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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Micciche AC, Stock DA, Rubinelli PM, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Microbiome analyses of poultry feeds: Part II. Comparison of different poultry feeds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38840338 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2361596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Within the realm of poultry feed mill operations, the persistent concern over microbial feed quality necessitates the establishment of a robust baseline for enhancing and sustaining the standards of commercial feeds. This dual-phase investigation, comprising Parts I, was previously published, and the current study presented here as Part II aimed to illuminate this baseline using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In Part II, nine distinct commercial poultry feeds formulated as starters, growers, starter/growers, or supplements, the selected feeds underwent genomic DNA extraction, amplification with custom dual-indexed primers, and subsequent Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Through data analysis in QIIME2-2021.4 and R Studio, the study unveils alpha (Kruskal-Wallis) and beta (ANOSIM) diversity, taxonomic differences (ANCOM), and core microbiomes (core_members), deeming main and pairwise effects statistically significant at p < 0.05 and Q < 0.05. Notably, the investigation identified 30% common core microbial members across the nine feed types, shedding light on potential foodborne poultry pathogens such as Helicobacter and Campylobacter. Probiotic-associated feeds exhibited distinct microbial communities, emphasizing the need to explore their impact on the early poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) further.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D K Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, Wyoming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - A C Micciche
- Bio-Tech Pharmacal Inc, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - D A Stock
- Department of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, FL, USA
| | - P M Rubinelli
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Micciche AC, Stock DA, Rubinelli PM, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Microbiome analyses of poultry feeds: Part I. Comparison of five different DNA extraction methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:378-389. [PMID: 38779902 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2353002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Given extensive variability in feed composition, the absence of a dedicated DNA extraction kit for poultry feed underscores the need for an optimized extraction technique for reliable downstream sequencing analyses. This study investigates the impact of five DNA extraction techniques: Qiagen QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen), modified Qiagen with Lysing Matrix B (MQ), modified Qiagen with celite purification (MQC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and 1-Day Direct. Genomic DNA amplification and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were conducted. QIIME2-2021.4 facilitated data analysis, revealing significant diversity and compositional differences influenced by extraction methods. Qiagen exhibited lower evenness and richness compared to other methods. 1-Day Direct and PEG enhanced bacterial diversities by employing bead beating and lysozyme. Despite similar taxonomic resolution, the Qiagen kit provides a rapid, consistent method for assessing poultry feed microbiomes. Modified techniques (MQ and MQC) improve DNA purification, reducing bias in commercial poultry feed samples. PEG and 1-Day Direct methods were effective but may require standardization. Overall, this study underscores the importance of optimized extraction techniques in poultry feed analysis, with potential implications for future standardization of effective methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D K Dittoe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - A C Micciche
- Bio-Tech Pharmacal Inc, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D A Stock
- Department of Biology, Stetson University, DeLand, Florida, USA
| | - P M Rubinelli
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - M J Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Morita T, Ohyagi N, Matsuura J, Kawaguchi T, Ishizaki N. Salmonella
contamination and hazard analysis in a storage facility for feed materials in Japan. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2966-2978. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Morita
- SETTSU INC., Nishi‐ku, Sakai Osaka Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry Tokushima University Tokushima Tokushima Japan
| | - N. Ohyagi
- SETTSU INC., Nishi‐ku, Sakai Osaka Japan
| | | | | | - N. Ishizaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science Azabu University Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
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Muckey M, Huss AR, Jones C. Evaluation of Liquid and Dry Chemical Treatments To Reduce Salmonella Typhimurium Contamination on Animal Food Manufacturing Surfaces. J Food Prot 2022; 85:792-797. [PMID: 35146521 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella can be isolated from animal food, ingredients, and animal food manufacturing surfaces. There are limited data regarding the sanitation of animal food manufacturing surfaces. This experiment evaluated the effects of nine chemical treatments on reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium contamination on various manufacturing surfaces. This experiment was a 9 × 5 factorial with nine chemical treatments and five surfaces. The nine chemical treatments included one with no inoculation or sanitation treatment (negative control). In the other eight treatments, inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium was followed by either no sanitation treatment (positive control) or treatment with ground corn; liquid commercial formaldehyde; liquid food-grade sanitizer; liquid medium chain fatty acid blend of caprylic, caproic, and capric acids (MCFA); dry commercial calcium propionate; dry commercial acidulant; and dry commercial benzoic acid. The five surfaces included stainless steel, plastic, polypropylene tote bag, rubber belt, and rubber tire. Plastic had higher levels of Salmonella in the positive control than did the polypropylene tote bag; other surfaces had intermediate levels (P < 0.05). Surfaces treated with formaldehyde had no detectable Salmonella after treatment, and surfaces treated with MCFA had at least a 4-log reduction compared to the control (P < 0.05). The dry acidulant was the most effective dry sanitizer tested, but it had no impact on Salmonella concentration on rubber tires (P < 0.05). Whereas liquid sanitizers were the most effective in this experiment, they have limitations for use in dry bulk systems. In summary, formaldehyde, food-grade sanitizer, and MCFA were the most effective chemical treatments to reduce Salmonella surface contamination. Surface type can also influence Salmonella mitigation strategies; specifically, stainless steel and plastic can be more challenging to sanitize within animal food facilities. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Muckey
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Anne R Huss
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Jendza JA, Stock DA, Ricke SC. Application of Microbial Analyses to Feeds and Potential Implications for Poultry Nutrition. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101789. [PMID: 35346494 PMCID: PMC9079344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua A Jendza
- BASF Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
| | - David A Stock
- Biology Department, Stetson University, Deland, FL 32723, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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6
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O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC, Marcy JA. Public health impact of Salmonella spp. on raw poultry: Current concepts and future prospects in the United States. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brooks LA, Bailey MA, Krehling JT, Chasteen KS, Macklin KS. A Comparison of Colonizing Ability Between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg in Broiler Chickens Challenged Through Feed Administration. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:784-789. [PMID: 34287066 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 1 million estimated cases per year in the United States, foodborne salmonellosis is an important public health issue. Chicken products are frequent sources of foodborne Salmonella infection. These bacteria readily colonize the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens, and feed is a known vector. Past research has demonstrated that the survivability of Salmonella in feed is dependent on the serovar and strain. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare colonization incidence of these two serovars in broiler chicken tissues by administration of feed contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) or Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH). A comparison was made with equal conditions so that there was no influence of other factors. Birds were inoculated by addition of Salmonella to the feed (1 × 104 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g of feed) at 14 days of age, and the following tissue samples were collected from each bird after grow-out (days 34-41 depending on the trial): abdominal cavity swab, bone marrow swab, cloaca swab, lung swab, breast, bursa and thymus, ceca, crop, kidney, liver and spleen, skin, spinal cord, thigh, and trachea. A higher percentage of birds inoculated with SE were positive in at least one tissue compared with SH (68% and 9%, respectively), and the SE inoculated birds also showed a higher number of positive tissue samples than SH (13.1% and 0.7%, respectively). Recovery of SH was low for all tissue samples. However, recovery of SE was variable between samples, with ceca showing the highest percentage (50%). These results indicate that challenge at day 14 through feed administration results in greater colonization by SE compared with SH, suggesting that monitoring and control methods for Salmonella in feed should focus on SE to have the greatest positive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasheda A Brooks
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - James T Krehling
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaicie S Chasteen
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Golden CE, Rothrock MJ, Mishra A. Mapping foodborne pathogen contamination throughout the conventional and alternative poultry supply chains. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101157. [PMID: 34089937 PMCID: PMC8182426 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a consumer push for natural and organic food products. This has caused alternative poultry production, such as organic, pasture, and free-range systems, to grow in popularity. Due to the stricter rearing practices of alternative poultry production systems, different types of levels of microbiological risks might be present for these systems when compared to conventional production systems. Both conventional and alternative production systems have complex supply chains that present many different opportunities for flocks of birds or poultry meat to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. As such, it is important to understand the risks involved during each step of production. The purpose of this review is to detail the potential routes of foodborne pathogen transmission throughout the conventional and alternative supply chains, with a special emphasis on the differences in risk between the two management systems, and to identify gaps in knowledge that could assist, if addressed, in poultry risk-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Golden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar St., Athens, GA, USA.
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Monitoring of Salmonella infection of poultry for the period from 2016 to 2020. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an acute intestinal infectious disease that belongs to the group of zoonoses that cause acute toxic infections in humans through the consumption of products of animal or plant origin contaminated with bacteria of the genus Salmonella spp. Salmonellosis is registered in all countries of the world, and our state is no exception.
The aim of the research. Monitor salmonellosis pathogens in Ukrainian poultry farms and, on the basis of the obtained data, establish the relationship between avian and human diseases for salmonellosis.
Materials and methods. The research was conducted in poultry farms in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine. Test systems from R-biopharm-Compact Dry SL and RIDA®STAMP SL were used for rapid diagnosis of bacterial microflora. To establish the salmonella serotype, the Spectate® salmonella test system was used, which is based on the use of latex strips coated with special antibodies to the corresponding serogroups of Salmonella A, B, C, D. Microbiological examination was performed washing from the walls, floor, eggshell, Brooder's cabinets and pathogens heart, liver, gallbladder of the dead bird. The relationship between isolated salmonella serovars from poultry was compared with salmonella isolated from humans according to the reporting form No. 40 “Zdorov”.
Results. Various salmonella serovars were isolated from experimental farms of Ukraine, namely:
Serovars such as S. Gallinarum–pullorum – 7.9 %, S. Enteritidis – 6.5 % were isolated from the meat and egg direction. From the meat direction, the following are: S. Tiphimurium – 12.5 %, S. Arizona – 6.0 %, S. Enteritidis – 3.5 %. From the breeding direction were also isolated from adult birds and hatching eggs in large quantities – S. Gallinarum–pullorum – 19.0 %, S. Tiphimurium – 17.8 %, S. Enteritidis – 10.1 %.
The following species were separately isolated from the premises of the same farms in percentage terms: S. London – 1.7 %, S. Infantis – 1.5 % S. Bredeney – 1.4 %, S. Tsioque – 1.4 %, S Jawa – 1.2 %, S. Montevideo – 1.1 %, and 1 % each isolated S. Kentyki, S. Abony and S. Oxford. Pathogens of paratyphoid diseases were isolated from poultry and poultry products (S. Gallinarum–pullorum, S. Enteritidis, S. Tiphimurium) for the entire study period from 2016 to 2020 inclusive.
Comparing the obtained data from state institutions of humane medicine, it should be noted that there was a tendency for the spread of salmonellosis among people associated with the consumption of poultry products.
Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that salmonella infection is quite common among a number of poultry farms of different technological direction. In particular, bacteria of the genus Salmonella were isolated from meat, eggs and birds of different ages from the studied poultry houses in the North-Eastern region of Ukraine.
As a result of monitoring of salmonellosis in Ukraine over the past five years, fluctuations in the incidence of salmonellosis among people ranged from a maximum of 74 % (2018) to a minimum of 30.1 % (2020), and for two years, there has been a reduction in cases due to the introduction of new international requirements and standards for product quality control at all stages of production of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system.
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Swelum AA, Elbestawy AR, El-Saadony MT, Hussein EOS, Alhotan R, Suliman GM, Taha AE, Ba-Awadh H, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. Ways to minimize bacterial infections, with special reference to Escherichia coli, to cope with the first-week mortality in chicks: an updated overview. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101039. [PMID: 33752065 PMCID: PMC8010699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
On the commercial level, the poultry industry strives to find new techniques to combat bird's infection. During the first week, mortality rate increases in birds because of several bacterial infections of about ten bacterial species, especially colisepticemia. This affects the flock production, uniformity, and suitability for slaughter because of chronic infections. Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes various disease syndromes in poultry, including yolk sac infection (omphalitis), respiratory tract infection, and septicemia. The E. coli infections in the neonatal poultry are being characterized by septicemia. The acute septicemia may cause death, while the subacute form could be characterized through pericarditis, airsacculitis, and perihepatitis. Many E. coli isolates are commonly isolated from commercial broiler chickens as serogroups O1, O2, and O78. Although prophylactic antibiotics were used to control mortality associated with bacterial infections of neonatal poultry in the past, the commercial poultry industry is searching for alternatives. This is because of the consumer's demand for reduced antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Despite the vast and rapid development in vaccine technologies against common chicken infectious diseases, no antibiotic alternatives are commercially available to prevent bacterial infections of neonatal chicks. Recent research confirmed the utility of probiotics to improve the health of neonatal poultry. However, probiotics were not efficacious to minimize death and clinical signs associated with neonatal chicks' bacterial infections. This review focuses on the causes of the increased mortality in broiler chicks during the first week of age and the methods used to minimize death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El Beheira 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22578, Egypt
| | - Hani Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Olson EG, Dittoe DK, Micciche AC, Ricke SC. Identification of bacterial isolates from commercial poultry feed via 16S rDNA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:272-281. [PMID: 33400564 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1868236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study's objective was to identify typical aerobic isolates from commercial, corn-soybean meal poultry diets utilizing 16S rDNA, assign them their corresponding taxonomy, and compare the data with the previously published WGS analysis of these same isolates. Ten grams of a commercial corn-soybean meal poultry diet was homogenized in 100 mL of tryptic soy broth for 2 min, serially diluted, plated onto tryptic soy agar (TSA), and incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C. Subsequently, 20 unique colonies were streaked for isolation on TSA and incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C. This process was repeated three consecutive times for purification of isolates until only 11 morphologically distinct colonies were obtained. DNA was extracted using Qiagen's DNeasey® Blood and Tissue Kit. The 16S rRNA V4 region was targeted using an Illumina MiSeq and analyzed via QIIME2-2020.2. Alpha diversity and Beta diversity metrics were generated, and taxa were aligned using Silva in Qiime2-2020.2. Twenty-five distinct genera were identified within the 11 different colonies. Because 16S rDNA identification can provide an understanding of pathogen associations and microbial niches within an ecosystem, the information may present a potential method to establish and characterize the hygienic indicator microorganisms associated with poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Shariat NW, Feye KM, Richards AK, Booher B, Flores Z, Rubinelli PM, Olson EG, Ricke SC. Incidence of Salmonella serovars isolated from commercial animal feed mills in the United States and serovar identification using CRISPR analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:2141-2146. [PMID: 33190398 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we sought to determine the incidence and diversity of Salmonella in a broad collection of commercial animal feeds collected from animal feed mills across the United States over an 11-month period and utilize CRISPR analysis to identify individual serovars. METHODS AND RESULTS Over two independent trials, 387 feed samples from 135 different animal feed mills in the United States were screened for Salmonella. A total of 6·2% (24/387) of samples were contaminated with Salmonella, which is concordant with similar studies. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-typing was used to serotype Salmonella isolates, and serovars Infantis and Tennessee were the most common. CONCLUSIONS Serogroups O:4 and O:7 were enriched in the feed samples, suggesting that these serogroups are better adapted to surviving in low moisture animal feeds. The study supports the utility of CRISPR to determine serovar type since most of the serovars identified in this study have been also isolated and identified in earlier studies using more classical serotyping methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work contributes to a growing body of literature concerning the Salmonella prevalence in animal feeds and highlights the need to effectively mitigate pathogens in livestock and poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - K M Feye
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - A K Richards
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - B Booher
- Department of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Z Flores
- Department of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - P M Rubinelli
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologicals Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologicals Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Richardson KE. Formic Acid as an Antimicrobial for Poultry Production: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:563. [PMID: 33088825 PMCID: PMC7494846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids continue to receive considerable attention as feed additives for animal production. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in poultry and other livestock. Several organic acids are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among the several organic acids that have been studied extensively, is formic acid. Formic acid has been added to poultry diets as a means to limit Salmonella spp. and other foodborne pathogens both in the feed and potentially in the gastrointestinal tract once consumed. As more becomes known about the efficacy and impact formic acid has on both the host and foodborne pathogens, it is clear that the presence of formic acid can trigger certain pathways in Salmonella spp. This response may become more complex when formic acid enters the gastrointestinal tract and interacts not only with Salmonella spp. that has colonized the gastrointestinal tract but the indigenous microbial community as well. This review will cover current findings and prospects for further research on the poultry microbiome and feeds treated with formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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14
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Liu Y, Hayes MA. Differential Biophysical Behaviors of Closely Related Strains of Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:302. [PMID: 32161579 PMCID: PMC7053435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important pathogen and is a world-wide threat to food safety and public health. Surveillance of serotypes and fundamental biological and biochemical studies are supported by a wide variety of established and emerging bioanalytical techniques. These include classic serotyping based on the Kauffmann–White nomenclature and the emerging whole genome sequencing strategy. Another emerging strategy is native whole cell biophysical characterization which has yet to be applied to Salmonella. However, this technique has been shown to provide high resolution differentiation of serotypes with several other paired strains of other microbes and pathogens. To demonstrate that biophysical characterization might be useful for Salmonella serotyping, the closely related strains sv. Cubana and sv. Poona were chosen for study. These two serovars were subjected to biophysical measurements on a dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic device that generated full differentiation of the unlabeled and native cells. They were differentiated by the ratio of electrophoretic (EP) to dielectrophoretic (DEP) mobilities. This differentiation factor is 2.7 ± 0.3 × 1010 V/m2 for sv. Cubana, versus 2.2 ± 0.3 × 1010 V/m2 for sv. Poona. This work shows for the first time the differentiation, concentration, and characterization of the Salmonella serotypes by exploiting their biophysical properties. It may lead to a less expensive and more decentralized new tool and method for microbiologists, complimenting and working in parallel with other characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mark A Hayes
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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15
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Castañeda-Gulla K, Sattlegger E, Mutukumira AN. Persistent contamination ofSalmonella,Campylobacter,Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureusat a broiler farm in New Zealand. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:171-185. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intensive poultry production due to public demand raises the risk of contamination, creating potential foodborne hazards to consumers. The prevalence and microbial load of the pathogens Campylobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined by standard methods at the farm level. After disinfection, swab samples collected from wall crevices, drinkers, and vents were heavily contaminated, as accumulated organic matter and dust likely protected the pathogens from the disinfectants used. The annex floor also showed high microbial concentrations, suggesting the introduction of pathogens from external environments, highlighting the importance of erecting hygiene barriers at the entrance of the main shed. Therefore, pathogen control measures and proper application of disinfectants are recommended as intervention strategies. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was evaluated as a quantification tool. qPCR showed limitations with samples containing low microbial counts because of the low detection limit of the method. Thus, bacterial pre-enrichment of test samples may be necessary to improve the detection of pathogens by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Castañeda-Gulla
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N. Mutukumira
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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16
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Tang S, Orsi RH, Luo H, Ge C, Zhang G, Baker RC, Stevenson A, Wiedmann M. Assessment and Comparison of Molecular Subtyping and Characterization Methods for Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1591. [PMID: 31354679 PMCID: PMC6639432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The food industry is facing a major transition regarding methods for confirmation, characterization, and subtyping of Salmonella. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is rapidly becoming both the method of choice and the gold standard for Salmonella subtyping; however, routine use of WGS by the food industry is often not feasible due to cost constraints or the need for rapid results. To facilitate selection of subtyping methods by the food industry, we present: (i) a comparison between classical serotyping and selected widely used molecular-based subtyping methods including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and WGS (including WGS-based serovar prediction) and (ii) a scoring system to evaluate and compare Salmonella subtyping assays. This literature-based assessment supports the superior discriminatory power of WGS for source tracking and root cause elimination in food safety incident; however, circumstances in which use of other subtyping methods may be warranted were also identified. This review provides practical guidance for the food industry and presents a starting point for further comparative evaluation of Salmonella characterization and subtyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Tang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | - Renato H. Orsi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hao Luo
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chongtao Ge
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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17
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Ricke SC, Richardson K, Dittoe DK. Formaldehydes in Feed and Their Potential Interaction With the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Community-A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:188. [PMID: 31249838 PMCID: PMC6584747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As antibiotics continue to be phased out of livestock production, alternative feed amendments have received increased interest not only from a research standpoint but for commercial application. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in livestock. Several candidates are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among these candidates are chemical compounds such as formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has historically been used to inhibit Salmonella in feeds during feed processing. Currently, there are several commercial products available for this purpose. This review will cover both the historical background, current research, and prospects for further research on the poultry gastrointestinal tract and feeds treated with formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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18
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Oscar TP. Short-term and long-term effects of pathogen reduction interventions on salmonellosis from whole chickens. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2515-2522. [PMID: 30510752 PMCID: PMC6261199 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to evaluate short-term and long-term effects of pathogen reduction interventions on food safety. This was accomplished using a model that predicts risk of salmonellosis from whole chickens produced by different scenarios. Interventions investigated were a 50% pathogen reduction before retail (PR), a 50% pathogen reduction at serving by consumer education (CE), and a 75% pathogen reduction by PR + CE. Long-term effects were simulated by reducing consumer resistance by an amount equal to reductions in pathogen exposure caused by interventions in the short-term. In the short-term, risk of salmonellosis was reduced (p < 0.05) from 0.42 to 0.21, 0.23, and 0.13 cases per 100,000 consumers by PR, CE, and PR + CE, respectively. However, in the long-term, risk of salmonellosis was increased (p < 0.05) from 0.42 to 1.03, 1.08, and 2.20 cases per 100,000 consumers by PR, CE, and PR + CE, respectively. These results indicated that food safety benefits of pathogen reduction interventions reversed with time because of a decrease in consumer resistance to salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Oscar
- U. S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceResidue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology Research UnitCenter for Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess AnneMaryland
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19
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Ricke SC, Kim SA, Shi Z, Park SH. Molecular-based identification and detection of Salmonella in food production systems: current perspectives. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:313-327. [PMID: 29675864 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella remains a prominent cause of foodborne illnesses and can originate from a wide range of food products. Given the continued presence of pathogenic Salmonella in food production systems, there is a consistent need to improve identification and detection methods that can identify this pathogen at all stages in food systems. Methods for subtyping have evolved over the years, and the introduction of whole genome sequencing and advancements in PCR technologies have greatly improved the resolution for differentiating strains within a particular serovar. This, in turn, has led to the continued improvement in Salmonella detection technologies for utilization in food production systems. In this review, the focus will be on recent advancements in these technologies, as well as potential issues associated with the application of these tools in food production. In addition, the recent and emerging research developments on Salmonella detection and identification methodologies and their potential application in food production systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S A Kim
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Z Shi
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S H Park
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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20
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Rubinelli PM, Kim SA, Park SH, Roto SM, Ricke SC. Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:607-615. [PMID: 28489978 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1316159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the "unadapted" treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the "adapted" treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 103 S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 105 Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rubinelli
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Stephanie M Roto
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
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21
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Wu S, Ricke SC, Schneider KR, Ahn S. Food safety hazards associated with ready-to-bake cookie dough and its ingredients. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Rajan K, Shi Z, Ricke SC. Current aspects ofSalmonellacontamination in the US poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:370-392. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1223600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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23
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Preharvest food safety in broiler production is a systematic approach to control the introduction, propagation, and dissemination of
Salmonella
and
Campylobacter
from breeder flocks to the end of their progeny (broilers) life cycle. New and revised more stringent performance standards for these pathogens at the processing plant level require continuous evaluation of the preharvest management practices and intervention strategies used by the poultry industry. The implementation of stricter biosecurity plans, vaccination of breeder flocks for
Salmonella
, and usage of feed that is free of animal by-products are some of the measures recommended to control the pathogens. Interventions shown to be effective in experimental settings need to be assessed for their cost-effectiveness and efficiency when applied at the farm level.
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24
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Salmonella occurrence and Enterobacteriaceae counts in pig feed ingredients and compound feed from feed mills in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Andino A, Hanning I. Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:520179. [PMID: 25664339 PMCID: PMC4310208 DOI: 10.1155/2015/520179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data indicate that prevalence of specific serovars of Salmonella enterica in human foodborne illness is not correlated with their prevalence in feed. Given that feed is a suboptimal environment for S. enterica, it appears that survival in poultry feed may be an independent factor unrelated to virulence of specific serovars of Salmonella. Additionally, S. enterica serovars appear to have different host specificity and the ability to cause disease in those hosts is also serovar dependent. These differences among the serovars may be related to gene presence or absence and expression levels of those genes. With a better understanding of serovar specificity, mitigation methods can be implemented to control Salmonella at preharvest and postharvest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Andino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - I. Hanning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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27
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Handley JA, Shi Z, Park SH, Dawoud TM, Kwon YM, Ricke SC. Salmonella and the Potential Role for Methods to Develop Microbial Process Indicators on Chicken Carcasses. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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28
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Park SH, Ricke SC. Development of multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Salmonella genus, Salmonella subspecies I, Salm. Enteritidis, Salm. Heidelberg and Salm. Typhimurium. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:152-60. [PMID: 25358641 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this research was to develop multiplex PCR assay that could simultaneously detect Salmonella genus, Salmonella subsp. I, Salm. Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Typhimurium because these Salmonella serovars are the most common isolates associated with poultry products. METHODS AND RESULTS Five primers were utilized to establish multiplex PCR and applied to Salmonella isolates from chickens and farm environments. These isolates were identified as Salmonella subsp. I and 16 of 66 isolates were classified as Salm. Enteritidis, while Heidelberg or Typhimurium was not detected. We also spiked three Salmonella strains on chicken breast meat to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR as well as qPCR to optimize quantification of Salmonella in these samples. The optimized multiplex PCR and qPCR could detect approx. 2·2 CFU of Salmonella per gram after 18 h enrichment. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR and qPCR would provide rapid and consistent results. Also, these techniques would be useful for the detection and quantification of Salmonella in contaminated poultry, foods and environmental samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The strategy for the rapid detection of Salmonella serovars in poultry is needed to further reduce the incidence of salmonellosis in humans. The optimized multiplex PCR will be useful to detect prevalent Salmonella serovars in poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Park
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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29
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Application of Molecular Approaches for Understanding Foodborne Salmonella Establishment in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/813275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis in the United States is one of the most costly foodborne diseases. Given that Salmonella can originate from a wide variety of environments, reduction of this organism at all stages of poultry production is critical. Salmonella species can encounter various environmental stress conditions which can dramatically influence their survival and colonization. Current knowledge of Salmonella species metabolism and physiology in relation to colonization is traditionally based on studies conducted primarily with tissue culture and animal infection models. Consequently, while there is some information about environmental signals that control Salmonella growth and colonization, much still remains unknown. Genetic tools for comprehensive functional genomic analysis of Salmonella offer new opportunities for not only achieving a better understanding of Salmonella pathogens but also designing more effective intervention strategies. Now the function(s) of each single gene in the Salmonella genome can be directly assessed and previously unknown genetic factors that are required for Salmonella growth and survival in the poultry production cycle can be elucidated. In particular, delineating the host-pathogen relationships involving Salmonella is becoming very helpful for identifying optimal targeted gene mutagenesis strategies to generate improved vaccine strains. This represents an opportunity for development of novel vaccine approaches for limiting Salmonella establishment in early phases of poultry production. In this review, an overview of Salmonella issues in poultry, a general description of functional genomic technologies, and their specific application to poultry vaccine developments are discussed.
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30
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Lingbeck JM, Cordero P, O'Bryan CA, Johnson MG, Ricke SC, Crandall PG. Temperature effects on the antimicrobial efficacy of condensed smoke and lauric arginate against Listeria and Salmonella. J Food Prot 2014; 77:934-40. [PMID: 24853515 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Condensed smoke or liquid smoke (LS) and lauric arginate (LAE) are antimicrobials used in food preservation. They have demonstrated abilities to reduce or inhibit pathogenic and spoilage organisms. Few studies, however, have reported on the effectiveness of LS or LAE over the range of temperatures typically encountered in food marketing channels. Therefore, the effects of temperature on the antimicrobial properties of two commercial LS fractions, an LS derived from pecan shells, and LAE against two common foodborne pathogens, Listeria and Salmonella, were investigated. The MICs of the three LS samples and LAE were measured at 4, 10, and 37°C for Listeria monocytogenes strains 2045 (Scott A, serotype 4b) and 10403S (serotype 1/2a) and two strains of Listeria innocua, a well-established surrogate, and at 10, 25, and 37°C for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. The MICs for LS against Listeria ranged from 3 to 48% (vol/vol), with higher MICs seen with lower temperatures. The MICs for LS on Salmonella ranged from 3 to 24%. Values for LAE ranged between 0.004 and 0.07% for both pathogens, and like LS, higher MICs were always associated with lower incubation temperatures. Understanding how storage temperature affects the efficacy of antimicrobials is an important factor that can contribute to lowering the hurdles of use levels and costs of antimicrobials and ultimately improve food safety for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Lingbeck
- Sea Star International LLC, 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Paola Cordero
- Sea Star International LLC, 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA; Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Corliss A O'Bryan
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Michael G Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Sea Star International LLC, 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA; Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA; Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
| | - Philip G Crandall
- Sea Star International LLC, 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA; Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA.
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31
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Park SH, Aydin M, Khatiwara A, Dolan MC, Gilmore DF, Bouldin JL, Ahn S, Ricke SC. Current and emerging technologies for rapid detection and characterization of Salmonella in poultry and poultry products. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:250-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Lingbeck JM, Cordero P, O'Bryan CA, Johnson MG, Ricke SC, Crandall PG. Functionality of liquid smoke as an all-natural antimicrobial in food preservation. Meat Sci 2014; 97:197-206. [PMID: 24583328 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The smoking of foods, especially meats, has been used as a preservation technique for centuries. Today, smoking methods often involve the use of wood smoke condensates, commonly known as liquid smoke. Liquid smoke is produced by condensing wood smoke created by the pyrolysis of sawdust or wood chips followed by removal of the carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The main products of wood pyrolysis are phenols, carbonyls and organic acids which are responsible for the flavor, color and antimicrobial properties of liquid smoke. Several common food-borne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus have shown sensitivity to liquid smoke in vitro and in food systems. Therefore liquid smoke has potential for use as an all-natural antimicrobial in commercial applications where smoke flavor is desired. This review will cover the application and effectiveness of liquid smoke and fractions of liquid smoke as an all-natural food preservative. This review will be valuable for the industrial and research communities in the food science and technology areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Lingbeck
- Sea Star International LLC., 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Paola Cordero
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, 2650 Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Corliss A O'Bryan
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, 2650 Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Michael G Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, 2650 Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Sea Star International LLC., 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, 2650 Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Philip G Crandall
- Sea Star International LLC., 2138 East Revere Place, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, 2650 Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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33
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Andino A, Pendleton S, Zhang N, Chen W, Critzer F, Hanning I. Survival of Salmonella enterica in poultry feed is strain dependent. Poult Sci 2014; 93:441-7. [PMID: 24570467 PMCID: PMC4990881 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed components have low water activity, making bacterial survival difficult. The mechanisms of Salmonella survival in feed and subsequent colonization of poultry are unknown. The purpose of this research was to compare the ability of Salmonella serovars and strains to survive in broiler feed and to evaluate molecular mechanisms associated with survival and colonization by measuring the expression of genes associated with colonization (hilA, invA) and survival via fatty acid synthesis (cfa, fabA, fabB, fabD). Feed was inoculated with 1 of 15 strains of Salmonella enterica consisting of 11 serovars (Typhimurium, Enteriditis, Kentucky, Seftenburg, Heidelberg, Mbandanka, Newport, Bairely, Javiana, Montevideo, and Infantis). To inoculate feed, cultures were suspended in PBS and survival was evaluated by plating samples onto XLT4 agar plates at specific time points (0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 4 d, and 7 d). To evaluate gene expression, RNA was extracted from the samples at the specific time points (0, 4, 8, and 24 h) and gene expression measured with real-time PCR. The largest reduction in Salmonella occurred at the first and third sampling time points (4 h and 4 d) with the average reductions being 1.9 and 1.6 log cfu per g, respectively. For the remaining time points (8 h, 24 h, and 7 d), the average reduction was less than 1 log cfu per g (0.6, 0.4, and 0.6, respectively). Most strains upregulated cfa (cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis) within 8 h, which would modify the fluidity of the cell wall to aid in survival. There was a weak negative correlation between survival and virulence gene expression indicating downregulation to focus energy on other gene expression efforts such as survival-related genes. These data indicate the ability of strains to survive over time in poultry feed was strain dependent and that upregulation of cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis and downregulation of virulence genes were associated with a response to desiccation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Andino
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Sean Pendleton
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Faith Critzer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Irene Hanning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
- Department of Genome Sciences and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
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Foley SL, Johnson TJ, Ricke SC, Nayak R, Danzeisen J. Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:582-607. [PMID: 24296573 PMCID: PMC3973385 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
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Ricke SC, Khatiwara A, Kwon YM. Application of microarray analysis of foodborne Salmonella in poultry production: A review. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2243-50. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ricke S, Dunkley C, Durant J. A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: Fiber-based molt diets. Poult Sci 2013; 92:502-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Alali WQ, Thakur S, Berghaus RD, Martin MP, Gebreyes WA. Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Poultry Farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1363-71. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Q. Alali
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Roy D. Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michael P. Martin
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Penha Filho RAC, de Paiva JB, Arguello YMS, da Silva MD, Gardin Y, Resende F, Berchieri Junior AB, Sesti L. Efficacy of several vaccination programmes in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 2010; 38:367-75. [PMID: 19937524 DOI: 10.1080/03079450903183645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the protective effect of various vaccination combinations given at 5 and 9 weeks of age against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) phage type 4 at 12 weeks of age. In Experiment 1, groups of commercial layers were vaccinated by one of the following programmes: Group 1, two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE); Group 2, one dose of a live Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by one dose of the SE bacterin; Group 3, one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4K and Corymune 7K; and Group 4, unvaccinated, challenged controls. In Experiment 2, groups of broiler breeders were vaccinated by the same programmes as Groups 1 and 2 above while Group 3 was an unvaccinated, challenged control group. All vaccination programmes and the challenge induced significant (P < 0.05) seroconversion as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were significantly effective in reducing organ (spleen, liver and caeca) colonization by the challenge strain as well as reducing faecal excretion for at least 3 weeks. Vaccinated layers in Groups 1 and 2 and broiler breeders in Group 2 showed the greatest reduction in organ colonization and the least faecal excretion. In Experiment 1, layers vaccinated with multivalent inactivated vaccines containing a SE component (Group 3) were only moderately protected, indicating that such a vaccination programme may be useful in farms with good husbandry and housing conditions and low environmental infectious pressure by Salmonella.
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Møretrø T, Vestby L, Nesse L, Storheim S, Kotlarz K, Langsrud S. Evaluation of efficacy of disinfectants againstSalmonellafrom the feed industry. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food‐producing animals ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008; 6:720. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Baracho MS, Camargo GA, Lima AMC, Mentem JF, Moura DJ, Moreira J, Nääs IA. Variables impacting poultry meat quality from production to pre-slaughter: a review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2006000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Doyle MP, Erickson MC. Reducing the Carriage of Foodborne Pathogens in Livestock and Poultry. Poult Sci 2006; 85:960-73. [PMID: 16776463 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.6.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella species and campylobacters, are common contaminants in poultry and livestock. Typically, these pathogens are carried in the animal's intestinal tract asymptomatically; however, they can be shed in feces in large populations and be transmitted by other vectors from feces to animals, produce, or humans. A wide array of interventions has been developed to reduce the carriage of foodborne pathogens in poultry and livestock, including genetic selection of animals resistant to colonization, treatments to prevent vertical transmission of enteric pathogens, sanitation practices to prevent contamination on the farm and during transportation, elimination of pathogens from feed and water, feed and water additives that create an adverse environment for colonization by the pathogen, and biological treatments that directly or indirectly inactivate the pathogen within the host. To successfully reduce the carriage of foodborne pathogens, it is likely that a combination of intervention strategies will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223, USA.
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