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Bondar A, Macari V, Rudic V, Pistol G, Putin V, Rotaru A, Chiriac T, Solcan G, Solcan C. Effects of ZooBioR2 product as feed supplement in laying hens on the morphofunctional state of intestinal mucosa. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spirulina platensis is a microalga with biological activity used to produce nutritional supplements rich in proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The current study aims to prove the impact of the product ZooBioR2 (obtained from Spirulina platensis) on health, and on the histology of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum in laying hens. The experiment was performed in duplicate on 5 groups of hens (14 birds/group), one control and four experimental, in which the feed was supplemented with ZooBioR2 in different doses (5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0mg active substance/kg of fodder). Inclusion of the supplement in the diet have determined a significant decrease of height of intestinal villi, the depth of the crypts and the thickness of muscular layer of mucosa in the experimental groups receiving 15.0 and 20.0mg/kg. The decrease of crypts depth is an indicator of a higher rate of turn-over of epithelial tissue. The morphological changes of intestinal mucosa could be involved in a better digestibility of the fodder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondar
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
| | - V. Macari
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - V. Rudic
- Sciences Academy from Moldova, Moldova
| | - G. Pistol
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - V. Putin
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - A. Rotaru
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | | | - G. Solcan
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
| | - C. Solcan
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
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Damaziak K, Stelmasiak A, Konieczka P, Adamek-Urbańska D, Gozdowski D, Pogorzelski G, Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Ż. Water extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) leaf improves production parameters, tissue antioxidant status and intestinal microbiota activity in turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ogwiji M, Jatau ID, Natala JA, Sani D, Habibu B, Andamin AD, Kyari S, Gasaliyu KA. Comparative effect of dietary supplements on the performance and severity of experimental Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:191. [PMID: 35622171 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the dietary supplements, sugarcane molasses (prebiotic), Antox® (probiotic) and Enflorax® (synbiotic), on gut health, performance and severity of infection with Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens was evaluated in this study. Ninety-day-old broiler chicks were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F). Groups B to F were challenged with Eimeria tenella (2.0 × 104 oocysts/chick). Groups C, D and E were supplemented from day old with prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic, respectively, while F was administered amprolium. Groups A and B served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Feed intake and performance parameters were assessed weekly for each group. After infection clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates were monitored alongside oocyst output, gross and microscopic caecal lesions. Infected chickens exhibited clinical signs 4 days post infection (dpi) with 100% morbidity in all infected groups. Infected groups showed significant (P < 0.05) drop in feed intake and weight gain from 3 to 5 weeks of age. Feed conversion ratio was highest in B but lower in the supplemented groups. Oocyst output in faeces were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared with B. Macroscopic lesion scores 7 dpi were significantly lower in the supplemented groups compared with B, though group F had the lowest mean score. Histopathological examination of caeca tissues showed milder lesions in the supplemented groups. In conclusion, the supplements prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic ameliorated the consequences of caecal coccidiosis in broiler chickens and therefore recommended for use in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ogwiji
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Audu Natala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Dahiru Sani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Buhari Habibu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Danlami Andamin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Kyari
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Khadijat Abidemi Gasaliyu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Manvatkar PN, Kulkarni RC, Awandkar SP, Chavhan SG, Durge SM, Avhad SR, Channa GR, Kulkarni MB. Performance of broiler chicken on dietary supplementation of protected organic acids blend. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:633-640. [PMID: 35543696 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2076211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. The fatty acid coated organic acids blend was evaluated for its potential as a growth promoter.2. A six-week experiment was conducted following a completely randomised design. One-day old broiler chicks (n=384) were randomly divided into four dietary groups (eight replicates per group). Diet treatments were an unsupplemented basal diet or containing 0.3, 0.6, and 1 g/kg of a coated organic acid blend. Birds were evaluated for growth performance, carcass traits, immune-competence, total viable count, and gut villus height.3. The broiler chickens fed with 1 g/kg organic acids blend showed significantly higher body weight gain with improved feed conversion ratio and lower mortality than those fed the basal diet.4. The carcass traits vis. eviscerated yield, dressing percentage, breast yield and relative weight of giblets, were significantly better in the group fed with 1 g/kg coated organic acids blend with reduction in abdominal fat.5. Significantly higher cell-mediated, humoral immune responses and villi height with higher lymphoid organ weight (bursa and thymus) and a significant decrease in the total viable count were recorded in birds fed 1 g/kg organic acids blend.6. The results indicated that dietary inclusion of coated organic acids blend (1 g/kg) improved growth performance, carcass traits, immunity, and gut health in broiler chicken and reduced total viable count and abdominal fat, indicating its potential role as a promising growth promoter in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandurang Narayan Manvatkar
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Ram Chandrakant Kulkarni
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sudhakar Pralhad Awandkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sambhaji Gulab Chavhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sharad Moreshwar Durge
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Sharad Rambhau Avhad
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Gangaprakah Ramanna Channa
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
| | - Mahesh Balwant Kulkarni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Udgir District Latur- 413 517 Maharashtra State (India)
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Kouzounis D, Kers JG, Soares N, Smidt H, Kabel MA, Schols HA. Cereal type and combined xylanase/glucanase supplementation influence the cecal microbiota composition in broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:51. [PMID: 35505382 PMCID: PMC9066912 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation in broilers aims at off-setting the anti-nutritive effect of non-starch polysaccharides and at promoting broiler health. Recently, we demonstrated that xylanase/glucanase addition in wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestibility, arabinoxylan fermentability and broiler growth. Conversely, maize arabinoxylan was found to be recalcitrant to xylanase action. These findings suggested that enzyme-mediated improvement of nutrient digestion and carbohydrate fermentation depended on the cereal type present in the diet, and may have contributed to broiler growth. Hence, we aimed at further investigating the link between dietary enzymes and carbohydrate fermentation in broilers, by studying the impact of enzyme supplementation in cereal-based diets, to the microbial communities in the ileum and ceca of broilers. For that purpose, 96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly reared in two pens and received either wheat-based or maize-based starter and grower diets. At d 20, the broilers were randomly assigned to one out of four dietary treatments. The broilers received for 8 d the wheat-based or maize-based finisher diet as such (Control treatments; WC, MC) or supplemented with a xylanase/glucanase combination (Enzyme treatments; WE, ME). At d 28, samples from the digestive tract were collected, and the ileal and cecal microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. A similar phylogenetic (alpha) diversity was observed among the four treatments, both in the ileal and the cecal samples. Furthermore, a similar microbial composition in the ileum (beta diversity) was observed, with lactobacilli being the predominant community for all treatments. In contrast, both cereal type and enzyme supplementation were found to influence cecal communities. The type of cereal (i.e., wheat or maize) explained 47% of the total variation in microbial composition in the ceca. Further stratifying the analysis per cereal type revealed differences in microbiota composition between WC and WE, but not between MC and ME. Furthermore, the prevalence of beneficial genera, such as Faecalibacterium and Blautia, in the ceca of broilers fed wheat-based diets coincided with arabinoxylan accumulation. These findings indicated that fermentable arabinoxylan and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides released by dietary xylanase may play an important role in bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouzounis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jannigje G Kers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Mbukwane MJ, Nkukwana TT, Plumstead PW, Snyman N. Sunflower Meal Inclusion Rate and the Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030253. [PMID: 35158577 PMCID: PMC8833652 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the years, there has been an increase in the price of traditionally used protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM) in broiler feed. This has necessitated the need for alternative protein sources that can partially substitute the SBM protein and reduce the cost of feeding. Sunflower meal (SFM), a by-product from the oil processing industry, is available in significantly high quantities throughout the year at lower cost. SFM can be produced in drought-stricken places with good harvest and is less prone to fungal infestation. Although SFM has protein levels ranging between 32 and 37 percent, its inclusion levels in broiler diets have been limited to 5% due to high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides, low metabolizable energy and lysine levels. This presents challenges in feed manufacturing, since composition depends on the amount of oil extracted and retained hulls, with effects on the digestive efficiency of broiler chicks, especially in the first 21 d of growth. The use of multi-enzymes that target specific substrates in SFM can potentially allow an increase in its inclusion levels, thereby reducing the deleterious anti-nutritional effects from non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Additionally, multienzyme supplementation can result in flock uniformity and environmental pollution reduction due to less nutrient loss in manure. Abstract The study examined the effect of de-hulled sunflower meal (SFM) inclusion rate and exogenous enzymes (EE) on broilers production performance. A four-feeding phase of pre-starter (1–9 d), grower (10–20 d), finisher (21–28 d) and post-finisher (29–35 d) was used with SFM included as low (BSL) and high (BSH) in all phases. BLS inclusion was 3% throughout phases and BSH inclusion was 7.5%, 10%, 13% and 13.5% for the 4-phases. Each SFM had a negative control (NC) (BSL− and BSH−) and positive (PC) (BSL+ and BSH+) control with additional 80 kcal Apparent Metabolizable Energy. Enzymes: xylanase (X), xylanase + beta-glucanase (XB), xylanase + beta-glucanase + protease (XBP) and xylanase + amylase + protease (XAP) were added to the NC and PC to give 6 treatments. Pen body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were determined at 9, 20, 28 and 35 d and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly. Diets were fed ad libitum to 1920 male Ross 308 broilers. Diet type, enzyme and diet by enzyme interactions were not significantly different amongst treatment diets. During the pre-starter and the grower phase, all studied parameters did not significantly differ from each other. All studied parameters were significantly influenced by enzyme addition and diet-type and enzyme interaction at 35 d except for diet type on FCR. Broilers fed BSH supplemented with XAP recorded the highest BWG (2.69 kg), whereas broiler chickens on BSL and supplemented with XBP recorded the lowest BWG (2.60 kg). SFM can be increased to 13% and 13.5% finisher and post-finisher diets without negatively affecting performance, and X and XAP enzymes can improve BWG of broilers grown to 35 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbuso Jethro Mbukwane
- Department Wildlife and Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thobela T. Nkukwana
- Department Wildlife and Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Peter W. Plumstead
- Chemuniqué (Pty) Ltd., 28 Eagle Lane, Lanseria Business Park, Lanseria 1739, South Africa; (P.W.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Natasha Snyman
- Chemuniqué (Pty) Ltd., 28 Eagle Lane, Lanseria Business Park, Lanseria 1739, South Africa; (P.W.P.); (N.S.)
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Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Van Doan H, Arockiaraj J, Jawahar S, Balasundaram C, Balamurugan P, Soltani M, Jaturasitha S. Influence of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) enriched diet on antioxidant status, immunity level, and pro-anti-inflammatory cytokines modulation in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch 1790) against Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:462-477. [PMID: 34688863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effect of bamboo vinegar powder (BVP) on growth, immunity, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expressions in juvenile Asian sea bass (barramundi), Lates calcarifer against Vibrio anguillarum was investigated. V. anguillarum infected fish fed by 2g BVP kg-1 diet exhibited significant growth, albumin (AB), serum total protein (TP), and globulin (GB) levels. Similarly, enhanced lysozyme (LZM), phagocytic (PC), anti-protease (AP), respiratory burst (RB), bactericidal (BC) activities and total immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were observed in fish fed 2g BVP kg-1. In addition, use of 2g BVP kg-1 in diet modulated several immune related gene expressions against Vibrio disease. This study exhibited a positive effect of dietary 2g BVP kg-1 diet on hemato-biochemical and immunological responses, which enhance the immunocompetence and health status of L. calcarifer against V. anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Affiliated to University of Madras, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Jawahar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath College of Science and Management, Thanjavur, 613-005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramaraj Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Michael College of Engineering and Technology, Kalayarkoil, 630 551, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Sanchai Jaturasitha
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Ahiwe E, Tedeschi Dos Santos T, Graham H, Iji P. Can probiotic or prebiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) serve as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for healthy or disease-challenged broiler chickens?: a review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Sun Y, Ni A, Jiang Y, Li Y, Huang Z, Shi L, Xu H, Chen C, Li D, Han Y, Chen J. Effects of Replacing In-feed Antibiotics with Synergistic Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Health, Carcass, and Immune and Oxidative Statuses of Broiler Chickens Under Clostridium perfringens Type A Challenge. Avian Dis 2021; 64:393-400. [PMID: 33205169 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing in-feed antibiotics with synergistic organic acids on growth performance, health, carcass, and immune and oxidative statuses of broiler chickens under Clostridium perfringens (CP) type A challenge. Two organic acid products were tested: organic acid 1 (OA1), consisting of butyrate, medium-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and phenolics; and organic acid 2 (OA2), consisting of buffered short-chain fatty acids. Six hundred 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: Control 1, basal diet, nonchallenged birds; Control 2, basal diet, with CP challenge; antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP), basal diet supplemented with Aureomycin (chlortetracycline), with CP challenge; OA1, basal diet supplemented with OA1, with CP challenge; and OA1OA2, basal diet supplemented with OA1 and OA2, with CP challenge. Each treatment had eight replicate pens of 15 birds. The experiments lasted for 29 days. The disease challenge was performed on days 15-17, with an oral gavage of 0.5 mL of CP culture (2.0 × 108 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) for each bird. Body weights (BWs), intestinal lesion scores, immune organ indices, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured on days 19, 22, and 29, respectively, in three birds per pen. Carcass characteristics were determined on day 29. No treatment-related differences in mortality were noted before (P = 0.28) or after (P = 0.64) challenge or over the whole study period (days 0-28; P = 0.66). On day 19, the BW of Control 2 was lower than other treatments (P < 0.0001). On day 22, AGP, OA1, and OA1OA2 had higher BW than Control 2 (P = 0.001). The breast muscle yield of OA1 and OA1OA2 was higher than AGP (P < 0.05). The abdominal fat yield of OA1OA2 was lower than AGP and Control 2 (P < 0.05). On day 22, the birds fed OA1OA2 showed lower intestinal lesion scores than OA1 (P < 0.05). No treatment-related differences in immune organ (spleen, thymus, and bursa) indices were noted (P > 0.05). On day 29, the MDA concentration of OA1 and OA1OA2 was lower than those of Control 1 and AGP (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of organic acids may protect broiler chickens from severe intestinal lesions and oxidative stress and may help reduce abdominal fat mass deposition. There is potential for organic acid-based products as alternatives for AGP in preventing necrotic enteritis in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
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Replacing Maize Grain with Ancient Wheat Lines By-Products in Organic Laying Hens’ Diet Affects Intestinal Morphology and Enzymatic Activity. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of replacement of maize grain with ancient wheat by-products on intestinal morphometry and enzymatic activity in laying hens was studied. Eighty hens were divided into two groups (40 each, 8 replicates, 5 hens/replicate) fed two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. In the treated group, part of the maize was replaced by a mix of ancient grains (AGs) middling, in a 50:50 ratio of Triticum aestivum L. var. spelta (spelt) and Triticum durum dicoccum L. (emmer wheat). The AG diet affected the weight of all the large intestine tracts, decreasing the weight of caeca (p < 0.01) and increasing those of colon (p < 0.01), rectum and cloaca (p < 0.05). Villus height in the AG group was higher (p < 0.01) than the control for the duodenum and jejunum, while for the ileum, the control group showed the highest values (p < 0.01). The submucosa thickness was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum, while the jejunum for the AG group showed the highest (p < 0.05) submucosa thickness. The crypts depth was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum. Enzyme activity was enhanced by AGs (p < 0.01) in the duodenum. Regarding the jejunum, sucrase-isomaltase and alkaline phosphatase had higher activity (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) in the AG group. In the ileum, sucrase-isomaltase showed higher activity (p < 0.01) in the control group, while alkaline phosphatase showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in the AG group. Overall, results suggested that the dietary inclusion of AGs exerted positive effects in hens, showing an improved intestinal function.
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Barkat RA, Gabr AA, Foda MA, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Sabrout K, Elwan HAM, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Michalak I, Di Cerbo A, Dhama K. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:9-29. [PMID: 33915364 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics use in poultry as a growth promoter leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and incorporation of drug residues in foods; therefore, it has been restricted in different countries. There is a global trend to limit the use of antibiotics in the animal products. Prevention of the antibiotics use in the poultry diets led to the reduction in the growth performance. Consequently, there is a high demand for natural substances that lead to the same growth enhancement and beneficially affect poultry health. These constituents play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of animals including the protection from infectious ailments. Nutraceuticals administration resulted beneficial in both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Being the natural components of diet, they are compatible with it and do not pose risks associated with antibiotics or other drugs. Nutraceuticals are categorized as commercial additives obtained from natural products as an alternative feed supplement for the improvement of animal welfare. This group includes enzymes, synbiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present review, the summary of various bioactive ingredients that act as nutraceuticals and their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of the immune system has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Barkat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Amr A Gabr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo Unversity, Giza 1221, Egypt
| | - Manar A Foda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Poultry production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Elshatby, Egypt
| | - Hamada A M Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, 61519 El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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12
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Chemically preserved high-moisture corn in the turkey diet does not compromise performance and maintains the functional status of the gut. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Van Immerseel F, Cauwerts K, Devriese L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Feed additives to control Salmonella in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K. Cauwerts
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L.A. Devriese
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Supplementation of prebiotics, probiotics and acids on immunity in poultry feed: a brief review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Mcdevitt R, Brooker J, Acamovic T, Sparks N. Necrotic enteritis; a continuing challenge for the poultry industry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.M. Mcdevitt
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, SAC Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - J.D. Brooker
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, SAC Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - T. Acamovic
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, SAC Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - N.H.C. Sparks
- Avian Science Research Centre, Animal Health Group, SAC Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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17
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Sabour S, Tabeidian SA, Sadeghi G. Dietary organic acid and fiber sources affect performance, intestinal morphology, immune responses and gut microflora in broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:156-162. [PMID: 31193926 PMCID: PMC6544572 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of a dietary organic acid (OA) mixture and 2 fiber sources on performance, intestinal morphology, immune responses and gut microflora in broilers. A total of 390 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 6 dietary treatments with 5 replicate pens and 13 chicks each based on a factorial arrangement (2 × 3) in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 42 d. The following experimental diets and as well as their interaction were considered: a basal diet supplemented with or without OA (0 or 1 g/kg) and 2 fiber sources (sugar beet pulp [soluble fiber] or rice hull [insoluble fiber]; 0 or 30 g/kg). Dietary supplementation of OA increased daily weight gains of broilers across the entire rearing period (P < 0.05). The dietary fibrous materials did not affect the performance of broilers. Antibody titer against influenza disease virus was higher in birds fed diets containing rice hull compared with other experimental groups (P < 0.05). The population of Lactobacillus bacteria was greater in birds fed OA-added diets without or with 30 g/kg rice hull supplementation compared with other experimental groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemental OA improved performance of broilers, and dietary supplemental OA with rice hull enhanced humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Sabour
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Sayed A Tabeidian
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Ghorbanali Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
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18
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Waititu SM, Sanjayan N, Hossain MM, Leterme P, Nyachoti CM. Improvement of the nutritional value of high-protein sunflower meal for broiler chickens using multi-enzyme mixtures. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1245-1252. [PMID: 29365159 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a high-protein sunflower meal (HiSFM) without or with multi-enzyme mixtures on growth performance, nutrient utilization, jejunal digesta viscosity, and excreta moisture in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 400 chicks were divided into 40 replicates of 10 birds and fed for 35 d a corn-soybean meal (CSBM) control diet or CSBM with 25 (HiSFM25), 50 (HiSFM50), 75 (HiSFM75), or 100% (HiSFM100) of total SBM replaced by HiSFM. During d 0 to 35, increasing HiSFM content in diets linearly reduced (P < 0.0001) BW, FI, and BW gain (BWG). Feeding HiSFM25 or HiSFM50 resulted in similar growth performance as CSBM (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, 120 chicks were divided into 24 replicates of 5 birds and fed CSBM or HiSFM75 diet without or with enzyme A (supplying 4,000, 500, and 8,000 U/kg of xylanase, alpha-amylase, and protease, respectively) or enzyme B (supplying 1,700, 1,100, 240, 30, 1,200, 360, 1,500, and 120 U/kg of cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, galactanase, xylanase, glucanase, amylase, and protease, respectively) for 21 days. Excreta moisture content was determined weekly, and birds were euthanized on d 22 to collect jejunal and ileal digesta for viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) measurements, respectively. Compared with CSBM, feeding HiSFM75 reduced (P < 0.05) BWG and G: F, enzymes A and D alleviated BWG and G: F reduction (P < 0.05), and enzyme A reduced (P = 0.037) the excreta moisture content, whereas the treatments did not influence AID or jejunal digesta viscosity measurements. In conclusion, experiment 1 results show that HiSFM can replace up to 50% of SBM without depressing growth performance in either the starter or finisher phase, whereas experiment 2 shows that enzymes A and B supplementation can alleviate the growth depression associated with feeding HiSFM75. These results suggest that enzyme supplementation can enhance HiSFM inclusion in broiler diets without affecting productivity or barn hygiene management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - N Sanjayan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - M M Hossain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - P Leterme
- BUNGE Global Innovation, St Just Desvern, Barcelona, 08960 Spain
| | - C M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
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19
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Luoma A, Markazi A, Shanmugasundaram R, Murugesan GR, Mohnl M, Selvaraj R. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on layer production and cecal Salmonella load during a Salmonella challenge. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4208-4216. [PMID: 29053828 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the inhibitory effects of a synbiotic product (PoultryStar® me) on production parameters, intestinal microflora profile, and immune parameters in laying hens with and without a Salmonella challenge. The synbiotic product contained 4 probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a prebiotic fructooligosaccharide. Layers were supplemented with the synbiotic from d of hatch to 28 wk of age. At 16 wk of age, birds were either vaccinated with Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) vaccine or left unvaccinated. At 24 wk of age, a portion of the birds was challenged with 1 × 109 CFU of SE or left unchallenged, resulting in a 3 (vaccinated, challenged, or both vaccinated and challenged) X 2 (control and synbiotics) factorial arrangement of treatments. At 18 and 20 wk of age, birds fed synbiotics in both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had increased (P < 0.05) BW more than those in the un-supplemented groups. Birds fed synbiotics had 0.7, 17.8, 21.7, 3, and 4.2% higher (P < 0.05) hen d egg production (HDEP) at 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 wk of age, compared to the birds without supplementation, respectively. After administering the SE challenge, supplemented birds had 3, 6.7, 4.3, 12.5, and 14.4% higher (P < 0.05) HDEP at 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 wk of age, compared to the birds not supplemented, respectively. Irrespective of the vaccination status, birds fed synbiotics and challenged with SE had a lower (P < 0.05) SE cecal load compared to the un-supplemented groups. At 22 d post Salmonella challenge, birds supplemented, vaccinated, and challenged had the highest bile IgA content. It can be concluded that supplementation of the synbiotic product could be beneficial to layer diets as a growth promoter, performance enhancer, and for protection against SE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luoma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A Markazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - R Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | | | - M Mohnl
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria
| | - R Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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20
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Roofchaei A, Rezaeipour V, Vatandour S, Zaefarian F. Influence of dietary carbohydrases, individually or in combination with phytase or an acidifier, on performance, gut morphology and microbial population in broiler chickens fed a wheat-based diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:63-67. [PMID: 30899811 PMCID: PMC6407079 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary carbohydrases (xylanase and β-glucanase; XG), individually or in combination with phytase or acidifier on the growth performance, carcass attributes, intestinal microbial counts and morphology in broiler chickens fed a wheat-based diet. A total of 240 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments included a basal diet, the basal diet with an enzyme complex containing XG, XG plus a microbial phytase (XG + P) and XG plus acidifier (XG + A). The results indicated that feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in broiler chickens which received XG + A during the entire production period (1 to 35 d) of the trial (P < 0.05). The broiler chickens fed XG + P had lower feed intake compared with the control group at 29 to 35 d of age. The experimental treatments had no effect on the body weight gain of broiler chickens. In carcass traits, except for spleen (P < 0.05), the dietary treatments had no effects on the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. The birds which received diets supplemented with XG and XG + A had a lower weight of the spleen compare with the control. Addition of XG in combination with phytase (XG + P) resulted in a decrease in ileal enumeration of Escherichia coli at 35 d of age (P < 0.05). However, dietary treatments did not alter the population of ileal Lactobacilli in broiler chickens. Supplementing carbohydrases with phytase and acidifier (XG + P and XG + A) significantly increased the intestinal villus length at 35 d of age (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that supplementation of the wheat-based diet with a combination with carbohydrases and acidifier (XG + A) improves FCR in broiler chickens. Furthermore, combinations of carbohydrases with phytase (XG + P) and with acidifier (XG + A) decrease the E. coli counts and increase the villus length in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Roofchaei
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 163, Iran
| | - Vahid Rezaeipour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 163, Iran
| | - Safieh Vatandour
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 163, Iran
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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21
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Tang SGH, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Saad WZ, Wong HK, Ho YW. Performance, biochemical and haematological responses, and relative organ weights of laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:248. [PMID: 28814309 PMCID: PMC5559823 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing trend of ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) across the globe in the poultry industry has led to a growing need for alternatives to AGPs. Prebiotic, probiotic and their combination as a synbiotic have been considered as potential alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a prebiotic (isomaltooligosaccharide, IMO), a probiotic (PrimaLac®), and their combination (synbiotic) on hen performance, biochemical and haematological responses, and relative organ weights from 20 to 52 weeks of age. Results Supplementation of 1% IMO (PRE), 0.1% PrimaLac® (PRO) and 1% IMO + 0.1% PrimaLac® (SYN) improved (P < 0.05) feed intake and egg production at 20–36 weeks of age; body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and egg mass at 20–36 and 20–52 weeks of age; and egg weight at 20–36, 37–52 and 20–52 weeks of age. Compared to control-fed hens at 20–36 weeks of age, PRO- and SYN-fed hens produced less (P < 0.05) small size eggs while SYN-fed hens produced more large size eggs. From 37 to 52 weeks of age, PRE-, PRO- or SYN-fed hens produced less (P < 0.05) medium size eggs, and more large and extra-large size eggs. PRE, PRO or SYN supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the serum total cholesterol at 36 weeks of age, and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at 36 and 52 weeks of age. At 36 and 52 weeks of age, supplementation of PRE, PRO or SYN increased (P < 0.05) lymphocyte percentage and decreased (P < 0.05) heterophil percentage, leading to a lower heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. No significant differences were observed in the relative weights of the heart, liver, ovary, pancreas and spleen of all dietary treatment groups. Conclusions Supplementation of PRE, PRO or SYN improved performance, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ALT, ALP and H/L ratio of hens from 20 to 52 weeks of age. These results demonstrated the use of PRE, PRO and SYN as alternative feed additives to AGPs for improving the health and productivity of hens, while PRO is the best for commercial layer production to yield maximum profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Gee Hoon Tang
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nilai University, No. 1, Persiaran Universiti, Putra Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chin Chin Sieo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zuhainis Saad
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Hee Kum Wong
- Strategic Livestock Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yin Wan Ho
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Liu Y, Yang X, Xin H, Chen S, Yang C, Duan Y, Yang X. Effects of a protected inclusion of organic acids and essential oils as antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broilers. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1414-1424. [PMID: 28317217 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of protected essential oils and organic acids mixture on poultry feeding. A total of 450 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly allotted into three treatments with six replicates. Birds were offered a basal diet (C), basal diet with 0.15 g/kg enramycin premix (A) and basal diet with 0.30 g/kg protected essential oils and organic acids mixture product (P). The results showed that protected essential oils and organic acids mixture supplementation reduced average daily feed intake and ratio of feed to gain (F/G) at 22-42 days of age, and F/G during 1-42 days of age also declined (P < 0.05). Product supplementation improved spleen index, villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum at 42 days when compared with the control (P < 0.05). In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A level of ileal mucosa and trypsin and chymotrypsin activities of intestinal tract were higher in the P treatment. Bacterial sequence analysis of the intestinal tract revealed that protected essential oils and organic acids mixture supplementation changed gut microflora mainly in Lactobacillus. These data suggested that dietary mixture of organic acids and essential oils addition could be used in the poultry industry as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongliang Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Yulan Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Sun Y, Rajput IR, Arain MA, Li Y, Baloch DM. Oral administration ofSaccharomyces boulardiialters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:1204-1211. [PMID: 27925366 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Sun
- College of Sciences; Shantou University; China
| | - Imran Rashid Rajput
- College of Sciences; Shantou University; China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology; North West Agriculture and Forestry University; China
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- College of Sciences; Shantou University; China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences; Uthal Balochistan Pakistan
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Sciences; Shantou University; China
| | - Dost Muhammad Baloch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences; Uthal Balochistan Pakistan
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Lemos MJD, Calixto LFL, Torres-Cordido KAA, Reis TL. Uso de aditivo alimentar equilibrador da flora intestinal em aves de corte e de postura. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000862014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Aspectos gerais sobre a utilização de aditivos zootécnicos equilibradores da flora intestinal em rações de aves de corte e de postura foram abordados nesta revisão, destacando-se a utilização de prebióticos, especialmente dos mananoligossacarídeos (MOSs), os quais promovem o crescimento das populações microbianas que melhoram as condições luminais. A utilização de aditivos equilibradores da flora intestinal tem revelado melhorias na integridade do epitélio intestinal (aumento da altura e largura das vilosidades), no desempenho (melhora na produção e conversão alimentar) e na qualidade do produto final (qualidade da casca dos ovos). Esta revisão objetivou abordar também aspectos relacionados às características, ao mecanismo de ação, além dos efeitos benéficos da utilização desses aditivos alternativos aos antibióticos na avicultura de corte e de postura, incluindo codornas japonesas.
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25
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Zhao PY, Li HL, Mohammadi M, Kim IH. Effect of dietary lactulose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, and excreta microflora in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 95:84-9. [PMID: 26542810 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lactulose on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, relative organ weight, and excreta microflora in broilers. A total of 816 1-day-old male Ross broilers (40.2 ± 0.4 g) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments using 12 cages with 17 chicks per cage. Treatments were: 1) CON, basal diet; 2) L05, CON + 0.05% lactulose; 3) L10, CON + 0.10% lactulose; and 4) L15, CON + 0.15% lactulose. Higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in broilers fed the L15 diet compared with those fed the CON diet during d 22 to 35. During d 0 to 35, BWG was higher (P < 0.05) and FCR was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed lactulose diets than those fed the CON diet. Additionally, broilers fed L15 diets had the highest BWG (P < 0.05) and lowest FCR (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and nitrogen (N) was increased (P < 0.05) in broilers fed the L15 diet compared with those fed the CON diet. Drip loss was decreased (P < 0.05) in L10 and L15 treatments compared with CON treatment on d 1, d 3, and d 5. On d 3, lowest (P < 0.05) drip loss was observed in the L15 treatment. Excreta E. coli counts in the L15 treatment were decreased (P < 0.05) on d 14, but Lactobacillus counts in the L15 treatment were increased (P < 0.05) on d 14 and d 35 compared with the CON diet. A linear effect (P < 0.05) was observed on BWG (d 22 to 35), FCR (d 0 to 35), the ATTD of DM and N, drip loss, E. coli (d 14), and Lactobacillus (d 14 and d 35) counts. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.15% lactulose can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility; as well as increase the proliferation of Lactobacillus and decrease E. coli counts in excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Zhao
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - H L Li
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, South Korea
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Khan SH, Iqbal J. Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1079527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Towards the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens with in-feed antibiotics phasing-out worldwide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:1-11. [PMID: 29766984 PMCID: PMC5884463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poultry production has undergone a substantial increase compared to the livestock industries since 1970. However, the industry worldwide is now facing challenges with the removal of in-feed antibiotics completely or gradually, as the once well-controlled poultry diseases have re-emerged to cause tremendous loss of production. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most important diseases which costs the industry over two billion dollars annually. In this paper, we review the progress on the etiology of NE and its control through dietary modifications, pre- and probiotics, short chain fatty acids, and vaccination. The other likely measures resulted in the most advances in the toxin characterization are also discussed. Vaccine strategies may have greater potential for the control of NE mainly due to clearer etiology of NE having been elucidated in recent years with the identification of necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB) toxin. Therefore, the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics with a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition and NE, and limiting exposure to infectious agents through biosecurity and vaccination, might be a tool to reduce the incidence of NE and to improve gut health in the absence of in-feed antibiotics. More importantly, the combinations of different measures may achieve greater protection of birds against the disease. Among all the alternatives investigated, prebiotics, organic acids and vaccination have shown improved gastrointestinal health and thus, have potential for the control of NE.
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Nutritive value of vegetable protein diets for broiler chickens and selection of diets containing different vegetable or animal proteins. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933915000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Beski S, Al-Sardary S. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic and Synbiotic on Broiler Chickens Hematology and Intestinal Integrity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2015.31.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Some aspects of control of salmonella infection in poultry for minimising contamination in the food chain. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mookiah S, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Abdullah N, Ho YW. Effects of dietary prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics on performance, caecal bacterial populations and caecal fermentation concentrations of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:341-348. [PMID: 24037967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of a worldwide attempt to restrict or ban the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal production, probiotics, prebiotics and combinations of both, as synbiotics, have been suggested as potential alternatives. In this study, the effects of a prebiotic (isomalto-oligosaccharides, IMO), a multi-strain probiotic (consisting of 11 Lactobacillus strains), and a combination of these dietary additives as a synbiotic on the performance, caecal bacterial populations and concentrations of caecal volatile fatty acids and non-volatile fatty acids of broiler chickens were evaluated. RESULTS Supplementation of 1g kg⁻¹ probiotic (PRO); 5 g kg⁻¹ prebiotic IMO (PRE05); 10 g kg⁻¹ prebiotic IMO (PRE10); synbiotic consisting of 1g kg⁻¹ probiotic + 5 g kg⁻¹ prebiotic IMO (SYN05); or synbiotic consisting of 1 g kg⁻¹ probiotic + 10 g kg⁻¹ prebiotic IMO (SYN10) significantly (P < 0.05) improved weight gain of broiler chickens at 22-42 and 1-42 days of age, and feed conversion rate from 1 to 21, 22-42 and 1-42 days of age. The supplementation of probiotic (PRO), prebiotics (PRE05 and PRE10) or synbiotics (SYN05 and SYN10) also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the caecal populations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and decreased the caecal Escherichia coli at 21 days of age, and increased the caecal VFA at 21 and 42 days of age. In all parameters studied, synbiotics did not show a two-fold synergistic effect, when compared to those of probiotic or prebiotic alone. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicated that prebiotic IMO (5 g kg⁻¹ or 10 g kg⁻¹), probiotic and their combinations as synbiotics were effective in improving the performance of broiler chickens and in increasing the caecal beneficial bacteria and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminathan Mookiah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Effects of Dietary Bamboo Charcoal Powder Including Bamboo Vinegar Liquid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Fecal Microflora Population and Intestinal Morphology in Betong Chickens. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Effect of fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain PJ69-4 on the phytic acid, raffinose, and stachyose contents of soybean meal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhao PY, Wang JP, Kim IH. Effect of dietary levan fructan supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, relative organ weight, cecal microflora, and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5287-93. [PMID: 24045474 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 720 1-d-old male Ross broilers (BW of 48.0±0.3 g) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary levan fructan supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, relative organ weight, cecal microflora, and excreta noxious gas emission in broilers. This experiment lasted 31 d. Broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 1) CON, basal diet, 2) CON+0.25% fructan (FC1), and 3) CON+0.50% fructan (FC2). Each treatment contained 16 pens with 15 chicks per pen. Broilers on levan fructan supplementation treatments (FC1+FC2) had a lower (P=0.005 for d 15 to 31) ADFI and greater (P=0.005 for d 15 to 31 and P=0.022 for d 1 to 31) G:F than those on the CON. A decreased (P=0.031) relative spleen weight was observed with levan fructan supplementation treatments compared with the CON. Cecal E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations in levan fructan treatments were decreased, while cecal Lactobacillus, as well as Bifidobacteria, concentrations in levan fructan treatments were increased compared with the CON. However, excreta NH3 concentrations were decreased (P=0.013) in levan fructan treatments compared with the CON. In conclusion, fructan supplementation improved later stage growth performance, increased cecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria concentrations, and decreased cecal E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations, as well as excreta NH3 concentrations, in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Zhao
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
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Gómez S, Angeles ML, Mojica MC, Jalukar S. Combination of an Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast and Yeast Culture with a Direct-fed Microbial in the Feeds of Broiler Chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:665-73. [PMID: 25049612 PMCID: PMC4093114 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A balance trial experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential relationship between an enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) and yeast culture combined with a live Bacillus subtilis (Bs) on the productive parameters, ileal digestibility, retention of nutrient and energy and villus morphology in broilers. Seventy two 28 d old, Ross B308 male broilers were assigned to a factorial combination of 2 levels of EHY (0 and 1 kg/ton of feed) and 2 levels of Bs (0 and 125 g/ton of feed). The experiment lasted 2 weeks. Several treatment interactions were observed. EHY-fed broilers showed the lowest feed intake and feed conversion ratio whereas Bs-fed broilers showed the highest feed intake and intermediate feed conversion ratio (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.05). Also, EHY-fed broilers had greater ileal digestibility of dry matter (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.01) and energy (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.05) but these responses were counterbalanced by the combination of EHY and Bs. The thickness of the mucosa was similar between the control and EHY-fed broilers, but was lowest when Bs was added alone (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.01). The thickness of the villus was greater in EHY plus Bs-fed broilers, intermediate for the control and lower for Bs or EHY-fed broilers (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.05). The area of the villus was greater in the control and EHY plus Bs-fed broilers (EHY and BS interaction, p<0.05). In addition, EHY-fed broilers showed greater breast yield and nitrogen retention (p<0.01) and ashes digestibility (p<0.05). On the other hand, Bs-fed broilers had greater carcass and breast weight, nitrogen retention, energy excretion and villus height (p<0.05). In summary, EHY and Bs enhanced some growth, carcass and nutrient retention responses, but did not show any synergic relationship in these responses. Opposite to this, the results suggest that the positive effect of EHY on the feed conversion and digestibility of nutrients were counterbalanced by the addition of Bs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gómez
- Private practice. Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - M L Angeles
- Private practice. Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - M C Mojica
- Private practice. Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - S Jalukar
- Vi-Cor, 905 S Caroline Ave (50401) PO Box 1483, Mason City, IA. 50402, USA
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Zhang B, Yang X, Guo Y, Long F. Effects of dietary lipids and Clostridium butyricum on the performance and the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:329-39. [PMID: 21888038 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2011.568274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two sources of dietary lipids and supplementation of Clostridium butyricum on performance and intestinal metabolism of broilers were investigated. In a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, 168 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four treatment groups, and fed four diets with two lipid sources (soya bean oil or fish oil, at 25 g/kg and 30 g/kg in starter and grower diets respectively), and without or with supplementation of C. butyricum (1 x 10(9) colony forming units per kg diet). C. butyricum had no effect on broiler performance. At 20 and 40 d of age, the pH of caecal digesta and the relative length of caecum were decreased after supplementation of C. butyricum (p < 0.05). After this treatment, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was increased in jejunal mucosa at 40 d of age (p < 0.01). Furthermore, there were increases in populations of lactic acid bacteria and the concentrations of acetic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid and total short chain fatty acids in caecal digesta of birds fed C. butyricum (p < 0.05). A significant interaction between lipid source and C. butyricum was found in the pH of caecal digesta at 20 d of age (p < 0.01). The results of the present study indicated that dietary supplementation of C. butyricum maybe a benefit for gut health of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Bejjing, China
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Tucci F, Thomaz M, Nakaghi L, Hannas M, Scandolera A, Budiño F. Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram estudados os efeitos da glutamina, dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e da parede celular de levedura (PCL) sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e o desempenho de leitões. Foram utilizados 45 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - dieta basal; T2 - dieta basal + 1% de glutamina; T3 - dieta basal + 0,2% de PCL; T4 - dieta basal + 5% de óleo de peixe. Nos dias sete e 14 pós-desmame, foram abatidos cinco leitões de cada tratamento. Os aditivos testados não alteraram a altura e a densidade dos vilos nem a profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado. Foi observado efeito de idade, mostrando redução na altura e na densidade dos vilos e na profundidade das criptas após o desmame. No duodeno e jejuno, foram observados maiores valores de relação vilo:cripta, que aumentaram com a idade pós-desmame. Ocorreram redução da altura dos microvilos do duodeno aos sete dias e aumento da largura dos microvilos do jejuno aos 14 dias pós-desmame. A área de superfície apical dos enterócitos não foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. Os aditivos estudados não foram eficientes em prevenir a atrofia da mucosa intestinal do jejuno, ao não interferir na sua ultraestrutura. Os aditivos incluídos na dieta não influenciaram o desempenho dos leitões no pós-desmame.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.M. Tucci
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento
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Alzueta C, Rodríguez ML, Ortiz LT, Rebolé A, Treviño J. Effects of inulin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolisable energy in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:393-8. [PMID: 20680874 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.503482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. A 35 d feeding trial with 480 d-old male broiler chickens (Cobb) was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded levels of inulin (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg diet) in a maize-soybean meal based diet on growth performance, AME(N) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein, amino acids, starch, crude fat and fatty acids. A commercial product (Inulina 95) containing 9140 g/kg of inulin and a degree of polymerisation (DP) ranging from DP 1-10 to DP 51-60 was used. 2. The performance of birds (feed intake, BW gain and feed to gain ratio) was not affected by the different dietary inclusions of inulin. 3. Dietary inulin significantly improved the AID coefficient of crude protein and crude fat. Also, there was a significant effect of inulin on the digestibility of most amino acids (10 out of 15) and major fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids). The AID coefficient of starch and the AME(N) content of diets were not affected by inulin inclusion. 4. In conclusion, the current study showed that inulin supplementation improved the digestibility of protein and fat in a maize-soybean meal based diet, but had no effect on the performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alzueta
- Department of Animal Production, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers. Vet J 2010; 187:182-8. [PMID: 20382054 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Livestock performance and feed efficiency are closely interrelated with the qualitative and quantitative microbial load of the animal gut, the morphological structure of the intestinal wall and the activity of the immune system. Antimicrobial growth promoters have made a tremendous contribution to profitability in intensive husbandry, but as a consequence of the increasing concern about the potential for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, the European Commission decided to ban all commonly used feed antibiotics. There are a number of non-therapeutic alternatives, including enzymes, (in)organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, etheric oils and immunostimulants. Their efficacy and mode of action are briefly described in this review.
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Vidanarachchi JK, Elangovan AV, Mikkelsen LL, Choct M, Iji PA. Effect of some plant extracts on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microflora composition and activity in broiler chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/an10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of water-soluble carbohydrate extracts from Cabbage tree (Cordyline australis), Acacia (Acacia pycnantha), and Undaria seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) (at 5 or 10 g/kg diet) on the performance and gut microbiota of broilers. The plant extracts had no negative effect on growth performance, except that a high level of Undaria extract in the diet suppressed the growth of broiler chicks. Ileal digesta viscosity was increased (P < 0.05) and apparent ileal digestibility of fat was depressed (P < 0.05) in birds fed the higher level of Undaria extract compared with the negative control. The plant extracts increased (P < 0.05) the numbers of lactobacilli in the ileum and caeca. The high levels of Acacia extract and Undaria extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the population of coliform bacteria in the ileum compared with the negative control group. The population of Clostridium perfringens in caeca, but not the ileum, was reduced (P < 0.05) by the plant extracts. An antibiotic positive control reduced the population of C. perfringens in both the ileum and caeca compared with the negative control group. The plant extracts altered microbial fermentation patterns in the ileum and caeca. The higher level of Undaria extract reduced villus height in the ileum while the antibiotic diet resulted in higher (P < 0.05) villus height and villus height : crypt depth ratio compared with the negative control group. The results of the study suggest that prebiotic plant extracts had no negative effect on performance of broilers except at a high level (10 g/kg diet) of Undaria extract. The plant extracts beneficially modulated the composition of the microflora in the ileum and caeca by increasing the number of lactobacilli and reducing harmful bacteria, such as potential pathogenic coliforms and C. perfringens.
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Jia W, Slominski B, Bruce H, Blank G, Crow G, Jones O. Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Poult Sci 2009; 88:132-40. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Williams J, Mallet S, Leconte M, Lessire M, Gabriel I. The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides or whole wheat on the performance and digestive tract of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:329-39. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660802123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Owens B, Tucker L, Collins MA, McCracken KJ. Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:202-12. [PMID: 18409095 DOI: 10.1080/00071660802004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effects of different xylanases, alone or in combination with different organic acid and oligosaccharide sources, on bird performance, gut microflora and ileal histology. 2. Birds were given a diet based on a commercial formulation, which was split into 8 batches. Batch 1 contained the antibiotic growth promoter Avilamycin and acted as the positive control. To batch 2 the enzyme Allzyme PT was added and to batch 3 Allzyme PT was added with the organic acid and oligosaccharide mixture Avimos. To batch 4, Allzyme PT was added with the oligosaccharide mixture Biomos. To batch 5, yeast extract 2012 was added with the organic acid mixture Gustor and the enzyme xylanase XP20. To batch 6, yeast extract 2012 and feed acidifier Gustor were added as before, with the enzyme Avizyme 1300. Batches 7 and 8 both acted as negative experimental controls, with no added growth promoters. 3. A total of 64 birds were housed in individual wire cages in each of three consecutive experimental replicates (24 birds/treatment). Birds were fed ad libitum from 7 to 28 d and a 7-d excreta collection was carried out to determine apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content. 4. At 28 d, the birds were killed and viscosity of jejunal digesta supernatant and gizzard weight were determined. Samples were taken from the crop, ileum and caecum and analysed for viable presumptive lactic acid bacteria and coliforms. The overall microbial flora was determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S ribosomal DNA followed by DNA sequence analysis in order to assign amplicons to a bacterial species. Ileal sections were also collected for histological analysis. 5. Total live weight gain (12%) and gain:feed (9%) were significantly improved for all diets containing additives, compared to the negative control diets. All diets containing xylanases gave significantly lower in vivo viscosity values than the positive and negative controls. Diet treatment significantly affected viable coliform numbers in the ileum and also viable lactobacilli in the ileum and caecum. A substantial proportion of the bacteria present in the GI tract (40%) belong to unknown species. No effects of diet treatment on histological measurements were observed in this study. 6. All the additive combinations studied were at least as effective as the antibiotic growth promoter and the results for Allzyme PT suggest that xylanase alone is as effective as any of the combinations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Owens
- Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science Division, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Pelicano ERL, Souza PA, Souza HBA, Figueiredo DF, Amaral CMC. Morphometry and ultra-structure of the intestinal mucosa of broilers fed different additives. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ribeiro AML, Vogt LK, Canal CW, Cardoso MRI, Labres RV, Streck AF, Bessa MC. Effects of prebiotics and probiotics on the colonization and immune response of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Verdonk JMAJ, Shim SB, van Leeuwen P, Verstegen MWA. Application of inulin-type fructans in animal feed and pet food. Br J Nutr 2007; 93 Suppl 1:S125-38. [PMID: 15877885 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The inulin-type fructans are non-digestible oligosaccharides that are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals and pets. This review focuses on the various effects of inulin-type fructans in pigs, poultry, calves and companion animals. Effects of the inulin-type fructans on gut microflora, digestion and availability of nutrients, gut morphology, fermentation characteristics and animal performance are discussed. Inulin-type fructans can support animal performance and health by affecting nutrient digestion, gut microflora and gut morphology, although results vary depending on composition of the basal diet, inclusion level, type of fructan, adaptation period and experimental hygienic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A J Verdonk
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Vesna T, Miodrag L, Z. S, A. T. The influence of different feed additives to performances and immune response in broiler chicken. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0703217t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ghosh H, Halder G, Samanta G, Paul S, Pyne S. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Organic Acid and Mannan Oligosaccharide on the Performance and Gut Health of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ajpsaj.2007.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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