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Azizan NF, Mohd N, Nik Azis NM, Baharin B. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica toothbrush and Salvadora persica chewing stick in plaque and gingivitis control: a randomized control trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 38098022 PMCID: PMC10720088 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. METHODS In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. RESULTS The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p < .050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p < .001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Following correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Fatin Azizan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Madihah Nik Azis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ramli H, Nor Aripin KN, Mohd Said S, Mohamad Hanafiah R, Mohd Dom TN. The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115598. [PMID: 35944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachtaindica A.Juss. are listed within the most common sources of miswak or chewing stick that widely used among Western Asia and Muslim populations worldwide. Miswak use in conjunction with toothbrush (adjunctive) has become apparent among the adults. Furthermore, miswak has been reported to have mechanical and pharmacological activities, and benefits to the oral health, by many studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of miswak in maintaining periodontal health among adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of miswak published in PubMed, EBSCOHOST (Dentistry & Oral Sciences), SCOPUS, and Cochrane Database for Systematic Review (CDSR) from inception to May 08, 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the periodontal health measured with plaque and gingivitis scores as well as subgingival bacteria load. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach while the estimates of effect were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten eligible articles were identified, of which 9 could be analysed quantitatively. The remaining report was included as part of the qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that miswak was comparable with the toothbrush in reducing the mean plaque score (p= 0.08, SMD: 0.39, and 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p= 0.37, SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.43). Even higher certainty of evidence for the effect of miswak on mean plaque reduction on labial surface of anterior teeth. However, the adjunctive effect of miswak was significantly more superior for reducing plaque (p= 0.01, SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.22) and gingivitis score (p= 0.04, SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Miswak effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores to a level comparable to toothbrush when used exclusively. Adjunctive miswak use was particularly effective in improving periodontal health. However, the included studies inadequately reported on the method of toothbrushing using miswak and the frequency of miswak use. Therefore, further clinical studies are recommended to explore on the advantages and proper method of miswak practice for optima outcome and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Khairun Nain Nor Aripin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah
- Department of Basic Science and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Omara H, Elamin A. Oral health status and related risk factors among adolescents attending high schools in Khartoum, Sudan: A cross-sectional study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Fantaye W, Nur A, Kifle G, Engida F. Oral health knowledge and oral hygiene practice among visually impaired subjects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:167. [PMID: 35524206 PMCID: PMC9077845 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral health is a global issue. It has an enormous impact on the overall health and well-being of an individual. In addition, many studies indicate visual impairment as one of the constraints for proper maintenance of oral hygiene. However, little is known about visually impaired individuals' oral health knowledge and behavior in Ethiopia, specifically in Addis Ababa. Therefore, this study is conducted to assess the oral health knowledge and related behaviors among participants with visual impairment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Aim This study aimed to assess the oral health knowledge and oral hygiene practice among visually impaired participants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is initially imperative to recognize the deficiency of data regarding the dental health care and needs of such visually impaired individuals in Ethiopia. Methods It is a quantitative cross-section study design carried out at the Ethiopian National Association for the blind, located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted by convenience sampling of visually impaired library attendees' at the blind association. Sixty-five individuals, of which 46 males and 19 females, agreed to take part in the study. Of these, 30.8% had partial and 69.2% total visual impairment. Results 61.3% with totally and 72% with partially visually impaired scored high in the knowledge of caries causes respectively. The use of tooth brushing was confirmed by 42.2% with totally and 25% with partially visually impaired. The use of Traditional chewing sticks was confirmed by 57.7% with totally and 30% with partially visually impaired individuals. Moreover, both (Toothbrush and Traditional chewing stick) was used by 35.5% totally and 55% partially visually impaired individuals, respectively. Conclusions The study showed the awareness about the causes of dental caries among the visually impaired was high. However, the majority of them had a significant misconception about the causes of dental caries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02199-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwossen Fantaye
- Community Dentistry Unit, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abdela Nur
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Kifle
- Orthodontics Unit, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fasikawit Engida
- Community Dentistry Unit, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ramli H, Mohd-Dom TN, Mohd-Said S. Clinical benefits and adverse effects of siwak (S. persica) use on periodontal health: a scoping review of literature. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:618. [PMID: 34861857 PMCID: PMC8641788 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siwak is a chewing stick used as an oral hygiene aid associated with Muslim communities across the globe since more than 1500 years ago. Used either exclusively or in conjunction with a regular toothbrush, there is evidence supporting its clinical effectiveness in plaque control, but adverse effects on periodontal health remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the wide range of data and literatures related to siwak practice and its effect on periodontal health. METHOD The review was conducted based on scoping review techniques, searching literature in EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SCOPUS and Google scholar databases using the following search terms: "siwak' or 'miswak' or 'chewing stick" for intervention, and "periodontium or 'periodontal' or 'periodontal health' or 'periodontal disease" for outcome. Articles published between January 1990 to March 2021 and written in English language were included. RESULTS A total of 721 articles collected from the search and 21 of them were eligible for the final analysis. Results of this study was described based on clinical and antibacterial reporting of siwak, method of siwak practice and its adverse effect on oral health. Siwak was found effective at removing dental plaque and improving periodontal health over time although its effect on subgingival microbiota was inconclusive. Presence of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were much more commonly reported in siwak users, attributable to variations in the methods employed for tooth cleaning using the siwak. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence that the lack of standardised reporting for effective siwak use may have resulted in contradictory findings about its oral hygiene benefits and adverse effects. As such, future work on safe and effective siwak practice is to be advocated among its users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Mohd-Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Farag M, Abdel-Mageed WM, El Gamal AA, Basudan OA. Salvadora persica L.: Toothbrush tree with health benefits and industrial applications - An updated evidence-based review. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:751-763. [PMID: 34400870 PMCID: PMC8347844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica L. is also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu). Its frequent use as a toothbrush (miswak) is highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. With a long history in folk medicine for centuries, S. persica was used in oral hygiene, food, cosmetics, fuel, and even as a medicine. Previous phytochemical investigation of its different parts afforded different classes of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Organic sulfur-containing compounds and elemental sulfur are also present. In addition, there is a huge research on its biological potentials and industrial applications. Many pharmacological activities were reported experimentally, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, sedative, anticonvulsant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetic, hypo-lipidemic, in addition to wound-healing, antidepressant and antitumor activities. Recently, a possible activity against COVID-19 protease was documented by molecular docking. This review tries to provide a recent detailed documentation of folk and modern uses of S. persica, focusing on the possible relations between its chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and industrial applications. Moreover, a brief about recent analytical and validation methods for the major antimicrobial component is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Basudan
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hooshmand T, Razavi ES, Nik T, Farazdaghi H, Arefi A. Surface characterization and frictional force between stainless steel brackets and archwires in orthodontic patients using chlorhexidine- and Persica-containing mouthrinses: A randomized controlled trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.313116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhang S, Yang F, Wang Z, Qian X, Ji Y, Gong L, Ge S, Yan F. Poor oral health conditions and cognitive decline: Studies in humans and rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234659. [PMID: 32614834 PMCID: PMC7332063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between poor oral health conditions and cognitive decline is unclear. Objective To examine the association between oral health and cognition in humans and rats. Methods In humans: a cross-sectional study was conducted. Cognitive levels were evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); oral conditions were reflected by the number of missing index teeth, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth (PD). In rats: a ligature-induced (Lig) periodontitis model and Aβ25-35-induced model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were established; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were detected. Results MMSE scores for the number of missing index teeth ≥ 7 group were significantly lower than those in the ≤ 6 group. A negative relationship (correlation coefficient ρ = −0.310, P = 0.002) was observed between MMSE scores and number of missing index teeth. More missing index teeth and lower education levels were independent risk factors for cognitive decline. A negative relationship (correlation coefficient ρ = −0.214, P = 0.031) was observed between MMSE scores and average PD. TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the hippocampus of the Lig+AD group were significantly higher than those of the AD group. IL-1 and IL-6 levels in the cerebral cortex of the Lig+AD group were significantly higher than those of the AD group. Conclusion Poor oral health conditions including more missing index teeth and higher average PD may be risk factors for cognitive decline. Periodontitis may increase inflammatory cytokines in rat models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengchun Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zezheng Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueshen Qian
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Ji
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gong
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Ge
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (FY); (SG)
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (FY); (SG)
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Albabtain R, Ibrahim L, Bhangra S, Rosengren A, Gustafsson A. Chemical effects of chewing sticks made of Salvadora persica. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:535-540. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Albabtain
- Department of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet Department of Dental Medicine; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Latifa Ibrahim
- Department of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet Department of Dental Medicine; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Sumeet Bhangra
- Department of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet Department of Dental Medicine; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Alexandra Rosengren
- Department of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet Department of Dental Medicine; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Department of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet Department of Dental Medicine; Huddinge Sweden
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Sobouti F, Rakhshan V, Heydari M, Keikavusi S, Dadgar S, Shariati M. Effets d’un traitement orthodontique fixe et de deux bains de bouche sur la santé gingivale : Cohorte prospective suivie d’un essai clinique randomisé, contrôlé par placebo, en simple insu. Int Orthod 2018; 16:12-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. A review of the traditional and modern uses of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:409-444. [PMID: 29196134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu), is the most common traditional source of tooth or chewing stick (miswak) highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. To date, extensive studies have probed primarily into the validation of its traditional uses in oral care. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and critical analysis of other potential ethnopharmacological properties of S. persica. This review therefore aims to provide an up-to-date detailed structured description of the traditional uses of S. persica and a critical analysis of its modern uses, highlighting its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and bioapplications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books, and relevant primary sources were probed, surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. The literature cited in this review dated from 1979 to 2017. RESULTS S. persica was found to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds and broad pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. Studies also revealed the potential use of S. persica as a natural food preservative and a novel functional food ingredient. In addition, improvement in growth and reproductive performances have been observed by the introduction of S. persica in animal feed. Lastly, S. persica has also been used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles showing potential biotechnological applications. CONCLUSION S. persica showed a wide scope of application and its uses have been extended far beyond the initial traditional uses of its roots, stems, and twigs in oral care. We found a number of other ethnopharmacological uses and potential bioapplications of different parts of S. persica that warrants further investigations. Though widely studied using several in vitro and in vivo models, and tested clinically for oral hygiene mainly, several gaps and research priorities have been identified which needs to be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey
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Sobouti F, Rakhshan V, Heydari M, Keikavusi S, Dadgar S, Shariati M. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment and two new mouth rinses on gingival health: A prospective cohort followed by a single-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Int Orthod 2018; 16:12-30. [PMID: 29478929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Routine brushing protocols might not suffice to reduce the increased plaque accumulation in orthodontic patients. Antimicrobial mouth rinses are favorable in this regard. This two-phase study evaluated the effects of orthodontic treatment and the application of two mouthwashes not studied before on oral health indices. METHODS In this two-phase study (a prospective cohort followed by a parallel randomized controlled trial), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and pocket probing depth (PPD) were measured in 54 orthodontic patients before orthodontic treatment and 4 months later. Then patients were randomized into three groups of mouthrinses: Persica (herbal), Ortho-Kin (containing diluted chlorhexidine), and Placebo (n=18×3). The effects of orthodontic treatment and mouthrinses were analyzed statistically (α=0.05). RESULTS All the 4 indices increased between the baseline and 4th month of treatment (P values<0.01, paired t-test). They decreased back to baseline levels or below them, after one month of mouthwash application (P values<0.002). Both mouthwashes showed therapeutic effects compared to placebo in terms of PI and GBI. In the case of GI, only Persica showed significantly better results compared to placebo. Regarding PPD, only Ortho-Kin acted better than placebo (P values≤0.05, Tukey). LIMITATIONS OF THE RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL (RCT) PHASE Lack of positive control (regular chlorhexidine mouth rinse) and negative control (a group with no mouthwashes, even without the placebo). Lack of sample size predetermination based on a priori power calculations. The difference between the regime of Persica with that of Ortho-Kin and placebo (which had similar application protocols) disallowed perfectly effective blinding of the patients (hence, single-blind). CONCLUSION Fixed orthodontic treatment might disrupt gingival health. Antimicrobial mouthwashes might reverse this. Both evaluated mouthwashes might have therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sobouti
- Orthodontics department, dental faculty, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Iranian tissue engineering and graft bank and research center, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of dental anatomy and morphology, dental school,Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Heydari
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Keikavusi
- Faculty of dentistry, student research committee, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sepideh Dadgar
- Orthodontics department, dental faculty, Mazandaran university of medical sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Shariati
- Craniomaxillofacial surgery research center, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Varma SR, Sherif H, Serafi A, Fanas SA, Desai V, Abuhijleh E, Al Radaidah A. The Antiplaque Efficacy of Two Herbal-Based Toothpastes: A Clinical Intervention. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:21-27. [PMID: 29629325 PMCID: PMC5853038 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_411_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study is the first of its kind in the United Arab Emirates, where these herbal plant extracts are commonly incorporated into toothpaste. The present study compares two herbal toothpastes (Meswak extract and tea tree oil [TTO]) and analyses their efficiency in reducing plaque accumulation. Materials and Methods A total of 25 patients were examined for plaque and assigned a plaque score. They were then randomly assigned to use either Meswak-based toothpaste or TTO-based toothpaste. After 24 h, a new plaque score was recorded, and the patients used their regular brand for 2 weeks. The patients were then instructed to use the second of the two study toothpastes for 24 h, and a third set of plaque scores was obtained. Statistical data were analyzed using the SPSS software with a significance of P < 0.05 and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Analysis of plaque scores showed a reduction in plaque index after using either of the two herbal-based toothpastes; however, when compared with TTO, Meswak-based toothpaste resulted in significantly less plaque. Conclusions Brushing with Meswak-based toothpaste gave a significant drop in plaque score when compared with TTO-based paste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Periodontics, Ajman University, Fujairah, UAE
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Investigations of a Possible Chemical Effect of Salvadora persica Chewing Sticks. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2576548. [PMID: 28484501 PMCID: PMC5412162 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2576548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salvadora persica is commonly used chewing sticks in many parts of the world as an oral hygiene tool. This study measured the amount of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) released into the mouth and assessed its retention time in saliva. The study also tested if the released amount of BITC could potentially be antibacterial or cytotoxic. Twelve subjects brushed their teeth with fresh Miswak once, twice, and four times. The amount of BITC in the saliva and in the used brushes was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibacterial effect of BITC and Miswak essential oil (MEO) was tested against Haemophilus influenzae, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The cytotoxic effect on gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes was tested using MTT. The highest amount of the active compounds was detected in saliva after using the Miswak tip for once and immediately. It significantly decreased when the Miswak tip was used more than once and thus after 10 min. The growth of the tested bacteria was inhibited by MEO and BITC in a dose dependent manner, P. gingivalis being the most sensitive. MTT assay showed that BITC and MEO were cytotoxic towards gingival fibroblasts while oral keratinocytes showed resistance. This study suggests that the Miswak tip should be cut before each use to ensure the maximum effect.
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Abstract
Sudan folklore medicine is characterized by a unique combination of Islamic, Arabic, and African cultures. In poor communities, traditional medicine has remained as the most reasonable source of treatment of several diseases and microbial infections. Although the traditional medicine is accepted in Sudan, to date there is no updated review available, which focuses on most effective and frequently used Sudanese medicinal plants. Thus, this review aims to summarize the published information on the ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants from Sudan, preparation methods, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology. The collected data demonstrate that Sudanese medicinal plants have been reported to possess a wide range of traditional medicinal uses including different microbial infections, gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, diabetes, rheumatic pain, respiratory system disorders, jaundice, urinary system inflammations, wounds, cancer, and different microbial infections. In most cases, the pharmacological studies were in agreement with traditional uses. Moreover, several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, tannins, fatty acids, and essential oils have been identified as active constituents. Although this review demonstrates the importance of ethnomedicine medicines in the treatment of several diseases in Sudan, further researches to validate the therapeutic uses and safety of these plants through phytochemical screening, different biological activity assays, and toxicological studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Balto H, Al-Sanie I, Al-Beshri S, Aldrees A. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica extracts against common oral pathogens. Saudi Dent J 2016; 29:1-6. [PMID: 28270703 PMCID: PMC5324012 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol and hexane extracts of Salvadora persica against common oral pathogens. Materials and methods Well diffusion, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Broth microdilution tests were used to determine the optimum antimicrobial concentrations of S. persica extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), and Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) over 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% was used as a positive control. Results The findings showed that the microbial activity of both extracts was concentration-dependent. Ethanol extract of S. persica at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml had more growth inhibitory effect against all isolates compared to hexane extract. In addition, ethanol extract at 8 mg/ml (MBC value) was able to eradicate the growth of all isolates. S. sanguis and S. salivarius were very sensitive to hexane extract and required 4 mg/ml (MBC value) for their eradication while S. mutans was the most resistant (MBC = 8 mg/ml).The statistical findings of CFU counts showed no significant difference (p = 1.000) in antibacterial effectiveness between the two extracts against all isolates. A significant decline overtime in CFU counts was noted, except at 12 h and 24 h where no significant difference (p = 0.793) was observed and was comparable to CHX. Conclusion Ethanol and hexane extracts of S. persica were found to exhibit maximum antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, S. sanguis and S. salivarius at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Balto
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: P.O. Box 62645, Riyadh 11595, Saudi Arabia. Fax: +966 14679016.P.O. Box 62645Riyadh11595Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Sanie
- Former Dental intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Al-Beshri
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldrees
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Javanmardi Z, Salehi P. Effects of Orthokin, Sensikin and Persica mouth rinses on the force degradation of elastic chains and NiTi coil springs. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2016; 10:99-105. [PMID: 27429726 PMCID: PMC4946005 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2016.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Elastomeric chains and NiTi coil springs are two major traction aids in orthodontic tooth movements. Force degradation occurs over time in both groups, with higher percentages in elastic chains. The effects of environmental factors and some mouth rinses on this force decay have been previously studied. No study has been performed to evaluate the effect of current popular mouth rinses such as Orthokin, Sensikin and Persica on this force degradation. Methods. Forty pieces of elastic chains consisting of 5 loops (Ortho Technology, USA) and 40 NiTi closed coil springs (3M Unitek, Germany) were divided into 4 groups: control (artificial saliva), Orthokin mouthwash, Sensikin mouthwash and Persica mouthwash. All the groups were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 3 weeks. In the test groups, the samples were immersed in mouthwash twice a day. Force degradation was measured at 5 time intervals: baseline, 1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week and 3 weeks, using a digital force gauge. Repeated-measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results. Force decay occurred over time in both elastic chainand coil spring groups. In elastic chain group, after 3 weeks, Orthokin mouth rinse had significantly lower force degradation compared to other groups (P < 0.05) and in coil spring group there were no statistically significant differences in force degradation after 3 weeks between the subgroups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Based the results of this study, these three mouthwashes did not increase the force degradation of orthodontic traction aids under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Javanmardi
- Post graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qom Abad Street, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Salehi
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qom Abad Street, Shiraz, Iran
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The Use of Miswak as Toothbrush for Orthodontic Patient. Case Rep Dent 2016; 2016:7472340. [PMID: 27994891 PMCID: PMC5138459 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7472340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report presents a patient who is undergoing orthodontic treatment with upper and lower fixed appliance. An interesting point on this case is that the patient only uses Miswak as her oral hygiene tool due to her religious belief. The oral hygiene protocol was allowed and her oral health was closely monitored throughout her orthodontic treatment.
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Omidkhoda M, Rashed R, Khodarahmi N. Evaluation of the effects of three different mouthwashes on the force decay of orthodontic chains. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:348-52. [PMID: 26288625 PMCID: PMC4533193 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.161453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elastomeric chains are commonly used in orthodontics. Force decay in these materials poses clinical problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different mouthwashes on the force decay of orthodontic chains. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, elastomeric chains with two different configurations were divided into eight groups (two control and six test groups). After 10 s of prestretching up to 100% of their initial length, the chains were stretched for 25 mm on jig pins and then immersed in artificial saliva, persica, chlorhexidine 0.2% and sodium fluoride 0.05% mouthwashes. Ten cycles of thermocycling between 5°C and 55°C were conducted daily during the test period. In order to reach a 200-g initial force, seven loop closed chains, and five-loop short chains were selected. Forces were recorded by digital force gauge (Lutron) at initial, 24 h, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for all groups. The amount of force loss was compared among different mouthwashes and times using one-way analysis of variance (post-hoc, Tukey, α = 0.05). RESULTS About 20% of the force decay occurred during the first 24 h, but after that and up to the 4(th) week the rate of force loss was gradual and steady. After 4 weeks, persica and chlorhexidine caused the lowest and the highest percentage of force loss, respectively. These two mouthwashes showed statistically significant differences at all points of time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, during the orthodontic treatment, persica is preferred to chlorhexidine for oral health control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Omidkhoda
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Rashed
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Materials Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Khodarahmi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Haque MM, Alsareii SA. A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health. Saudi Med J 2015; 36:530-43. [PMID: 25935172 PMCID: PMC4436748 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miswak is a traditional chewing stick prepared from the roots, twigs, and stem of Salvadora persica and has been used as a natural method for tooth cleaning in many parts of the world for thousands of years. A number of scientific studies have demonstrated that the miswak (Salvadora persica) possesses antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-cariogenic, and anti-plaque properties. Several studies have also claimed that miswak has anti-oxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The use of a miswak has an immediate effect on the composition of saliva. Several clinical studies have confirmed that the mechanical and chemical cleansing efficacy of miswak chewing sticks are equal and at times greater than that of the toothbrush. The present article provides a review of the various therapeutic effects of Salvadora persica on oral health, which will help to elucidate the significance and importance of this indigenous oral hygiene tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Haque
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Najran University, PO Box 1988, Najran 61441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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21
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Boloor VA, Hosadurga R, Rao A, Jenifer H, Pratap S. Unconventional dentistry in India - an insight into the traditional methods. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:153-8. [PMID: 25161919 PMCID: PMC4142452 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.130951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional medicine (UM) has been known and practised since the recorded history of civilization. Some unconventional practices may be viewed as “the continuity of traditions, religious beliefs, and even quackery that non-specialists practice.” These practices have been associated with religious beliefs and the spiritual domain as well as with the physical domain. In ancient Old World civilizations, UM was performed by skilled experts or wise men; in today's Western civilization, practitioners may or may not be licensed, and some are charlatans. Dentistry, like medicine, is a traditional, science-based, highly regulated healthcare profession that serves increasingly sophisticated and demanding clients. Today, traditional dental practice is dealing with an array of challenges to the established professional system; these challenges are generally termed “alternative” (or complementary, unconventional, or integrative). Genuine alternatives are comparable methods of equal value that have met scientific and regulatory criteria for safety and effectiveness. Because “alternative care” has become politicized and is often a misnomer – referring to practices that are not alternative to, complementary to, or integrating with conventional health care – the more accurate term “unconventional” is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Ashutosh Boloor
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajesh Hosadurga
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupama Rao
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Haziel Jenifer
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sruthy Pratap
- Department of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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22
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The miswak (Salvadora persica L.) chewing stick: Cultural implications in oral health promotion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ksujds.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tropical Oral Health. MANSON'S TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7150103 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral health poses a major health burden for many countries, and some forms of oral disease are specific to tropical countries. Oral diseases are the most common non-communicable diseases and share risk factors with many other non-communicable diseases. Some 90% of the world's population is affected by tooth decay. A high proportion suffer from periodontal disease. Oral cancer rates are high among smokers and tobacco users.
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Al-Harthi LS, Cullinan MP, Leichter JW, Thomson WM. Periodontitis among adult populations in the Arab World. Int Dent J 2013; 63:7-11. [DOI: 10.1111/idj.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dahiya P, Kamal R, Luthra R, Mishra R, Saini G. Miswak: A periodontist's perspective. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2012; 3:184-7. [PMID: 23326088 PMCID: PMC3545237 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Meticulous plaque control on a daily routine basis is the single most important step to achieve good oral health. Herbal chewing sticks, commonly known as Miswak, are among the ancient and traditional oral hygiene aids popular in India, Pakistan, most of the Arabian countries, and several African countries. But nowadays, because of low cost, free availability, unique chemical composition, and spiritual beliefs, miswak is being used worldwide. A large number of studies have proved that miswak is as effective as, or even superior to the present day's most common oral hygiene aid, i.e., toothbrush. The aim of this review article is to discuss various pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of miswak and also to compare the effectiveness of miswak with modern toothbrushes in terms of oral hygiene practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Dahiya
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Reet Kamal
- Department of Oral Pathology, H.P. Govt. Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - R.P. Luthra
- Department of Prosthodontics, H.P. Govt. Dental College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Gaurav Saini
- Department of Prosthodontics, B. K. Civil Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Moeintaghavi A, Arab H, Khajekaramodini M, Hosseini R, Danesteh H, Niknami H. In vitro antimicrobial comparison of chlorhexidine, persica mouthwash and miswak extract. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:147-52. [PMID: 22665738 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Herbal mouthwashes, such as persica (Salvadora persica, mint and yarrow extracts) and miswak extract have been shown to decrease gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activities of persica and miswak extract with the conventional mouthwash chlorhexidine against Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus vulgaris and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, blood-agar culture (Merk, Germany) was used to grow the streptococcus strains, saburd-dextrose culture (Merk, Germany) was used to grow C. albicans and MRS-agar was used to grow L. vulgaris. Various concentrations of these substances (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% of miswak extract, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125% of persica, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% of chlorhexidine) were added to paper disks, separately, inserted into culture plates and transferred into the incubator. The inhibition zone around each disk was measured after 24 hours and the data was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Chlorhexidine possessed antibacterial activity at all concentrations tested. It was more effective than persica and miswak at all concentrations on S. salivarius (p = 0.022 for 0.1%, 0.009 for 0.05 and 0.025%). It had greater effect than the other two tested material on S.sanguis only at concentration 0.01%. Chlorhexidine was the most effective against S.salivarius; persica was the most effective against Lactobacillus (p = 0.005) and the least effective against S. salivarius; and miswak extract was the most effective against S. salivarius and S. sanguis at concentrations 0.1 and 0.05% (p = 0.005) and ineffective against L. vulgaris. None of these mouthwashes were effective against C. albicans. CONCLUSION This study revealed that chlorhexidine remains the gold standard as an antimicrobial agent, although herbal based mouthwashes do have marginal antimicrobial activities. It is necessary to conduct more clinical and microbiological studies focusing on periodontal pathogens and anaerobic microorganisms. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mechanical plaque control is the main way for periodontal disease prevention and mouthrinses are used to improve its efficacy. Based on the results of this study, chlorhexidine has the most antibacterial effect and although persica mouthwash and miswak are routinely used in some Asian countries their antibacterial efficacies are suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Moeintaghavi
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Material Reseach Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. Saudi Dent J 2012; 24:63-9. [PMID: 23960531 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used for centuries to improve dental health and to promote oral hygiene, and this practice persists in several communities throughout the world. "Miswak" is an Arabic word meaning "tooth-cleaning stick," and Salvadora persica miswak has a wide geographic distribution. It was used by ancient Arabs to whiten and polish the teeth. This review discusses the history and chemical composition of S. persica miswak and its influence on oral health, including the advantages and disadvantages of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Suliman Halawany
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Ezoddini-Ardakani F, Shadkam MN, Fotouhi H, Kashani FB, Abbassi M, Hashemian Z, Dehghani H, Jaffari MA, Barzegar H, Nazarinejhad F, Jafari MK, Heydaripour A, Dashti MJ, Hedayati A, Masoumi M, Ebrahimi S. Study of the effects of natural toothbrush (<i>Salva-dora persica</i>) in prevention of dental caries and plaque index. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.49096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Al-Sohaibani S, Murugan K. Anti-biofilm activity of Salvadora persica on cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: in vitro and molecular docking studies. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:29-38. [PMID: 22235758 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.647308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salvadora persica sticks are used for chewing and oral-hygiene measures worldwide. The growth inhibition and anti-biofilm effects of various extracts on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans isolates were evaluated. Biofilm inhibition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses for phytochemicals and their possible mode of interaction with biofilm response regulators were revealed using LigandFit docking protocols. All S. persica extracts showed considerable inhibitory activity and the cariogenic S. mutans showed varied susceptibility when compared with controls. The percentage reduction in biofilm inhibition obtained for methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and aqueous extracts were 87.92%, 85.75%, 72.44%, 61.66% and 58.68%, respectively. GC-MS analyses revealed >28 compounds, of which benzyl (6Z,9Z,12Z)-6,9,12-octadecatrienoate, 3-benzyloxy-1-nitro-butan-2-ol and 1,3-cyclohexane dicarbohydrazide interacted efficiently with the bacterial communication quorum-sensing (QS) regulators Streptococcus OmpP and Staphylococcus Lux proteins. The bioactive, dual-function, anti-biofilm agents in S. persica not only inhibit growth, but also control the colonization and accumulation of caries-causing S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Al-Sohaibani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sofrata A, Brito F, Al-Otaibi M, Gustafsson A. Short term clinical effect of active and inactive Salvadora persica miswak on dental plaque and gingivitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1130-4. [PMID: 21798329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica shrub has been used traditionally in folk medicine for different medical condition treatments. The habitual use of Salvadora persica roots (chewing sticks) for dental hygiene is still wildly spread throughout parts of Asia, Africa, and Middle. It is one of the most important species with its reported strong antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. Mechanical removal of dental plaque is regarded as an effective mean of controlling progression of periodontal disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effect of active and inactive miswak on dental plaque, subgingival microbiota and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this double blinded randomized controlled trial 68 gingivitis patients were randomly assigned to either active or inactive miswak group, and were instructed to use only issued miswaks for oral hygiene during 3 weeks experimental period. Registration of plaque, gingival inflammation, and plaque samples were taken at baseline and on completion of the study. Plaque samples were analyzed by DNA-DNA hybridization technique. RESULTS Active miswak significantly reduced dental plaque (p = 0.007). There were no differences between active and inactive miswak in reduction of approximal plaque and composition of subgingival microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Miswak has an overall effect on dental plaque and gingival inflammation scores. Similar results were achieved by active and inactive miswak in difficult to reach areas, indicating miswak has limited chemical effects on this study population. Therefore, miswak can be used as a dental hygiene method in conjunction with interproximal cleaning aides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abier Sofrata
- Periodontology Department, Institute of Odontology, PO Box 4064, S-141 04 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23045. [PMID: 21829688 PMCID: PMC3148225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a number of antimicrobial substances and the roots of the shrub Salvadora persica have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial activity. Sticks from the roots of S. persica, Miswak sticks, have been used for centuries as a traditional method of cleaning teeth. Diverging reports on the chemical nature and antimicrobial repertoire of the chewing sticks from S. persica led us to explore its antibacterial properties against a panel of pathogenic or commensal bacteria and to identify the antibacterial component/s by methodical chemical characterization. S. persica root essential oil was prepared by steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction was used to sample volatiles released from fresh root. The active compound was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibacterial assays. The antibacterial compound was isolated using medium-pressure liquid chromatography. Transmission electron microscopy was used to visualize the effect on bacterial cells. The main antibacterial component of both S. persica root extracts and volatiles was benzyl isothiocyanate. Root extracts as well as commercial synthetic benzyl isothiocyanate exhibited rapid and strong bactericidal effect against oral pathogens involved in periodontal disease as well as against other Gram-negative bacteria, while Gram-positive bacteria mainly displayed growth inhibition or remained unaffected. The short exposure needed to obtain bactericidal effect implies that the chewing sticks and the essential oil may have a specific role in treatment of periodontal disease in reducing Gram-negative periodontal pathogens. Our results indicate the need for further investigation into the mechanism of the specific killing of Gram-negative bacteria by S. persica root stick extracts and its active component benzyl isothiocyanate.
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An oral pathogen and psychopathology severity in a sample of Arab patients with schizophrenia. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xme.0000398717.30861.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Surathu N, Kurumathur AV. Traditional therapies in the management of periodontal disease in India and China. Periodontol 2000 2011; 56:14-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khatak M, Khatak S, Siddqui AA, Vasudeva N, Aggarwal A, Aggarwal P. Salvadora persica. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4:209-14. [PMID: 22228963 PMCID: PMC3249923 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.70920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica (kharijal) is a large, well-branched, and evergreen shrub or a tree resembling Salvadora oleoides (meethijal) found in the dry and arid regions of India. Chewing sticks have been used for centuries for tooth cleaning, and are recommended by the World Health Organization in areas where their use is customary. Salvadora persica has enormous reported activities. It has potential medicinal and research activities. Salvadora persica is a promising product and is useful to produce antiplaque, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antimycotic, cytotoxic, antifertility, deobstruent, carminative, diuretic, astringent, and also used in biliousness, and rheumatism. This review highlights the pharmacologic effects and therapeutic effects of Salvadora persica. The chemical constituents present in different parts of the plant are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Khatak
- Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - S. Khatak
- Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, 5 Kilometer Milestone, Delhi Meerut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. A. Siddqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - N. Vasudeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Division, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar - 125 001, Haryana, India
| | - A. Aggarwal
- Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - P. Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Division, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Ferrazzano GF, Amato I, Ingenito A, De Natale A, Pollio A. Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa, coffee, tea). Fitoterapia 2009; 80:255-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fabian FM, Mumghamba EGS. Risk factors for signs and symptoms of TMD in a rural adult southeast Tanzanian population. Cranio 2008; 26:44-9. [PMID: 18290524 DOI: 10.1179/crn.2008.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine some risk factors for signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a rural adult population of Southeast Tanzania. Two hundred and eighteen adults aged 40+ years participated in the study. Joint clicking was significantly higher (p < 0.024) in the adults aged 60+ years than in the younger age group. Limited jaw opening was higher in females than males (chi2 = 46.4 on 2 df; p < 0.001), and there was a significant association between the type of toothbrush and limitation in jaw opening (chi2 = 156.6 on 4 df; p < 0.001). The results suggest that the use of miswaki (chewing sticks) and advanced age are risk factors for the high prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD in this rural population. Further studies are recommended to control for other confounding factors such as socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora M Fabian
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65482, Dares Salaam, Tanzania.
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On traditional dental extraction: case reports from Dinka and Nuer en route to restoration. Br Dent J 2008; 204:121-4. [DOI: 10.1038/bdj.2008.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Honkala S, Honkala E, Al-Sahli N. Do life- or school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators explain the oral hygiene habits of schoolchildren? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35:337-47. [PMID: 17822482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to ascertain how frequently toothbrushing and flossing are practiced among schoolchildren in Kuwait and whether life- and school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators are associated with oral hygiene habits. METHODS A sample of 2312 schoolchildren between 11 and 13 years old filled out a structured questionnaire anonymously in school classrooms during 2002 and 2003. For this study, nationally representative samples of children were drawn from all six governorates of Kuwait. Only government schools were included. The questionnaire of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study was used in this study after it was modified to suit Kuwait. A chi-squared test and logistic regression model were used for analyzing the data. RESULTS Over half of the pupils reported brushing their teeth more than once a day; girls reported brushing more frequently than boys did. One-fifth of the pupils did not brush their teeth even on a daily basis. The life- and school-satisfaction and self-esteem indicators were associated with more-than-once-a-day toothbrushing frequency. The strongest predictors for recommended brushing were: feeling very happy (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.38-2.77), feeling that other pupils always accept him/her (1.5; 1.16-2.02), never/sometimes feeling lonely and feeling that it is very easy to make friends (1.4; 1.06-1.94). The summary variables of life-satisfaction, school-satisfaction and self-esteem seemed to be strongly associated with brushing. Dental floss was never used by 45% of the children, weekly by 18% and daily by 17%; 20% did not even know what dental floss was. CONCLUSIONS Among intermediate schoolchildren in Kuwait, oral hygiene practices were far behind the international recommendations. Special emphasis should be placed on children who have personal problems with their life, school and self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Honkala
- Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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Al-Teen RMA, Said KN, Abu Alhaija ESJ. Siwak as a oral hygiene aid in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Int J Dent Hyg 2006; 4:189-97. [PMID: 17038057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the mechanical efficacy of Siwak in plaque control and gingival health conditions in subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances compared with standard and orthodontic toothbrushes. METHODS Forty male patients with a mean age of 17.20+/-4.01 years, wearing fixed orthodontic appliances were included in this study. Following a session of scaling and polishing, which established a situation with minimal gingival inflammation and close to zero amounts of dental plaque, all patients were instructed to use a standard soft toothbrush for 1 week after which they were randomly and equally allocated to one of four groups: (i) a manual toothbrush group; (ii) an orthodontic toothbrush group; (iii) a Siwak group; and (iv) a combination of Siwak and an orthodontic toothbrush group. All patients were instructed to brush their teeth three times a day. All patients were scored for plaque and gingivitis 1 week after scaling and polishing and 2 weeks following group assignment. RESULTS A similar effect of Siwak to that of soft and orthodontic toothbrushes with respect to plaque control in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances was found. It was the combined use of Siwak and orthodontic toothbrush that provided the best plaque control in such patients. Gingival condition was better in the Siwak groups whether used solely or in combination with an orthodontic toothbrush. CONCLUSION The use of Siwak promotes gingival health in patients with orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M A Al-Teen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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. MER, . MR. The Antiplaque Effects of Salvadora persica and Padina Essential Oil
Solution in Comparison to Chlorhexidine in Human Gingival Disease; a Randomized
Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. INT J PHARMACOL 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2005.311.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tubaishat RS, Darby ML, Bauman DB, Box CE. Use of miswak versus toothbrushes: oral health beliefs and behaviours among a sample of Jordanian adults. Int J Dent Hyg 2005; 3:126-36. [PMID: 16451363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2005.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This descriptive survey aimed at determining the perceived relationship among miswak, the toothbrush, and toothbrush-plus-miswak usage on oral health beliefs and behaviours of Jordanian adults, 18-60 years old, seeking dental care in the city of Irbid, northern Jordan. METHODS Patients (n = 138) voluntarily completed a self-designed questionnaire prior to their dental appointments at public and private clinics. RESULTS Overall, the level of oral health knowledge was low; of 71 people who attempted to define dental plaque, only 26% knew the meaning of dental plaque. While 12% have never been to a dentist, and 12% visit the dentist on a regular basis, the majority (63.2%) of the respondents reported that they visit the dentist only when they have pain. The majority (72%) use the toothbrush, 20.5% use the toothbrush-plus-miswak and only 3% use miswak alone. Toothbrush users believe that using the toothbrush-plus-miswak is most effective in reducing mouth debris (chi2 = 32.069, d.f. = 16, P = 0.01); and level of education is significantly associated with the type of oral cleaning device used (chi2 = 25.817, d.f. = 12, P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between toothbrush users and toothbrush-plus-miswak users in terms of how they perceive their oral health status. About 19% of the study participants use dental floss, 60.9% use mouth rinses and 8.3% use inter-dental brushes. Educated people (baccalaureate or associate degrees) tended to use toothbrushes and toothbrush-plus-miswak. The toothbrush-plus-miswak users are most likely to spend 1-2 min each day cleaning their teeth (chi2 = 34.9, d.f. = 20, P = 0.02) than those using other devices. Respondents who use the toothbrush are most likely to visit the dentist when they have pain (chi2 = 34.02, d.f. = 12, P = 0.00) than those using other devices. CONCLUSION The oral health awareness level among Jordanian adults is poor and needs to be improved. Evidence-based and community-based dental health education and a philosophical change from disease-oriented and pain management care to primary preventive care are highly recommended for the Jordanian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Tubaishat
- Gene W. Hirschfeld School of Dental Hygiene, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0499, USA
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Abstract
This article discusses general concepts of nutrition and provides an overview of the current understanding of the relationship between nutrition and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schifferle
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 318 Foster Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214-3092, USA.
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Al-Otaibi M, Al-Harthy M, Gustafsson A, Johansson A, Claesson R, Angmar-Månsson B. Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1048-53. [PMID: 15560804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chewing stick, the miswak, is used in many developing countries as the traditional means for oral hygiene. It is prepared from the roots, twigs and stem of Salvadora persica or other alternative local plants. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of the chewing stick miswak (from S. persica) and toothbrush on subgingival plaque microflora among Saudi Arabian individuals. Further, to investigate whether components extracted from S. persica may interfere with the subgingival plaque micro-organisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen healthy Saudi Arabian male volunteers aged 21-36 years were included in a single-blind, randomized cross-over study. The participants were taught how to use each device properly. Plaque sampling for DNA test was performed at the baseline, 1 week after professional tooth cleaning, and after 3 weeks of either miswak or toothbrush use. Identification and quantification of microbial species were performed by the checkerboard method, using whole genomic, digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes. Inhibition zones around miswak were examined on agar plates with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the leukotoxicity of this bacterium was analyzed in a bioassay with macrophages+/-extracts of miswak. RESULTS Miswak and toothbrushing had a similar influence on the levels of the subgingival microbiota. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly more reduced by miswak (p<0.05) than by toothbrushing. These results were supported by our in vitro results which, indicated that extracts from S. persica might interfere with the growth and leukotoxicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to toothbrush use, miswak use significantly reduced the amount of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Otaibi
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Segundo TK, Ferreira EFE, Costa JED. A doença periodontal na comunidade negra dos Arturo's, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2004; 20:596-603. [PMID: 15073641 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2004000200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trata-se de um estudo seccional transversal em uma comunidade da raça negra. A amostra foi constituída por 104 indivíduos acima de 13 anos de idade, sendo 63 mulheres e 41 homens. Foram examinados todos os dentes presentes, com exceção dos terceiros molares. Cada dente foi sondado em seis sítios para registrar a profundidade de sondagem e a perda de inserção e em quatro sítios para registrar sangramento após sondagem e presença de cálculo. Observou-se que, do total dos dentados, o sangramento à sondagem foi detectado em 97,9%, a profundidade de sondagem (PS) > 4mm foi observada em 43,3%, a perda de inserção (PI) > 4mm verificou-se em 63,5% e em 81,2% observou-se a presença de cálculo. De 46 a 60 anos, identificou-se uma PI de 8,3mm (±4,27), a maior média, e também PS de 4,6mm (±3,5). A doença acometeu 9,6% dos participantes em sua forma grave (PS > 7), valor dentro dos padrões conhecidos no Brasil e no mundo, não havendo um diferencial por ser um povo negro. Faixa etária, escolaridade e uso de tabaco foram indicadores de risco relacionados com a doença.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kato Segundo
- Departamento de Odontologia Social e Preventiva, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Hammer KA, Dry L, Johnson M, Michalak EM, Carson CF, Riley TV. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:389-92. [PMID: 14622345 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against 161 isolates of oral bacteria from 15 genera was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 0.003 to 2.0% (v/v). MIC90 values were 1.0% (v/v) for Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis, and 0.1% (v/v) for Prevotella spp. Isolates of Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Veillonella had the lowest MICs and MBCs, and isolates of Streptococcus, Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest. Time kill studies with Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed that treatment with > or = 0.5% tea tree oil caused decreases in viability of >3 log colony forming units/ml after only 30 s, and viable organisms were not detected after 5 min. These studies indicate that a range of oral bacteria are susceptible to tea tree oil, suggesting that tea tree oil may be of use in oral healthcare products and in the maintenance of oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hammer
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Albandar JM, Muranga MB, Rams TE. Prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in school attendees in Uganda. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:823-31. [PMID: 12423295 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The prevalence and severity of early onset periodontitis (EOP) among students attending secondary schools in two regions of Uganda was studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS 690 students (393 males and 297 females) aged 12-25 years (mean 17 years), representing a range of tribal groups, were recruited from six schools in the peri-urban Central and rural Western regions of Uganda. The study subjects were clinically examined in field conditions by a single calibrated examiner to measure gingival recession and probing depth at six sites per tooth, with subsequent calculation of clinical periodontal attachment level for each site. Subjects exhibiting >or= 4 mm of clinical periodontal attachment loss at approximal surfaces of one or more teeth were classified with EOP. A structured written questionnaire obtained demographic characteristics of the study subjects. RESULTS 199 (28.8%) study subjects showed clinical features of EOP, of which 16 (2.3%) subjects exhibited generalized EOP, 29 (4.2%) localized EOP, and 154 (22.3%) incidental EOP. The percentage of EOP-affected males was significantly higher than females (33.8% vs. 22.2%, P < 0.001). EOP prevalence tended to increase with increasing age, but no association was found between EOP prevalence and socioeconomic status or residency in urban vs. rural areas of Uganda. Molars and mandibular incisors generally demonstrated the highest occurrence of >or= 4 mm attachment loss. Clinical periodontal attachment loss of >or= 5 mm was mainly seen at first molars and incisors, suggesting that these two tooth types are first affected with attachment loss. Approximal tooth surfaces showed greater probing depth and attachment loss than buccal and lingual surfaces. Gingival recession was most prevalent at mandibular anterior teeth, whereas gingival margin coronal to CEJ was most frequently observed at second molars and maxillary incisors. CONCLUSION A relatively high prevalence of EOP (28.8%) was found in young Ugandan school attendees, with 6.5% of these showing severe disease. EOP in Uganda was significantly more prevalent in males than females, and most frequently characterized by approximal involvement of molars and mandibular incisors. Etiologic and predisposing factors associated with the high occurrence of EOP in Uganda, as well as therapeutic and preventive measures of the disease in this population, remain to be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim M Albandar
- Department of Periodontology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Darout IA, Albandar JM, Skaug N, Ali RW. Salivary microbiota levels in relation to periodontal status, experience of caries and miswak use in Sudanese adults. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:411-20. [PMID: 12060423 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the salivary levels of 25 oral bacteria in relation to periodontal status and experience of caries, and to compare the levels of these bacteria between habitual miswak and toothbrush users in adult Sudanese subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study subjects consisted of 56 individuals with age range 19-53 years (mean 35.2 years) and included 30 miswak and 26 toothbrush users. The periodontal status and presence of dental caries were assessed clinically. Whole saliva was collected from all subjects, and the levels of 25 selected bacterial species in saliva were assessed by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method using whole genomic DNA probes. RESULTS A high percentage of the subjects had detectable levels (> or = 105 bacterial cells) of several bacterial species in saliva. Between 12% and 16% of the subjects showed high (> or = 106 cells) salivary levels of the periodontitis-associated bacteria A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia, C. rectus and E. corrodens, whereas only two (3.6%) and four (7.1%) subjects had high levels of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, respectively. There were no significant differences in the levels of all or most bacterial species by age group, gender or periodontal status. Presence of > or = 105 L. acidophilus bacterial cells in saliva was associated with high caries scores (p = 0.02). There were significantly higher levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. melaninogenica, C. rectus, P. micros, V. parvula, S. mutans, S. anginosus, A. israelii, C. sputigena, and C. gingivalis, and significantly lower levels of P. intermedia, F. nucleatum, S. sputigena, E. corrodens, L. acidophilus, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. oralis, and S. mitis in the miswak than in the toothbrush group. CONCLUSIONS : The findings suggest that miswak may have a selective inhibitory effect on the level of certain bacteria in saliva, particularly several oral streptococci species. This is the first report that the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method can be useful for assessing the levels of a wide range of bacterial taxa in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail A Darout
- Institute of Odontology - Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, and Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Takata Y, Ansai T, Matsumura K, Awano S, Hamasaki T, Sonoki K, Kusaba A, Akifusa S, Takehara T. Relationship between tooth loss and electrocardiographic abnormalities in octogenarians. J Dent Res 2001; 80:1648-52. [PMID: 11597026 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that periodontal disease is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, little is known about the relationship between periodontal disease and CHD in the very elderly. Therefore, we evaluated the association between tooth loss and abnormal ECG findings in octogenarians. Of the 1,282 octogenarians in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, 697 participated. Oral examinations--including a tooth count and an assessment of the Community Periodontal Index--and a 12-lead ECG were performed. Logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with < 20 teeth had increased prevalence of ST segment depression, and T-wave abnormalities, after we adjusted for gender, smoking, serum cholesterol and glucose, blood pressure, and body mass index. Compared with individuals with > or = 20 teeth, edentulous individuals had an increased prevalence of T-wave abnormalities and arrhythmias after adjustment for coronary risk factors. We conclude that tooth loss may be an independent predictor of abnormal ECG findings in octogenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu City, Japan.
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Abstracts. Br Dent J 2000. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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