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Ansteinsson V, Mdala I, Becher R, Grøtvedt L, Kopperud SE, Rukke Valen H. Factors associated with initiation and use of snus among adolescents. Scand J Public Health 2023; 51:44-52. [PMID: 34965802 DOI: 10.1177/14034948211062311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated factors associated with the initiation and continuation of snus use in adolescents in Norway. The associations with adolescents' own educational plans, the parents' educational level(s) and tobacco habits were estimated. METHODS In this cross-sectional questionnaire-based study, 1465 patients aged 18-20 years participated. The questionnaire was administered at regular dental examinations in the public dental health service. To assess the association between individual factors and the initiation of tobacco habits, a generalised structural equation model with random effects at the clinic level was used. Binary responses were modelled using multilevel binary logistic regression, while the number of snus boxes used per month was modelled using a multilevel Poisson regression model. RESULTS Of current (daily and occasional) tobacco users, 85% were snus users, including dual users of both snus and cigarettes. The median age of snus initiation was 16 years. Both parental snus use and smoking were associated with an increased risk of snus initiation, snus use and a higher amount of use. An increased risk of using snus was associated with male gender and with no educational plans or planning for further vocational education. The amount of snus used was higher among current snus users with a prior smoking history and among those planning for further vocational education. CONCLUSIONS
These findings may aid in developing and targeting tobacco prevention strategies aimed at young people. Tobacco prevention measures should start at the elementary school level. The strong association with parental tobacco habits underlines the importance of parents' influence on their children's tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahimu Mdala
- Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Eastern Norway (OHCE), Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Becher
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Grøtvedt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Håkon Rukke Valen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
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Huttunen M, Kämppi A, Soudunsaari A, Päkkilä J, Tjäderhane L, Laitala ML, Anttonen V, Patinen P, Tanner T. The association between dental caries and physical activity, physical fitness, and background factors among Finnish male conscripts. Odontology 2023; 111:192-200. [PMID: 35612763 PMCID: PMC9810556 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on measured physical fitness and oral health are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between self-reported physical activity and measured physical fitness and oral health of young men. The study population consisted of 13,564 Finnish male conscripts who had mandatory clinical oral examinations and physical fitness tests at the beginning of military service in 2011. Finally, around 10,800 conscripts had physical fitness test outcomes available and a total of 8552 conscripts answered a computer-based questionnaire on background factors. Decayed Tooth (DT) and Decayed, Missing, or Filled Tooth (DMFT) indices, outcomes of surveys and fitness tests were used in analyses by cross-tabulation and multivariable logistic regression model (odds ratios [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) were calculated. Regularly exercising conscripts had a reduced need for dental restorative treatment than those reporting no physical activity (p < 0.0001). The proportion of participants with sound dentition (DT = 0) increased steadily with increasing physical activity (39.0-59.4%). Good measured physical fitness was a protective factor against increased dental restorative treatment need. A low prevalence of smoking and low use of alcohol and energy drinks were associated with frequent exercise, whereas consumption of sport drinks and snuff use were common among those who exercised frequently. Good measured physical fitness and self-reported physical activity are associated with reduced caries burden. There is a need for information about the harms of tobacco products and the benefits of a healthy diet, even for the increased energy needs of the physically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Huttunen
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 11311, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Antti Kämppi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aapo Soudunsaari
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Päkkilä
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leo Tjäderhane
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Laitala
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko Anttonen
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pertti Patinen
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 11311, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Tarja Tanner
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Tobacco use and risk of COVID-19 infection in the Finnish general population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20335. [PMID: 36434073 PMCID: PMC9700668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence, primarily based on hospital-based or voluntary samples, suggests that current smokers have a lower risk of COVID-19 infection than never smokers. In this study, we used nationally representative data to examine the association between tobacco use and the risk of having a confirmed COVID-19 case. We explored several forms of tobacco use, contributing to separate the role of nicotine from smoking. We used data from 44,199 participants from three pooled national health surveys in Finland (FinSote 2018-2020). The primary outcome was a confirmed COVID-19 case. We examined current smoking, moist smokeless tobacco (snus), e-cigarettes with and without nicotine and nicotine replacement therapy products. Current daily smokers had a relative risk of 1.12 of a confirmed COVID-19 case (95% CI 0.65; 1.94) in fully adjusted models compared with never smokers. Current snus use was associated with a 68% higher risk of a confirmed COVID-19 case (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.02; 2.75) than never users. We did not find conclusive evidence of associations between e-cigarettes with and without nicotine and nicotine replacement therapy products and the risk of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Our findings suggest that nicotine might not have a protective role in the risk of COVID-19 as previously hypothesized.
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Lund L, Bast LS, Rubæk M, Andersen S. Exploring factors associated with smokeless tobacco use among young people: A systematic scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 240:109627. [PMID: 36167002 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While smoking is declining among young people, smokeless tobacco use is increasing. Identifying who is using smokeless tobacco and why is essential in preventing smokeless tobacco use. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the factors of young people's use of smokeless tobacco in western countries and identify research gaps. METHODS We conducted a systematic scoping review of studies that examined factors associated with smokeless tobacco use among young people (ages 13-29) from western countries published between January 2011 and September 2021. Searches were conducted in CINAHL, Medline, and Scopus. Studies on adults, total tobacco use (i.e., did not differentiate between tobacco product types), dual and multiple uses of tobacco, and studies on smokeless tobacco cessation programs were excluded. RESULTS A total of 160 studies were included in this scoping review. The studies were primarily undertaken in the US and the Scandinavian countries, and the majority explored smokeless tobacco use without distinguishing between the specific types. Smokeless tobacco users were more likely to be male, non-Hispanic white, engaging in physical activity, and using other substances, including cigarettes and alcohol. The role of friends and family were identified as critical factors that were related to the use of smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review suggests that preventative measures against smokeless tobacco use should focus on peer and family members' roles and that these measures may benefit from targeting males. Additional research, including systematic reviews on this area to validate the identified associated factors, would improve the understanding of smokeless tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Lund
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lotus Sofie Bast
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Rubæk
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susan Andersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Methuen M, Kauppinen S, Suominen AL, Eloranta AM, Väistö J, Lakka T, Vähänikkilä H, Anttonen V. Dental caries among Finnish teenagers participating in physical activity and diet intervention: association with anthropometrics and behavioural factors. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:333. [PMID: 34229689 PMCID: PMC8259164 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association between childhood anthropometric measurements and dental caries is conflicting. The prevalence and severity of dental caries and its association with anthropometric and behavioural factors, were investigated among Finnish teenagers. Methods The study sample comprised 202 15–17-year-old participants in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Dental caries findings were recorded using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria, including activity estimation; numbers of decayed teeth (DT) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were recorded. Body weight, height and waist circumference were measured and respective body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body fat percentage was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Health-related behaviours and consumption of food and drinks were assessed using questionnaires, and intake of nutrients using a 4-day food record. Results Mean DMFT for all the participants was 2.4 (SD = 2.9), DT 0.6 (SD = 1.3), and 36% had DMFT = 0. No difference between genders was observed. In bivariate analyses, use of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) three times or less per week and not having used snuff associated significantly, whereas higher carbohydrate intake (E%), toothbrushing less often than twice a day and higher caries experience at baseline almost significantly with DT > 0. In adjusted regression analyses, frequent use of SSB and higher carbohydrate intake increased the odds for DT > 0. Additionally, higher carbohydrate intake (E%) and infrequent tooth brushing significantly associated with a higher number of DT. Conclusion Caries prevalence is still low and similar in Finnish teenage girls and boys. Behavioural factors are, but anthropometric factors are not associated with dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Methuen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Sofia Kauppinen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Vähänikkilä
- Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko Anttonen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Consumption of snacks and dental caries among Finnish young men: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Odontology 2019; 108:486-492. [PMID: 31720919 PMCID: PMC7250947 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of consumption of snack products, as well as the association between snacking and restorative treatment need, and associated factors among a healthy Finnish male population. Approximately 8500 conscripts answered a computer-based questionnaire covering their snacking habits and other health behaviours. Restorative treatment need and history (DT, DMFT) were examined by trained and calibrated dentists. Cross-tabulations were used to investigate the associations between snacking habits and the other researched variables, and logistic regression analyses (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) were used to investigate the variables influencing the restorative treatment need. In the present study, almost one-third of the study group consumed snack products daily, most often fizzy and energy drinks. Only 10% had received a diet counselling. The most common situations involving snacking were at the cinema and while playing computer games. According to Pearson’s Chi square test, snacking was associated with smoking and snuffing and infrequent tooth brushing (p < 0.001). According to the regression analyses, daily snacking, smoking, and doing exercise daily increased the odds for restorative treatment need whereas higher education level and tooth brushing twice or more often per day decreased the odds for restorative treatment need. It can be concluded that daily snacking is common among Finnish young men and is associated with restorative treatment need. Snacking is also associated with other harmful oral and general health habits. Individual dietary counselling should be routinely offered to everybody in dental clinics.
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