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Pipoyan D, Stepanyan S, Stepanyan S, Beglaryan M, Costantini L, Molinari R, Merendino N. The Effect of Trans Fatty Acids on Human Health: Regulation and Consumption Patterns. Foods 2021; 10:2452. [PMID: 34681504 PMCID: PMC8535577 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on human organisms can vary according to their type, structure, composition, and origin. Even though the adverse health effects of industrial TFAs (iTFAs) have been widely discussed, the health effects of natural TFAs (nTFAs) are still questionable. Hence, it is important to review the literature and provide an overall picture on the health effects of different TFAs coming from industrial and ruminant sources, underlining those types that have adverse health effects as well as suggesting methods for reducing their harmful effects. Multiple databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, etc.) were searched with the key words "trans fatty acid sources", "ruminant", "industrial", "conjugated trans linoleic acid", "human", "coronary heart disease", "cancer", etc. Reference lists of the studies were scanned discussing the health effects of iTFAs and nTFAs. The review of the literature showed that iTFAs are found to be more harmful than ruminant-produced nTFAs. Although several beneficial effects (such as reduced risk of diabetes) for nTFAs have been observed, they should be used with caution. Since during labeling it is usually not mentioned whether the TFAs contained in food are of industrial or natural origin, the general suggestion is to reduce their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Pipoyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stella Stepanyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Seda Stepanyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Meline Beglaryan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies of NAS RA, Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Lara Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Romina Molinari
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.C.); (R.M.)
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Sandri EC, Harvatine KJ, Oliveira DE. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces milk fat content and lipogenic gene expression in the mammary gland of sows without altering litter performance. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:610-618. [PMID: 31843027 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases milk fat synthesis in lactating sows and involves, at least in part, the down-regulation of lipogenic genes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of CLA on milk composition and lipogenic gene expression. Twenty multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments for 18 d (from day 7 to day 25 of lactation): (1) control (no CLA added) and (2) 1 % of CLA mixed into the ration. CLA treatment decreased milk fat and protein content by 20 % (P = 0·004) and 11 % (P = 0·0001), respectively. However, piglet weight did not differ between treatments (P = 0·60). Dietary CLA increased the concentration of SFA in milk fat by 16 % (P < 0·0001) and decreased MUFA by 17·6 % (P < 0·0001). In the mammary gland, CLA reduced gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α by 37 % (P = 0·003), fatty acid synthase by 64 % (P = 0·002), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 by 52 % (P = 0·003), lipoprotein lipase by 26 % (P = 0·03), acyl glycerol phosphate acyltransferase 6 by 15 % (P = 0·02) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 by 27 % (P = 0·02), whereas the expression of fatty acid binding protein 3 was not altered by CLA treatment (P = 0·09). Mammary expression of casein-β and α-lactalbumin was reduced by CLA by 68 % (P = 0·0004) and 62 % (P = 0·005), respectively. Additionally, CLA had no effect on the expression of lipogenic genes evaluated in adipose tissue. In summary, CLA reduced milk fat content without negatively affecting litter performance and it affected mammary expression of genes involved in all lipogenic pathways studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Sandri
- Department of Animal Production, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - D E Oliveira
- Department of Animal Production, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil
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Pang K, Zhu Z, Zhu S, Han L. A high dose of conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty liver and insulin resistance in lactating mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214903. [PMID: 31390361 PMCID: PMC6685630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a high dose of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lactating mice. In one experiment, Kunming mice were separated into four groups (n = 6 per group); the control (CON) group received 3.0% linoleic acid (LA) oil, the L-CLA group received a mixture of 2.0% LA and 1.0% CLA, the M-CLA group received a mixture of 1.0% LA and a 2.0% CLA, and the H-CLA group received 3.0% CLA. Feeding proceeded from day 4 to day 10 of lactation. In a second experiment, a CON group received 3.0% LA, and an H-CLA group received 3.0% CLA. Plasma parameters were analyzed for all groups, and insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) were conducted. CLA treatment did not affect dam weight but significantly decreased the food intake of dams during lactation. Furthermore, CLA decreased the weight of pups on day 10 of lactation; this effect was attributed to lower milk fat of dams in the CLA group than in those of the other groups. Relative to mice in the CON group, the mice in the H-CLA group displayed increased liver weight and liver triglyceride (TG) content as well as higher TG content and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) activity in the plasma. Moreover, high-dose CLA resulted in insulin resistance, possibly affecting the red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (HCB) levels in the plasma. In conclusion, lactating mice receiving a high dose of CLA exhibited fatty liver, insulin resistance, and impaired lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhongke Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Songbo Zhu
- Zhengzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Flores-Sierra J, Arredondo-Guerrero M, Cervantes-Paz B, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Nielsen FC, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Zaina S, Lund G. The trans fatty acid elaidate affects the global DNA methylation profile of cultured cells and in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:75. [PMID: 27068706 PMCID: PMC4828757 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dietary trans fatty acids (tFAs) on human health are well documented. Although significantly reduced or banned in various countries, tFAs may trigger long-term responses that would represent a valid human health concern, particularly if tFAs alter the epigenome. Methods Based on these considerations, we asked whether the tFA elaidic acid (EA; tC18:1) has any effects on global DNA methylation and the transcriptome in cultured human THP-1 monocytes, and whether the progeny of EA-supplemented dams during either pregnancy or lactation in mice (n = 20 per group) show any epigenetic change after exposure. Results EA induced a biphasic effect on global DNA methylation in THP-1 cells, i.e. hypermethylation in the 1–50 μM concentration range, followed by hypomethylation up to the 200 μM dose. On the other hand, the cis isomer oleic acid (OA), a fatty acid with documented beneficial effects on human health, exerted a distinct response, i.e. its effects were weaker and only partially overlapping with EA’s. The maximal differential response between EA and OA was observed at the 50 μM dose. Array expression data revealed that EA induced a pro-inflammatory and adipogenic transcriptional profile compared with OA, although with modest effects on selected (n = 9) gene promoter methylation. In mice, maternal EA supplementation in utero or via the breastmilk induced global adipose tissue DNA hypermethylation in the progeny, that was detectable postnatally at the age of 3 months. Conclusion We document that global DNA hypermethylation is a specific and consistent response to EA in cell culture and in mice, and that EA may exert long-term effects on the epigenome following maternal exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Flores-Sierra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Martín Arredondo-Guerrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Leon Campus, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico.
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Harvatine KJ, Robblee MM, Thorn SR, Boisclair YR, Bauman DE. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA dose-dependently inhibits milk fat synthesis without disruption of lactation in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:1928-34. [PMID: 25320189 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.198911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA) is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis in mammals. In the cow, 10 g/d of 10,12 CLA specifically and reversibly inhibits mammary lipogenesis, whereas substantially higher doses are not specific and cause a generalized inhibition of milk synthesis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to validate a lactating mouse model by establishing the dose response, specificity, and reversibility of the inhibition of milk fat synthesis by 10,12 CLA. METHODS Lactating mice (C57BL/6J) received daily doses of 0 (control), 7, 20, or 60 mg of 10,12 CLA for 5 d during established lactation. A second group of lactating mice was treated with 20 mg/d of 10,12 CLA for 4 d and followed post-treatment to evaluate reversibility. RESULTS CLA decreased pup growth with a 49% decrease occurring with 60 mg/d of CLA. Milk fat percentage was decreased 11% and 20% with the 7 and 20 mg/d dose, respectively, and all CLA treatments had a decreased concentration of de novo synthesized fatty acids (FAs) in milk fat. In agreement, 20 mg/d of 10,12 CLA decreased the lipogenic capacity of mammary tissue by 30% and mammary expression of FA synthase (Fasn), sterol response element binding protein 1 (Srebf1), and thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 (Thrsp) by 30-60%, whereas milk protein percentage and mammary expression of α-lactalbumin (Lalba) were unaltered. This dose of CLA reduced pup growth by nearly 20% and milk de novo synthesized FAs by >35%, and these effects were completely reversed 5 d after 10,12 CLA treatment was terminated. CONCLUSION Inhibition of mammary lipogenesis by 10,12 CLA is dose-dependent in the mouse, with a specific and reversible reduction in milk fat synthesis at the 20 mg/d dose and additional nonspecific effects on milk synthesis at higher CLA doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Megan M Robblee
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | | | - Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Zhang X, Yang R, Jia Y, Cai D, Zhou B, Qu X, Han H, Xu L, Wang L, Yao Y, Yang G. Hypermethylation of Sp1 binding site suppresses hypothalamic POMC in neonates and may contribute to metabolic disorders in adults: impact of maternal dietary CLAs. Diabetes 2014; 63:1475-87. [PMID: 24379351 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of neuropeptide genes associated with central appetite control plays an important part in the development of nutritional programming. While proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is critical in appetite control, the molecular mechanism of methylation-related regulation of POMC remains unclear. Based on the report that the proximal specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding site in POMC promoter is crucial for the leptin-mediated activation of POMC, the methylation of this site was investigated in this study in both cultured cells and postnatal mice reared by the dams with dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). The change of milk composition made the offspring undergo the increase of food intake, suppression of POMC, attenuation of Sp1-promoter interaction, and the hypermethylation of cytosine guanine (CpG) dinucleotides at -100 and -103 within the Sp1 binding site of POMC promoter, which may be associated with the decrease of hypothalamic Sp1 and/or plasma S-adenosylhomocystein. In cultured cells, the methylation of the -100 CpG dinucleotides of the POMC promoter blocked both the formation of Sp1-promoter complex and the leptin-induced activation of POMC. In addition, a catch-up growth and adult metabolic changes like adult hyperglycemia and insulin resistance were observed in these postnatal pups, suggesting that this CLA-mediated hypermethylation may contribute, at least in part, to the metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, fails to attenuate CLA-induced milk fat depression and hepatic lipid accumulation in lactating mice. Lipids 2014; 49:641-53. [PMID: 24781388 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the combination of rosiglitazone (ROSI) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on mammary and hepatic lipogenesis in lactating C57Bl/6 J mice. Twenty-four lactating mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatments applied from postpartum day 6 to day 10. Treatments included: (1) control diet, (2) control plus 1.5 % dietary CLA (CLA) substituted for soybean oil, (3) control plus daily intra-peritoneal (IP) rosiglitazone injections (10 mg/kg body weight) (ROSI), and (4) CLA plus ROSI (CLA-ROSI). Dam food intake and milk fat concentration were depressed with CLA. However, no effects were observed with ROSI. The CLA-induced milk fat depression was due to reduced expression for mammary lipogenic genes involved in de-novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, FA uptake and desaturation, and triacyglycerol synthesis. Liver weight (g/100 g body weight) was increased by CLA due to an increase in lipid accumulation triggering a compensatory reduction in mRNA abundance of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase I and stearoyl-CoA desaturase I. On the contrary, no effects were observed with ROSI on hepatic and mammary lipogenic gene and enzyme expression. Overall, feeding CLA to lactating mice induced milk fat depression and increased hepatic lipid accumulation, probably due to the presence of trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer, while ROSI failed to significantly attenuate both hepatic steatosis and reduction in milk fat content.
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Trans-10, cis 12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Induced Milk Fat Depression Is Associated with Inhibition of PPARγ Signaling and Inflammation in Murine Mammary Tissue. J Lipids 2013; 2013:890343. [PMID: 23762566 PMCID: PMC3666273 DOI: 10.1155/2013/890343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous trans-10, cis-12-CLA (CLA) reduces lipid synthesis in murine adipose and mammary (MG) tissues. However, genomewide alterations in MG and liver (LIV) associated with dietary CLA during lactation remain unknown. We fed mice (n = 5/diet) control or control + trans-10, cis-12-CLA (37 mg/day) between d 6 and d 10 postpartum. The 35,302 annotated murine exonic evidence-based oligo (MEEBO) microarray and quantitative RT-PCR were used for transcript profiling. Milk fat concentration was 44% lower on d 10 versus d 6 due to CLA. The CLA diet resulted in differential expression of 1,496 genes. Bioinformatics analyses underscored that a major effect of CLA on MG encompassed alterations in cellular signaling pathways and phospholipid species biosynthesis. Dietary CLA induced genes related to ER stress (Xbp1), apoptosis (Bcl2), and inflammation (Orm1, Saa2, and Cp). It also induced marked inhibition of PPAR γ signaling, including downregulation of Pparg and Srebf1 and several lipogenic target genes (Scd, Fasn, and Gpam). In LIV, CLA induced hepatic steatosis probably through perturbations in the mitochondrial functions and induction of ER stress. Overall, results from this study underscored the role of PPAR γ signaling on mammary lipogenic target regulation. The proinflammatory effect due to CLA could be related to inhibition of PPAR γ signaling.
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Hepatic Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Growing Mice Consuming a Low Dose of Trans-10, cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid. J Lipids 2012; 2012:571281. [PMID: 22988513 PMCID: PMC3438780 DOI: 10.1155/2012/571281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (trans-10, cis-12-CLA) fed to obese and nonobese rodents reduces body fat but leads to greater liver mass due to steatosis. The molecular mechanisms accompanying such responses remain largely unknown. Our study investigated the effects of chronic low trans-10, cis-12-CLA supplementation on hepatic expression of 39 genes related to metabolism, inflammation, and stress in growing mice. Feeding a diet supplemented with 0.3% trans-10, cis-12-CLA (wt/wt basis) for 6 weeks increased liver mass and concentration of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in liver, while adipose tissue mass decreased markedly. These changes were accompanied by greater expression of genes involved in LCFA uptake (Cd36), lipogenesis, and triacylglycerol synthesis (Acaca, Gpam, Scd, Pck1, Plin2). Expression of these genes was in line with upregulation of the lipogenic transcription factor Srebf1. Unlike previous studies where higher >0.50% of the diet) doses of trans-10, cis-12-CLA were fed, we found greater expression of genes associated with VLDL assembly/secretion (Mttp, Cideb), ketogenesis (Hmgcs2, Bdh1), and LCFA oxidation (Acox1, Pdk4) in response to trans-10, cis-12-CLA. Dietary CLA, however, did not affect inflammation- and stress-related genes. Results suggested that a chronic low dose of dietary CLA increases liver mass and lipid accumulation due to activation of lipogenesis and insufficient induction of LCFA oxidation and VLDL assembly/secretion.
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Bauman DE, Harvatine KJ, Lock AL. Nutrigenomics, rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annu Rev Nutr 2011; 31:299-319. [PMID: 21568706 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mammary synthesis of milk fat continues to be an active research area, with significant advances in the regulation of lipid synthesis by bioactive fatty acids (FAs). The biohydrogenation theory established that diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in the dairy cow is caused by an inhibition of mammary synthesis of milk fat by specific FAs produced during ruminal biohydrogenation. The first such FA shown to affect milk fat synthesis was trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid, and its effects have been well characterized, including dose-response relationships. During MFD, lipogenic capacity and transcription of key mammary lipogenic genes are coordinately down-regulated. Results provide strong evidence for sterol response element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and Spot 14 as biohydrogenation intermediate responsive lipogenic signaling pathway for ruminants and rodents. The study of MFD and its regulation by specific rumen-derived bioactive FAs represents a successful example of nutrigenomics in present-day animal nutrition research and offers several potential applications in animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Lin X, Bo J, Oliver SAM, Corl BA, Jacobi SK, Oliver WT, Harrell RJ, Odle J. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in brain and liver of neonatal pigs. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kadegowda AKG, Connor EE, Teter BB, Sampugna J, Delmonte P, Piperova LS, Erdman RA. Dietary trans fatty acid isomers differ in their effects on mammary lipid metabolism as well as lipogenic gene expression in lactating mice. J Nutr 2010; 140:919-24. [PMID: 20220207 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological activities and mechanisms of action of individual transoctadecenoic acids (trans-18:1 FA) have not been completely elucidated. We examined the effects of several individual trans-18:1 FA isomers and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat synthesis, and expression of lipogenic genes in mammary and liver tissue in lactating mice. From d 6 to 10 postpartum, 30 lactating C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either a control (CTR) diet containing 20 g/kg oleic acid or diets in which the oleic acid was either completely replaced by partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), trans-7 18:1 (T7), trans-9 18:1 (T9), or trans-11 18:1 (T11) or partially replaced with 6.66 g/kg trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Milk fat percentage was decreased by CLA (44%), T7 (27%), and PHVO (23%), compared with CTR. In the mammary gland, CLA decreased the expression of genes related to de novo FA synthesis, desaturation, triacylglycerol formation, and transcriptional regulation. PHVO and T7 diets decreased the expression of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase and thyroid hormone responsive SPOT14 homolog (THRSP) mRNA. In contrast, dietary trans FA (tFA) did not affect hepatic lipogenic gene expression. However, mice fed CLA, T7, and PHVO diets had increased liver weights due to hepatic steatosis. Trans-7 18:1 was extensively desaturated to trans-7, cis-9 CLA in mammary and liver tissues. Dietary trans-7 18:1 could lead to milk fat depression in lactating mice, possibly through its desaturation product trans-7, cis-9 CLA. Also, the differences between the effects of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and other tFA could be attributed to its effects on carbohydrate response element binding protein and PPARgamma, in addition to sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c and THRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K G Kadegowda
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, and 4Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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YUAN GAOFENG, SINCLAIR ANDREWJ, SUN HAIYAN, LI DUO. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN TISSUES OF MICE FED DIETS CONTAINING CONJUGATED LINOLENIC ACID AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2009.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Milanesi E, Nicoloso L, Crepaldi P. Stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) gene polymorphisms in Italian cattle breeds. J Anim Breed Genet 2008; 125:63-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bauman DE, Perfield JW, Harvatine KJ, Baumgard LH. Regulation of fat synthesis by conjugated linoleic acid: lactation and the ruminant model. J Nutr 2008; 138:403-9. [PMID: 18203911 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers effect an impressive range of biological processes including the ability to inhibit milk fatty acid synthesis. Although this has been demonstrated in several mammals, research has been most extensive with dairy cows. The first isomer shown to affect milk fat synthesis during lactation was trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and its effects have been well characterized including dose-response relationships. Recent studies have tentatively identified 2 additional CLA isomers that regulate milk fat synthesis. Regulation by CLA occurs naturally in dairy cows when specific CLA isomers produced as intermediates in rumen biohydrogenation act to inhibit milk fat synthesis; this physiological example of nutritional genomics is referred to as diet-induced milk fat depression. Molecular mechanisms for the reduction in mammary lipid synthesis involve a coordinated down-regulation of mRNA expression for key lipogenic enzymes associated with the complementary pathways of milk fat synthesis. Results provide strong evidence of a role for sterol response element-binding protein 1 and Spot 14 in this translational regulation. Effects of CLA on body fat accretion have also been investigated in nonlactating animals, but CLA effects on mammary fatty acid synthesis occur at an order-of-magnitude lower dose and appear to involve very different mechanisms than those proposed for the antiobesity effects of CLA. Overall, results demonstrate the unique value of cows as a model to investigate the role of CLA in the regulation of milk fat synthesis during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Veaute C, Andreoli MF, Racca A, Bailat A, Scalerandi MV, Bernal C, Malan Borel I. Effects of Isomeric Fatty Acids on Reproductive Parameters in Mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:487-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Conjugated linoleic acid determination in human milk by fast-gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 602:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hasin A, Griinari JM, Williams JE, Shahin AM, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women. Lipids 2007; 42:835-43. [PMID: 17694344 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research suggests that the t10,c12-18:2, but not the c9,t11-18:2, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating bovine and rodent species. Because fat is the major energy-yielding component in human milk, we were interested in whether this is true for women as well. Thus, the effects of c9,t11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2 on milk fat were examined in breast-feeding women (n = 12) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with latin-square design. The study was divided into six periods: baseline (3 days), three intervention periods (5 days each), and two washout periods (9 days each). During each intervention period, women consumed 750 mg/day of a supplement containing predominantly c9,t11-18:2, t10,c12-18:2, or 18:1 (olive oil placebo). Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period. Infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention and washout period, and maternal adiposity (% body fat) was determined at baseline using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk c9,t11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) during the corresponding CLA treatment periods as compared to the placebo period, providing strong evidence of subject compliance. Both CLA isomers were transferred into milk fat at relatively high efficiency; average transfer efficiency was estimated to be 23.3%. Compared to the placebo treatment, milk fat content was not reduced during either CLA treatment. Data indicate that body fatness did not modify any putative effect of isomeric CLA consumption on milk fat concentration. The evidence from this study suggests that the sensitivity of lactating women's mammary tissue to an anti-lipogenic effect of the t10,c12-18:2 isoform of CLA may be less than previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Hasin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376, USA
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Zabala A, Portillo MP, Navarro V, Macarulla MT, Barron LJR, Fernández-Quintela A. Quantitative gas chromatographic method for the analysis of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers of the conjugated linoleic acid in liver. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:152-8. [PMID: 17524974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative GC method for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers of physiological significance (cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA) as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) or triacylglycerols (TAG) was developed. Furthermore, the effect of the internal standard addition point (sample or fat extract) was studied. Response linearity, recovery and precision assays, detection and quantification limits were determined. Linearity was demonstrated over a range from 0.1 to 10 microg/mL. When CLA isomers were present as NEFA, the recovery significantly decreased (P< or =0.05) from 76% to 27.1% (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and 28.5% (trans-10, cis-12 CLA) when the standards were added to the fat extract or to the initial tissue, respectively. As an application, liver samples from hamsters fed a diet supplemented with both CLA isomers were analyzed. The CLA isomers in liver samples were detected with reasonable reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zabala
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria, Spain
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20
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Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women. Lipids 2007; 42:723-9. [PMID: 17610100 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The term "conjugated linoleic acid" (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers that are derived from linoleic acid and are found primarily in meat and milk products from ruminant animals. Due to the array of putative benefits associated with various forms of CLA, there has been recent interest in supplementing human diets with these fatty acids especially when weight loss is desired. However, in many animal models, CLA has been shown to decrease milk fat production. There is some concern, therefore, that maternal CLA supplementation during lactation might inadvertently decrease nutrient supply to the nursing infant. However, there is only limited research on the effect of CLA consumption on milk fat content in women. Based on previously published work from our laboratory, we hypothesized that CLA supplementation would reduce the milk fat percentage in lactating women in a dose-dependent manner. Breastfeeding women (n = 12) were assigned randomly to treatments of 4 g/day safflower oil (SFO), 2 g/day CLA plus 2 g/day SFO, or 4 g/day CLA in a double blind, 3 x 3 Latin square design. Conjugated linoleic acid supplements contained approximately equal amounts of cis9,trans11-18:2 and trans10,cis12-18:2; the two most common isoforms of CLA. Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the last day (day 5) of each intervention period and analyzed for macronutrient and fatty acid composition. On day 4 of each intervention period, infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing of the infant. Washout periods were 9 days in length. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the concentrations of cis9,trans11-18:2 and trans10,cis12-18:2 in the milk fat. However, we detected neither a change in overall macronutrient composition nor infant milk consumption. These data do not support those obtained from animal models or our previous human work suggesting that consumption of CLA mixtures necessarily reduces milk fat. It is possible that either (1) the interpretation of our previously published data should be reevaluated, and/or (2) there are important intra- and inter-species differences in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Mosley
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843-2330, USA
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Turpeinen AM, Bärlund S, Freese R, Lawrence P, Brenna JT. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on linoleic and linolenic acid metabolism in man. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:727-33. [PMID: 16571152 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal studies suggests that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates plasma and tissue appearance of newly synthesized PUFA. The effects of a 1·2g (0·5% energy) daily intake of thecis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) isomer of CLA,trans-10,cis-12 (t10,c12) isomer of CLA or olive oil (placebo) on linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) metabolism in healthy human volunteers was investigated. Fifteen subjects were fed an experimental diet and supplemented withc9,t11-CLA,t10,c12-CLA or placebo for 7d before consuming a tracer dose of U-[13C]La (50%Mg) And U-[13C]Lna (50Mg). Blood Samples Were Taken At 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 168%h and analysed using high-precision MS. No differences between the groups in peak plasma [13C]LA (10·3–11·6% of dose), [13C]LNA (2·5–2·9% of dose), [13C]arachidonic acid (0·09–0·12% of dose), [13C]EPA (0·04–0·06% of dose) or [13C]Dha (0c·06–0·10% of dose) were detected. ConcentrationV. time curves (area under the curve) also showed no significant differences between groups. This suggests that, in healthy human subjects consuming a diet with adequate intake of essential fatty acids, CLA does not affect metabolism of LA or LNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu M Turpeinen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology (Nutrition), University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Renaville B, Mullen A, Moloney F, Larondelle Y, Schneider YJ, Roche HM. Eicosapentaenoic acid and 3,10 dithia stearic acid inhibit the desaturation oftrans-vaccenic acid intocis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid through different pathways in Caco-2 and T84 cells. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:688-95. [PMID: 16571147 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a key enzyme that determines the composition and metabolic fate of ingested fatty acids, in particular the conversion oftrans-vaccenic acid (TVA) to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The present study addressed the hypothesis that intestinal TVA absorption and biotransformation into CLA can be modulated by EPA and 3,10-dithia stearic acid (DSA) via altered SCD mRNA levels and desaturation indices (cis-9,trans-11-CLA:TVA and oleic acid:stearic acid ratios) in Caco-2 and T84 cells, two well-establishedin vitromodels of the human intestinal epithelium. The study determined the effect of acute (3h with 0·3mm-EPA or 0·3mm-DSA) and acute-on-chronic (1 week with 0·03mm-EPA or -DSA, followed by respectively, 0·3mm-EPA or -DSA for 3h) treatments. In both cell lines, acute EPA treatment did not alter SCD desaturation indices, whereas the acute-on-chronic treatment affected these surrogate markers of SCD activity. This was associated with reduced sterol regulatory-element binding protein-1c and SCD mRNA levels. In contrast, acute and acute-on-chronic DSA treatments significantly reduced SCD desaturation indices without affecting SCD mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells. The present study on intestinal cells shows that the conversion rate of TVA to c9, t11-CLA is affected by other fatty acids present in the diet such as EPA, confirming previous observations in hepatic and mammary cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Renaville
- Fisiologia Veterinaria e Nutrizione, Dept Science degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy
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Bauchart D, Roy A, Lorenz S, Chardigny JM, Ferlay A, Gruffat D, Sébédio JL, Chilliard Y, Durand D. Butters Varying in trans 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modify Plasma Lipoproteins in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit. Lipids 2007; 42:123-33. [PMID: 17393218 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was designed to study the effects of butters differing in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans 18:1 contents on lipoproteins associated with the risk of atherogenesis. New Zealand White male rabbits (9.6 weeks; 2.1 kg) were assigned for 6 or 12 weeks to three diets (n = 6 per diet) made of conventional pellets with 0.2% cholesterol and with 12% fat provided from a butter poor in trans-10 and trans-11 18:1 and in CLA (standard group), or rich in trans-10 18:1 (trans-10 18:1 group) or rich in trans-11 18:1 and in cis-9,trans-11 CLA (trans-11 18:1/CLA group). Blood samples were collected at the end of dietary treatments. Lipoproteins were separated by gradient-density ultracentrifugation. Lipid classes were determined enzymatically and apolipoproteins A-I and B by radial immunodiffusion. Mainly in the 12-week rabbits, higher plasma triglycerides and apolipoprotein B levels shown in the standard and trans-10 18:1 groups compared with those in the trans-11 18:1/CLA group are associated with higher plasma levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) also shown in these two groups. In the 12-week rabbits, a shift towards denser LDL, considered as more atherogenic, was shown only in the trans-10 18:1 group. In these animals, the VLDL + LDL to HDL ratio was 1.7-2.3 times higher in the trans-10 18:1 group than in the other groups (P = 0.076). These results suggest a rather neutral effect of trans-11 18:1/CLA butter towards the risk of atherogenesis, whereas trans-10 18:1 butter would tend to be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bauchart
- UR1213 Herbivores, Research Unit on Herbivores, Nutrients and Metabolisms Group, INRA, Site de Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Zabala A, Portillo MP, Macarulla MT, Rodríguez VM, Fernández-Quintela A. Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers on liver and adipose tissue fatty acid profile in hamsters. Lipids 2006; 41:993-1001. [PMID: 17263299 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA on FA composition of TAG in epididymal adipose tissue and liver, and of hepatic phospholipids PL. Twenty-four Syrian Golden hamsters were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals each and fed semipurified atherogenic diets supplemented with either 0.5 g/100 g diet of linoleic acid or cis-9,trans-11 or trans-12,cis-9 CLA for 6 wk. Total lipids were extracted, and TAG and PL were separated by TLC. FA profile in lipid species from liver and adipose tissue, as well as in feces, was determined by GC. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA feeding significantly reduced linoleic and linolenic acids in TAG from both tissues, leading to reduced total PUFA content. Moreover, in the epididymal adipose tissue docosenoic and arachidonic acids were significantly increased. In liver PL, although no changes in individual FA were observed, total saturated FA (SFA) were decreased. No changes in TAG and PL FA profiles were induced by the cis-9,trans-11 CLA. TAG and PL incorporated cis-9,trans-11 more readily than trans-10,cis-12 CLA. This difference was not due to differential intestinal absorption, as shown by the analysis of feces. We concluded that only trans-10,cis-12 CLA induces changes in FA composition. Whereas increased PUFA content was observed in either liver or adipose tissue TAG, decreased SFA were found in liver PL. Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in TAG is greater than that of trans-10,cis-12 CLA, but this is not due to differences in intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zabala
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of País Vasco, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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Viswanadha S, McGilliard ML, Herbein JH. Desaturation indices in liver, muscle, and bone of growing male and female mice fed trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 2006; 41:763-70. [PMID: 17120930 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
trans-10,cis-12-CLA (t10,c12-CLA) inhibits lipid deposition in adipose tissue of many species, but it also enhances lipid deposition in liver. We evaluated effects of dietary t10,c12-CLA content and gender on carcass composition, FA profile of selected tissues, and expression of FA synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD) mRNA in adipose tissue. Male and female (63 of each) CD-1 mice were assigned a diet containing 0.0, 0.15, or 0.30% t10,c12-CLA at 4 wk of age. Seven mice per dietary group within gender were sacrificed after 2, 4, or 6 wk. The CLA isomer caused dose-dependent reductions in dry carcass weight and fat content, without altering protein content, but carcass fat and epididymal fat pad weights of males were reduced to a greater extent than carcass fat and inguinal fat pad weights of females. FAS and SCD mRNA in adipose tissue was more abundant in females than males, but expression in both genders decreased as the t10,c12-CLA content of the diet increased. Although the weight of gastrocnemius muscle was not influenced by diet, total FA content of the muscle of both genders decreased in response to dietary t10,c12-CLA content. Femur weight of male mice increased as the t10,c12-CLA content of the diet increased, but the weight increase was associated with a reduction in total FA content. The delta 9 desaturation indices for muscle and femur suggested a linear reduction in SCD activity, whereas delta 9 indices for liver indicated linear enhancement of SCD activity. Overall, results suggested that growing male mice were more susceptible than females to t10,c12-CLA inhibition of lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Viswanadha
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Göttsche JR, Straarup EM. Fatty acid profiles in tissues of mice fed conjugated linoleic acid. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kelley DS, Bartolini GL, Newman JW, Vemuri M, Mackey BE. Fatty acid composition of liver, adipose tissue, spleen, and heart of mice fed diets containing t10, c12-, and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 74:331-8. [PMID: 16631360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have unique effects on tissue lipids. Here we investigated the influence of individual CLA isomers on the lipid weight and fatty acid composition of lipid metabolizing (i.e. liver and retroperitoneal adipose) and lipid sensitive (i.e. spleen and heart) tissues. Female mice (8 week old; n=6/group) were fed either a control or one of the two CLA isomer supplemented (0.5%) diets for 8 weeks. The cis-9, trans-11-CLA diet reduced the 18:1n-9 wt% by 20-50% in liver, adipose tissue, and spleen, reduced the spleen n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) by 90%, and increased the n-6 PUFA wt% by 20-50% in all tissues except heart. The trans-10, cis-12-CLA reduced both the n-6 and n-3 PUFA wt% in liver (>50%), reduced the heart n-3 PUFA wt% by 25%, and increased the wt% of spleen n-3 PUFA by 700%. The functional consequences of such changes in tissue fatty acid composition need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan S Kelley
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Mosley EE, Shafii Dagger B, Moate PJ, McGuire MA. cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle. J Nutr 2006; 136:570-5. [PMID: 16484526 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of (13)C-labeled vaccenic acid (VA) by lactating dairy cows to synthesize cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was investigated. Primiparous ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (n = 3) were abomasally infused with 1.5 g of VA-1-(13)C. Blood and milk samples were taken frequently before and after VA infusion. Milk and plasma lipid were extracted using chloroform:methanol. Plasma lipid was separated into triacylglycerol (TG), cholesterol ester (CE), phospholipid (PL), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and mono- and diacylglycerol (MDG) fractions. Lipid was methylated, converted to dimethyl disulfide and Diels-Alder adducts, and analyzed by GC-MS. Increased enrichment of (13)C was determined using a 2-sample t test for each sample time compared with -24 h, with significance declared at P < 0.05. Enrichment in milk fat VA was detected at 4 (3.0%), 8 (8.3%), 12 (4.1%), 16 (2.2%), and 20 h (0.8%). Enrichment in VA was also detected in plasma TG, NEFA, PL, and MDG. Enrichment in milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA, the Delta9-desaturase product of VA, was detected at 4 (2.6%), 8 (6.6%), 12 (3.4%), 16 (1.7%), and 24 h (0.7%). Enrichment was not detected in cis-9, trans-11 CLA for any plasma lipid fraction. Modeling of the data showed the exponential decay in (13)C enrichment over time for both VA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat. Conversion of dietary VA to cis-9, trans-11 CLA endogenously was confirmed with the mammary gland being the primary site of Delta9-desaturase activity; approximately 80% of milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA originated from VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mosley
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA
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Bertschi I, Collomb M, Rist L, Eberhard P, Sieber R, Bütikofer U, Wechsler D, Folkers G, von Mandach U. Maternal dietary alpine butter intake affects human milk: Fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 2005; 40:581-7. [PMID: 16149737 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of CLA by lactating women affects the composition of their milk, but the pattern of the different CLA isomers is still unknown. We determined the effects of short maternal supplementation with CLA-rich Alpine butter on the occurrence of FA and CLA isomers in human milk. In an open randomized controlled study with a two-period cross-over design, milk FA and CLA isomer concentrations were measured on postpartum days > or = 20 in two parallel groups of lactating women before, during, and after consumption of defined quantities of Alpine butter or margarine with comparable fat content (10 d of butter followed by 10 d of margarine for one group, and vice versa in the other). In the 16 women who completed the study (8/group), Alpine butter supplementation increased the C16 and C18 FA, the sum of saturated FA, the 18:1 trans FA, and the trans FA with CLA. The CLA isomer 18:2 c9,t11 increased by 49.7%. Significant increases were also found for the isomers t9,t11, t7,c9, t11,c13, and t8,c10 18:2. The remaining nine of the total 14 detectable isomers showed no changes, and concentrations were <5 mg/100 g fat. A breastfeeding mother can therefore modulate the FA/CLA supply of her child by consuming Alpine butter. Further studies will show whether human milk containing this FA and CLA isomer pattern acts as a functional food for newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bertschi
- Department of Obstetrics, Zurich University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Lin X, Loor JJ, Herbein JH. Trans10,cis12-18:2 is a more potent inhibitor of de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation than cis9,trans11-18:2 in the mammary gland of lactating mice. J Nutr 2004; 134:1362-8. [PMID: 15173397 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of 2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and trans11-18:1 (TVA) on de novo lipogenesis and desaturation in liver and mammary gland, lactating mice were fed diets containing 3% canola oil (control) or 2% canola oil plus 1% stearic acid (SA), TVA, cis9,trans11 CLA (c9t11), or trans10,cis12 CLA (t10c12). In mammary tissue, TVA and CLA isomers reduced mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) compared with control, but only c9t11 and t10c12 reduced mammary ACC activity. Of the 2 CLA isomers, t10c12 caused a greater reduction in mammary ACC activity. Hepatic ACC or FAS activity and mRNA abundance were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding TVA, c9t11, or t10c12 reduced mammary stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD) mRNA and activity. Reduction was greater due to feeding t10c12 compared with c9t11. Hepatic SCD mRNA was not affected by dietary treatments, but both CLA isomers depressed hepatic SCD activity. Results indicated that t10c12 is a more potent inhibitor of mammary lipogenesis and desaturation than is c9t11. A net gain of 77 and 1690 micro g of c9t11 in liver and mammary tissue, respectively, was found in the TVA-fed group over the control and SA-fed group. However, reduced mammary SCD mRNA or activity due to feeding TVA may indicate a limited capacity for desaturation of dietary TVA to c9t11 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lin
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0315, USA.
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