1
|
Ahmad P, Hussain A, Siqueira WL. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches for salivary protein biomarkers discovery and dental caries diagnosis: A critical review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:826-856. [PMID: 36444686 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial chronic disease resulting from the intricate interplay among acid-generating bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and several host factors such as saliva. Saliva comprises several proteins which could be utilized as biomarkers for caries prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. Mass spectrometry-based salivary proteomics approaches, owing to their sensitivity, provide the opportunity to investigate and unveil crucial cariogenic pathogen activity and host indicators and may demonstrate clinically relevant biomarkers to improve caries diagnosis and management. The present review outlines the published literature of human clinical proteomics investigations on caries and extensively elucidates frequently reported salivary proteins as biomarkers. This review also discusses important aspects while designing an experimental proteomics workflow. The protein-protein interactions and the clinical relevance of salivary proteins as biomarkers for caries, together with uninvestigated domains of the discipline are also discussed critically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paras Ahmad
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Dentistry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020286. [PMID: 36830822 PMCID: PMC9953492 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is one of the fastest-developing methods in analytical instrumentation. As a highly sensitive, universal detector, it can identify known and unknown compounds, which can indeed be found in a minimal concentration. This review aims to highlight the significant milestones in MS applications in dentistry during recent decades. MS can be applied in three different fields of dentistry: (1) in research of dental materials and chemical agents, (2) in laboratory analysis of biospecimens, and (3) as a real-time diagnostic tool in service of oral surgery and pathology. MS applications on materials and agents may focus on numerous aspects, such as their clinical behavior, possible toxicity, or antimicrobial properties. MS is also a valuable, non-invasive tool for biomarkers' detection in saliva and has found great application in -omics technologies as it achieves efficient structure-finding in metabolites. As metabolites are located beyond the central dogma, this technique can provide a complete understanding of cellular functions. Thus, it is possible to determine the biological profile in normal and pathological conditions, detect various oral or systematic diseases and conditions, and predict their course. Lastly, some promising advances concerning the surgical approach to potentially oral malignant or malignant disorders exist. This breakthrough method provides a comprehensive approach to dental materials research and biomarker discovery in dental and craniofacial tissues. The current availability of various 'OMIC' approaches paves the way for individualized dentistry and provides suggestions for clinical applications in the point-of-care hubs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Koopaie M, Salamati M, Montazeri R, Davoudi M, Kolahdooz S. Salivary cystatin S levels in children with early childhood caries in comparison with caries-free children; statistical analysis and machine learning. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:650. [PMID: 34922509 PMCID: PMC8683819 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-02016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood caries is the most common infectious disease in childhood, with a high prevalence in developing countries. The assessment of the variables that influence early childhood caries as well as its pathophysiology leads to improved control of this disease. Cystatin S, as one of the salivary proteins, has an essential role in pellicle formation, tooth re-mineralization, and protection. The present study aims to assess salivary cystatin S levels and demographic data in early childhood caries in comparison with caries-free ones using statistical analysis and machine learning methods. Methods A cross-sectional, case–control study was undertaken on 20 cases of early childhood caries and 20 caries-free children as a control. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected by suction. Cystatin S concentrations in samples were determined using human cystatin S ELISA kit. The checklist was collected from participants about demographic characteristics, oral health status, and dietary habits by interviewing parents. Regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were done to evaluate the potential role of cystatin S salivary level and demographic using statistical analysis and machine learning. Results The mean value of salivary cystatin S concentration in the early childhood caries group was 191.55 ± 81.90 (ng/ml) and in the caries-free group was 370.06 ± 128.87 (ng/ml). T-test analysis showed a statistically significant difference between early childhood caries and caries-free groups in salivary cystatin S levels (p = 0.032). Investigation of the area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy of the ROC curve revealed that the logistic regression model based on salivary cystatin S levels and birth weight had the most and acceptable potential for discriminating of early childhood caries from caries-free controls. Furthermore, using salivary cystatin S levels enhanced the capability of machine learning methods to differentiate early childhood caries from caries-free controls. Conclusion Salivary cystatin S levels in caries-free children were higher than the children with early childhood caries. Results of the present study suggest that considering clinical examination, demographic and socioeconomic factors, along with the salivary cystatin S levels, could be usefull for early diagnosis ofearly childhood caries in high-risk children; furthermore, cystatin S is a protective factor against dental caries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-02016-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koopaie
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Salamati
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Montazeri
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar St, P.O.BOX:14395 -433, 14399-55991, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Davoudi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and IT, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Kolahdooz
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bostanci N, Grant M, Bao K, Silbereisen A, Hetrodt F, Manoil D, Belibasakis GN. Metaproteome and metabolome of oral microbial communities. Periodontol 2000 2020; 85:46-81. [PMID: 33226703 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of high-throughput technologies for the comprehensive measurement of biomolecules, also referred to as "omics" technologies, has helped us gather "big data" and characterize microbial communities. In this article, we focus on metaproteomic and metabolomic approaches that support hypothesis-driven investigations on various oral biologic samples. Proteomics reveals the working units of the oral milieu and metabolomics unveils the reactions taking place; and so these complementary techniques can unravel the functionality and underlying regulatory processes within various oral microbial communities. Current knowledge of the proteomic interplay and metabolic interactions of microorganisms within oral biofilm and salivary microbiome communities is presented and discussed, from both clinical and basic research perspectives. Communities indicative of, or from, health, caries, periodontal diseases, and endodontic lesions are represented. Challenges, future prospects, and examples of best practice are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa Grant
- Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelika Silbereisen
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franziska Hetrodt
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rosa N, Campos B, Esteves AC, Duarte AS, Correia MJ, Silva RM, Barros M. Tracking the functional meaning of the human oral-microbiome protein-protein interactions. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 121:199-235. [PMID: 32312422 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interactome - the network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within a cell or organism - is technically difficult to assess. Bioinformatic tools can, not only, identify potential PPIs that can be later experimentally validated, but also be used to assign functional meaning to PPIs. Saliva's potential as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid is currently being explored by several research groups. But, in order to fully attain its potential, it is necessary to achieve the full characterization of the mechanisms that take place within this ecosystem. The onset of omics technologies, and specifically of proteomics, delivered a huge set of data that is largely underexplored. Quantitative information relative to proteins within a given context (for example a given disease) can be used by computational algorithms to generate information regarding PPIs. These PPIs can be further analyzed concerning their functional meaning and used to identify potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets, defense and pathogenicity mechanisms. We describe a computational pipeline that can be used to identify and analyze PPIs between human and microbial proteins. The pipeline was tested within the scenario of human PPIs of systemic (Zika Virus infection) and of oral conditions (Periodontal disease) and also in the context of microbial interactions (Candida-Streptococcus) and showed to successfully predict functionally relevant PPIs. The pipeline can be applied to different scientific areas, such as pharmacological research, since a functional meaningful PPI network can provide insights on potential drug targets, and even new uses for existing drugs on the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Bruno Campos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Maria José Correia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Silva
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - Marlene Barros
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Viseu, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic profile of saliva collected directly from ducts: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:559-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
7
|
Wang K, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Human salivary proteins and their peptidomimetics: Values of function, early diagnosis, and therapeutic potential in combating dental caries. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:31-42. [PMID: 30599395 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a large number of proteins that play various crucial roles to maintain the oral health and tooth integrity. This oral fluid is proposed to be one of the most important host factors, serving as a special medium for monitoring aspects of microorganisms, diet and host susceptibility involved in the caries process. Extensive salivary proteomic and peptidomic studies have resulted in considerable advances in the field of biomarkers discovery for dental caries. These salivary biomarkers may be exploited for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of dental caries, many of which could also provide the potential templates for bioactive peptides used for the biomimetic management of dental caries, rather than repairing caries lesions with artificial materials. A comprehensive understanding of the biological function of salivary proteins as well as their derived biomimetic peptides with promising potential against dental caries has been long awaited. This review overviewed a collection of current literature and addressed the majority of different functions of salivary proteins and peptides with their potential as functional biomarkers for caries risk assessment and clinical prospects for the anti-caries application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan RS, Najeeb S, Slowey PD, Rehman IU. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 86:23-70. [PMID: 30144841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancers are the sixth most frequent cancer with a high mortality rate. Oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. Standard methods used to detect oral cancers remain comprehensive clinical examination, expensive biochemical investigations, and invasive biopsy. The identification of biomarkers from biological fluids (blood, urine, saliva) has the potential of early diagnosis. The use of saliva for early cancer detection in the search for new clinical markers is a promising approach because of its noninvasive sampling and easy collection methods. Human whole-mouth saliva contains proteins, peptides, electrolytes, organic, and inorganic salts secreted by salivary glands and complimentary contributions from gingival crevicular fluids and mucosal transudates. This diagnostic modality in the field of molecular biology has led to the discovery and potential of salivary biomarkers for the detection of oral cancers. Biomarkers are the molecular signatures and indicators of normal biological, pathological process, and pharmacological response to treatment hence may provide useful information for detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of the disease. Saliva's direct contact with oral cancer lesions makes it more specific and potentially sensitive screening tool, whereas more than 100 salivary biomarkers (DNA, RNA, mRNA, protein markers) have already been identified, including cytokines (IL-8, IL-1b, TNF-α), defensin-1, P53, Cyfra 21-1, tissue polypeptide-specific antigen, dual specificity phosphatase, spermidine/spermineN1-acetyltransferase , profilin, cofilin-1, transferrin, and many more. However, further research is still required for the reliability and validation of salivary biomarkers for clinical applications. This chapter provides the latest up-to-date list of known and emerging potential salivary biomarkers for early diagnosis of oral premalignant and cancerous lesions and monitoring of disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia S Khan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Slowey
- Oasis Diagnostics Corporation, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Ihtesham U Rehman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guerrero-Preston R, Godoy-Vitorino F, Jedlicka A, Rodríguez-Hilario A, González H, Bondy J, Lawson F, Folawiyo O, Michailidi C, Dziedzic A, Thangavel R, Hadar T, Noordhuis MG, Westra W, Koch W, Sidransky D. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing identifies microbiota associated with oral cancer, human papilloma virus infection and surgical treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51320-51334. [PMID: 27259999 PMCID: PMC5239478 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory events and localized disease, mediated by the microbiome, may be measured in saliva as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) diagnostic and prognostic biomonitors. We used a 16S rRNA V3-V5 marker gene approach to compare the saliva microbiome in DNA isolated from Oropharyngeal (OPSCC), Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OCSCC) patients and normal epithelium controls, to characterize the HNSCC saliva microbiota and examine their abundance before and after surgical resection.The analyses identified a predominance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, with less frequent presence of Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria before surgery. At lower taxonomic levels, the most abundant genera were Streptococcus, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus and Veillonella, with lower numbers of Citrobacter and Neisseraceae genus Kingella. HNSCC patients had a significant loss in richness and diversity of microbiota species (p<0.05) compared to the controls. Overall, the Operational Taxonomic Units network shows that the relative abundance of OTU's within genus Streptococcus, Dialister, and Veillonella can be used to discriminate tumor from control samples (p<0.05). Tumor samples lost Neisseria, Aggregatibacter (Proteobacteria), Haemophillus (Firmicutes) and Leptotrichia (Fusobacteria). Paired taxa within family Enterobacteriaceae, together with genus Oribacterium, distinguish OCSCC samples from OPSCC and normal samples (p<0.05). Similarly, only HPV positive samples have an abundance of genus Gemellaceae and Leuconostoc (p<0.05). Longitudinal analyses of samples taken before and after surgery, revealed a reduction in the alpha diversity measure after surgery, together with an increase of this measure in patients that recurred (p<0.05). These results suggest that microbiota may be used as HNSCC diagnostic and prognostic biomonitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Laboratory, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnold Rodríguez-Hilario
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Laboratory, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Herminio González
- Natural Sciences Department, Microbial Ecology and Genomics Laboratory, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jessica Bondy
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fahcina Lawson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oluwasina Folawiyo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Michailidi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rajagowthamee Thangavel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tal Hadar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maartje G Noordhuis
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - William Westra
- Department of Pathology-Surgical Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Laputková G, Schwartzová V, Bánovčin J, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Salivary Protein Roles in Oral Health and as Predictors of Caries Risk. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:174-200. [PMID: 33817083 PMCID: PMC7874700 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the current state of research on the potential relationship between protein content in human saliva and dental caries, which remains among the most common oral diseases and causes irreversible damage in the oral cavity. An understanding the whole saliva proteome in the oral cavity could serve as a prerequisite to obtaining insight into the etiology of tooth decay at early stages. To date, however, there is no comprehensive evidence showing that salivary proteins could serve as potential indicators for the early diagnosis of the risk factors causing dental caries. Therefore, proteomics indicates the promising direction of future investigations of such factors, including diagnosis and thus prevention in dental therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Bánovčin
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 041 90, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wolf A, Moissl-Eichinger C, Perras A, Koskinen K, Tomazic PV, Thurnher D. The salivary microbiome as an indicator of carcinogenesis in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5867. [PMID: 28725009 PMCID: PMC5517471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to undertake an initial, comparative analysis of the oral salivary microbiome of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma versus healthy controls. This project, conceived as a pilot study, included 11 patients (1 female, 10 male, mean age 61.6 yrs., SD = 8.2 yrs.) and 11 healthy controls (1 female, 10 male, mean age 46.7 yrs., SD = 15.1 yrs.). Samples of saliva were analysed by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using the MiSeq platform. Sequence data revealed microbial changes that may mirror disease progression and reflect clinical preconditions such as age, alcohol consumption, tumour size, lymph node status, smoking habit, and tumour HPV-positivity. Consequently, mapping microbial changes in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas might improve our understanding of the pathobiology of the disease, and help in the design of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Wolf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Perras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kaisa Koskinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter V Tomazic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Thurnher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 26, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Proteomic analysis of human tooth pulp proteomes – Comparison of caries-resistant and caries-susceptible persons. J Proteomics 2016; 145:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Wang Q, Yu Q, Lin Q, Duan Y. Emerging salivary biomarkers by mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
15
|
Si Y, Ao S, Wang W, Chen F, Zheng S. Magnetic bead-based salivary peptidome profiling analysis for severe early childhood caries. Caries Res 2014; 49:63-9. [PMID: 25547533 DOI: 10.1159/000360868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differential salivary protein expression profiles between children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and caries-free (CF) children at the age of 3 years. METHODS We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with weak cation exchange magnetic beads, and peptide mass fingerprints were created by scanning mass spectrometry signals. Salivary samples from 20 children were analyzed (10 for each group). RESULTS Eleven protein peaks were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the two groups. Eight of these peaks were higher in the S-ECC group and three were higher in the CF group. To establish a diagnostic model for discrimination between the two groups, we chose three peptides (3,186.2, 3,195.8 and 3,324.8 Da) that exhibited the best fitted curve, by which the two groups were better separated when compared with other combinations. CONCLUSIONS The salivary biomarkers identified revealed significant differences between the CF and the S-ECC group. Our results provide novel insight into the salivary protein profile of preschool-age children with dental caries and may lead to the development of a new strategy for screening high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Si
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Comparative evaluation of 5-15-kDa salivary proteins from patients with different oral diseases by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:729-37. [PMID: 25078551 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the potential use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) for analyzing specific patterns of mass signals of low-molecular-weight proteins in saliva from patients with different oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with oral diseases including oral cancer (n = 30), oral lichen planus (n = 30), and chronic periodontitis (n = 30). Proteomic profiles of 5,000-15,000-Da salivary proteins were evaluated by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Quantification of mass signals was performed by FlexAnalysis and ClinProTool software. RESULTS In oral cancer, the percentages of mass signals at 5,592.26 and 8,301.46 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.030, respectively). In oral lichen planus, the percentages of mass signals at 12,964.55 and 13,279.08 Da were significantly increased as compared with other groups (p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In chronic periodontitis, the percentages of mass signals at 5,835.73 and 9,801.83 Da were significantly decreased as compared with other groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated a potential use of MALDI-TOF/TOF as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others by identifying specific patterns of mass signals in saliva from patients. However, MALDI-TOF/TOF has several limitations regarding the identification of the candidate mass signals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MALDI-TOF/TOF MS can be used as a rapid screening method to differentiate one oral disease from others with a caution concerning peptide identity.
Collapse
|
18
|
JÁGR M, ECKHARDT A, PATARIDIS S, BROUKAL Z, DUŠKOVÁ J, MIKŠÍK I. Proteomics of Human Teeth and Saliva. Physiol Res 2014; 63:S141-54. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth have been a focus of interest for many centuries – due to medical problems with them. They are the hardest part of the human body and are composed of three mineralized parts – enamel, dentin and cementum, together with the soft pulp. However, saliva also has a significant impact on tooth quality. Proteomic research of human teeth is now accelerating, and it includes all parts of the tooth. Some methodological problems still need to be overcome in this research field – mainly connected with calcified tissues. This review will provide an overview of the current state of research with focus on the individual parts of the tooth and pellicle layer as well as saliva. These proteomic results can help not only stomatology in terms of early diagnosis, identifying risk factors, and systematic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - I. MIKŠÍK
- Department of Analysis of Biologically Important Compounds, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bragazzi NL, Pechkova E, Nicolini C. Proteomics and Proteogenomics Approaches for Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 95:125-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800453-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
OralCard: A bioinformatic tool for the study of oral proteome. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:762-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Diaz de Guillory C, Schoolfield JD, Johnson D, Yeh CK, Chen S, Cappelli DP, Bober-Moken IG, Dang H. Co-relationships between glandular salivary flow rates and dental caries. Gerodontology 2013; 31:210-9. [PMID: 23289887 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the relationship of age, gender, ethnicity and salivary flow rates on dental caries in an adult population using data collected from the Oral Health San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging (OH: SALSA). BACKGROUND Saliva is essential to maintain a healthy oral environment and diminished output can result in dental caries. Although gender and age play a role in the quantity of saliva, little is known about the interaction of age, gender and ethnicity on dental caries and salivary flow rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the 1147 participants in the OH: SALSA were analysed. The dependent variables were the number of teeth with untreated coronal caries, number of teeth with root caries and the number of coronal and root surfaces with untreated caries. The independent variables were stimulated and unstimulated glandular salivary flow rates along with the age, sex and ethnicity (e.g. European or Mexican ancestry) of the participants. RESULTS Coronal caries experience was greater in younger participants while root surface caries experience was greater in the older participants. Coronal caries was lower in the older age groups while the root caries experience increased. Men had a statistically significant (p < 0.02) higher experience of root caries than women. Values for unstimulated and stimulated parotid salivary flow rates showed no age difference and remained constant with age, whereas the age differences in the unstimulated and stimulated submandibular/sublingual salivary flow rates were significant. The mean number of teeth with coronal and root caries was higher in Mexican-Americans than in European-Americans. CONCLUSIONS Over one-fourth of the adults between the ages of 60 and 79 have untreated root caries over one-third having untreated coronal caries. Lower salivary flow rates play a significant role in both the number of teeth and the number of surfaces developing caries in these adults. Women and individuals of European-American ancestry experience less caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diaz de Guillory
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bencharit S, Altarawneh SK, Baxter SS, Carlson J, Ross GF, Border MB, Mack CR, Byrd WC, Dibble CF, Barros S, Loewy Z, Offenbacher S. Elucidating role of salivary proteins in denture stomatitis using a proteomic approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3216-23. [PMID: 23041753 PMCID: PMC3519238 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Denture stomatitis (DS) is the most common oral pathology among denture wearers, affecting over one-third of this group. DS is usually associated with C. albicans. However, unlike other oral candidiasis, most DS patients have intact host immunity. The presence of a denture alone is usually sufficient for DS. Saliva and its protein contents can theoretically predispose some denture wearers to DS and others resistant toward DS. Here we proposed for the first time to define salivary proteomic profiles of denture wearers with and without DS. SELDI-TOF/MS analysis suggests that there is a proteomic differentiation among control, localized and generalized DS. Based on initial SELDI-TOF/MS profiling, we further used reversed phase liquid chromatography, MALDI-TOF/MS, and LC-MS/MS to characterize the salivary proteins associated with DS. Nineteen proteins based on SELDI-TOF/MS profiling were found including cystatin-SN, statherin, kininogen-1, desmocollin-2, carbonic anhydrase-6, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A like peptides, cystatin C, and several immunoglobulin fragments. The proteomic content gives evidence of the interaction between host tissue, saliva, and candida. Further examination in larger populations of these proteins may help to gain a better understanding of DS pathological processes and improve DS treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Bencharit
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Peluso G, Bosello SL, Faa G, Ferraccioli G, Messana I. The human salivary proteome: a critical overview of the results obtained by different proteomic platforms. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:33-46. [PMID: 22292822 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of new separation techniques and different mass spectrometry instrumental devices, as well as the great availability of specific reactants, offers ample choice to scientists for carrying out high-throughput proteomic studies and being competitive in the field today. However, the different options available often do not provide comparable results, which can be linked to factors such as the strategy adopted, the nature of the sample and the instrumental availability. In this critical review, the results obtained so far in the study of human saliva by different proteomic approaches will be compared and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito, 00168, Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
From the salivary proteome to the OralOme: comprehensive molecular oral biology. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:853-64. [PMID: 22284344 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been several efforts to identify the protein components of saliva. Some of these studies were conducted in healthy individuals and other in individuals with different oral and systemic disorders. However, a resource compiling and reviewing all of the proteins identified in proteomic studies is still lacking. The aim of this project is to develop such a resource. DESIGN The proteins identified by proteomic studies were compiled and all information concerning them was manually curated according to "IPI History search" and UniProt. Proteins were classified according to gene ontology using PANTHER. The involvement of each protein in disease was scrutinized using DAVID and a classification into protein disease classes was performed. RESULTS This survey of proteins in the oral cavity lead to the identification of 3397 non-redundant proteins, 605 altered in pathological conditions and 51 present only in disease. These proteins originate from different sources: 3115 from saliva, 990 from oral mucosa and 1929 from plasma. All protein sources contribute with different numbers and types of proteins to identical functions. However, each source produces specific proteins. Examples of the use of this proteomics database of saliva included the analysis of the changes in the proteome associated with periodontitis and a survey of systemic disease potential biomarkers in saliva. CONCLUSION The database generated with this work and the information therein stands as a resource for investigators/clinicians studying the oral biology, searching for molecular disease markers, developing diagnostic and prognostic tests, and contributing to the discovery of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
25
|
Al-Tarawneh SK, Border MB, Dibble CF, Bencharit S. Defining salivary biomarkers using mass spectrometry-based proteomics: a systematic review. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:353-61. [PMID: 21568728 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in mass spectrometric proteomics provide a promising result in utilizing saliva to explore biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. However, the issues of specificity or redundancy of disease-associated salivary biomarkers have not been described. This systematic review was therefore aimed to define and summarize disease-related salivary biomarkers identified by mass spectrometry proteomics. Peer-reviewed articles published through July 2009 within three databases were reviewed. Out of 243 articles, 21 studies were selected in this systematic review with conditions including Sjögren's syndrome, squamous cell carcinoma, dental caries, diabetes, breast cancer, periodontitis, gastric cancer, systemic sclerosis, oral lichen planus, bleeding oral cavity, and graft-versus-host disease. The sample size ranged from 3-41 in both diseased and control subjects, with no consensus on sample collection protocol. One hundred eighty biomarkers were identified in total; 87 upregulated, 63 downregulated, and 30 varying based on disease. Except for Sjögren's syndrome, the majority of studies with the same disease produce inconsistent biomarkers. Larger sample size and standardization of sample collection/treatment protocol may improve future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Al-Tarawneh
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang MH, Lo LH, Chen YH, Shiea J, Wu PC, Tyan YC, Jong YJ. Study of human neutrophil peptides in saliva by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3220-3226. [PMID: 19718776 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is used to rapidly characterize the human neutrophil peptides - HNP 1, 2, and 3 - in saliva. The saliva excreted from the parotid and sublingual/submandibular glands of 70 individuals were collected and examined using MALDI-TOF. The MALDI approach requires no sample pretreatment other than mixing the saliva-absorbing material with the matrix and drying under ambient conditions. Tissue paper was the best material for collecting the saliva samples because of its strong texture and high absorbance, and sinapinic acid was the best MALDI matrix for the analysis of the HNPs. HNPs were detected in almost all the samples collected from the parotid glands, with no obvious differences among age or gender. In contrast, the distribution of the HNPs in the samples collected from the sublingual/submandibular glands was age-dependent: no HNPs were detected for those collected from individuals younger than 30, but the HNPs were present in all of the samples collected from those older than 60 years. The increased probability of detecting saliva HNPs with age suggests that HNPs may function as a biomarker for aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamada N, Yuji R, Suzuki EI. The Current Status and Future Prospects of the Salivary Proteome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiko Yuji
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc
| | | |
Collapse
|