since they shed enormous amounts of viruses throughout their lives. During the sequence-based virus typing of diagnostic ear notch samples performed in the context of the obligatory German BVDV eradication program, the commercial Npro and Erns double mutant BVDV-1 live-vaccine strain KE-9 was detected in seven newborn calves; their mothers were immunized in the first trimester of gestation. Six calves either succumbed or were culled immediately, but the one remaining animal was closely monitored for six months. The viral RNA was detected in the skin sample taken in its first and fifth week of life, but the virus could not be isolated. Further skin biopsies that were taken at monthly intervals as well as every serum and urine sample, nasal, oral, and rectal swabs taken weekly tested BVDV negative. However, neutralizing titers against BVDV-1 remained at a consistently high level. To further control for virus shedding, a BVDV antibody and antigen negative calf was co-housed which remained negative throughout the study. The missing viremia, a lack of excretion of infectious virus and negative follow-up skin samples combined with consistently high antibody titers speak against the induction of the classical persistent infection by vaccination with recombinant KE-9 during gestation. We, therefore, suggest that the epidemiological impact of the RNA/antigen positivity for an extended period in the skin is very low. The detection of live-vaccine viruses in skin biopsies mainly represents a diagnostic issue in countries that implemented ear notch-based control programs; and KE9-specific RT-PCRs or sequence analysis can be used to identify these animals and avoid culling measures.
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Salgado R, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Pizarro-Lucero J. Detection of persistent pestivirus infection in pudú (Pudu puda) in a captive population of artiodactyls in Chile. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:37. [PMID: 29391001 PMCID: PMC5796590 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is the viral agent causing the most important economic losses in livestock throughout the world. Infection of fetuses before their immunological maturity causes the birth of animals persistently infected with BVDV (PI), which are the main source of infection and maintenance of this pathogen in a herd. There is evidence of susceptibility to infection with BVDV in more than 50 species of the order Artiodactyla, and the ability to establish persistent infection in wild cervid species of South America could represent an important risk in control and eradication programs of BVDV in cattle, and a threat to conservation of these wild species. In this study, a serological and virological study was performed to detect BVDV infection in a captive population of non-bovine artiodactyl species in a Chilean zoo with antecedents of abortions whose pathology suggests an infectious etiology. Results Detection of neutralizing antibodies against BVDV was performed in 112 artiodactyl animals from a zoo in Chile. Three alpacas (Vicugna pacos), one guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and seven pudús (Pudu puda) resulted seropositive, and the only seronegative pudú was suspected to be persistently infected with BVDV. Then two blood samples nine months apart were analyzed by a viral neutralization test and RT-PCR. Non-cytopathogenic BVDVs were isolated in both samples. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus was highly related to BVDV-1b strains circulating among Chilean cattle. Conclusions This is the first report of a South American deer persistently infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Further studies are needed to determine the possible role of BVDV as a pathogen in pudús and as a threat to their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salgado
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo Zoological Park, Panamericana Sur Km, 32, Buin, Chile
| | - José Pizarro-Lucero
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile.
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Bhuyan AA, Memon AM, Bhuiyan AA, Zhonghua L, Zhang B, Ye S, Mengying L, He QG. The construction of recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing BVDV E2 protein and its immune response in mice. J Biotechnol 2018; 270:51-60. [PMID: 29408654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the etiological agent of BVD causes substantial economic losses and endemic in world-wide cattle population. Mucosal immunity plays an important role in protection against BVDV infection and Lactobacillus casei is believed as an excellent live vaccine vector for expressing foreign genes. In this study, we have constructed a novel recombinant L. casei/pELX1-E2 strain expressing the most immunogenic E2 antigen of BVDV; using growth phage dependent surface expression system pELX1. The expression of E2 protein was verified by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and Immunofluorescence microscopic analysis. The immune responses triggered by the E2 producing recombinant L. casei were evaluated in BALB/c mice revealed that oral and intranasal (IN) administration of the recombinant strain was able to induce a significantly higher level of specific anti-E2 mucosal IgA and serum IgG as well as the greater level of cellular response by IFN-γ and IL-12 than those of intramuscular (IM) and control groups of mice. However, IN inoculation was found the most potent route of immunization. The ability of the recombinant strain to induce serum neutralizing antibody against BVDV and reduced viral load after viral challenge indicated better protection of BVDV infection. Therefore, this recombinant L. casei expressing E2 could be a safe and promising mucosal vaccine candidate against BVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman Ara Bhuyan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh.
| | - Atta Muhammad Memon
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ali Akbar Bhuiyan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
| | - Li Zhonghua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shiyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Li Mengying
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qi-Gai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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A cost-benefit analysis and the potential trade effects of the bovine viral diarrhoea eradication programme in Styria, Austria. Vet J 2017; 231:19-29. [PMID: 29429483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the voluntary and compulsory implementation of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) eradication programme in the Austrian Federal State of Styria, Austria, from an economic point of view using ex-post assessment of costs and benefits (disease losses avoided). An economic net benefit (benefit:cost ratio, BCR=1.18) of the programme was demonstrated during the voluntary programme phase (January 1998-July 2004). The break-even point was reached in 2003. If investments in the compulsory programme (August 2004-December 2016) were taken into account, a net economic loss (BCR=0.16) was demonstrated. In contrast to on-going annual testing of all cattle herds, annual testing in accordance with a revised sampling scheme could reduce total surveillance costs by more than 77%. A Bayesian structural time series model was applied to analyse a hypothesised positive impact of the compulsory BVDV programme on the Styrian cattle export market. The average number of exported cows and bulls increased significantly by 42% (P=0.03) and 47% (P=0.01), respectively, and the producer price increased by 14% (P=0.00) and 5% (P=0.16), respectively, during the compulsory programme period compared with the period prior to intervention. This equates to an average revenue increase of €29,754 for cows and €137,563 for bulls per month. These results justify the implementation of eradication programmes, which initially may not appear to be economically viable, particularly if trade effects are not included in the calculations.
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Thulke HH, Lange M, Tratalos JA, Clegg TA, McGrath G, O'Grady L, O'Sullivan P, Doherty ML, Graham DA, More SJ. Eradicating BVD, reviewing Irish programme data and model predictions to support prospective decision making. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:151-161. [PMID: 29221591 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea is an infectious production disease of major importance in many cattle sectors of the world. The infection is predominantly transmitted by animal contact. Postnatal infections are transient, leading to immunologically protected cattle. However, for a certain window of pregnancy, in utero infection of the foetus results in persistently infected (PI) calves being the major risk of BVD spread, but also an efficient target for controlling the infection. There are two acknowledged strategies to identify PI animals for removal: tissue tag testing (direct; also known as the Swiss model) and serological screening (indirect by interpreting the serological status of the herd; the Scandinavian model). Both strategies are effective in reducing PI prevalence and herd incidence. During the first four years of the Irish national BVD eradication programme (2013-16), it has been mandatory for all newborn calves to be tested using tissue tag testing. During this period, PI incidence has substantially declined. In recent times, there has been interest among stakeholders in a change to an indirect testing strategy, with potential benefit to the overall programme, particularly with respect to cost to farmers. Advice was sought on the usefulness of implementing the necessary changes. Here we review available data from the national eradication programme and strategy performance predictions from an expert system model to quantify expected benefits of the strategy change from strategic, budgetary and implementation points of view. Key findings from our work include (i) drawbacks associated with changes to programme implementation, in particular the loss of epidemiological information to allow real-time monitoring of eradication progress or to reliably predict time to eradication, (ii) the fact that only 25% of the herds in the Irish cattle sector (14% beef, 78% dairy herds) would benefit financially from a change to serosurveillance, with half of these participants benefiting by less than EUR 75 per annum at herd level or an average of EUR 1.22 per cow, and (iii) opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of the current programme, particularly in terms of time to eradication, through enforced compliance with PI removal as currently outlined in programme recommendations. The assembled information provides scientific arguments, contributing to an informed debate of the pros and cons of a change in eradication strategy in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Thulke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J A Tratalos
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T A Clegg
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P O'Sullivan
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Shinagh House, Bandon, Ireland
| | - M L Doherty
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S J More
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Wernike K, Gethmann J, Schirrmeier H, Schröder R, Conraths FJ, Beer M. Six Years (2011-2016) of Mandatory Nationwide Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control in Germany-A Success Story. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040050. [PMID: 29057796 PMCID: PMC5750574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases in cattle, causing major economic losses worldwide. Therefore, control programs have been implemented in several countries. In Germany, an obligatory nationwide eradication program has been in force since 2011. Its centerpiece is the detection of animals persistently infected (PI) with BVD virus, primarily based on the testing of ear tissue samples of all newborn calves for viral genome or antigen, and their removal from the cattle population. More than 48,000 PI animals have so far been detected and removed. Between the onset of the program and the end of 2016, the prevalence of these animals among all newborn calves decreased considerably, from 0.5% to less than 0.03%. The number of cattle holdings with PI animals likewise decreased from 3.44% in 2011 to only 0.16% in 2016. Since a large number of naïve, fully susceptible animals are now confronted with BVD virus, which is still present in the German cattle population, the challenge of the coming years will be the identification of remaining PI animals as quickly and efficiently as possible, and the efficient protection of BVD-free farms from reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Horst Schirrmeier
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Ronald Schröder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Tschopp A, Deiss R, Rotzer M, Wanda S, Thomann B, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M. A matched case-control study comparing udder health, production and fertility parameters in dairy farms before and after the eradication of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Galabov AS, Mukova L, Abashev YP, Wassilewa L, Tzvetkov P, Minkov V, Barinskiy IF, Rice CM, Ouzounov S, Sidzhakova D. Cycluridine: A novel antiviral effective against flaviviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2017; 25:58-67. [PMID: 28768435 PMCID: PMC5890530 DOI: 10.1177/2040206617723442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the contemporary state of research for antivirals effective against flaviviruses, especially focusing on inhibitors of the pestivirus causative agent of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. We highlight cycluridine, an originally synthesized Mannich’s base [a tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinones derivative], as a highly effective antiviral possessing a strong inhibitory effect on bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication. Cycluridine was active against replication of a wide variety of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains in cell cultures. The drug-sensitive period in the bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication cycle included the latent period and the exponential phase; a 90-min delay in the peak of viral RNA synthesis was observed. Cycluridine administered orally manifested a pronounced protective effect in calves with natural mucosal disease/viral diarrhoea and calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Its magnitude of activity and selectivity places cycluridine in the lead among all known substances with anti- bovine viral diarrhoea virus activity. Additionally, cycluridine applied subcutaneously showed anti-tick-born encephalitis virus activity, manifesting a marked protective effect in mice infected with tick-born encephalitis virus. Cycluridine could be a prospective antiviral in veterinary and medical practice for the treatment of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and other flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel S Galabov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Mukova
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuriy P Abashev
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lilia Wassilewa
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Igor F Barinskiy
- 4 D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles M Rice
- 5 Medical Faculty, University of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergey Ouzounov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dorotea Sidzhakova
- 6 Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria
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Eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Germany-Diversity of subtypes and detection of live-vaccine viruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:25-29. [PMID: 28888645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) causes high economic losses in the cattle population worldwide. In Germany, an obligatory control program with detection and removal of persistently infected animals is in force since 2011. For molecular tracing of virus transmission, a comprehensive sequence data base of the currently circulating BVD viruses was established. Partial sequences of 1007 samples collected between 2008 and 2016 were generated. As dominant viruses, subtypes 1b (47.0%) and 1d (26.5%) could be identified with no marked geographic or sampling year effect, a much higher amount of BVDV-2c was detected in 2013 compared to other years, predominantly in Western Germany. In addition, subtypes 1a, 1e, 1f, 1h, 1g, 1k, and 2a were found. Interestingly, besides field-viruses, two different live-vaccine viruses were detected in tissue samples of newborn calves (n=37) whose mothers were immunized during pregnancy.
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Byrne AW, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Strain SAJ, McBride S, Graham J, Lahuerta-Marin A, Harwood R, Graham DA, McDowell S. Assessment of concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Mycobacterium bovis: A herd-level risk factor analysis from Northern Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 141:38-47. [PMID: 28532992 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen of cattle, leading to severe economic and animal-welfare impacts. Furthermore, the pathogen has been associated with impacting the progression or spread of other pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB)). During this study we investigated (i) risk factors for BVDV at a herd-level and (ii) whether there was any association between BVDV and herd-level bTB risk. The data for this study were gathered from a voluntary BVDV control programme in Northern Ireland (2013-2015) based on the identification of virus positive animals through tissue tag testing of calves. We assigned a herd-level BVDV status to 2827 participating herds, where a herd was assumed "infected" if one or more animals tested positive for BVDV. Two model suites were developed. Firstly, we assessed risk factors for BVDV herd status using multivariable logit random-effects modelling, aggregating to the calendar year level (2013-2015; n=4828; model 1). Secondly, we aggregated data across the three years of the study to give an overall status for the whole study period (n=2827; logistic model 2). Risk factors included year, herd-type, herd size, number of births, inward trade moves, calf mortality, and region. Furthermore, the herd-level bovine tuberculosis status (based on the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test outcomes, or confirmation at post-mortem), or the size of bTB breakdowns (number of SICCT test positive animals), of herds was also investigated to assess whether there was an association (co-infection) with herd BVDV status. The final models suggested that BVDV herd status was positively associated with increased levels of calf mortality, herd size, number of births, the number of BVDV tests undertaken and the number of animals introduced to the herd. There was a significant univariable positive association between BVDV status, and SICCT breakdown risk, breakdown size and confirmed bTB status in model 2. However, there was no evidence of significant associations between bTB status (using SICTT status, confirmed status or herd breakdown size) and BVDV status in final multivariable models when controlling for other significant confounders. These results provide information for action for the future control and eradication of BVDV in Northern Ireland, though these data provide little support for the hypothesised association between BVDV and bTB status at herd-level. Further animal-level analyses are necessary to investigate whether there is support for a BVD-bTB co-infection association, including the impact of co-infection on the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Byrne
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - M Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - S A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Business Cube, 5 Coalisland Rd., Dungannon, Co., Tyrone, BT71 6JT, United Kingdom
| | - S McBride
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - J Graham
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - A Lahuerta-Marin
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
| | - R Harwood
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Affairs, Dundonald House, Belfast, BT43SB, United Kingdom
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co., Leitrim, Ireland
| | - S McDowell
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast BT43SD, United Kingdom
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A systematic worldwide review of the direct monetary losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Vet J 2017; 220:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:21. [PMID: 28086880 PMCID: PMC5237232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in cattle in Switzerland was initiated. After targeted elimination of persistently infected animals that represent the main virus reservoir, the absence of BVD is surveilled serologically since 2012. In view of steadily decreasing pestivirus seroprevalence in the cattle population, the susceptibility for (re-) infection by border disease (BD) virus mainly from small ruminants increases. Due to serological cross-reactivity of pestiviruses, serological surveillance of BVD by ELISA does not distinguish between BVD and BD virus as source of infection. RESULTS In this work the cross-serum neutralisation test (SNT) procedure was adapted to the epidemiological situation in Switzerland by the use of three pestiviruses, i.e., strains representing the subgenotype BVDV-1a, BVDV-1h and BDSwiss-a, for adequate differentiation between BVDV and BDV. Thereby the BDV-seroprevalence in seropositive cattle in Switzerland was determined for the first time. Out of 1,555 seropositive blood samples taken from cattle in the frame of the surveillance program, a total of 104 samples (6.7%) reacted with significantly higher titers against BDV than BVDV. These samples originated from 65 farms and encompassed 15 different cantons with the highest BDV-seroprevalence found in Central Switzerland. On the base of epidemiological information collected by questionnaire in case- and control farms, common housing of cattle and sheep was identified as the most significant risk factor for BDV infection in cattle by logistic regression. CONCLUSION This indicates that pestiviruses from sheep should be considered as a source of infection of domestic cattle and might well impede serological BVD surveillance.
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Shortall O, Green M, Brennan M, Wapenaar W, Kaler J. Exploring expert opinion on the practicality and effectiveness of biosecurity measures on dairy farms in the United Kingdom using choice modeling. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2225-2239. [PMID: 28088420 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosecurity, defined as a series of measures aiming to stop disease-causing agents entering or leaving an area where farm animals are present, is very important for the continuing economic viability of the United Kingdom dairy sector, and for animal welfare. This study gathered expert opinion from farmers, veterinarians, consultants, academics, and government and industry representatives on the practicality and effectiveness of different biosecurity measures on dairy farms. The study used best-worst scaling, a technique that allows for greater discrimination between choices and avoids the variability in interpretation associated with other methods, such as Likert scales and ranking methods. Keeping a closed herd was rated as the most effective measure overall, and maintaining regular contact with the veterinarian was the most practical measure. Measures relating to knowledge, planning, and veterinary involvement; buying-in practices; and quarantine and treatment scored highly for effectiveness overall. Measures relating to visitors, equipment, pest control, and hygiene scored much lower for effectiveness. Overall, measures relating to direct animal-to-animal contact scored much higher for effectiveness than measures relating to indirect disease transmission. Some of the most effective measures were also rated as the least practical, such as keeping a closed herd and avoiding nose-to-nose contact between contiguous animals, suggesting that real barriers exist for farmers when implementing biosecurity measures on dairy farms. We observed heterogeneity in expert opinion on biosecurity measures; for example, veterinarians rated the effectiveness of consulting the veterinarian on biosecurity significantly more highly than dairy farmers, suggesting a greater need for veterinarians to promote their services on-farm. Still, both groups rated it as a practical measure, suggesting that the farmer-veterinarian relationship holds some advantages for the promotion of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Shortall
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Marnie Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Wendela Wapenaar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Pestiviruses are a group of viruses of veterinary importance infecting livestock animals like pigs, cattle, and sheep, and also wildlife animals like wild boar and different deer species. While for decades only four classical species (Classical swine fever virus, Bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, Border disease virus), and a few so-called atypical pestiviruses were known (e.g., Giraffe virus, Pronghorn virus, HoBi virus), a series of novel pestiviruses was identified in the last years (Bungowannah virus, Bat pestivirus, Norway rat pestivirus, Atypical porcine pestivirus, LINDA virus). The Australian Bungowannah virus could be isolated and further characterized by classical sequencing, but all the other latest novel pestiviruses were identified by metagenomics using next-generation sequencing technologies. Here, we describe these new viruses and their discovery and characterization. Differentiation is made between the occurrence of classical pestiviruses in new species and novel viruses or virus types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, Breathnach R, Bureš J, Duarte Da Silva JP, Hederová J, Hekman P, Ibrahim C, Kozhuharov E, Kulcsár G, Lander Persson E, Lenhardsson JM, Mačiulskis P, Malemis I, Markus-Cizelj L, Michaelidou-Patsia A, Nevalainen M, Pasquali P, Rouby JC, Schefferlie J, Schlumbohm W, Schmit M, Spiteri S, Srčič S, Taban L, Tiirats T, Urbain B, Vestergaard EM, Wachnik-Święcicka A, Weeks J, Zemann B, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Fernandez Escamez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Wahlström H, Baptiste K, Catry B, Cocconcelli PS, Davies R, Ducrot C, Friis C, Jungersen G, More S, Muñoz Madero C, Sanders P, Bos M, Kunsagi Z, Torren Edo J, Brozzi R, Candiani D, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Threlfall J, Jukes H. EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04666. [PMID: 32625259 PMCID: PMC7010070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.
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A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:77-92. [PMID: 28040270 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) results in major economic losses either directly through decreased productive performance in cattle herds or indirectly, such as through expenses for control programs. The aim of this systematic review was to review financial and/or economic assessment studies of prevention and/or mitigation activities of BVDV at national, regional and farm level worldwide. Once all predefined criteria had been met, 35 articles were included for this systematic review. Studies were analyzed with particular focus on the type of financially and/or economically-assessed prevention and/or mitigation activities. Due to the wide range of possible prevention and/or mitigation activities, these activities were grouped into five categories: i) control and/or eradication programs, ii) monitoring or surveillance, iii) prevention, iv) vaccination and v) individual culling, control and testing strategies. Additionally, the studies were analyzed according to economically-related variables such as efficiency, costs or benefits of prevention and/or mitigation activities, the applied financial and/or economic and statistical methods, the payers of prevention and/or mitigation activities, the assessed production systems, and the countries for which such evaluations are available. Financial and/or economic assessments performed in Europe were dominated by those from the United Kingdom, which assessed mostly vaccination strategies, and Norway which primarily carried out assessments in the area of control and eradication programs; whereas among non-European countries the United States carried out the majority of financial and/or economic assessments in the area of individual culling, control and testing. More than half of all studies provided an efficiency calculation of prevention and/or mitigation activities and demonstrated whether the inherent costs of implemented activities were or were not justified. The dairy sector was three times more likely to be assessed by the countries than beef production systems. In addition, the dairy sector was approximately eight times more likely to be assessed economically with respect to prevention and/or mitigation activities than calf and youngstock production systems. Furthermore, the private sector was identified as the primary payer of prevention and/or mitigation activities. This systematic review demonstrated a lack of studies relating to efficiency calculations, in particular at national and regional level, and the specific production systems. Thus, we confirmed the need for more well-designed studies in animal health economics in order to demonstrate that the implementation and inherent costs of BVDV prevention and/or mitigation activities are justified.
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Booth RE, Brownlie J. Comparison of bulk milk antibody and youngstock serology screens for determining herd status for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:177. [PMID: 27565147 PMCID: PMC5002205 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper examines the use of Bulk Milk antibody (BM Ab), Youngstock (YS) serology (Check Tests) and Bulk Milk PCR (BM PCR) for determining the presence or absence of animals persistently infected (PI) with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) within a herd. Data is presented from 26 herds where average herd sizes were 343 and 98 animals for dairy and beef units respectively. Seventeen herds had sufficient data to analyse using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and probability curves enabling calculation of the sensitivity and specificity of BM Ab and YS Check tests for determining the presence of PI animals within herds in this dataset. Results Using BM Ab to screen a herd for the presence of PI animals, achieved a herd level sensitivity and specificity of 80.00 % (44.39–97.48 %) and 85.71 % (42.13–99.64 %) respectively (95 % confidence intervals quoted). Sensitivity and specificity of YS Check Tests at a cut off of 3/10 Ab positive YS were 81.82 % (48.22–97.72 %) and 66.67 % (22.28–95.67 %) respectively (95 % confidence interval). These results were achieved by comparing the screening tests to whole herd PI searches that took place 1–19 months after the initial screen with a mean interval of 8 months. Removal of this delay by taking BM samples on the day of a whole herd test and simulating a YS Check Test from the herd test data produced improvements in the reliability of the Check Tests. BM Ab sensitivity and specificity remained unchanged. However, the Check Test sensitivity and specificity improved to 90.9 % (58.72–99.77 %) and 100 % (54.07–100 %) respectively (95 % confidence interval) at a cut of off 2.5/10 Ab positive animals. Our limited BM PCR results identified 5/23 dairy farms with a positive BM PCR result; two contained milking PIs, two had non-milking PIs and another had no PIs identified. Conclusions Delaying a PI search following an initial herd screen decreased the diagnostic accuracy and relevance of our results. With careful interpretation, longitudinal surveillance using a combination of the techniques discussed can successfully determine farm status and therefore allow changes in BVDV status to be detected early, thus enabling prompt action in the event of a BVDV incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Booth
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is endemic in large parts of the world and it is a major threat to the pig industry in general. Vaccination and stamping out have been the most successful tools for the control and elimination of the disease. The systematic use of modified live vaccines (MLV), which are very efficacious and safe, has often preceded the elimination of CSF from regions or countries. Oral vaccination using MLV is a powerful tool for the elimination of CSF from wild boar populations. Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) is endemic in bovine populations worldwide and programs for its control are only slowly gaining ground. With two genotypes BVD virus (BVDV) is genetically more diverse than CSF virus (CSFV). BVDV crosses the placenta of pregnant cattle resulting in the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals shed enormous amounts of virus for the rest of their lives and they are the reservoir for the spread of BVDV in cattle populations. They are the main reason for the failure of conventional control strategies based on vaccination only. In Europe two different approaches for the successful control of BVD are being used: Elimination of PI animals without or with the optional use of vaccines, respectively.
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BVD-2 outbreak leads to high losses in cattle farms in Western Germany. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00019. [PMID: 27441213 PMCID: PMC4939757 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2012, a dairy farmer in the district Kleve first observed a reduction in milk yield, respiratory symptoms, nasal discharge, fever, sporadic diarrhoea and sudden deaths in dairy cows and calves. In the following months, further farms were found infected with cattle showing similar clinical signs. An epidemiological investigation was carried out to identify the source of infection, the date of introduction, potential transmission pathways and to analyse the extent of the epidemic. Furthermore, laboratory analyses were conducted to characterise the causative agent. BVDV had been diagnosed in the index herd in December 2012, but due to the atypical clinical picture, the virus was not immediately recognised as the causative agent. Further laboratory analysis showed that this outbreak and subsequent infections in the area were caused by a BVD type 2c virus with a characteristic genome insertion, which seems to be associated with the occurrence of severe clinical symptoms in infected cattle. Epidemiological investigations showed that the probable date of introduction was in mid-October 2012. The high risk period was estimated as three months. A total of 21 affected farms with 5325 cattle were identified in two German Federal States. The virus was mainly transmitted by person contacts, but also by cattle trade and vehicles. The case-fatality rate was up to 60% and mortality in outbreak farms varied between 2.3 and 29.5%. The competent veterinary authorities imposed trade restrictions on affected farms. All persons who had been in contact with affected animals were advised to increase biosecurity measures (e.g. using farm-owned or disposable protective clothing). In some farms, affected animals were vaccinated against BVD to reduce clinical signs as an "emergency measure". These measures stopped the further spread of the disease.
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48
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Prevalence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) in Irish dairy herds. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Tautz
- Institute for Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Birke Andrea Tews
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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50
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Sayers RG, Sayers GP, Graham DA, Arkins S. Impact of three inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus vaccines on bulk milk p80 (NS3) ELISA test results in dairy herds. Vet J 2015; 205:56-61. [PMID: 25986132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is endemic in many countries and vaccines are used as a component of control and eradication strategies. Surveillance programmes to detect exposure to BVDV often incorporate the use of bulk milk (BM) testing for antibodies against BVDV p80 (NS3), but vaccination can interfere with these results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether BVDV vaccines would confound BM testing for specific antibodies in a nationally representative group of commercial dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. A total of 256 commercial dairy herds were included in the statistical analysis. Quarterly BM or serum samples from selected weanling heifers (unvaccinated homeborn youngstock) were assessed by ELISA for antibodies against the BVDV p80 subunit and whole virus. Wilcoxon rank-sum and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to examine differences among groups vaccinated with one of three commercially available inactivated BVDV vaccines. Two of the three vaccines showed evidence of interference with ELISA testing of BM samples. ROC analysis highlighted that one vaccine did not reduce the discriminatory power of the BVDV p80 ELISA for identification of herds with evidence of recent BVDV circulation, when compared with unvaccinated herds; thus, administration of this vaccine would allow uncomplicated interpretation of BM ELISA test results in vaccinated seropositive herds. Seasonal differences in BM antibody results were identified, suggesting that the latter half of lactation is the most suitable time for sampling dairy herds containing predominantly spring calving cows. The results of the present study are likely to prove useful in countries allowing vaccination during or following BVDV eradication, where BM testing is required as part of the surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ríona G Sayers
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gearóid P Sayers
- Epsilion Ltd., 'Dun Baoi', Derryquay, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Sean Arkins
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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