MAO inhibiting phytochemicals from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L

Glycyrrhizin, a natural compound that is substantially present in Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Gg) root. Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) inhibitor is used for the treatment of several important neuropsychological diseases like Parkinson's disease. Gg is known to possess psychoactive properties which relates to its MAO inhibitory potential. This study sought to determine the MAO inhibition property of glycyrrhizin from Gg root extract. The Aqueous extract containing glycyrrhizin was isolated from the root of Gg and characterized using TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS techniques. In silico docking was conducted using Extra precision Glide 2018, Schrödinger docking suite. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME. The binding energies of the glycyrrhizin correlated well with their in vitro MAO inhibitory potential. Glycyrrhizin exhibited potent inhibitory activity towards MAOB whereas, an aqueous extract of Gg root inhibits both A and B forms of MAO enzyme. Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation showed that liquiritigenin and methoxyglabridin showed higher stability than other inhibitor compounds from the Gg root extract. These observations suggest that the phytochemicals from the Gg root extract have potent MAO inhibition properties, which can be exploited for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Association of Serum Magnesium Level with Severity of Neurological Disability in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Magnesium (Mg) has important effects on vascular system and deficiency of this cation is thought to be a risk factor for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and complications. The study was planned to find out the association of serum magnesium level with severity of neurological disability in patient with acute ischemic stroke. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the department of Neurology and Medicine at Mymensingh Medical College & Hospital, Mymensingh from June, 2018 to October, 2019. Patients with acute ischemic stroke were evaluated following informed written consent. Diagnosis was confirmed by neuroimaging of brain. Moreover, serum magnesium assay was done for each patient. Data were collected by interview, clinical examination and laboratory investigations of patients using a case record form and analysis was carried out by using the SPSS 22.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Mean age of acute ischemic stroke patients was 63.94±13.93 years with male predominance (58.30%). Majority of the respondents (70.2%) had NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 5-15 (moderate stroke), 13.1% had score 1-5 (minor stroke), 13.1% had score15-20 (Moderate to severe stroke) and 3.6% had score 21-42 (severe stroke). Mean serum magnesium level was 1.83±0.283mg/dl. Hypomagnesaemia was present in 28(33.3%) patients and it was related with higher NIHSS scoring (p<0.05). Multiple regression showed that among the risk factors, serum magnesium level was independently associated with severity of neurological disability of the acute ischemic stroke (p<0.001). In this study, the correlation coefficient between serum magnesium level and NIHSS score was found as r= - 0.667 which showed negative relationship between serum magnesium and NIHSS score. Lower serum magnesium level is associated with the severity of neurological disability of acute ischemic stroke patient. Further case-control studies are required to validate this finding.

Relation between Acute Ischemic Stroke and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity all over the world. The economic cost for stroke disability and post stroke rehabilitation is a growing concern. Ischemic stroke comprises 80.0 - 85.0% of total stroke cases caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral arteries. The source of embolism may be a larger artery or cardiac. Overt heart failure is an independent predictor of long term unfavorable functional outcome in stroke patients. However, there is little research whether the acute ischemic stroke risk is associated with mild to moderate degree of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). This study was aimed to investigate the relation between LVSD and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and to evaluate the relation between left ventricular systolic dysfunction and severity of neurological deficits after acute ischemic stroke. This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2020. One hundred twenty (120) patients of first ever AIS and 120 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Severity of stroke was measured by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was assessed by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography. Mean±SD age was 58.23±9.34 years and 55.92±9.72 years respectively in cases and controls. Male to female ratio was 1.86:1. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction of any degree was more frequent in stroke patients (23.3%) than in controls (5.8%; p<0.001). The mean±SD of LVEF were 59.21±9.68 and 63.54±6.84 among case and control groups respectively. Mild LV dysfunction was observed 16.7% in AIS patients and 5.8% in control group. Moderate LV dysfunction was found in 6.7% in AIS patients. Participants with mild LVSD had significantly higher odds of being in the cases compared to participants with no LVSD (OR: 3.48; 95% CI: 1.41-8.59). Similarly, participants with moderate LVSD were 9.74 times more likely to be in ischemic stroke group compared to participants with no LVSD (OR: 9.74; 95% CI:1.19-19.29). LVSD was associated with AIS even after adjusting for other stroke risk factors (OR: 2.7462; 95CI for OR: 1.0204, 7.3906; p=0.0435). The NIHSS was significantly negatively correlated with LVEF (r=-0.443; p<0.001). The study may conclude that Left ventricular systolic dysfunction of mild to moderate degree, is associated with acute ischemic stroke. AIS patients with higher neurological deficit also had lower LVEF.

Participatory assessment of management and biosecurity practices of smallholder pig farms in North East India

The present study was aimed at describing the pig production system, farm management, pig movement, and existing biosecurity level of smallholders' pig production system in North East India. A cross-sectional survey of 1,000 pig producers in four districts (two urban and two rural) in core pig-producing regions of India, where ASF occurrence had been reported, was conducted. The mean pig population was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in urban districts. In urban districts, most of the pig houses were isolated but located on the roadside, while in rural districts, commune pig houses along the roadside were more common. The majority of the respondent purchased (91%) or sold (60%) the pigs during the past 12 months. Swill feeding was common in the entire study area. The majority of the respondent (80%) in rural districts were unaware of ASF. Significant pig trade of live pigs and pork products was observed in the urban district. In the case of on-farm biosecurity measures, only 6.9% of respondents had fencing for the pig farm, 99.3% did not have provision for a footbath, and only 17.2% of the respondents restricted visitors' access to the pig farm. The study revealed that the pig production system is dominated by smallholding units with a frequent introduction or exit of pigs along with poor on-farm biosecurity measures. With the current level of farm management and biosecurity practices, smallholder pig farmers are at an increased risk of ASF and other contagious diseases.

Relation of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio with Clinical Severity in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel prognostic and inflammatory marker in patients with neurological diseases. The study was designed to observe the relation between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and the clinical severity in patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the department of Neurology and Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital from April 2019 to September 2020. Total 58 patients with GBS were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria within 7 days of development of symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of GBS was done according to Ausbury and Cornblath's diagnostic criteria; moreover clinical severity was done according to Hughes and Rees scale, Medical Research Council (MRC) grade, cranial nerve involvement and autonomic involvement. After measuring complete blood count, NLR was calculated by dividing neutrophil count to lymphocyte count. Data analysis was done on SPSS 23.0. Mean age of the GBS patients was 36.21±11.55 years. Among 58 respondents 70.69% (41) were male and 29.31% (17) were female. Most of the patients had a GBS severity score of 4(62.07%) followed by 3(27.59%) and 5(10.34%). The mean NLR of the respondents was 3.22±2.25. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was in 48.28% respondents and their mean NLR was 3.89±0.31, 31.03% had AIDP and mean NLR was 3.28±0.46 and 20.69% had Acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) and mean NLR was 4.5±0.52. The mean NLR of the MRC grade 0, 1, 2, 3 patients was 6.61±1.78, 3.39±0.92, 2.71±1.39 and 1.45±0.40 respectively. Hughes score had a positive correlation (r=0.5333 and p<0.01) and MRC grade had a negative correlation (r= - 0.76805 and p<0.01) with NLR. Severity of GBS was significantly associated with raised NLR. Increase Hughes and Rees scale and decrease MRC grade also related to increased NLR.

Scintillation light detection in the 6-m drift-length ProtoDUNE Dual Phase liquid argon TPC

DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6  ×  6  ×  6 m 3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019-2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.

Post-Acute Covid Neurological Symptoms among Doctors and Nurses in A Tertiary Care Hospital: An Observational Study from Bangladesh

A good number of patients experience post-Covid complications. Doctors and nurses are the front liners who are at greater risk of having this disease. Neurological symptoms are frequent in patients with post-COVID-19 infection. The study aims to observe the post-acute neurological symptoms among doctors and nurses of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh, after they recover from initial infection or among the asymptomatic cases. It was a retrospective observational study among the doctors and nurses who became RT PCR positive from late April to mid-September 2020. A total of 100 subjects were interviewed over the phone for the presence or absence of neurological symptoms four weeks post Covid-19 infection. Total 54 doctors and 46 nurses were evaluated; the male-female ratio was 1:1.77, the mean age was 35.6±7.6 years. Post-acute COVID neurological symptoms (PACNS) were present in 60% of respondents. Fatigue (51%) was the most common symptom, followed by sleep disturbance, headache, myalgia, loss of taste and smell. PACNS were more in symptomatic patients at the initial Covid infection than asymptomatic cases.

Exposure to polystyrene microplastics induced gene modulated biological responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The substantial increase in the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the aquatic ecosystem has been recognized as an emerging concern today. Studies have revealed the toxicity of microplastics on behavior, physiology, and reproduction of fishes. Despite several reports, there are inadequate literature reports on the impact of microplastics on aquatic forms at the molecular level. The present study was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in adult zebrafish model system. Healthy fishes were exposed to different concentrations (10 and 100 μg L^-1) of PS-MPs for 35 d. The results revealed that PS-MPs exposure induced ROS (Reactive oxygen species) generation disrupting the antioxidant defense system, hepatic enzymology, and neurotransmission. Correspondingly, the histological studies showed PS-MPs induced histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage, in the brain and liver tissues of zebrafish. Furthermore, PS-MPs exposure significantly upregulated the expressions of gstp1, hsp70l, and ptgs2a gene along with the downregulation of cat, sod1, gpx1a, and ache genes. Therefore, the present study illustrates the potential of PS-MPs to induce different grades of toxic impacts in fishes by altering its metabolic mechanism, histological architecture, and gene regulation pattern through ROS induced oxidative stress.

Prospects for beyond the Standard Model physics searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment: DUNE Collaboration

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a powerful tool for a variety of physics topics. The high-intensity proton beams provide a large neutrino flux, sampled by a near detector system consisting of a combination of capable precision detectors, and by the massive far detector system located deep underground. This configuration sets up DUNE as a machine for discovery, as it enables opportunities not only to perform precision neutrino measurements that may uncover deviations from the present three-flavor mixing paradigm, but also to discover new particles and unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model (SM). Of the many potential beyond the Standard Model (BSM) topics DUNE will probe, this paper presents a selection of studies quantifying DUNE's sensitivities to sterile neutrino mixing, heavy neutral leptons, non-standard interactions, CPT symmetry violation, Lorentz invariance violation, neutrino trident production, dark matter from both beam induced and cosmogenic sources, baryon number violation, and other new physics topics that complement those at high-energy colliders and significantly extend the present reach.

Relation between Serum Magnesium Level and Migraine

Migraine is one of the most disabling types of headache. It affects 4-6% of men and 13-18% of women; more than 80% of them are under 30 years. Many theories to explain mechanism of migraine are present; role of serum magnesium is one of them. This Cross-sectional analytical study was designed to see serum magnesium level status of migraine patients in Bangladesh and to find out any relation. The study was carried out in Outpatient Department of Neurology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2017 to September 2018. Seventy (70) patients between 18-60 years of both sexes with headache fulfilling the criteria for migraine were enrolled as migraine group. Patients with headache who did not fulfill the criteria of migraine enrolled as non migraine group. Patients were included in both groups after exclusion of structural lesions, magnesium containing drug intake, pregnancy, menstruation, alcoholism, renal or GIT problems. Serum magnesium levels were studied in both groups and compared with each other. All related factors such as age, sex, family history of migraine, occupation were assessed. Fifty one (51) of 70 patients (72.85%) was female and 19(27.15%) were male in migraine group. Thirty eight (54.28%) of cases were between 18 and 30 years old. Thirty nine (55.71%) of migraine patients had history of similar headache in their family. Severe headache in 51.43% of migraine patients and 30% had more than three attacks per month. Mean serum magnesium level was 1.70 mg/dl in migraine group and 1.85 mg/dl in non migraine group (p=0.001). Serum magnesium level was also lower in severe migraine headache in comparison to mild to moderate headache (p=0.01). No significant difference was found in serum magnesium level compared according to age, sex, frequency of attack and presence or absence of aura. The study concludes that serum magnesium in migraine patients was significantly lower than non migraine group. It was also lower in migraine patient having severe headache in comparison with mild to moderate headache, though in both conditions they were within normal range.

Association of Low Thyroid Hormone with Migraine Headache

This cross sectional comparative study was done to investigate the association between low thyroid hormone level and migraine headache in adults patients. The study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh. Study period was from November 2017 to April 2018. The study subjects consisted of 50 patients with migraine headache as case, compared with 50 patients of headache other than migraine as control, seen in Neurology out patient department (OPD). Thyroid function test was performed by new automated immuno-chemiluminometric assay. Mean age was 29.80±9.87 years in migraine group and 34.18±11.82 years in non migraine group. Male female ratio was 1:2.3 and 1:1.7 in two groups. Level of TSH was significantly higher in migraine patients (3.52±2.53 vs. 2.25±2.13) than other headache patients (p=0.008). Thyroid disorder especially subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher (28% vs. 08%) in migraineurs than non migraineurs (p=0.032). No significant relationship was found between thyroid hormone level and headache characteristics of migraine patients (p>0.05). Migraine headache is associated with low thyroid hormone and thyroid disorder can be considered as comorbidity of migraine headache.

A Rare Case Of CNS High-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor With BCOR Alteration (HGNET-BCOR)

Introduction/Objective

HGNET-BCOR is a distinct molecular CNS tumor entity that was first identified by DNA methylation analysis in 2016. It is defined by an in-frame internal tandem duplication in exon 15 of the BCOR gene.

The BCOR mutation is not unique to this tumor entity and can be seen in other CNS tumors, as well as solid organ and hematologic malignancies. In this report, we describe the pathology in a 2-year-old girl with a posterior fossa brain tumor initially diagnosed as high-grade neuropeithelial tumor at an outside facility.

Methods

She underwent resection and adjuvant chemotherapy at the same institution. She presented later to our hospital complaining of fatigue and vomiting, and tumor recurrence on MRI. Microscopic examination of the recurrent tumor showed a relatively circumscribed lesion with atrophic cerebellar folia associated with some of the tumor fragments. Tumor cells were arranged in papillary, pseudopapillary, and rosetted patterns in a myxoid (Alcian-blue positive) background. The tumor showed regional necrosis and frequent mitoses (mitotic index ~14–15 /10 HPFs). An extensive panel of immunostains was performed.

Results

The tumor was diffusely and strongly positive only for vimentin and EGFR, with diffuse moderate staining for BCL-2, and patchy weak staining for S100 protein. There were rare, focal tumor cells with GFAP and neurofilament staining. The Ki67 labeling index was 80–90%. All other tested markers were negative. The primary tumor resection was later found to be positive for BCOR by IHC. Sequencing for exon 15 of the BCOR gene showed an in-frame internal tandem duplication.

Conclusion

These features are consistent with the diagnosis of HGNET-BCOR. The pathologic and clinical features for this rare tumor entity are not widely known. Further studies with additional patients are needed to expand our understanding of these rare tumors to develop new treatment approaches.

A real-time marker of object-based attention in the human brain. A possible component of a "gate-keeping mechanism" performing late attentional selection in the Ventro-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

The decision to process an incoming stimulus attentively - and to trigger a follow-up cascade of high-level processes - is strategic for the human brain as it becomes transiently unavailable to subsequent stimulus processing. In this study, we set to identify brain networks that carry out such evaluations. We therefore assessed the time-course of neural responses with intracerebral EEG in human patients during an attentional reading task, contrasting to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored items. We measured High-Frequency Activity [50-150 ​Hz] as a proxy of population-level spiking activity and we identified a crucial component of a Gate-Keeping Mechanism bilateral in the mid-Ventro-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC), at the interplay of the Ventral and Dorsal Attention Networks, that selectively reacts before domain specialized cortical regions that engage in full stimulus analysis according to task demands.

Ameliorative Effect of Hesperidin Against Motion Sickness by Modulating Histamine and Histamine H1 Receptor Expression

Motion sickness (MS) is the visceral discomfort caused due to contradicting visual and vestibular inputs to the brain leading to nausea and vomiting. Sensory conflict theory which proves histamine elevations as the primary reason for MS provides a path for an effective pharmaco-therapy. We aimed to evaluate the anti-MS effect of hesperidin (HSP) by modulating histamine and histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) expression. The inhibitory effect of HSP on histamine release was studied in KU812 cells treated with 10 µM calcium ionophore. The in vivo anti-MS effect of HSP was evaluated in Balb/c mice. Thirty six mice were divided into six groups namely, normal control (NC, no rotation), hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight control (HSP80, no rotation), motion sickness (MS, rotation induced), dimenhydrinate (Standard drug) at 20 mg/kg body weight + rotation (STD + MS), hesperidin at 40 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP40 + MS) and hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP80 + MS). Hypothalamus and brainstem samples were analysed for histamine levels and HRH1 expression by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Calcium ionophore treated KU812 cells significantly increased histamine release when compared to control cells. Pre-treatment with HSP inhibited histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem samples of MS group increased significantly when compared to the NC group. Pre-treatment with HSP significantly reduced histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Thus, indicating that HSP has a potent anti- MS effect by decreasing the elevated levels of histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem regions.

Motor Outcome of Stroke Patients with Low Dose Levodopa Therapy

Stroke is one of the leading cause of disability worldwide. Motor function deficits due to stroke contribute to overall low quality of life. The objective was of this study is to observe functional motor outcome after stroke with low dose Levodopa therapy. This prospective follow up study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2016 to see the effect of low dose of Levodopa (110mg) on motor outcome after stoke disability. Motor deficit was measured by Medical Research Council (MRC) grading and Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) score. Two groups were selected by simple random method, consisted of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. All the patients of both the groups were suffering from at least some post stroke motor disability and attended full course of physiotherapy. The group (L) received 110mg Levodopa with physiotherapy. On the other hand (NL) group received only physiotherapy. They were all followed up for four times within two months of time and were assessed for recovery of motor function. Mean age was 59.03±11.56 years in Levodopa (L) group and 57.10±12.41 years in the Non Levodopa (NL) group; Males were predominant in both groups. Ninety three (77.50%) cases had ischemic stroke and 27(22.50%) cases had hemorrhagic stroke. Most common risk factors were hypertension and smoking. No known risk factor was detected in 8 (6.67%) patients. Single or multiple risk factors were confirmed in 112 patients (93.33%). MRC score was significantly higher both in affected upper and lower limb in Levodopa group comparing non Levodopa group at 4th visit. RMI score was also significantly higher in Levodopa group comparing non Levodopa group at 4th visit. The Levodopa (L) group showed better recovery pattern than Non Levodopa (NL) group. It can be concluded that motor recovery was better with administration of a single low dose of Levodopa in combination with physiotherapy. Motor outcome was significantly higher in levodopa group than non-levodopa group.

A 36-year-old Man with Limb Weakness and Dimness of Vision (NMO)

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) previously known as Devic disease is inflammatory disorder of central nervous system characterized by severe immune mediated demyelination and axonal damage predominating targeting optic nerves and spinal cord leading to blindness and paralysis. The spectrum of the disease has expanded based on the specificity of the autoimmune response to the aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) water channel expressed on the end feet of astrocytes in the central nervous system. The coordinated immunological attack against aquaporin-4 is mediated by B & T cells, innate cells including neutrophils and eosinophils and complement system as well as pathogenic antibodies.

A 20 Years Young Lady with Recurrent Convulsion since Childhood (Sturge-Weber Syndrome)

Sturge Weber Syndrome (SWS) is a sporadic neurocutanous disease characterized by facial port wine stain, ocular abnormalities and leptomengealangioma. We present here a 20 year old normotensive, non-diabetic lady hailing from Sarishabari, Jamalur District, Bangladesh got admitted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh on 15 July 2018 with the complaints of recurrent convulsion since 3 months of her life, weakness of the right side of the body for same duration according to the statement of the patients mother she was reasonably well until 3 months of her age. The precise pathogenesis is unknown. Clinical feature vary from gentle to full blown sickness with facial stain, seizures and glaucoma.

Potential plant-derived catecholaminergic activity enhancers for neuropharmacological approaches: A review

BACKGROUND

Catecholamines (CAs) have been reported to be involved in numerous functions including central nervous system. CA release from the intra neuronal storage vesicles aid in the therapy of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders where the catecholaminergic neurotransmission is compromised. Bioavailability of CA at the synapse can be increased through stimulated neurotransmitter release, monoamine oxidase and CA reuptake inhibition. Plant based galenicals are reported to have similar CA enhancement activities and have been used for the management of neurological disorders.

AIM

To review evidence-based literature with plant extracts, bioactive compounds, and composite extracts that modulate central catecholaminergic system, thereby enhancing CA activity for beneficial neurological effect.

METHODS

Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to search scientific contributions until January 2018, using relevant keywords. Literature focusing plant-derived CA enhancing compounds, extracts and/or composite extracts were identified and summarized. In all cases, dose, route of administration, the model system and type of extract were accounted.

RESULTS

A total of 49 plant extracts, 31 compounds and 16 herbal formulations have shown CA activity enhancement. Stimulated CA release from the storage vesicles, monoamine oxidase and CA reuptake inhibition were the major mechanisms involved in the increase of CA bioavailability by these phytoconstituents.

CONCLUSION

This review provides an overview on the phytoconstituents with CA enhancement property that have been used for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such herbal remedies will provide an avenue for cost effective and easily available medication which have holistic approach towards disease management. There is also scope for alternate medicines or prototype drug development utilizing these phytomedicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases. However, hurdles are to be met for analyzing the mode and mechanism of action associated with these phytomedicines and their proper scientific documentation.

Association between Serum Apolipoprotein-B and Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in developed as well as developing countries like Bangladesh. There is a crucial need to identify additional risk factors that are easily measurable and treatable in general population. Role of serum lipids, lipoproteins and lipoprotein related variables in the prediction of stroke is less clear. Abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins are the most firmly established and best understood risk factors for atherosclerosis and they are probable risk factors for ischaemic stroke, largely by their link to atherosclerosis. High serum apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B) levels may predict an increased risk for ischaemic stroke. Aim of the study was to evaluate the association between serum Apo-B level and acute ischaemic stroke and to measure and compare serum Apo-B level in ischaemic stroke and normal subjects. A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the department of Neurology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2013 to June 2015. A total number of 100 subjects within 18-70 years were considered for the study. Fifty (50) subjects with stroke (both clinically as well as CT scan of head or MRI of brain proven) were taken as the cases and 50 age and sex matched nearly healthy individuals without stroke were taken as the controls by using non-probability sampling procedure. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated by enzymatic method using Semiautoanalyser. LDL cholesterol was estimated by Friedewald formula. Apo-B was estimated by immunoturbidimetric method using Semiautoanalyser. Finally collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software Version 20. Student 't' test was used to compare the data between cases and controls. P value was set <0.05. Diagnostic validity tests were conducted to assess the diagnostic efficiency of Apo-B. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides are significantly increased in cases compared to controls. HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased in cases compared to controls. Apo-B was significantly increased in cases compared to controls. The result was statistically significant. Apo-B may be used as predictors of ischaemic stroke components.

Mercury based drug in ancient India: The red sulfide of mercury in nanoscale

Mercury is one of the elements which had attracted the attention of the chemists and physicians of ancient India and China. Among the various metal based drugs which utilize mercury, we became interested in the red sulfide of mercury which is known in ancient Indian literature as rasasindur (alias rasasindura, rasasindoor, rasasinduram, sindur, or sindoor) and is used extensively in various ailments and diseases. Following various physico-chemical characterizations it is concluded that rasasindur is chemically pure α-HgS with Hg:S ratio as 1:1. Analysis of rasasindur vide Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the particles are in nanoscale. Bio-chemical studies of rasasindur were also demonstrated. It interacts with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with an association constant of (9.76 ± 0.56) × 10³ M⁻¹ and behaves as a protease inhibitor by inhibiting the proteolysis of BSA by trypsin. It also showed mild antioxidant properties.

Clinical Profile of Peripheral Neuropathy in Leprosy

The objectives of the study were to see the association of peripheral neuropathy in leprosy and to find out the clinical profile of peripheral neuropathy and disability status in leprosy. It was descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted among the cases of leprosy attended in the out-patient departments of neurology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) and Mymensingh tuberculosis and leprosy hospital that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this study, during the study period of January 2010 to December 2011.In this study of 62 cases revealed that leprosy is more common in male (71%) people and 21% leprosy patient had contact with known case of leprosy. Leprosy causes peripheral neuropathy (61.3%). Duration of occurrence of peripheral neuropathy was prolonged (>6 month) in most of the patients (47.4%) and the disease progression was also slow (63.2%). Numbness was complained by 89.4% patients and 65.8% subjects complained of weakness of limbs. Deformities and ulcers were present in 26.3% and 50% of patients respectively. Ulnar nerve (43.6%), Lateral popliteal nerve (41.9%), Posterior tibial nerve (41.9%) and Great auricular nerve (17.7%) were the most commonly involved thickened peripheral nerves. The rate of visible physical impairment (WHO Grade 2 disability) among people affected by leprosy in feet was 27.4% and in hands was 16.1%. The position and vibration sense was found to normal all patients of peripheral neuropathy.

Comparative Study of Clinical and Sonographic Estimation of Foetal Weight at Term

A cross sectional comparative study was conducted at Dhaka National Medical College, Dhaka from January to June 2012, to observe the accuracy of clinical and ultrasonographic estimation of foetal weight at term in our environment. Seventy five pregnant women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria had their foetal weight estimated independently using clinical and ultrasonographic methods. Accuracy was determined by percentage error, absolute percentage error and proportion of estimates within 10% of actual birth weight (birth weight fetus of +10%). Statistical analysis was done using the paired t-test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the chi-square test. The study sample had an actual average birth weight of 2989.60 ± 408.76 (range 2310-4000 gm). Overall, the clinical method overestimated birth-weight, while ultrasound underestimated it. The mean absolute percentage error of the clinical method was more than that of the sonographic method, and the number of estimates within 10% of actual birth weight for the clinical method (41.3%) was less than for the sonographic method (57.3%); the difference was not statistically significant. In the low birth-weight (<2,500 gm) group, the mean absolute percentage error of sonographic estimates were significantly smaller. Significantly more sonographic estimates (75%) were within 10% of actual birth-weight than those of the clinical method (0%). No statistically significant difference was observed in all the measures of accuracy for the normal birth-weight range of 2,500-<4,000 gm and in the macrosomic group (≥ 4,000 gm). Clinical estimation of birth-weight is as accurate as routine ultrasonographic estimation, except in low-birth-weight babies.

Level of Mercury Manometer With Respect to Heart: Does it Affect Blood Pressure Measurement?

Measurement of blood pressure is an integral part of clinical examination. Over the years various types of instruments have been used to measure blood pressure but till date the mercury sphygmomanometer is regarded as the gold standard. However, there is a myth prevalent among health professionals regarding the level of the manometer in relation to heart at the time of measuring of blood pressure. Many professionals insist that it has to be placed at the level of the heart. We argue that the limb from which pressure is measured must be at the heart level rather than the manometer. We conducted a study in which we measured the blood pressure in adults by placing the manometer at three different levels with respect to the heart. The values of blood pressure obtained at all levels were similar and did not show any statistically significant difference. We therefore conclude that the level of sphygmomanometer per se does not affect blood pressure measurement.

Effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on penicillin induced focal motor seizures in primate

BACKGROUND

Drug-resistant motor epilepsies are particularly incapacitating for the patients. In a primate model of focal motor seizures induced by intracortical injection of penicillin, we recently showed that seizures propagated from the motor cortex towards the basal ganglia.

OBJECTIVE

Using the same animal model here, we hypothesized that disruption of subthalamic nucleus (STN) activity by chronic high frequency stimulation (HFS) could modify pathological excessive cortical synchronisation occurring during focal motor seizures, and therefore could reduce seizure activity.

METHODS

Two monkeys were chronically implanted with one electrode positioned into the STN. In each experiment, seizures were induced during 6 hours by injecting penicillin into the motor cortex. During stimulation sessions, HFS-STN was applied at the beginning of penicillin injection.

RESULTS

Our results indicate that HFS-STN improved focal motor seizures by delaying the occurrence of the first seizure, by decreasing the number of seizures by 47% and therefore the total time spent seizing by 53% compared to control. These results argue for a therapeutic use of HFS-STN in motor seizures because they were obtained in a very severe primate model of motor status similar to that seen in human. Furthermore, HFS-STN was much more efficient than direct cortical HFS of the epileptic focus, which we already tested in the same primate model.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggests that HFS-STN could be used as an experimental therapy when other therapeutic strategies are not possible or have failed in humans suffering from motor epilepsy but the present study still warrants controlled studies in humans.

Differential regulation of the protein tyrosine kinase activity followingiInterleukin-2 (IL-2), Interferron gamma (IFN?) and SRBC administration in brain tumor induced conditions: SRBC acting as a dual potentiator in regulating the cytokine profile

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) act as an important class of signal transducer in cytokine mediated signaling. Defects in phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of intracellular substrates of the immunocytes are a noted phenomenon in glioma induced immune suppression. Administration of BRMs like Interleukin2 (IL-2), Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and SRBC in glioma induced experimental models, improved their survival status by immune potentiation. It was shown that SRBC exerts the maximum anti-tumor immune boosting by augmenting the functional status of the two immunocytes-microglia and lymphocytes when compared with IL-2 and IFN-gamma. The present study focuses on the differential modulation of the protein tyrosine kinase activity in lymphocytes and microglia following the administration of the 3 BRMs. Our findings indicate that PTKs actively transduce signals on administration of exogenous IL-2. But exogenous IFN-gamma administration fails to elicit the enzyme activity. With SRBC administration, a differential PTK activity modulation was observed in the two immunocytes. SRBC not only shifted the cytokine profile to Th1 subset of lymphocytes but also simultaneously upregulated the expression of the activation marker IL-2Ralpha/CD25 thereby resulting in auto-activation of the hosts immunocytes.

Socio-demographic characteristics, types and Slit Skin Smear (SSS) of the leprosy patients: a hospital based study

This study was aimed to identify the socio-demographic profile, to know the types and to find out the Slit Skin Smear (SSS) result associated with leprosy. It was a descriptive type of cross sectional study. Total 62 patients having clinical features of leprosy, attending in Department of Neurology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) and Mymensingh Tuberculosis and Leprosy Hospital, Mymensingh from January 2010 to December 2011 were included. Patients underwent a detailed clinical evaluation followed by laboratory investigations. Out of 62 cases, the results showed that the mean age of leprosy patients were 37.8±14.6 years with the age range 12-80 years and the peak incidence was between 20-40 years. The frequency of male and female was 70.9% and 29.1% respectively with M: F of 2.4:1. From rural area 74.2% leprosy patients and 25.8% patients were from urban area and mainly day-labours (25.8%) and housewife (24.2%) by occupation. Married was 87.1% of patients and 12.9% were unmarried. Twenty one percent (21%) leprosy patients were found contact with leprosy. It was observed in this study that, 35.5% patients were PB (Pauci Bacillary) group and 64.5% of the patients were in MB (Multi Bacillary) group. Lepromatous Leprosy (LL) patients were (17.7%) and Borderline Lepromatous (BL) patients were (11.3%). Patients with Tuberculoid Type (TT) were (3.2%) and patients with Borderline Tuberculoid (BT) were (61.3%). The result of Slit skin smear (SSS) examination was negative in 59.7% patients and positive in 40.3%.

A gas-jet transport and catcher technique for on-line production of radioactive ion beams using an electron cyclotron resonance ion-source

Radioactive ion beams (RIB) have been produced on-line, using a gas-jet recoil transport coupled Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion-source at the VECC-RIB facility. Radioactive atoms∕molecules carried through the gas-jet were stopped in a catcher placed inside the ECR plasma chamber. A skimmer has been used to remove bulk of the carrier gas at the ECR entrance. The diffusion of atoms∕molecules through the catcher has been verified off-line using stable isotopes and on-line through transmission of radioactive reaction products. Beams of (14)O (71 s), (42)K (12.4 h), (43)K (22.2 h), and (41)Ar (1.8 h) have been produced by bombarding nitrogen and argon gas targets with proton and alpha particle beams from the K130 cyclotron at VECC. Typical measured intensity of RIB at the separator focal plane is found to be a few times 10(3) particles per second (pps). About 3.2 × 10(3) pps of 1.4 MeV (14)O RIB has been measured after acceleration through a radiofrequency quadrupole linac. The details of the gas-jet coupled ECR ion-source and RIB production experiments are presented along with the plans for the future.

Estimation of Gene Expression at Isoform Level from mRNA-Seq Data by Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling

mRNA-Seq is a precise and highly reproducible technique for measurement of transcripts levels and yields sequence information of a transcriptome at a single nucleotide base-level thus enabling us to determine splice junctions and alternative splicing events with high confidence. Often analysis of mRNA-Seq data does not attempt to quantify the expressions at isoform level. In this paper our objective would be use the mRNA-Seq data to infer expression at isoform level, where splicing patterns of a gene is assumed to be known. A Bayesian latent variable based modeling framework is proposed here, where the parameterization enables us to infer at various levels. For example, expression variability of an isoform across different conditions; the model parameterization also allows us to carry out two-sample comparisons, e.g., using a Bayesian t-test, in addition simple presence or absence of an isoform can also be estimated by the use of the latent variables present in the model. In this paper we would carry out inference on isoform expression under different normalization techniques, since it has been recently shown that one of the most prominent sources of variation in differential call using mRNA-Seq data is the normalization method used. The statistical framework is developed for multiple isoforms and easily extends to reads mapping to multiple genes. This could be achieved by slight conceptual modifications in definitions of what we consider as a gene and what as an exon. Additionally proposed framework can be extended by appropriate modeling of the design matrix to infer about yet unknown novel transcripts. However such attempts should be made judiciously since the input date used in the proposed model does not use reads from splice junctions.

Comparative study on methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

This study was done to see the efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. It was an open label controlled clinical trial, done in Mymensingh Medical college hospital. Fifty six patients were selected by random sampling method, 28 were included in methotrexate group and another 28 for hydroxychloroquine group using inclusion & exclusion criteria. Primary efficacy variables (DAS28, daily naproxen), secondary efficacy variables, and safety measurement variables studied both clinically & laboratory investigations. The data were analyzed by computer with the help of SPSS. The student's t test was used as test of significant. The mean age of the patients at diagnosis was almost identically distributed between methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine group (41.7±12.2 vs. 42.9±9.2 years, p=0.659). Disease activity at baseline was found to be almost homogeneous to each group except CRP which was observed to be significantly higher in methotrexate group than hydroxychloroquine group (p<0.001). Disease activity at 1 month of treatment reduced in the methotrexate group than those in hydroxychloroquine group (p<0.05 in each case). After 3 and 6 months of treatment, disease activity decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). The average daily dose of NSAID (Naproxen) decreased significantly (p<0.001). Safety variables at 6 month were within normal physiological ranges and did not differ in groups (p>0.05) indicating that both methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine were effective and safe to use in rheumatoid arthritis. The difference in the incidence of adverse effects, total or individual, was almost nil.

Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke among diabetic patients

This study was done to assess the relationship between proteinuria and ischemic stroke in subjects with diabetes mellitus, and to determine whether proteinuria is an independent risk factor for stroke. This comparative study was conducted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from January 2009 to June 2010. It was done to establish the relationship between proteinuria (Microalbuminuria) and ischemic stroke among diabetic patients. Other risk factors were also assessed. Patients were divided in Group A - diabetic patients with ischemic stroke (n=50) and Group B diabetic patients without stroke (n=50). Mean age of the Group A & B were 60.16±8.33 and 57.19±7.73 years (p=0.068). Mean Blood sugar (2 hours after Break Fast) was 14.68±4.32mmol/L in Group A and 14.75±4.02mmol/L in Group B (p>0.05). Albumin Creatinine ratio was abnormal in 84.0% in Group A and 22.0% in Group A (p=0.001) [Odds ratio (95%CI) = 18.61 (6.78-51.09)]. Logistic regression analysis has also shown that microalbuminuria (ACR) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (p=0.001), [Odds ratio (95%CI) = 19.811(5.915-66.348)]. In diabetic patients increased urinary protein is a risk factor for stroke. Estimation of urinary protein (Microalbuminuria) may be used as a predictor for ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes.

Demographic and clinical profile of myelopathy patients

This descriptive type of cross sectional study was aimed to identify the demographic profile, clinical presentations of myelopathy and to find out the etiological factors associated with myelopathy. Total 65 patients having clinical features of myelopathy, admitted in Neurology and Medicine ward of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from February 2009 to December 2010 were purposively studied. Patients underwent a detailed clinical evaluation followed by laboratory investigations and neuro-imaging studies. Out of 65 cases, 80.0% were male and 20.0% were female with mean age 39.15 ± 16.8 years. Highest number of cases (41.6%) was farmers. Most of the cases (72.3%) hailed from rural area. Mean duration of illness was 7.74 ± 15.8 months. 41.54% patients presented with paraplegia/paraparesis and 58.46% with quadriparesis/quadriplegia. 63.1% patients had sensory disturbance. It is observed that 58.5% had urinary sphincter disturbance and 21.5% had bowel sphincter disturbance. Among the causes of myelopathy found in this study, 29.23% patients had spondylotic myelopathy and 24.62% had transverse myelitis (ATM). In 12.31% patients the cause of myelopathy could not be identified. Myelopathy is more common in males and most of the patients are farmers. Spondylotic and Transverse myelopathy is the main etiology of compressive and non-compressive myelopathy respectively.

Seasonal variation in types of stroke and its common risk factors

The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh over a period of one year during November 2009 to October 2010. The study was conducted to describe the variations in types of stroke (ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke) during summer and winter. An attempt was also made to observe the frequency of common risk factors of stroke by seasons. A total of 292 patients of any age irrespective of sex fulfilling the WHO criteria of acute stroke and confirmed by CT scan were selected from consecutive admission in the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. Detail history and thorough clinical examinations were done. Routine and relevant investigations were carried out. The mean age of the patients was 59.9±14.3 years. A male preponderance was observed in the study. In summer 66% of patients and in winter 34% of patients were presented. Ischemic stroke was present in 54.1% patients and 45.9% patients had haemorrhagic stroke. The study found that the frequency of ischaemic stroke during summer (62.4%) was significantly greater than that during winter (37.8%). The frequency of haemorrhagic stroke during winter (62.2%) was significantly greater than that during summer (37.6%). Hypertension was the most important risk factor and other risk factors were smoking, diabetes mellitus, tobacco chewing, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, oral contraceptive pill, alcohol consumption, atrial fibrillation and past history of stroke. Increasing age was also noted as a risk factor (60.7% >60 years). Most of the risk factors were homogenously distributed between two seasons and between ischemic and haemorrhagic group. Hypertension was significantly higher in haemorrhagic stroke patients compared to ischemic stroke patients.

Management of adult Still's disease-an update

Adult Still's disease (ASD) is not uncommon disease. It is recognized as multi-systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. There is no significant racial and geographical distribution of the disease. In most of the cases-onset of disease course occur before the age of 35. Its main feature is the combination of symptoms, such as fever higher than 39°C, cutaneous rash during fever peak, polyarthritis, lymphadenopathy, raised white blood cell count, abnormalities of liver metabolism, raised serum ferritin etc. None of these signs is significant to establish the diagnosis. Some diagnostic criteria have been developed for diagnosis of ASD. Among them Yamaguchi criteria is superior to others in respect of its sensitivity and specificity. Some bacterial and viral infections, other rheumatic diseases, malignancy and drug hypersensitivity can also mimic ASD. The aim of treatment of ASD is to limit the intensity of the symptoms and to control disease evolution. Various types of drugs including biological agents are now promising to treat ASD.

Sex differentiation and risk factor evaluation in stroke patients

This study was conducted to find out the possible influencing factors on stroke in two sexes. It was a descriptive type of cross sectional study, conducted on 177 stroke patients admitted in Mymensingh medical college hospital from February 2009 to March 2010. Patients were selected according to WHO stroke definition and confirmed by CT or MRI. The results of the study showed that Stroke was more common (58.19%) in male than female (41.8%), mean age of male stroke patients was 60.58±12.36 years and that of female was 63.58±13.62 years with no significant statistical sex difference. But after 70 years, females are more sufferer than male. Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and dyslipidemia in male and female were equally present without significant difference, although male had a higher rate of smoking and previous stroke (p<0.05). Motor weakness was more in male than female and unconsciousness was more in female (p<0.05). Type and sub types of stroke showed no significant difference. Females had more severe stroke in terms of severity score (Scandinavian Stroke Scale) on admission. Duration of hospital stay were similar among male and female but on discharge functional scale (Modified Rankin Scale) score was higher in male (p<0.05) and in hospital mortality was higher in female (p<0.05) which was statistically significant.

Lipid profile among ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke patients

This study is a prospective cross- sectional study conducted in the Neurology and Medicine department of Mymensingh Medical college Hospital (MMCH) to see the association of different components of serum lipids among ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Cases were selected following certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result showed that both types of stroke were more common after the age of 50 years. Male suffered more than female. M:F in ischemic stroke group was 1.73:1, and in hemorrhagic group was 1.42:1. Both types of stroke belong to middle class people. Smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were equally common in both types of stroke. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) level were more than desired level in both types of stroke and there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05). Other components of lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, Triglyceride) were within normal range and there was no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05).

A Comparative Analysis of Immunorestoration and Recovery with Conventional and Immunotherapeutic Protocols in Canine Generalized Demodicosis: A Newer Insight of Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of T11TS

Demodex canis is a natural inhabiting mite of canine skin. Immunological disorder or genetic disorder induces the Demodex population to proliferate vigorously resulting in generalized demodicosis with consequent chronic immunosuppression. Signs of generalized demodicosis include alopecia, crysting, erythema, secondary pyoderma etc. Amitraz, an acaricide, is used conventionally for the treatment of generalized demodicosis. In many instances, the disease relapses due to the residual immunosuppression. The need of an immunorestorative therapy has been urged in generalized demodicosis. Two immunorestorative drugs, namely, Immuplus, a herbal drug, and T11TS, a sheep erythrocyte surface glycoprotein, has been used in two separate groups of dogs having generalized demodicosis and receiving Amitraz treatment. It was observed that though Amitraz treated group responded to the therapy showing increased E-rosettes and nonspecific cytotoxic efficacy of T-lymphocytes and decrease in phagocytic potential of macrophages, the groups treated with the immunotherapeutics like Immuplus and T11TS, responded better. However, the group treated with T11TS showed best recovery. These results emphasize the need for an immunorestorative therapy in generalized demodicosis and provide data in favor of T11TS as a better immunomodulator in comparison to Immuplus.

Bax and Bid act in synergy to bring about T11TS-mediated glioma apoptosis via the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and subsequent caspase activation

The specific apoptotic role of T11TS has been well established in glioma animal models. T11TS specifically induces the glioma cells to die an apoptotic death via immune cross-talk with the two intracranial immune competent cells-microglia and the brain-infiltrating lymphocytes. To unearth the molecular cascades operative within the glioma cells and to some extent in the two interacting immunocytes, we had initiated studies where preliminary findings not only had indicated the involvement of death receptors but had also hinted to the involvement of other apoptotic regulators. Hence, to identify the molecular pathway of apoptosis involving other apoptotic regulators in the three cell types, the cells were studied for the intrinsic apoptotic death regulators that were engaged to maintain the mitochondrial membrane integrity. The proteins that were selected could be divided into three broad classes-the Bcl-2 family of proteins-Bid, Bax and Bcl-2; the guardian of the genome p53 and the proteins downstream of mitochondria-Apaf-1, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Activated Bid as well as maximal p53 expression was observed in the first dose of T11TS thus dually activating the pro-apoptotic Bax in the first and second dose in the glioma cells. Concurrently, the pro-survival protein Bcl-2's expression level was very much down-regulated in the same two doses favoring the internal microenvironment to proceed for apoptosis. High expression of cytochrome c and Apaf-1 and the presence of active caspase-9 and active caspase-3 in all the T11TS-treated tumor-bearing groups further adjudicated apoptosis of the glioma cells with clear involvement of mitochondrial death pathway in the T11TS-treated animals. Even though expression of the apoptotic regulators remained more or less the same indicating the involvement of mitochondria in the two interacting immunocytes, the intensity of expression of these proteins was much lower than the tumor cells. The present work focuses on the mechanistic approach of how T11TS mediates apoptosis and hence is the first approach of its kind in the field of immunology where the immunotherapeutic molecule's mode of action has been worked out.