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Mouchrek MMM, Franco MM, da Silva LA, Martins KAC, da Conceição SIO, de Azevedo Dos Santos APS, Rodrigues VP, Ribeiro CCC, Benatti BB. Cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid and their association with periodontal status of down syndrome patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:391. [PMID: 38907162 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal sites in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and analyze their relationship with clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 49 DS patients and 32 individuals without DS (non-DS group). Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and visible plaque index (VPI) were evaluated. The periodontal sites were classified as shallow, moderate, and deep. GCF was collected in all shallow sites and, when present, in moderate and deep sites for the analysis of cytokine levels. The cytokines, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were quantified using the Luminex® automatic analyzer system. RESULTS The DS group presented greater severity of periodontitis compared to the non-DS group (P = 0.005). The DS group showed a significant direct correlation of IL-1β and an inverse correlation of IFN-γ and IL-14 with all periodontal variables. In the analysis stratified by periodontal pocket depth, we observed a higher level of IFN-γ, IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the shallow sites, and IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in deep pockets of DS group individuals. Multivariate models showed that higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17a were associated with Down syndrome even after adjusting for periodontal status, sex, and age. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that people with DS have greater periodontal impairment and higher levels of cytokines in GCF, even in sites having clinical periodontal parameters similar to those of individuals without DS. These data reiterate the concept of an altered and less effective immune response in the population with DS in the face of a periodontal microbial challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Elevated periodontal inflammation burden can be observed with higher cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of people with Down syndrome, especially IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17, regardless of the stage of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Maria Melo Mouchrek
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Mayra Moura Franco
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Leslie Alves da Silva
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Kerry Alynne Campos Martins
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vandílson Pinheiro Rodrigues
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Cláudia Costa Ribeiro
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Bruno Braga Benatti
- Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil.
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Dutra TP, Freitas Monteiro M, França-Grohmann IL, Casarin RCV, Casati MZ, Silvério Ruiz KG, Kumar PS, Sallum EA. Clinical, immunological and microbiological evaluation of experimental peri-implant mucositis and gingivitis in subjects with Grade C, stage III/IV periodontitis background. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:209-221. [PMID: 37941050 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare individuals with a periodontitis background (Grade C, stage III/IV-formerly generalized aggressive periodontitis) (H-GAP) with periodontally healthy subjects (H-Health) in terms of molecular changes (immunological/microbiological) accompanying experimental peri-implant mucositis and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS H-GAP and control (H-Health) subjects were recruited, and experimental mucositis/gingivitis was induced around a single screw-retained implant and one contralateral tooth. Participants refrained from oral hygiene for 21 days in the selected areas, followed by professional prophylaxis and hygiene instructions for 21 days. Clinical parameters, immunological markers (multiplex analysis) and microbial data (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were collected at baseline, during induction (7, 14 and 21 days) and following remission (42 days). RESULTS Clinically, no significant differences were observed between the groups (n = 10/each group) (H-GAP vs. H-Health) (p > .05, Mann-Whitney test) and the type of site (tooth vs. implant) (p > .05, Wilcoxon test) at the time of onset and resolution, or severity of gingival/mucosal inflammation. H-GAP displayed lower concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-4, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ around implants than H-Health at baseline and during induction of mucositis (p < .05, Mann-Whitney test). In both groups, implants showed significantly higher inflammatory background at baseline and all subsequent visits when compared with teeth (p < .05, Wilcoxon test). Alpha and β-diversity metrics showed a significant shift in the microbiome composition and abundances of core species during induction and resolution of peri-implant mucositis and gingivitis (p < .05, restricted maximum likelihood method of Shannon and Bray-Curtis indices, respectively). Differences were not significant for these parameters between the H-Health and H-GAP groups when the periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes were compared separately; however, at each time point, the peri-implant microbiome differed significantly from the periodontal microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this pilot study (e.g. low power), it can be concluded that different microbial shifts contribute to the onset and progression of inflammatory responses around teeth and implants and that history of periodontal disease experience plays an additional role in modulating the immune response of peri-implant and periodontal tissues to biofilm accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Pereira Dutra
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan - School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mabelle Freitas Monteiro
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Lima França-Grohmann
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Zaffalon Casati
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzalez Silvério Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Purnima S Kumar
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan - School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Enílson Antônio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barczak K, Droździk A, Bosiacki M, Łagocka R, Cenariu D, Uriciuc WA, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. CCL5's Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17332. [PMID: 38139161 PMCID: PMC10744061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent host inflammatory and immune responses to biofilm play a critical role in the mechanisms that govern soft and hard tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Among the less explored facets of these mechanisms are chemokines, including CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5), also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), a proinflammatory CC subfamily chemokine synthesized by T lymphocytes. Despite its importance, there is currently no comprehensive review of the role of CCL5 in periodontitis in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap by summarizing the existing knowledge on the involvement of CCL5 in the onset and progression of periodontitis. In addition, we aim to stimulate interest in this relatively overlooked factor among periodontitis researchers, potentially accelerating the development of drugs targeting CCL5 or its receptors. The review examines the association of CCL5 with periodontitis risk factors, including aging, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and obesity. It discusses the involvement of CCL5 in pathological processes during periodontitis, such as connective tissue and bone destruction. The data show that CCL5 expression is observed in affected gums and gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients, with bacterial activity contributing significantly to this increase, but the reviewed studies of the association between CCL5 expression and periodontal disease have yielded inconclusive results. Although CCL5 has been implicated in the pathomechanism of periodontitis, a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms and significance remains elusive, hindering the development of drugs targeting this chemokine or its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Droździk
- Laboratory of Preclinical Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Ryta Łagocka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Diana Cenariu
- MEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Willi Andrei Uriciuc
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (I.B.-B.)
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Liu J, Dan R, Zhou X, Xiang J, Wang J, Liu J. Immune senescence and periodontitis: From mechanism to therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1025-1040. [PMID: 36218054 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0822-645rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent infectious inflammatory diseases, characterized by irreversible destruction of the supporting tissues of teeth, which is correlated with a greater risk of multiple systemic diseases, thus regarded as a major health concern. Dysregulation between periodontal microbial community and host immunity is considered to be the leading cause of periodontitis. Comprehensive studies have unveiled the double-edged role of immune response in the development of periodontitis. Immune senescence, which is described as age-related alterations in immune system, including a diminished immune response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, a decline in the efficiency of immune protection, and even failure in immunity build-up after vaccination, leads to the increased susceptibility to infection. Recently, the intimate relationship between immune senescence and periodontitis has come into focus, especially in the aging population. In this review, both periodontal immunity and immune senescence will be fully introduced, especially their roles in the pathology and progression of periodontitis. Furthermore, novel immunotherapies targeting immune senescence are presented to provide potential targets for research and clinical intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruichen Dan
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueman Zhou
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Stolf CS, Sacramento CM, Paz HES, Machado RA, Ramos LP, de Oliveira LD, Cogo-Müller K, Santamaria MP, Ruiz KGS, Casarin RCV. IL10 promoter rs6667202 polymorphism is functional in health but not in grade c periodontitis patients: A pilot study. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:85-93. [PMID: 34611908 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the IL10 promoter rs6667202 (C > A) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and grade C, stage 3 or 4 periodontitis (Perio4C) in the Brazilian population, where the altered A allele was detected more frequently in these patients. However, no functional analysis of this variation has yet been performed. Thus, the objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the functionality of rs6667202 in gingival fibroblasts (GFs) of individuals with Perio4C and with periodontal health (PH) stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans protein extract (AaPE). METHODS Patients with PH and Perio4C were segregated according to their genotype (AA, AC, or CC), and a biopsy was performed to establish the culture of the GFs. After GFs exposure to AaPE at 5 µg/ml for 1.5 h, RNA was extracted to analyze IL10 expression by qPCR. Aliquots of the cell's supernatant were subjected to immunoenzymatic analysis (MAGpix) to detect interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS In PH, the genotypes AA and AC are related to less expression of IL10 (p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001) and less production of IL-10 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001), when compared to CC. In Perio4C, there was no statistical difference between the genotypes (p > 0.05), although a lower IL-10 expression and release compared with PH CC was seen (p = 0.033 and p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The rs6667202 SNP is functional in PH, as it decreases the expression and production of IL-10. In Perio4C, other factors may be masking its action by altering the IL-10's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Stolf
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Catharina M Sacramento
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Hélvis E S Paz
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Renato A Machado
- Oral Pathology Division, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Ramos
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, Department of Biosciences and Oral Biopathology, São José dos Campos School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luciane D de Oliveira
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, Department of Biosciences and Oral Biopathology, São José dos Campos School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Therapeutics Division, Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Mauro P Santamaria
- Periodontics Division, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São José dos Campos School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Karina G S Ruiz
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Renato C V Casarin
- Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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6
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SELMAN AE, GÖRGÜLÜ NG, DOĞAN B. Salivary Levels of IL-21 as a Potential Marker of Stage III Grade C Periodontitis. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.989487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Yu H, Zhang T, Lu H, Ma Q, Zhao D, Sun J, Wang Z. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mediates bone resorption in periodontitis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:299. [PMID: 34118920 PMCID: PMC8196459 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an important immune factor that mediates bone metabolism by regulating the functions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone loss is a serious and progressive result of periodontitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of G-CSF on periodontal inflammation have yet not been completely elucidated. Here, we examined whether an anti-G-CSF antibody could inhibit bone resorption in a model of experimental periodontitis and investigated the local expression of G-CSF in periodontal tissues. Methods Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice using ligatures. The levels of G-CSF in serum and bone marrow were measured; immunofluorescence was then performed to analyze the localization and expression of G-CSF in periodontal tissues. Mice with periodontitis were administered anti-G-CSF antibody by tail vein injection to assess the inhibition of bone resorption. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed to measure bone destruction‐related parameters via micro-computed tomography analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the presence of osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe osteoclast activity in alveolar bone. Results The level of G-CSF in serum was significantly elevated in mice with periodontitis. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that G-CSF was mostly expressed in the cell membrane of gingival epithelial cells; this expression was enhanced in the periodontitis group. Additionally, systemic administration of anti-G-CSF antibody significantly inhibited alveolar bone resorption, as evidenced by improvements in bone volume/total volume, bone surface area/bone volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, and trabecular pattern factor values. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed an enhanced number of osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts, while TRAP staining revealed reduction of osteoclast activity. Conclusions G-CSF expression levels were significantly up-regulated in the serum and gingival epithelial cells. Together, anti-G-CSF antibody administration could alleviates alveolar bone resorption, suggesting that G-CSF may be one of the essential immune factors that mediate the bone loss in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongti South Road, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 6th Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, 382th WuyiRoad, Xinghualing Distrct, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 6th Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 6th Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongti South Road, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Dalian Stomatological Hospital, 935th Changjiang Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8th Gongti South Road, Beijing, China.
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Liu Y, Zhao R, Reda B, Yang W, Hannig M, Qu B. Profiling of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Cytokine 2021; 142:155504. [PMID: 33775492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors have shown a great potential serving as biomarkers for early detection and/or diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. However, GCF and saliva, which one is a better source is still under debate. This study aimed to gain an overview of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and GCF to pave the way for selecting suitable oral fluids for oral and systemic diseases. Multiplex cytokine assay was conducted to determine concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in saliva and GCF samples from healthy subjects. The protocol for sample collection was carefully optimized. Stabilization, repeatability, and donor variation of the profiles were analyzed. We found that for different donors, cytokine and chemokine profiles showed unique patterns in saliva but similar patterns in GCF. In terms of growth factors, the profiles were individualized in saliva and GCF. All profiles stayed stable for the same healthy individual. In saliva, profiles of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are individualized for different donors. In GCF, profiles of cytokines and chemokines are similar. Other factors, such as growth factors and T helper-related cytokines, are highly variable in donors. Profiles of soluble factors are not correlated in saliva and GCF. The comprehensive cytokine profiles in saliva and GCF reported in this work would serve as a good base for choosing promising cytokines for developing biomarkers in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bashar Reda
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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9
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Gingival crevicular fluid infiltrating CD14+ monocytes promote inflammation in periodontitis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3069-3075. [PMID: 34012332 PMCID: PMC8116999 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a condition that occurs because of inflammation-mediated tissue degeneration. Many studies have been conducted to identify inflammatory molecules in periodontitis, but the well-defined role of cells from the immune system in the progression of periodontitis as well as in gingival tissue degeneration has not been appropriately established. The objective of the present study was to characterize the monocytes isolated from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis. GCF was obtained from periodontitis patients and healthy controls. Cytokine levels of CCL2 were evaluated by ELISA in GCF samples. CD14+ monocytes were separated using magnetic sorting from GCF. RT-qPCR was performed to assess the gene expression. Cytometric bead array analysis was performed to analyze the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the secretome of cells. CD14+ monocytes from GCF secreted higher levels of CCL2 and showed elevated expression of genes responsible for monocyte migration. Additionally, upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, these monocytes secreted higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This investigation aids in understanding the inflammatory microenvironment of periodontitis by characterizing GCF in terms of infiltrated CD14+ monocytes, cytokines, and molecules secreted by these monocytes, which are specific for cellular differentiation.
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Key Words
- CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- CCL3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3
- CCL5, C-C motif chemokine ligand 5
- CCR1, C-C chemokine receptor type 1
- CCR2, C-C chemokine receptor type 2
- CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5
- CD11b (ITGAM), Integrin alpha M
- CD14+ monocytes
- CXCR5/BLR1, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5
- Gingival crevicular fluid
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- IL-6, Interleukin 6
- IL-8, Interleukin 8
- Inflammatory cytokines
- Periodontitis
- STAT1, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- STAT2, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2
- STAT6, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
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Kozak M, Dabrowska-Zamojcin E, Mazurek-Mochol M, Pawlik A. Cytokines and Their Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Periodontal Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E4045. [PMID: 33327639 PMCID: PMC7765090 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque biofilm on the teeth and the host immune responses. PD pathogenesis is complex and includes genetic, environmental, and autoimmune factors. Numerous studies have suggested that the connection of genetic and environmental factors induces the disease process leading to a response by both T cells and B cells and the increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Many studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PD. The studies have also indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes may be associated with risk and severity of PD. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of selected cytokines and their gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kozak
- Chair and Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Dabrowska-Zamojcin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Mazurek-Mochol
- Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Gil Montoya JA, Barrios R, Sanchez‐Lara I, Ramos P, Carnero C, Fornieles F, Montes J, Santana S, Luna JDD, Gonzalez‐Moles MA. Systemic inflammatory impact of periodontitis on cognitive impairment. Gerodontology 2019; 37:11-18. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Barrios
- School of Dentistry Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Inés Sanchez‐Lara
- School of Dentistry Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos
- School of Dentistry Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Cristobal Carnero
- Neurology Department Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Francisco Fornieles
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Salud Bucodental Granada‐Metropolitano Granada Spain
| | - Juan Montes
- Neurology Department Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Soraya Santana
- NeuroBiolabs SL Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud Granada Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Luna
- School of Dentistry Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Granada Spain
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12
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T helper 1 and 2 stimuli induce distinct phenotypes in gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:171-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Martins E, César-Neto J, Albuquerque-Souza E, Rebeis E, Holzhausen M, Pannuti C, Mayer M, Saraiva L. One-year follow-up of the immune profile in serum and selected sites of generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis. Cytokine 2019; 116:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Yang SL, Huang SJ. Interleukin-10 polymorphisms (rs1800871, rs1800872 and rs1800896) and periodontitis risk: A meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:59-66. [PMID: 30343215 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between three interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896) and periodontitis risk. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis showed that rs1800871 was associated with an increased periodontitis risk under dominant model (CT + TT vs. CC: p = 0.004, OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.21-2.65) in Latin American populations but not in Asian (CT + TT vs. CC: p = 0.229, OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.58-1.14) and Caucasian (CT + TT vs. CC: p = 0.910, OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.75-1.39) populations. Similarly, rs1800872 conferred an increased risk of periodontitis only in Latin American populations (CA + AA vs. CC: p = 0.012, OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.20-4.47; A allele vs. C allele: p = 0.001, OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.22-2.14). No significant association was observed between rs1800896 and periodontitis risk. Subgrouping data according to periodontitis type revealed that rs1800872 was associated with both chronic periodontitis (A allele vs. C allele: p = 0.011, OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.13-2.62) and aggressive periodontitis (A allele vs. C allele: p = 0.038, OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.72). CONCLUSION The studies reviewed support that the IL-10 rs1800871 and rs1800872 polymorphisms may represent a potential genetic biomarker for periodontitis risk in Latin American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Liang Yang
- Polyclinic Department, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of China Railway No. 2 Engineering Group, Chengdu, China
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