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Riemann B, Antoine T, Béduneau A, Pellequer Y, Lamprecht A, Moulari B. Active nanoparticle targeting of MUC5AC ameliorates therapeutic outcome in experimental colitis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5715-5728. [PMID: 38407269 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05681c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by chronic recurrent ulceration of the bowels. Colon-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) have received significant attention for their potential to treat IBD by improving the inflamed tissue selectivity. Herein, antiMUC5AC-decorated drug loaded nanoparticles (NP) are suggested for active epithelial targeting and selective adhesion to the inflamed tissue in experimental colitis. NPs conjugated with antiMUC5AC (anti-MUC5) were tested for their degree of bioadhesion with HT29-MTX cells by comparison with non-targeted BSA-NP conjugates. In vivo, the selectivity of bioadhesion and the influence of ligand density in bioadhesion efficiency as well as the therapeutic benefit for glucocorticoid loaded anti-MUC5-NP were studied in a murine colitis model. Quantitative adhesion analyses showed that anti-MUC5-conjugated NP exhibited a much higher binding and selectivity to inflamed tissue compared to PNA-, IgG1- and BSA-NP conjugates used as controls. This bioadhesion efficiency was found to be dependent on the ligand density, present at the NP surface. The binding specificity between anti-MUC5 ligand and inflamed tissues was confirmed by fluorescence imaging. Both anti-MUC5-NP and all other glucocorticoid containing formulations led to a significant mitigation of the experimental colitis, as became evident from the substantial reduction of myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1β). Targeted NP by using anti-MUC5 appears to be a very promising tool in future treatment of various types of local disorders affecting the gastro-intestinal tract but not limited to colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Riemann
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Antoine
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Moulari
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, F-25000 Besançon, France
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Zhou Y, Feng X, Xu H, Guo J, Yang C, Kong L, Zhang Z. The application of natural product-delivering micro/nano systems in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:244-260. [PMID: 36512384 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01965e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of recurrent intestinal diseases. Natural product molecules have been gradually developed into an important source of anti-inflammatory drugs for treating IBD owing to their high anti-inflammatory activity, well known safety, structural specificity and therapeutic mechanism diversity. However, most of the natural products are restricted by poor solubility in actual application. How to achieve satisfactory bioavailability during the treatment of IBD is one of the urgent problems to be solved in the current research. Micro/nano drug delivery systems could improve the solubility of drugs with targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the colon with responsive release property. Therefore, using micro/nano drug delivery systems, the problems mentioned above involving natural product molecules in the treatment of IBD could be solved. According to the compositions of the intestinal tract and inflammatory characteristics of IBD, the strategies of using micro/nano drug delivery systems for natural products could be summarized in two steps: targeted delivery and responsive release. In this review, the targeted and responsive release strategies of the micro/nano drug delivery systems combined with their anti-inflammatory effects in IBD animal models to illustrate that the proposed strategies could be potential treatments for symptomatic IBD are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhou
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Xingxing Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Guo
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Conglian Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Li Kong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China. .,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery System, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China
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Abstract
Scientific research into the effects and mechanisms of acupuncture for gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease has been rapidly growing in the past several decades. In this review, we discuss the history, theory, and methodology of acupuncture and review potentially beneficial mechanisms of action of acupuncture for managing inflammatory bowel disease. Acupuncture has been shown to decrease disease activity and inflammation via increase of vagal activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Acupuncture has demonstrated beneficial roles in the regulation of gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier function, visceral hypersensitivity, gut motor dysfunction, depression/anxiety, and pain, all of which are factors that can significantly impact quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A number of clinical trials have been performed to investigate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the data from these trials are promising, more studies are needed given the heterogeneous and multifactorial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. There is also an important need to standardize acupuncture methodology, study designs, and outcome measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengqing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jean-Paul Achkar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Astó E, Méndez I, Audivert S, Farran-Codina A, Espadaler J. The Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotic Inulin-Type Fructans, and Synbiotics in Human Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020293. [PMID: 30704039 PMCID: PMC6412539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of probiotics, fructan-type prebiotics, and synbiotics in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) show significant heterogeneity in methodology and results. Here, we study the efficacy of such interventions and the reasons for the heterogeneity of their results. Eligible random controlled trials were collected from the PUBMED and SCOPUS databases. A total of 18 placebo-controlled and active treatment-controlled (i.e., mesalazine) studies were selected with a Jadad score ≥ 3, including 1491 patients with UC. Data for prebiotics and synbiotics were sparse and consequently these studies were excluded from the meta-analysis. The UC remission efficacy of probiotics was measured in terms of relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR). Significant effects were observed in patients with active UC whenever probiotics containing bifidobacteria were used, or when adopting the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-recommended scales (UC Disease Activity Index and Disease Activity Index). By the FDA recommended scales, the RR was 1.55 (CI95%: 1.13–2.15, p-value = 0.007, I2 = 29%); for bifidobacteria-containing probiotics, the RR was 1.73 (CI95%: 1.23–2.43, p-value = 0.002, I2 = 35%). No significant effects were observed on the maintenance of remission for placebo-controlled or mesalazine-controlled studies. We conclude that a validated scale is necessary to determine the state of patients with UC. However, probiotics containing bifidobacteria are promising for the treatment of active UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erola Astó
- AB-Biotics, S.A., ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08172 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Iago Méndez
- AB-Biotics, S.A., ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08172 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sergi Audivert
- AB-Biotics, S.A., ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08172 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Gastronomy, XaRTA ⁻ INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba, 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Espadaler
- AB-Biotics, S.A., ESADE Creapolis, Av. Torre Blanca, 57, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08172 Barcelona, Spain.
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Armstrong H, Alipour M, Valcheva R, Bording-Jorgensen M, Jovel J, Zaidi D, Shah P, Lou Y, Ebeling C, Mason AL, Lafleur D, Jerasi J, Wong GKS, Madsen K, Carroll MW, Huynh HQ, Dieleman LA, Wine E. Host immunoglobulin G selectively identifies pathobionts in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30925932 PMCID: PMC6317230 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of complex and multifactorial disorders with unknown etiology. Chronic intestinal inflammation develops against resident intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. We hypothesized that host intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) G can be used to identify bacteria involved in IBD pathogenesis. RESULTS IgG-bound and -unbound microorganisms were collected from 32 pediatric terminal ileum aspirate washes during colonoscopy [non-IBD (n = 10), Crohn disease (n = 15), and ulcerative colitis (n = 7)], and composition was assessed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. In vitro analysis of invasive capacity was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and gentamicin invasion assay; immune activation was measured by qPCR. Despite considerable inter-individual variations, IgG binding favored specific and unique mucosa-associated species in pediatric IBD patients. Burkholderia cepacia, Flavonifractor plautii, and Rumminococcus sp. demonstrated increased IgG binding, while Pseudomonas ST29 demonstrated reduced IgG binding, in IBD. In vitro validation confirmed that B. cepacia, F. plautii, and Rumminococcus display invasive potential while Pseudomonas protogens did not. CONCLUSION Using IgG as a marker of pathobionts in larger patient cohorts to identify microbes and elucidate their role in IBD pathogenesis will potentially underpin new strategies to facilitate development of novel, targeted diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, this method can be used beyond the scope of this manuscript to evaluate altered gut pathobionts in a number of diseases associated with altered microbiota including arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Misagh Alipour
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Rosica Valcheva
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Deenaz Zaidi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Prachi Shah
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Cory Ebeling
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Dawson Lafleur
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jeremy Jerasi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Gane K.-S. Wong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Madsen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Matthew W. Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Hien Q. Huynh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Levinus A. Dieleman
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
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Exploring the role of the microbiota member Bifidobacterium in modulating immune-linked diseases. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:333-349. [PMID: 33525778 PMCID: PMC7288987 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-associated microbiota is essential for multiple physiological processes, including immune development. Acquisition of our initial pioneer microbial communities, including the dominant early life genus Bifidobacterium, occurs at a critical period of immune maturation and programming. Bifidobacteria are resident microbiota members throughout our lifetime and have been shown to modulate specific immune cells and pathways. Notably, reductions in this genus have been associated with several diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we provide an overview of bifidobacteria profiles throughout life and how different strains of bifidobacteria have been implicated in immune modulation in disease states. The focus will be examining preclinical models and outcomes from clinical trials on immune-linked chronic conditions. Finally, we highlight some of the important unresolved questions in relation to Bifidobacterium-mediated immune modulation and implications for future directions, trials, and development of new therapies.
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Phalak P, Chen J, Carlson RP, Henson MA. Metabolic modeling of a chronic wound biofilm consortium predicts spatial partitioning of bacterial species. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:90. [PMID: 27604263 PMCID: PMC5015247 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic wounds are often colonized by consortia comprised of different bacterial species growing as biofilms on a complex mixture of wound exudate. Bacteria growing in biofilms exhibit phenotypes distinct from planktonic growth, often rendering the application of antibacterial compounds ineffective. Computational modeling represents a complementary tool to experimentation for generating fundamental knowledge and developing more effective treatment strategies for chronic wound biofilm consortia. Results We developed spatiotemporal models to investigate the multispecies metabolism of a biofilm consortium comprised of two common chronic wound isolates: the aerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the facultative anaerobe Staphylococcus aureus. By combining genome-scale metabolic reconstructions with partial differential equations for metabolite diffusion, the models were able to provide both temporal and spatial predictions with genome-scale resolution. The models were used to analyze the metabolic differences between single species and two species biofilms and to demonstrate the tendency of the two bacteria to spatially partition in the multispecies biofilm as observed experimentally. Nutrient gradients imposed by supplying glucose at the bottom and oxygen at the top of the biofilm induced spatial partitioning of the two species, with S. aureus most concentrated in the anaerobic region and P. aeruginosa present only in the aerobic region. The two species system was predicted to support a maximum biofilm thickness much greater than P. aeruginosa alone but slightly less than S. aureus alone, suggesting an antagonistic metabolic effect of P. aeruginosa on S. aureus. When each species was allowed to enhance its growth through consumption of secreted metabolic byproducts assuming identical uptake kinetics, the competitiveness of P. aeruginosa was further reduced due primarily to the more efficient lactate metabolism of S. aureus. Lysis of S. aureus by a small molecule inhibitor secreted from P. aeruginosa and/or P. aeruginosa aerotaxis were predicted to substantially increase P. aeruginosa competitiveness in the aerobic region, consistent with in vitro experimental studies. Conclusions Our biofilm modeling approach allows the prediction of individual species metabolism and interspecies interactions in both time and space with genome-scale resolution. This study yielded new insights into the multispecies metabolism of a chronic wound biofilm, in particular metabolic factors that may lead to spatial partitioning of the two bacterial species. We believe that P. aeruginosa lysis of S. aureus combined with nutrient competition is a particularly relevant scenario for which model predictions could be tested experimentally. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0334-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Phalak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ross P Carlson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Michael A Henson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Science Laboratories Building, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Dąbrowska K, Witkiewicz W. Correlations of Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome Composition. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1357. [PMID: 27625642 PMCID: PMC5003823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has a considerable impact on host health. The long list of microbiome-related health disorders raises the question of what in fact determines microbiome composition. In this review we sought to understand how the host itself impacts the structure of the gut microbiota population, specifically by correlations of host genetics and gut microbiome composition. Host genetic profile has been linked to differences in microbiome composition, thus suggesting that host genetics can shape the gut microbiome of the host. However, cause-consequence mechanisms behind these links are still unclear. A survey of the possible mechanisms allowing host genetics to shape microbiota composition in the gut demonstrated the major role of metabolic functions and the immune system. A considerable impact of other factors, such as diet, may outweigh the effects of host genetic background. More studies are necessary for good understanding of the relations between the host genetic profile, gut microbiome composition, and host health. According to the idea of personalized medicine, patient-tailored management of microbiota content remains a fascinating area for further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized HospitalWrocław, Poland; Bacteriophage Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialized Hospital Wrocław, Poland
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Javed NH, Alsahly MB, Khubchandani J. Oral Feeding of Probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis: Colonic Morphological Changes in Rat Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:9572596. [PMID: 27127686 PMCID: PMC4834163 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9572596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. It has been proposed that modifying the bacterial flora in intestine with probiotics may decrease the inflammatory process and prevent relapses in UC. We investigated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of a single strand of probiotic, Bifidobacterium infantis (BI), on colonic inflammation, in rats with regular feedings. Two groups of Lewis rats were prepared (n = 8). The first group was the control, sham-fed group (n = 4). The other group was the experimental BI-fed group (n = 4). Colitis was induced in both groups by intrarectal administration of TNBS under light anesthesia. The sham-fed colitis induced groups received a daily oral gavage feeding of 1.0 mL distilled water, whereas the B. infantis-fed group received 0.205 g of B. infantis dissolved in 1.0 mL distilled water daily. The change in body weight and food and water intake was recorded over the course of each study and analyzed. The rats were euthanized and tissues from the descending colon were harvested and analyzed microscopically and histologically. Results of our study indicated significant reduction in inflammation, mucosal damage, and preservation of goblet cells, as compared to the control animals. Modulation of gastrointestinal (GI) flora suggests a promising field in developing strategies for prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases by dietary modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma H. Javed
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Musaad B. Alsahly
- Department of Physiology and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Physiology and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Genome-Wide Association Studies of the Human Gut Microbiota. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140301. [PMID: 26528553 PMCID: PMC4631601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial composition of the human fecal microbiome is influenced by many lifestyle factors, notably diet. It is less clear, however, what role host genetics plays in dictating the composition of bacteria living in the gut. In this study, we examined the association of ~200K host genotypes with the relative abundance of fecal bacterial taxa in a founder population, the Hutterites, during two seasons (n = 91 summer, n = 93 winter, n = 57 individuals collected in both). These individuals live and eat communally, minimizing variation due to environmental exposures, including diet, which could potentially mask small genetic effects. Using a GWAS approach that takes into account the relatedness between subjects, we identified at least 8 bacterial taxa whose abundances were associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the host genome in each season (at genome-wide FDR of 20%). For example, we identified an association between a taxon known to affect obesity (genus Akkermansia) and a variant near PLD1, a gene previously associated with body mass index. Moreover, we replicate a previously reported association from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study of fecal microbiome abundance in mice (genus Lactococcus, rs3747113, P = 3.13 x 10−7). Finally, based on the significance distribution of the associated microbiome QTLs in our study with respect to chromatin accessibility profiles, we identified tissues in which host genetic variation may be acting to influence bacterial abundance in the gut.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triggered by the growing knowledge on the link between the intestinal microbiome and human health, the interest in probiotics is ever increasing. The authors aimed to review the recent literature on probiotics, from definitions to clinical benefits, with emphasis on children. SOURCES Relevant literature from searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and recent consensus statements were reviewed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS While a balanced microbiome is related to health, an imbalanced microbiome or dysbiosis is related to many health problems both within the gastro-intestinal tract, such as diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease, and outside the gastro-intestinal tract such as obesity and allergy. In this context, a strict regulation of probiotics with health claims is urgent, because the vast majority of these products are commercialized as food (supplements), claiming health benefits that are often not substantiated with clinically relevant evidence. The major indications of probiotics are in the area of the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal related disorders, but more data has become available on extra-intestinal indications. At least two published randomized controlled trials with the commercialized probiotic product in the claimed indication are a minimal condition before a claim can be sustained. Today, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii are the best-studied strains. Although adverse effects have sporadically been reported, these probiotics can be considered as safe. CONCLUSIONS Although regulation is improving, more stringent definitions are still required. Evidence of clinical benefit is accumulating, although still missing in many areas. Misuse and use of products that have not been validated constitute potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology & BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées Alimentaires, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Vogt L, Meyer D, Pullens G, Faas M, Smelt M, Venema K, Ramasamy U, Schols HA, De Vos P. Immunological Properties of Inulin-Type Fructans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:414-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.656772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Patil AR, Shinde SS, Kakade PS, D’souza JI. Lactobacillus Model Moiety a New Era Dosage Form as Nutraceuticals and Therapeutic Mediator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-050-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wang XM, Lu Y, Wu LY, Yu SG, Zhao BX, Hu HY, Wu HG, Bao CH, Liu HR, Wang JH, Yao Y, Hua XG, Guo HY, Shen LR. Moxibustion inhibits interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and modulates intestinal flora in rat with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6819-6828. [PMID: 23239920 PMCID: PMC3520171 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of moxibustion on intestinal flora and release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the colon in rat with ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: A rat model of UC was established by local stimulation of the intestine with supernatant from colonic contents harvested from human UC patients. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: normal (sham), model (UC), herb-partition moxibustion (HPM-treated), and positive control sulfasalazine (SA-treated). Rats treated with HPM received HPM at acupuncture points ST25 and RN6, once a day for 15 min, for a total of 8 d. Rats in the SA group were perfused with SA twice a day for 8 d. The colonic histopathology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin. The levels of intestinal flora, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect bacterial 16S rRNA/DNA in order to determine DNA copy numbers of each specific species. Immunohistochemical assays were used to observe the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the rat colons.
RESULTS: HPM treatment inhibited immunopathology in colonic tissues of UC rats; the general morphological score and the immunopathological score were significantly decreased in the HPM and SA groups compared with the model group [3.5 (2.0-4.0), 3.0 (1.5-3.5) vs 6.0 (5.5-7.0), P < 0.05 for the general morphological score, and 3.00 (2.00-3.50), 3.00 (2.50-3.50) vs 5.00 (4.50-5.50), P < 0.01 for the immunopathological score]. As measured by DNA copy number, we found that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which are associated with a healthy colon, were significantly higher in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (1.395 ± 1.339, 1.461 ± 1.152 vs 0.045 ± 0.036, P < 0.01 for Bifidobacterium, and 0.395 ± 0.325, 0.851 ± 0.651 vs 0.0015 ± 0.0014, P < 0.01 for Lactobacillus). On the other hand, E. coli and B. fragilis, which are associated with an inflamed colon, were significantly lower in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (0.244 ± 0.107, 0.628 ± 0.257 vs 1.691 ± 0.683, P < 0.01 for E. coli, and 0.351 ± 0.181, 0.416 ± 0.329 vs 1.285 ± 1.039, P < 0.01 for B. fragilis). The expression of TNF-α and IL-12 was decreased after HPM and SA treatment as compared to UC model alone (4970.81 ± 959.78, 6635.45 ± 1135.16 vs 12333.81 ± 680.79, P < 0.01 for TNF-α, and 5528.75 ± 1245.72, 7477.38 ± 1259.16 vs 12550.29 ± 1973.30, P < 0.01 for IL-12).
CONCLUSION: HPM treatment can regulate intestinal flora and inhibit the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the colon tissues of UC rats, indicating that HPM can improve colonic immune response.
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Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M. Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs 2012; 72:803-23. [PMID: 22512365 DOI: 10.2165/11632710-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence suggests an important role for the intestinal microbiota in the chronic mucosal inflammation that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and novel molecular approaches have further identified a dysbiosis in these patients. Several mechanisms of action of probiotic products that may interfere with possible aetiological factors in IBD have been postulated. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to discuss the rationale for probiotics in IBD and to systematically review clinical intervention studies with probiotics in the management of IBD in adults. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed up to 1 October 2011, using defined keywords. Only full-text papers in the English language addressing clinical outcomes in adult patients were included. The 41 eligible studies were categorized on disease type (ulcerative colitis [UC] with/without an ileo-anal pouch and Crohn's disease [CD]) and disease activity. Pooled odds ratios were only calculated per probiotic for a specific patient group when more than one randomized controlled trial was available. RESULTS Well designed randomized controlled trials supporting the application of probiotics in the management of IBD are still limited. Meta-analyses could only be performed for a limited number of studies revealing overall risk ratios of 2.70 (95% CI 0.47, 15.33) for inducing remission in active UC with Bifido-fermented milk versus placebo or no additive treatment (n = 2); 1.88 (95% CI 0.96, 3.67) for inducing remission in active UC with VSL#3 versus placebo (n = 2); 1.08 (95% CI 0.86, 1.37) for preventing relapses in inactive UC with Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus standard treatment (n = 3); 0.17 (95% CI 0.09, 0.33) for preventing relapses in inactive UC/ileo-anal pouch anastomosis (IPAA) patients with VSL#3 versus placebo; 1.21 (95% CI 0.57, 2.57) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo (n = 2); and 0.93 (95% CI 0.63, 1.38) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus johnsonii versus placebo (n = 2). CONCLUSION Further well designed studies based on intention-to-treat analyses by several independent research groups are still warranted to support the promising results for E. coli Nissle in inactive UC and the multispecies product VSL#3 in active UC and inactive pouch patients. So far, no evidence is available to support the use of probiotics in CD. Future studies should focus on specific disease subtypes and disease location. Further insight into the aetiology of IBD and the mechanisms of probiotic strains will aid in selecting probiotic strains for specific disease entities and disease locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Research School Nutrim, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Carbohydrate Elimination or Adaptation Diet for Symptoms of Intestinal Discomfort in IBD: Rationales for "Gibsons' Conundrum". Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:493717. [PMID: 22518336 PMCID: PMC3299284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic use of carbohydrates in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is discussed from two theoretical, apparent diametrically opposite perspectives: regular ingestion of prebiotics or withdrawal of virtually all carbohydrate components. Pathogenesis of IBD is discussed connecting microbial flora, host immunity, and genetic interactions. The best studied genetic example, NOD2 in Crohn's disease, is highlighted as a model which encompasses these interactions and has been shown to depend on butyrate for normal function. The role of these opposing concepts in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is contrasted with what is known in IBD. The conclusion reached is that, while both approaches may alleviate symptoms in both IBS and IBD, there is insufficient data yet to determine whether both approaches lead to equivalent bacterial effects in mollifying the immune system. This is particularly relevant in IBD. As such, caution is urged to use long-term carbohydrate withdrawal in IBD in remission to control IBS-like symptoms.
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Boleij A, Tjalsma H. Gut bacteria in health and disease: a survey on the interface between intestinal microbiology and colorectal cancer. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:701-30. [PMID: 22296522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A healthy human body contains at least tenfold more bacterial cells than human cells and the most abundant and diverse microbial community resides in the intestinal tract. Intestinal health is not only maintained by the human intestine itself and by dietary factors, but is also largely supported by this resident microbial community. Conversely, however, a large body of evidence supports a relationship between bacteria, bacterial activities and human colorectal cancer. Symbiosis in this multifaceted organ is thus crucial to maintain a healthy balance within the host-diet-microbiota triangle and accordingly, changes in any of these three factors may drive a healthy situation into a state of disease. In this review, the factors that sustain health or drive this complex intestinal system into dysbiosis are discussed. Emphasis is on the role of the intestinal microbiota and related mechanisms that can drive the initiation and progression of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). These mechanisms comprise the induction of pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic pathways in epithelial cells as well as the production of (geno)toxins and the conversion of pro-carcinogenic dietary factors into carcinogens. A thorough understanding of these processes will provide leads for future research and may ultimately aid in development of new strategies for CRC diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) & Radboud University Centre for Oncology (RUCO) of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Pithadia AB, Jain S. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:629-42. [PMID: 21857074 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These diseases have become important health problems. Medical therapy for IBD has advanced dramatically in the last decade with the introduction of targeted biologic therapies, the optimization of older therapies, including rugs such as immunomodulators and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), and a better understanding of the mucosal immune system and the genetics involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. The goal of IBD therapy is to induce and maintain remission. The current treatment paradigm involves a step-up approach, moving to aggressive, powerful therapies only when milder therapies with fewer potential side effects fail or when patients declare themselves to have an aggressive disease. This review focuses on the current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand B Pithadia
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-3800 09 Gujarat, India.
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20
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Steck N, Hoffmann M, Sava IG, Kim SC, Hahne H, Tonkonogy SL, Mair K, Krueger D, Pruteanu M, Shanahan F, Vogelmann R, Schemann M, Kuster B, Sartor RB, Haller D. Enterococcus faecalis metalloprotease compromises epithelial barrier and contributes to intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:959-71. [PMID: 21699778 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) mediate pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. We characterized the role of the gelatinase (GelE), a metalloprotease from Enterococcus faecalis, in the development of colitis in mice. METHODS Germ-free, interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice were monoassociated with the colitogenic E faecalis strain OG1RF and isogenic, GelE-mutant strains. Barrier function was determined by measuring E-cadherin expression, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and translocation of permeability markers in colonic epithelial cells and colon segments from IL-10(-/-) and TNF(ΔARE/Wt) mice. GelE specificity was shown with the MMP inhibitor marimastat. RESULTS Histologic analysis (score 0-4) of E faecalis monoassociated IL-10(-/-) mice revealed a significant reduction in colonic tissue inflammation in the absence of bacteria-derived GelE. We identified cleavage sites for GelE in the sequence of recombinant mouse E-cadherin, indicating that it might be degraded by GelE. Experiments with Ussing chambers and purified GelE revealed the loss of barrier function and extracellular E-cadherin in mice susceptible to intestinal inflammation (IL-10(-/-) and TNF(ΔARE/Wt) mice) before inflammation developed. Colonic epithelial cells had reduced TER and increased translocation of permeability markers after stimulation with GelE from OG1RF or strains of E faecalis isolated from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS The metalloprotease GelE, produced by commensal strains of E faecalis, contributes to development of chronic intestinal inflammation in mice that are susceptible to intestinal inflammation (IL-10(-/-) and TNF(ΔARE/Wt) mice) by impairing epithelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Steck
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, CDD Center for Diet and Disease, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Nova E, Viadel B, Wärnberg J, Carreres JE, Marcos A. Beneficial effects of a synbiotic supplement on self-perceived gastrointestinal well-being and immunoinflammatory status of healthy adults. J Med Food 2011; 14:79-85. [PMID: 21244240 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synbiotics as health promoters is still poorly defined, and human intervention studies are scarce. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a commercialized synbiotic product containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, Streptococcus thermophilus, and fructooligosaccharides on the self-reported gastrointestinal well-being and the immunoinflammatory status of healthy human subjects. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 20 women and 16 men (25-45 years old) received either three tablets per day of the synbiotic product (2.4 × 10(9) colony-forming units/day) or placebo during 6 weeks. Gastrointestinal symptoms and bowel habits were evaluated through a self-administered questionnaire. In those subjects suffering from any kind of digestive disturbance (mild dyspepsia, flatulence, postprandial bloating, constipation, etc.), improvements in symptoms after product consumption were also evaluated. Blood lymphocyte subsets, phagocytic activity, serum C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, and adhesion molecules concentrations were analyzed prior and after treatment. A significant improvement in overall self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms and bowel habit was found in the synbiotic group. A marginal effect of treatment (analysis of variance P = .050) was observed with L-selectin, which showed a significant decrease in the synbiotic group (P = .019). In addition, basal L-selectin levels correlated with final intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels (r = 0.468; P = .050), and basal ICAM-1 levels tended to correlate negatively with final L-selectin concentration (r = -0.457; P = .056). None of these correlations was found in the placebo group. The rest of the immunological parameters studied were not modified by the intervention. In conclusion, consumption of the synbiotic product improves self-perceived bowel habits and might facilitate a better profile of adhesion molecules in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nova
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Science and Technology of Food and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Macfarlane S, Bahrami B, Macfarlane GT. Mucosal biofilm communities in the human intestinal tract. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 75:111-43. [PMID: 21807247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387046-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex and highly variable site-dependent bacterial ecosystems exist throughout the length of the human gastrointestinal tract. Until relatively recently, the majority of our information on intestinal microbiotas has come from studies on feces, or from aspirates taken from the upper gut. However, there is evidence showing that mucosal bacteria growing in biofilms on surfaces lining the gut differ from luminal populations, and that due to their proximity to the epithelial surface, these organisms may be important in modulating the host's immune system and contributing to some chronic inflammatory diseases. Over the past decade, increasing interest in mucosal bacteria, coupled with advances in molecular approaches for assessing microbial diversity, has begun to provide some insight into the complexity of these mucosa-associated communities. In gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), it has been shown that a dysbiosis exists in microbial community structure, and that there is a reduction in putatively protective mucosal organisms such as bifidobacteria. Therefore, manipulation of mucosal communities may be beneficial in restoring normal functionality in the gut, thereby improving the immune status and general health of the host. Biofilm structure and function has been studied intensively in the oral cavity, and as a consequence, mucosal communities in the mouth will not be covered in this chapter. This review addresses our current knowledge of mucosal populations in the gastrointestinal tract, changes that can occur in community structure in disease, and therapeutic modulation of biofilm composition by antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Macfarlane
- Microbiology and Gut Biology Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Fujimura KE, Slusher NA, Cabana MD, Lynch SV. Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:435-54. [PMID: 20377338 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human superorganism is a conglomerate of mammalian and microbial cells, with the latter estimated to outnumber the former by ten to one and the microbial genetic repertoire (microbiome) to be approximately 100-times greater than that of the human host. Given the ability of the immune response to rapidly counter infectious agents, it is striking that such a large density of microbes can exist in a state of synergy within the human host. This is particularly true of the distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which houses up to 1000 distinct bacterial species and an estimated excess of 1 x 10(14) microorganisms. An ever-increasing body of evidence implicates the GI microbiota in defining states of health and disease. Here, we review the literature in adult and pediatric GI microbiome studies, the emerging links between microbial community structure, function, infection and disease, and the approaches to manipulate this crucial ecosystem to improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei E Fujimura
- Colitis and Crohn's Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Inulin and oligofructose as prebiotics in the prevention of intestinal infections and diseases. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 19:216-26. [PMID: 19079887 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422407249686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Health and wellbeing are challenged constantly by pathogens. A number of defence mechanisms exist to protect the body from pathogen colonisation and invasion, with an important role to play for the natural intestinal bacterial flora (mainly by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). The present paper reviews the evidence on the effects of inulin and oligofructose on colonisation and translocation of pathogens and the prevention of intestinal diseases. In vitro experiments have shown that lactic acid-producing bacteria have antagonistic (antibacterial) activity against pathogens partly because of the production of organic acids which are the endproducts of inulin and oligofructose fermentation. In addition, studies with epithelial layers have shown that inulin and oligofructose inhibit pathogen colonisation and that endproducts of their fermentation have the ability to support barrier function. Furthermore, studies in various animal models have shown that inulin and oligofructose accelerate the recovery of beneficial bacteria, slow down pathogen growth, decreasing pathogen colonisation and systemic translocation. Finally, data from human intervention trials either in patients with intestinal disorders or disease, or prone to critical illness, found that inulin and oligofructose restore the balance when the gut microbial community is altered, inhibit the progression of disease or prevent it from relapsing and/or developing. To conclude, the dietary use of inulin and oligofructose offers a promising approach to restore microbial communities and to support barrier function of the epithelia by their prebiotic action. This may offer the host protection against invasion and translocation of pathogens (endogenous and/or exogenous) and in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Ren KY, Lu FG, Wu XP, Wang ZG. Clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus against experimental murine colitis and its effects on the expression of STAT1, T-bet and GATA3. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:2251-2258. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i22.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus against experimental murine colitis and its effects on the expression of STAT1, T-bet and GATA3.
METHODS: Experimental murine colitis was induced with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). A total of 70 mice were randomly and equally divided into seven groups: model control group, negative control group, mesalamine group, low-dose Lactobacillus acidophilus group, medium-dose Lactobacillus acidophilus group, high-dose Lactobacillus acidophilus group and normal control group. The expression of STAT1, T-bet and GATA3 mRNAs in colonic mucosa was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of T-bet protein was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Colonic tissue damage was assessed using histopathologic score. The body weight and disease activity index (DAI) of all rats were evaluated daily.
RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the disease activity index and histopathologic scores were significantly increased (both P < 0.05) in the model control group. All doses of Lactobacillus acidophilus and mesalamine could significantly reduce disease activity index and histopathologic scores when compared to the model control group (6.20 ± 2.64, 5.00 ± 1.21, 5.72 ± 2.63 and 5.81 ± 1.32 vs 7.81 ± 1.02; 4.25 ± 2.05, 2.56 ± 1.81, 2.20 ± 1.12 and 3.10 ± 2.60 vs 5.80 ± 2.94; all P < 0.05). The expression levels of STAT1 and T-bet mRNAs in all Lactobacillus acidophilus groups (low-, medium- and high-dose) and mesalazine group were lower than that in the model control group (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of T-bet protein in all Lactobacillus acidophilus groups and mesalazine group were also significantly lower than that in the model control group (0.27 ± 0.04, 0.23 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.04 and 0.27 ± 0.11 vs 0.30 ± 0.04; 0.263 ± 0.045, 0.234 ± 0.015, 0.114 ± 0.025 and 0.252 ± 0.024 vs 0.322 ± 0.064; all P < 0.05). Optimum effects were achieved in the high-dose Lactobacillus acidophilus group.
CONCLUSION: Inhibition of transcriptional factors STAT1/T-bet activation maybe one mechanism contributing to the therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus against ulcerative colitis.
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Abstract
Inflammation is a stereotypical physiological response to infections and tissue injury; it initiates pathogen killing as well as tissue repair processes and helps to restore homeostasis at infected or damaged sites. Acute inflammatory reactions are usually self-limiting and resolve rapidly, due to the involvement of negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, regulated inflammatory responses are essential to remain healthy and maintain homeostasis. However, inflammatory responses that fail to regulate themselves can become chronic and contribute to the perpetuation and progression of disease. Characteristics typical of chronic inflammatory responses underlying the pathophysiology of several disorders include loss of barrier function, responsiveness to a normally benign stimulus, infiltration of inflammatory cells into compartments where they are not normally found in such high numbers, and overproduction of oxidants, cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and matrix metalloproteinases. The levels of these mediators amplify the inflammatory response, are destructive and contribute to the clinical symptoms. Various dietary components including long chain ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, plant flavonoids, prebiotics and probiotics have the potential to modulate predisposition to chronic inflammatory conditions and may have a role in their therapy. These components act through a variety of mechanisms including decreasing inflammatory mediator production through effects on cell signaling and gene expression (ω-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, plant flavonoids), reducing the production of damaging oxidants (vitamin E and other antioxidants), and promoting gut barrier function and anti-inflammatory responses (prebiotics and probiotics). However, in general really strong evidence of benefit to human health through anti-inflammatory actions is lacking for most of these dietary components. Thus, further studies addressing efficacy in humans linked to studies providing greater understanding of the mechanisms of action involved are required.
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Ng SC, Hart AL, Kamm MA, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:300-10. [PMID: 18626975 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis. In controlled clinical trials probiotic bacteria have demonstrated a benefit in treating gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced infection, and some inflammatory bowel diseases. This evidence has led to the proof of principle that probiotic bacteria can be used as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate human diseases. The precise mechanisms influencing the crosstalk between the microbe and the host remain unclear but there is growing evidence to suggest that the functioning of the immune system at both a systemic and a mucosal level can be modulated by bacteria in the gut. Recent compelling evidence has demonstrated that manipulating the microbiota can influence the host. Several new mechanisms by which probiotics exert their beneficial effects have been identified and it is now clear that significant differences exist between different probiotic bacterial species and strains; organisms need to be selected in a more rational manner to treat disease. Mechanisms contributing to altered immune function in vivo induced by probiotic bacteria may include modulation of the microbiota itself, improved barrier function with consequent reduction in immune exposure to microbiota, and direct effects of bacteria on different epithelial and immune cell types. These effects are discussed with an emphasis on those organisms that have been used to treat human inflammatory bowel diseases in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ng
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
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28
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Collado MC, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalances in faecal and duodenal Bifidobacterium species composition in active and non-active coeliac disease. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:232. [PMID: 19102766 PMCID: PMC2635381 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut bifidobacteria are believed to influence immune-related diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the possible relationships between the gut bifidobacteria composition and coeliac disease (CD) in children. A total of 48 faecal samples (30 and 18 samples from active and no active CD patients, respectively) and 33 duodenal biopsy specimens of CD patients (25 and 8 samples from active and non-active CD patients, respectively) were analysed. Samples (30 faecal samples and 8 biopsies) from a control age-matched group of children were also included for comparative purposes. Gut Bifidobacterium genus and species were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results Active and non-active CD patients showed lower numbers of total Bifidobacterium and B. longum species in faeces and duodenal biopsies than controls, and these differences were particularly remarkable between active CD patients and controls. B. catenulatum prevalence was higher in biopsies of controls than in those of active and non-active CD patients, whereas B. dentium prevalence was higher in faeces of non-active CD patients than in controls. Correlations between levels of Bifidobacterium and B. longum species in faecal and biopsy samples were detected in both CD patients and controls. Conclusion Reductions in total Bifidobacterium and B. longum populations were associated with both active and non-active CD when compared to controls. These bacterial groups could constitute novel targets for adjuvant dietary therapies although the confirmation of this hypothesis would require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Collado
- Microbial Ecophysiology and Nutrition Group Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized throughout its length by complex luminal and mucosal microbiotas. Owing to sampling restrictions, most of the studies done to date have concentrated on luminal material. Recently, however, there has been an upsurge in interest in the role of microbial communities that occur in biofilms on surfaces in the gut. In the human biota, biofilms have been shown to exist on artificial surfaces and devices implanted in the host, on particulate materials in the gut lumen, and on the colonic mucosa. Owing to their proximity to host tissues, mucosal bacteria interact more readily with the gut epithelium and immune system than their luminal counterparts, and recent research indicates that they play an important role in health and disease processes. Because bacteria growing in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics than their luminal counterparts, there is increased interest in the use of alternative therapeutic strategies to target potential pathogens on the mucosal surface, especially with respect to applications involving probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.
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Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius 433118 on intestinal inflammation, immunity status and in vitro colon function in two mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2495-506. [PMID: 18157694 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The probiotic, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius 433118 (UCC118), was investigated for its potential to attenuate colitis, modulate immune responses and alter intestinal barrier dysfunction in two different mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following oral treatment with UCC118, faecal microbial analysis indicated that viable intact bacteria reached the colons of interleukin (IL)-10(-/-) mice and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-treated mice. Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic UCC118 treatment significantly prevented or attenuated inflammation in either model. In all studies, the probiotic-treated mice had comparable cytokine responses as vehicle-treated animals. Mannitol permeability was increased across colonic mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers from DSS-treated mice, but not in IL-10(-/-) mice. However, colonic mucosae from UCC118-treated mice had unchanged transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and mannitol fluxes compared to controls. In two different mouse colitis models examined under a range of histological and functional criteria, the data therefore suggest that this Lactobacillus subsp. has limited potential as a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. While several studies have shown therapeutic activity for this probiotic in mouse models of IBD, our data suggest that there are inter-study variables in formulation, study design, animal models and assessment criteria that may impact on interpretation of probiotic efficacy.
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Barclay AR, Morrison DJ, Weaver LT. What is the role of the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease? Probing for answers with stable isotopes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46:486-95. [PMID: 18493202 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181615b3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains obscure. However, there has been increasing interest in the role of the gut microbiota, focusing in particular on the "unculturable majority" of luminal and mucosal bacteria, which until recently have been difficult to study owing to the technical challenges of identification and elucidating function. Bacterial components and metabolites have been implicated in signalling to host immune systems and regulating inflammatory responses. Although the rapid expansion in techniques of molecular microbiology has increased our understanding of bacterial diversity, the tools to assess bacterial metabolic activity, and to link the 2, lag behind. Stable isotope probing is a powerful technique to link the metabolic activity and diversity of "unculturable" bacteria through isotopic labelling of biomarkers such as DNA and RNA. Progression of current stable isotope probing methodology with high-resolution oligonucleotide 16s rRNA probe technology and high precision liquid chromatographic isotope ratio mass spectrometry may facilitate application in human microbial ecology. Progress towards stable isotope probing use in vivo, in concert with other advances in bacterial metabolome analysis, will lead to the development of a dynamic picture of the metabolic activity and diversity of intestinal bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Such insights will, over time, lead to fuller understanding of inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis and the development of targeted therapies to reverse the "dysbiosis" that precedes disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Barclay
- Department of Child Health, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Patterson JK, Lei XG, Miller DD. The pig as an experimental model for elucidating the mechanisms governing dietary influence on mineral absorption. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:651-64. [PMID: 18408137 DOI: 10.3181/0709-mr-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the similarities between pigs and humans and thereby the value of the porcine human nutritional model, and reviews some of the more recent applications of this model for nutritional research.
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Nadal I, Donant E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease. J Med Microbiol 2008; 56:1669-1674. [PMID: 18033837 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the most common immune-mediated enteropathy characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa. The ingestion of gluten is responsible for the symptoms of CD, but other environmental factors are also thought to play a role in this disorder. In this study, the composition of the duodenal microbiota of coeliac children with active disease, symptom-free CD patients on a gluten-free diet and control children was determined. Bacteriological analyses of duodenal biopsy specimens were carried out by fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry. The proportions of total bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher in CD patients with active disease than in symptom-free CD patients and controls. Bacteroides and Escherichia coli groups were significantly more abundant in CD patients with active disease than in controls, whilst these bacterial deviations were normalized in symptom-free CD patients. The ratio of Lactobacillus--Bifidobacterium to Bacteroides--E. coli was significantly reduced in coeliac patients with either active or inactive disease compared with controls. The differences in Atopobium, Eubacterium rectale--Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium lituseburense, sulphate-reducing bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii populations among the three groups of children were less relevant. Overall, the higher incidence of Gram-negative and potentially pro-inflammatory bacteria in the duodenal microbiota of coeliac children was linked to the symptomatic presentation of the disease and could favour the pathological process of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Nadal
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Donant
- Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avenida Campanar 21, 40009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Calabuig
- Hospital General Universitario, Avenida Tres Cruces s/n, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Apartado 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Loh G, Brodziak F, Blaut M. The Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 do not affect the intestinal microbiota composition in mice. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:709-15. [PMID: 18036181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and microbes is partly mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Sensing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by TLR2 and TLR4, respectively, can result in immune system activation and in an exclusion of bacteria from the intestine. To test the impact of these TLRs on bacterial composition, germ-free TLR2/TLR4 double-knock out mice and the corresponding C57BL/10ScSn wild-type mice where associated with fecal bacteria from one single donor mouse. In addition, C3H/HeOuJ and BALB/c mice were used in this study. Fecal bacteria were monitored over 13 weeks with denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Colonic bacteria were enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in caecal samples. No effect of the TLRs on intestinal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations was observed. However, the microbiota composition as reflected by DGGE band patterns differed between C3H and BALB/c mice on the one hand and C57BL/10 mice on the other hand. Corresponding differences between the mouse strains were also observed in cecal propionic, valeric and i-valeric acid concentrations. No differences between the animals were observed in the numbers of bacteria detected by FISH. We conclude that genetic traits but not TLR2 and TLR4 have an impact on the intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Loh
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Ahmed S, Macfarlane GT, Fite A, McBain AJ, Gilbert P, Macfarlane S. Mucosa-associated bacterial diversity in relation to human terminal ileum and colonic biopsy samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7435-42. [PMID: 17890331 PMCID: PMC2168195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01143-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about bacterial communities that colonize mucosal surfaces in the human gastrointestinal tract, but they are believed to play an important role in host physiology. The objectives of this study were to investigate the compositions of these populations in the distal small bowel and colon. Healthy mucosal tissue from either the terminal ileum (n = 6) or ascending (n = 8), transverse (n = 8), or descending colon (n = 4) of 26 patients (age, 68.5 +/- 1.2 years [mean +/- standard deviation]) undergoing emergency resection of the large bowel was used to study these communities. Mucosa-associated eubacteria were characterized by using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), while real-time PCR was employed for quantitative analysis. Mucosal communities were also visualized in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy. DGGE banding profiles from all the gut regions exhibited at least 45% homology, with five descending colon profiles clustering at ca. 75% concordance. Real-time PCR showed that mucosal bacterial population densities were highest in the terminal ileum and that there were no significant differences in overall bacterial numbers in different parts of the colon. Bifidobacterial numbers were significantly higher in the large bowel than in the terminal ileum (P = 0.006), whereas lactobacilli were more prominent in the distal large intestine (P = 0.019). Eubacterium rectale (P = 0.0004) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P = 0.001) were dominant in the ascending and descending colon. Site-specific colonization in the gastrointestinal tract may be contributory in the etiology of some diseases of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed
- Dundee University Gut Group, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Yang M, Han Z. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of probiotics on inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1634-1638. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i14.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Many studies demonstrate an involvement of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of IBD. Tissue damages can result from dysregulated immune response to intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible individuals. Therefore, alteration of the intestinal microflora may represent a feasible therapeutic approach for IBD. Probiotics can change the proportion of intestinal microflora, improve the function of intestinal epithelial barrier, prevent intestinal bacterial translocation and alleviate the inflammation degree. In this article, we reviewed the effect of probiotics in the treatments of IBD and its mechanism.
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Inness VL, McCartney AL, Khoo C, Gross KL, Gibson GR. Molecular characterisation of the gut microflora of healthy and inflammatory bowel disease cats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with special reference to Desulfovibrio spp. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91:48-53. [PMID: 17217390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of chronic large bowel diarrhoea in cats. Although the aetiology of IBD is unknown, an immune-mediated response to a luminal antigen is thought to be involved. As knowledge concerning the colonic microflora of cats is limited and requires further investigation, the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of specific bacterial groups in normal and IBD cats, and the potential role they play in the health of the host. Total bacterial populations, Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium histolyticum subgp., Lactobacillus-Enterococcus subgp. and Desulfovibrio spp. were enumerated in 34 healthy cats and 11 IBD cats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The study is one of the first to show the presence of Desulfovibrio in cats. Total bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. counts were all significantly higher in healthy cats when compared with IBD cats, whereas Desulfovibrio spp. (producers of toxic sulphides) numbers were found to be significantly higher in colitic cats. The information obtained from this study suggests that modulation of bacterial flora by increasing bifidobacteria and decreasing Desulfovibrio spp. may be beneficial to cats with IBD. Dietary intervention may be an important aspect of their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Inness
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel disease is thought to result from an abnormal response to the gut microbiota. This review discusses advances in knowledge of the changes in gut microbiota and host response in inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Approximately 15% of Crohn's disease cases in western populations result from mutations in NOD2/CARD15. This disease leads to defective intestinal defensin production and defective monocyte interleukin-8 response to bacterial peptidoglycan. A similar defective interleukin-8 response and consequent delayed neutrophil recruitment have also been shown in patients with Crohn's disease who do not have the NOD2 mutation. A consequence seems to be the accumulation in tissue of macrophages containing various bacteria, perhaps particularly Escherichia coli. In keeping with this patients with Crohn's disease have circulating antibodies against bacterial flagellar proteins of enterobacteria and clostridia. In ulcerative colitis, there is less evidence for invasion by or immune response to bacteria but changes in gut microbiota include a relative deficiency of bifidobacteria. There is considerable interest in probiotic or prebiotic therapies although so far little evidence for their efficacy. SUMMARY Molecular techniques are giving us better insight into the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease that should translate into improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Subramanian
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, Wilson IG, Andrews JM, Holtmann GJ. Antidepressants and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2006; 2:24. [PMID: 16984660 PMCID: PMC1599716 DOI: 10.1186/1745-0179-2-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background A number of studies have suggested a link between the patient's psyche and the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although pharmacotherapy with antidepressants has not been widely explored, some investigators have proposed that treating psychological co-morbidities with antidepressants may help to control disease activity. To date a systematic analysis of the available studies assessing the efficacy of antidepressants for the control of somatic symptoms in IBD patients has not been performed. Methods We searched electronic databases, without any language restriction. All relevant papers issued after 1990 were examined. Results 12 relevant publications were identified. All of them referred to non-randomised studies. Antidepressants reported in these publications included paroxetine, bupropion, amitriptyline, phenelzine, and mirtazapine. In 10 articles, paroxetine, bupropion, and phenelzine were suggested to be effective for treating both psychological and somatic symptoms in patients suffering from IBD. Amitriptyline was found ineffective for treating somatic symptoms of IBD. Mirtazapine was not recommended for IBD patients. Conclusion Although most of reviewed papers suggest a beneficial effect of treatment with antidepressants in patients with IBD, due to the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to judge the efficacy of antidepressants in IBD. Properly designed trials are justified and needed based upon the available uncontrolled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina A Mikocka-Walus
- School of Psychology and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and General Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, level 3, Eleanor Harrald Building, 5005 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah A Turnbull
- School of Psychology, the University of Adelaide, level 4, Hughes Building, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole T Moulding
- Nicole T. Moulding, Discipline of General Practice, the University of Adelaide, Level 3, Eleanor Harrald Building, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian G Wilson
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith SouthDC 1797, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and General Medicine, the Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Wing Q7, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald J Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and General Medicine, the Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Wing Q7, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
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