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Zhang FX, Xie XH, Guo ZX, Wang HD, Li H, Wu KLK, Chan YS, Li YQ. Evaluating proxies for motion sickness in rodent. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:107-115. [PMID: 38204574 PMCID: PMC10776324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Motions sickness (MS) occurs when the brain receives conflicting sensory signals from vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems about a person's ongoing position and/or motion in relation to space. MS is typified by symptoms such as nausea and emesis and implicates complex physiological aspects of sensations and sensorimotor reflexes. Use of animal models has been integral to unraveling the physiological causality of MS. The commonly used rodents (rat and mouse), albeit lacking vomiting reflex, reliably display phenotypic behaviors of pica (eating of non-nutritive substance) and conditioned taste aversion (CTAver) or avoidance (CTAvoi) which utilize neural substrates with pathways that cause gastrointestinal malaise akin to nausea/emesis. As such, rodent pica and CTAver/CTAvoi have been widely used as proxies for nausea/emesis in studies dealing with neural mechanisms of nausea/emesis and MS, as well as for evaluating therapeutics. This review presents the rationale and experimental evidence that support the use of pica and CTAver/CTAvoi as indices for nausea and emesis. Key experimental steps and cautions required when using rodent MS models are also discussed. Finally, future directions are suggested for studying MS with rodent pica and CTAver/CTAvoi models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hang Xie
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zi-Xin Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Hao-Dong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kenneth Lap Kei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
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Abe C, Katayama C, Horii K, Ogawa B, Ohbayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Nin F, Morita H. Hypergravity load-induced hyperglycemia occurs due to hypothermia and increased plasma corticosterone level in mice. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:18. [PMID: 35915429 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia has been observed during hypergravity load in mice and rats. This response is beneficial for maintaining blood glucose level, although food intake decreases. However, saving glucose is not enough to maintain blood glucose level during hypergravity load. In this study, we examined the contribution of humoral factors related to glycolysis in maintaining blood glucose level in a 2 G environment. Increased plasma corticosterone levels were observed in mice with intact peripheral vestibular organs, but not in mice with vestibular lesions. Plasma glucagon levels did not change, and decrease in plasma adrenaline levels was observed in mice with intact peripheral vestibular organs. Accordingly, it is possible that increase in plasma corticosterone level and hypothermia contribute to prevent hypoglycemia in a 2 G environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Chikako Katayama
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Bakushi Ogawa
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kento Ohbayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Li Z, Zhao L, Chang J, Li W, Yang M, Li C, Wang R, Ji L. EEG-based evaluation of motion sickness and reducing sensory conflict in a simulated autonomous driving environment. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:4026-4030. [PMID: 36086173 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous driving offers significant potential for changes in the automotive industry. However, sensory conflict during autonomous driving can lead to motion sickness. Quantitative evaluation and effective preventions to predict and reduce motion sickness are needed. The goal of this study is to verify the objective indicator of motion sickness level based on encephalography (EEG) that we proposed before and investigate the influence of attenuating sensory conflict on motion sickness. A 6-degree of freedom (DOF) driving simulator platform was used to provide an autonomous driving environment to the subjects, and the subjective motion sickness level (MSL), as well as the EEG signals of 15 healthy subjects, were collected simultaneously during 3 conditions, i) autonomous driving, ii) autonomous driving with eyes blindfolded and iii) active driving. The MSLs were reported by the subjects every two minutes, providing a reference to the recorded EEG signals. The EEG signals were analyzed and compared among different conditions. Average MSLs were higher in autonomous driving than in autonomous driving with eyes blindfolded and active driving, together with the increase of the mean EEG frequency of theta band in the central, parietal and occipital areas (FC5, Cz, CP5, P3, and POz). These findings validated that EEG mean frequency of theta band could be an indicator of motion sickness, besides an attenuated visual input or active control of the vehicle can effectively reduce the generation of motion sickness.
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Fukui H, Mizuguchi H, Kitamura Y, Takeda N. Patho-Pharmacological Research of Anti-allergic Natural Products Targeting Antihistamine-Sensitive and -Insensitive Allergic Mechanisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:77-90. [PMID: 34647283 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) has a special up-regulation mechanism by the stimulation of H1R, mediated by protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) signaling and H1R gene expression, resulting increase in H1R signaling. Increase in H1R mRNA in nasal mucosa was induced after the provocation of nasal hypersensitivity model rats and suppressed by the pre-treatment of antihistamines. Improvement of nasal symptoms and suppression of H1R mRNA expression in nasal mucosa were also observed by the pre-treatment of antihistamines in pollinosis patients. Elucidation of a correlation between symptoms and H1R mRNA level suggests that H1R gene is an allergic disease (AD)-susceptibility gene, targeted by antihistamines. Similar to antihistamines, pre-treatment of Kujin extract, an anti-allergic Kampo medicine improved nasal symptoms and suppressed H1R mRNA expression in nasal hypersensitivity model rats. (-)-Maackiain targeting heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was isolated as an inhibitor of PKCδ signaling-mediated H1R gene expression from Kujin extract. In addition to H1R-mediated activation of H1R gene expression as the first mechanism, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-mediated IL-9 gene expression is suggested to participate to allergic symptoms as the second mechanism insensitive to antihistamines. Pyrogallol and proanthocyanidin suppressing IL-9 gene expression were discovered from Awa-tea and lotus root knots, respectively. Combination therapy using medicines suppressing both H1R gene expression and IL-9 gene expression is promising for outstanding alleviation of AD. Multifactorial diseases involving H1R gene expression may be treated by the combination therapy with antihistamine and complementary drugs, and diseases involving PKCδ signaling may be treated by drugs targeting Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
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Abe C, Yamaoka Y, Maejima Y, Mikami T, Yokota S, Yamanaka A, Morita H. VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex mediate gravitational stress-induced hypothermia in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:227. [PMID: 32385401 PMCID: PMC7210111 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system, which is essential for maintaining balance, contributes to the sympathetic response. Although this response is involved in hypergravity load-induced hypothermia in mice, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study showed that hypergravity (2g) decreased plasma catecholamines, which resulted in hypoactivity of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). Hypothermia induced by 2g load was significantly suppressed by administration of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, suggesting the involvement of decrease in iBAT activity through sympathoinhibition. Bilateral chemogenetic activation of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) induced hypothermia. The VGLUT2-expressing neurons contributed to 2g load-induced hypothermia, since their deletion suppressed hypothermia. Although activation of vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-expressing neurons in the VNC induced slight hypothermia instead of hyperthermia, their deletion did not affect 2g load-induced hypothermia. Thus, we concluded that 2g load-induced hypothermia resulted from sympathoinhibition via the activation of VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the VNC. Chikara Abe, Yusuke Yamaoka et al. show that chemogenetic activation of VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex induces hypothermia, while their deletion suppresses hypergravity load-induced hypothermia in mice. These findings suggest an important role for these glutamatergic neurons in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamaoka
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yui Maejima
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoe Mikami
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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Morita H, Kaji H, Ueta Y, Abe C. Understanding vestibular-related physiological functions could provide clues on adapting to a new gravitational environment. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:17. [PMID: 32169037 PMCID: PMC7069930 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral vestibular organs are sensors for linear acceleration (gravity and head tilt) and rotation. Further, they regulate various body functions, including body stability, ocular movement, autonomic nerve activity, arterial pressure, body temperature, and muscle and bone metabolism. The gravitational environment influences these functions given the highly plastic responsiveness of the vestibular system. This review demonstrates that hypergravity or microgravity induces changes in vestibular-related physiological functions, including arterial pressure, muscle and bone metabolism, feeding behavior, and body temperature. Hopefully, this review contributes to understanding how human beings can adapt to a new gravitational environment, including the moon and Mars, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Deshetty UM, Tamatam A, Bhattacharjee M, Perumal E, Natarajan G, Khanum F. Ameliorative Effect of Hesperidin Against Motion Sickness by Modulating Histamine and Histamine H1 Receptor Expression. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:371-384. [PMID: 31782104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is the visceral discomfort caused due to contradicting visual and vestibular inputs to the brain leading to nausea and vomiting. Sensory conflict theory which proves histamine elevations as the primary reason for MS provides a path for an effective pharmaco-therapy. We aimed to evaluate the anti-MS effect of hesperidin (HSP) by modulating histamine and histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) expression. The inhibitory effect of HSP on histamine release was studied in KU812 cells treated with 10 µM calcium ionophore. The in vivo anti-MS effect of HSP was evaluated in Balb/c mice. Thirty six mice were divided into six groups namely, normal control (NC, no rotation), hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight control (HSP80, no rotation), motion sickness (MS, rotation induced), dimenhydrinate (Standard drug) at 20 mg/kg body weight + rotation (STD + MS), hesperidin at 40 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP40 + MS) and hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP80 + MS). Hypothalamus and brainstem samples were analysed for histamine levels and HRH1 expression by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Calcium ionophore treated KU812 cells significantly increased histamine release when compared to control cells. Pre-treatment with HSP inhibited histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem samples of MS group increased significantly when compared to the NC group. Pre-treatment with HSP significantly reduced histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Thus, indicating that HSP has a potent anti- MS effect by decreasing the elevated levels of histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Deshetty
- Nutrition, Biochemistry & Toxicology Division Defence Food Research Laboratory, DRDO-SRF, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - Anand Tamatam
- Nutrition, Biochemistry & Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011, India.
| | - Monojit Bhattacharjee
- DRDO- Bharathiar University Centre for Life Sciences Bharathiar University Campus, 641046, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Gopalan Natarajan
- Food Biotechnology Division Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Nutrition, Biochemistry & Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011, India
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Inprasit C, Lin YW, Huang CP, Wu SY, Hsieh CL. Targeting TRPV1 to relieve motion sickness symptoms in mice by electroacupuncture and gene deletion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10365. [PMID: 29985388 PMCID: PMC6037734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is an acute disorder that occurs in healthy individuals worldwide regardless of gender, age, or ethnicity. Our study used a mouse model to rule out the effects of any psychological factors related to MS and EA. Subjects were randomly separated into four groups, namely the control group (Con), motion sickness inducing group (MS), mentioning sickness inducing with electroacupuncture treatment group (EA) and motion sickness inducing only in TRPV1 knockout mice group (TRPV1-/-). The consumption of kaolin, a non-nutrient substance, was measured as a behavior observed response of an emetic reflex in a murine model. This behavior is referred to as pica behavior. Our results showed that pica behavior was observed in the MS group. Moreover, kaolin consumption in the EA group decreased to the average baseline of the control group. A similar result was observed in TRPV1 null mice. We also observed an increase of TRPV1 and related molecules in the thalamus, hypothalamic and brain stem after MS stimulation and a significant decrease in the EA and TRPV1 null groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that TRPV1 pathways are possibly associated with mechanisms of MS, and can be attended through EA or TRPV1 genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanya Inprasit
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science International Master Program, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yih Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Horii A, Nakagawa A, Uno A, Kitahara T, Imai T, Nishiike S, Takeda N, Inohara H. Implication of substance P neuronal system in the amygdala as a possible mechanism for hypergravity-induced motion sickness. Brain Res 2012; 1435:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abe C, Tanaka K, Iwata C, Morita H. Vestibular-mediated increase in central serotonin plays an important role in hypergravity-induced hypophagia in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1635-43. [PMID: 20847126 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a hypergravity environment induces acute transient hypophagia, which is partially restored by a vestibular lesion (VL), suggesting that the vestibular system is involved in the afferent pathway of hypergravity-induced hypophagia. When rats were placed in a 3-G environment for 14 days, Fos-containing cells increased in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the medial vestibular nucleus, the raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area postrema. The increase in Fos expression was completely abolished or significantly suppressed by VL. Therefore, these regions may be critical for the initiation and integration of hypophagia. Because the vestibular nucleus contains serotonergic neurons and because serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter in hypophagia, with possible involvement in motion sickness, we hypothesized that central 5-HT increases during hypergravity and induces hypophagia. To examine this proposition, the 5-HT concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured when rats were reared in a 3-G environment for 14 days. The 5-HT concentrations increased in the hypergravity environment, and these increases were completely abolished in rats with VL. Furthermore, a 5-HT(2A) antagonist (ketanserin) significantly reduced 3-G (120 min) load-induced Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus, and chronically administered ketanserin ameliorated hypergravity-induced hypophagia. These results indicate that hypergravity induces an increase in central 5-HT via the vestibular input and that this increase plays a significant role in hypergravity-induced hypophagia. The 5-HT(2A) receptor is involved in the signal transduction of hypergravity stress in the vestibular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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